sign in sign up
<<
Home , Aldabra, Ningaloo Coast

Click to edit Master title style

The 2014-17 Global Bleaching Event and Coral Bleaching in the Anthropocene

Dr. C. Mark Eakin W.J. Skirving, S.F. Heron, G. Liu, T.P. Hughes, S.Donner, E.F. Geiger, J.L. De La Cour, A.M. Gomez, B.L. Marsh, and D. Devotta

NOAA Watch

https://coralreefwatch.noaa.govhttp://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov Click to edit Master title style

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov KeyClick Messages:to edit Master title style

• Rising temperatures are causing bleaching, disease, and death of • 2014-17 was the worst bleaching ever • Climate change is increasing bleaching frequency and intensity and will get worse

• 3 actions needed: – Reduce CO2 – Reduce Local Stress – Radical Conservation

• There is hope, but we need to act now http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov WhatClick tois Coraledit MasterBleaching? title style

zooxanthellae l Most of corals’ food comes from photosynthesis

Santos R. Scott

Symbiotic algae

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov 4 WhatClick tois Coral edit MasterBleaching? title style

zooxanthellae l Most of corals’ food comes from photosynthesis

l Corals can “bleach” due to

stress Santos R. Scott

Symbiotic l Corals exposed to high temperatures algae and/or high light become stressed

l Corals eject their algae; coral appears “bleached”

l If stress is mild or brief, corals recover, otherwise

they die http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov 5 ClickCoral Reefto edit Watch Master title style 5-km Satellite-Based Products

Sea Surface Temperature

Coral – SST Anomaly specific HotSpot

Degree Heating Week

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.govBleaching Alert Area Click5 km CoralTempto edit Master Dataset title (v3.1) style

2002 • Consistent dataset 2002-2015 • $ Multi-million NESDIS reprocessing effort • Merged with OSTIA 1985-2002 • v3.1 CoralTemp and CRW products • Data online • Products coming soon

2015

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov “ClickWarming to edit of Master the climate title style system is unequivocal”

– IPCC AR5, 2014

2016 2017 2015 2018 2014

https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201813http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/supplemental/page-1 GlobalClick to Bleaching: edit Master Last title Half style of 2014

NOAA Coral Reef Watch Satellite Coral Bleaching Alert Area 15 September 2014 S. Florida Hawai‘i Guam & Marianas

Marshall

No Stress Watch Warning Alert 1 Alert 2

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov GlobalClick to Bleaching: edit Master 2015 title style

NOAA Coral Reef Watch Annual Maximum Satellite Coral Bleaching Alert Area 2015

Southern Red Sea Hawaiʻi Caribbean

PNG and Maldives Panamá Solomon s Kiribati Samoas British Territory Fiji

No Stress Watch Warning Alert 1 Alert 2

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov GlobalClick to Bleaching: edit Master 2016 title style

NOAA Coral Reef Watch Maximum Satellite Coral Bleaching Alert Area 2016

No Stress Watch Warning Alert 1 Alert 2

Western India Taiwan Vietnam Marianas Kiribati Maldives Philippines New Caledonia Palau French Polynesia Kenya/Tanzania Réunion Thailand Fiji Flower Gardens Mozambique Indonesia Micronesia Yucatan Maldives Japan Marshall Is. Saba E. http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov Belize GreatClick to Barrier edit Master Reef Bleaching: title style 2016

2016 2016 Bleaching Heat Stress Hughes et al. ( 2017) Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals Nature 543, 373– 377

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov 12 GreatClick to Barrier edit Master Reef Mortality: title style 2016

2016 2016 Change in Heat Stress Cover

Hughes et al. (2018) Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages. Nature 556: 492– 496

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov Click to editGreat Master Barrier title Reef: style 2016

The lack of fish was an indication that there was “complete ecosystem collapse” Justin Marshall, Univ. of Queensland The Guardian 21 July 2016

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov ClickApril 2015 to edit Master title Jarvisstyle May 2016 : 2015-6

NOAA Coral Reef Ecosystem Program NOAA Coral Reef Ecosystem Program

Jarvis I. • ~ 98% dead • < 2% bleached • < 1% “normal” Northern GBR Heron Island NSW

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov JarvisClick to Bleaching edit Master 2016 title style

Brainard et al. (2018) Ecological impacts of the 2015/16 El Niño in the Central Equatorial Pacific. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0128.1 http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov GlobalClick to Bleaching: edit Master 2017 title style

NOAA Coral Reef Watch Annual Maximum Satellite Coral Bleaching Alert Area 2017

Southern Samoas Madegascar GBR

Niue

No Stress Watch Warning Alert 1 Alert 2

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov 1 7 MultiClick to-Year edit GBR Master Bleaching title style

29% 22% Mortality Mortality

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov EcologicalClick to edit Memory Master intitle Multi style-Year GBR Bleaching

Hughes et al. (2019) Ecological memory modifies the cumulative impact of recurrent climate extremes. Nature Climate Change, 9: 40–43 http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov GlobalClickJune 2014to Bleaching: edit - May Master 2017 2017 titleHeat styleStress

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov 2014Click -to17 edit Bleaching Master Analysis title style

Asia-Pacific Caribbean-Atlantic Indian-Middle East

2014-15 2015-16 2016-17

Database of over 15,000 observations of Mortality / bleaching / non-bleaching http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov ClickJune 2014to edit - May Master 2017 titleHeat styleStress

• Longest global bleaching event ever • Over ½ exposed twice (Guam 4 of 5 years) • >65% suffered bleaching-level heat stress • Most widespread ever, area > Washington State • Most damaging on record

No Stress Watch Warning Alert 1 Alert 2 http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov 22 ClickRising to Global edit ReefMaster title style Temperatures

Hughes et al. (2018) Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in El Niño the Anthropocene. Neutral Science 359 (6371): La Niña 80 -83

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov 23 ClickOcean to Warms, edit Master title style Bleaching Increases

Hughes et al. (2018) Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science 359 (6371): 80 -83

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov 24 OceanClick to Warms, edit Master Bleaching title style Increases

Percentage of Reef Pixels Experiencing Bleaching Alert Level 1 & 2 (Global Reef, 1986 - 2018, CRW 5km v3.1-based)

70 2014-17 Alert Level 1 and 2 65.9 60 Global * Alert Level 22 2014, 15, 16, 17 50 Global 40 2010 Global 30 1982-83 1998 23.7 20 ~15% 2005 * 10 1987, 1988

0 Percentage of Reef Pixels (%) ReefPixels of Percentage 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 Year

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov OceanClick to Warms, edit Master Bleaching title style Increases

Percentage of Reef Pixels Experiencing Bleaching Alert Level 1 & 2 (Global Reef, 1986 - 2018, CRW 5km v3.1-based)

70 2014-17 Alert Level 1 and 2 65.9 60 OSTIA NESDIS Global * Alert Level 22 2014, 15, 16, 17 50 Global 40 2010 Global 30 1982-83 1998 23.7 20 ~15% 2005 * 10 1987, 1988

0 Percentage of Reef Pixels (%) ReefPixels of Percentage 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 Year

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov Click to edit Master title style

Guam

Coral Bleaching in Pago Bay, Guam during the 2017 bleaching event. Photo credit: Dave Burdick/University of Guam Marine Lab. 1997-1998 2009-2010 2014-2017 * * * * * * * * * *

Bleaching Threshold SST Max Monthly Mean SST 4, 8 DHWs 5km SST Range * Year with in situ bleaching report http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov ComingClick to edit Months Master title style

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov ClickFuture to Warmingedit Master title style

Models show most coral reefs with severe bleaching annually by 2050 Reefs at Risk Revisited, 2011

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov ClickAddressing to edit Master Climate title Impacts style on Reefs

3 Actions Needed: 1. Act Locally to reduce Stressors and help recovery

2. Act Globally to reduce CO2 3. Radical Conservation

All are necessary None is enough alone

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov ClickSolutions: to edit2. Reduce Reduce Master Local Local title Stressors Stressors style

Local managers can:

• Increase survival • Reduce disease prevalence • Reduce other stressors

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov Historical Stress HistoricaDecadall Stress SevereRHeicsteon rti cSaHeattrl eSstsres Stresss R ecent Stress Recent Stress Click to edit MasterReef-containing W otitlerlRde Hefe-rciotangtea isnstyleitineg W(oar)l d#B RHleee arfcit-haciogneng t ssaittirneeisnsg (W a ()ob #r) lB#dlS eHeaevcerhirtiena gs etsr tesrisetses s ( c ( () ab #) ) B ##lBeSlaeecvahecirhneig ns sgttr sreetsrsses s s ( ( c d ) ( ) #b #B)S l#eSvaeecvrhein rsegt r ssettsrrsee s s ss ( ( c d ) ) # #BSlevaecrhein sgt rsetsrse s s ( d) #Severe stress World Heritage per decade per decade 1985 pinpe e-r3 2013rd ydeeecaacradsd e e 2014 inipn 3e 3 -ry 17ydeeaacr sar sd e inin 3 3 y yeeaarsr s in 3 years (1985-2013) (1985-2013) (mid(21(019198485-5-m2-20id0121303)1)7) (m(midid22(010191484-m5-m-i2di0d2120301)177) ) (m(midid22001144-m-midid22001177)) (mid2014-mid2017) Great Barrier Reef Grea1t.7 Barrier Reef 10.07 031.0.7 230.0 23 2 Reef BleachingLord Howe Is land GroLuoprd Howe Island GroupLord2 .H1owe Island Group 21.01 112.0.1 01.0 01 0 Ningaloo Coast Ning3a.1loo Coast 32.1 223.1.1 02.1 02 0 Bay, Western ASuhsatrrka lBiaay, Western AusSthrar5lik.a9 Bay, Western Austr52a.l89ia 235.8.9 332.8 33 3 Belize Barrier Reef ReBseelrizve BSyasrtreiemr Reef ReseBrevlei1z Se.7y Bsaterrmier Reef Reserv10e.07 System 031.0.7 130.0 13 1 Heron S.F., Brazilian Atlantic IslaBnrdaszilian Atlantic IslandBsraz0i.li3an Atlantic Islands 0.3 000.3.3 00.3 00 0 Malpelo Fauna and FMloraalp Sealnoc Ftuauarnya and FlorMa aSla2pn.e1clotu Faaruyna and Flora 21S.a01nctuary 122.0.1 221.0 22 2 Eakin C.M., Cocos Island NationaCl oPacorks Island National PCaorkco0s.3 Island National Par0k.3 030.3.3 130.3 13 1 Area de ConservaciónA rGeuaa dnea cCaosnteservación GAuraena0a .d3cea sCtoenservación Gu0a.n03acaste 010.0.3 010.0 01 0 Douvere F. et Galápagos Islands Galápagos Islands Galá4p.5agos Islands 43.45 334.4.5 33.4 33 3 al. 2017. of New CaleLdaognoiaons of New CaledoLnaigao2o.8ns of New Caledoni20a.08 032.0.8 230.0 23 2 Komodo National ParKkomodo National Park Kom2o.4do National Park 20.34 032.3.4 330.3 33 3 Impacts of Ujung Kulon NationaUl Pjuanrkg Kulon National PUarjukn0g.0 Kulon National Par0k.0 020.0.0 220.0 22 2 Ogasawara Islands Ogasawara Islands Oga3s.a4wara Islands 31.04 113.0.4 11.0 11 1 Climate Phoenix Islands ProtePchtoeden Aixre Iaslands ProtectPehdo A4e.rn1eixa Islands Protected42 .A81rea 234.8.1 332.8 33 3 Change on Gulf of California Gulf of California Gul2f .o8f California 20.38 032.3.8 230.3 23 2 Archipiélago de RevilAlargcihgiepdiéolago de RevillagAirgceh2di.po8iélago de Revillagig21e.d08o 132.0.8 331.0 33 3 World Heritage Sian Ka’an Sian Ka’an Sian3 K.1a’an 30.01 033.0.1 330.0 33 3 Rock Islands SoutherRn oLcakg oIsolannds Southern LRaogcok0o .I7nslands Southern Lag0o.37on 010.3.7 010.3 01 0 Coral Reefs: A Coiba National Park Coiba National Park Coib1a.0 National Park 10.70 021.7.0 220.7 22 2 First Global Tubbataha Reefs NatTuurablb Paatrakha Reefs NaturTaul bP0ba.ra3ktaha Reefs Natural 0P.a03rk 020.0.3 120.0 12 1 Aldabra Atoll Alda0b.3ra Atoll 0.03 010.0.3 010.0 01 0 Scientific East Rennell East Rennell East1 R.4ennell 10.04 031.0.4 130.0 13 1 iSimangaliso WetlandiS Pimarakngaliso Wetland PiaSirmk0a.n0galiso Wetland Par0k.0 000.0.0 00.0 00 0 Assessment. Sanganeb Marine NaStiaonngaal nPeabrk Marine NatioSnaanlg 1Pa.4anrekb Marine Nationa10l. 04Park 001.0.4 00.0 00 0 UNESCO World Everglades National PEavrekrglades National ParEkver2g.l4ades National Park20.74 032.7.4 330.7 33 3 PapahānaumokuākeaPapahānaumokuākea Pap0a.h7ānaumokuākea 0.07 020.0.7 220.0 22 2 Heritage Ha Long Bay Ha Long Bay Ha L1o.4ng Bay 10.04 031.0.4 230.0 23 2 Centre. 12pp. Socotra Archipelago Socotra Archipelago Soco0t.0ra Archipelago 0.0 000.0.0 00.0 00 0 Bleaching stress threBshleoaldc hdienfgin setdre ass DthHrWes hoBof l4de a °dCce-hwfiinnege dks star; ess seDhttp://coralreefwatch.noaa.govsv HethWrere boslfhe 4oa lc°dhC di-nwegfe isnetkersed;s as est vhDerHeresWh bo loledfa 4dc he°Cifni-nwge esdte rakesss ;Ds s HtehWvree rosehf ob8l °deCa d-cwehfeiinengkes ds. tares sDs HthWre osfh 8o l°dC d-wefeinekesd. as DHW of 8 °C-weeks. Historical Stress Historical Stress SevereRHeicsteon rti cSaHeattrl eSstsres Stresss R ecent Stress Recent Stress Click to edit MasterReef-containing W otitlerlRde Hefe-rciotangtea isnstyleitineg W(oar)l d#B RHleee arfcit-haciogneng t ssaittirneeisnsg (W a ()ob #r) lB#dlS eHeaevcerhirtiena gs etsr tesrisetses s ( c ( () ab #) ) B ##lBeSlaeecvahecirhneig ns sgttr sreetsrsses s s ( ( c d ) ( ) #b #B)S l#eSvaeecvrhein rsegt r ssettsrrsee s s ss ( ( c d ) ) # #BSlevaecrhein sgt rsetsrse s s ( d) #Severe stress World Heritage per decade per decade 1985pinpe er3 rd yde-ee2013caacradsd e e 2014 inipn 3e 3 -ry 17ydeeaacr sar sd e inin 3 3 y yeeaarsr s in 3 years (1985-2013) (1985-2013) (mid(21(019198485-5-m2-20id0121303)1)7) (m(midid22(010191484-m5-m-i2di0d2120301)177) ) (m(midid22001144-m-midid22001177)) (mid2014-mid2017) Great Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef Grea1t.7 Barrier Reef 10.07 031.0.7 230.0 23 2 Reef BleachingLord Howe Is land GroLuoprd Howe Island GroupLord2 .H1owe Island Group 21.01 112.0.1 01.0 01 0 Ningaloo Coast Ningaloo Coast Ning3a.1loo Coast 32.1 223.1.1 02.1 02 0 , Western ASuhsatrrka lBiaay, Western AusSthrar5lik.a9 Bay, Western Austr52a.l89ia 235.8.9 332.8 33 3 Belize Barrier Reef ReBseelrizve BSyasrtreiemr Reef ReseBrevlei1z Se.7y Bsaterrmier Reef Reserv10e.07 System 031.0.7 130.0 13 1 Heron S.F., Brazilian Atlantic IslaBnrdaszilian Atlantic IslandBsraz0i.li3an Atlantic Islands 0.3 000.3.3 00.3 00 0 Malpelo Fauna and FMloraalp Sealnoc Ftuauarnya and FlorMa aSla2pn.e1clotu Faaruyna and Flora 21S.a01nctuary 122.0.1 221.0 22 2 Eakin C.M., Cocos Island NationaCl oPacorks Island National PCaorkco0s.3 Island National Par0k.3 030.3.3 130.3 13 1 Area de ConservaciónA rGeuaa dnea cCaosnteservación GAuraena0a .d3cea sCtoenservación Gu0a.n03acaste 010.0.3 010.0 01 0 Douvere F. et Galápagos Islands Galápagos Islands Galá4p.5agos Islands 43.45 334.4.5 33.4 33 3 al. 2017. Lagoons of New CaleLdaognoiaons of New CaledoLnaigao2o.8ns of New Caledoni20a.08 032.0.8 230.0 23 2 Komodo National ParKkomodo National Park Kom2o.4do National Park 20.34 032.3.4 330.3 33 3 Impacts of Ujung Kulon NationaUl Pjuanrkg Kulon National PUarjukn0g.0 Kulon National Par0k.0 020.0.0 220.0 22 2 Ogasawara Islands Ogasawara Islands Oga3s.a4wara Islands 31.04 113.0.4 11.0 11 1 Climate Phoenix Islands ProtePchtoeden Aixre Iaslands ProtectPehdo A4e.rn1eixa Islands Protected42 .A81rea 234.8.1 332.8 33 3 Change on Gulf of California Gulf of California Gul2f .o8f California 20.38 032.3.8 230.3 23 2 Archipiélago de RevilAlargcihgiepdiéolago de RevillagAirgceh2di.po8iélago de Revillagig21e.d08o 132.0.8 331.0 33 3 World Heritage Sian Ka’an Sian Ka’an Sian3 K.1a’an 30.01 033.0.1 330.0 33 3 Rock Islands SoutherRn oLcakg oIsolannds Southern LRaogcok0o .I7nslands Southern Lag0o.37on 010.3.7 010.3 01 0 Coral Reefs: A Coiba National Park Coiba National Park Coib1a.0 National Park 10.70 021.7.0 220.7 22 2 First Global Tubbataha Reefs NatTuurablb Paatrakha Reefs NaturTaul bP0ba.ra3ktaha Reefs Natural 0P.a03rk 020.0.3 120.0 12 1 Aldabra Atoll Aldabra Atoll Alda0b.3ra Atoll 0.03 010.0.3 010.0 01 0 Scientific East Rennell East Rennell East1 R.4ennell 10.04 031.0.4 130.0 13 1 iSimangaliso WetlandiS Pimarakngaliso Wetland PiaSirmk0a.n0galiso Wetland Par0k.0 000.0.0 00.0 00 0 Assessment. Sanganeb Marine NaStiaonngaal nPeabrk Marine NatioSnaanlg 1Pa.4anrekb Marine Nationa10l. 04Park 001.0.4 00.0 00 0 UNESCO World Everglades National PEavrekrglades National ParEkver2g.l4ades National Park20.74 032.7.4 330.7 33 3 PapahānaumokuākeaPapahānaumokuākea Pap0a.h7ānaumokuākea 0.07 020.0.7 220.0 22 2 Heritage Ha Long Bay Ha Long Bay Ha L1o.4ng Bay 10.04 031.0.4 230.0 23 2 Centre. 12pp. Socotra Archipelago Socotra Archipelago Soco0t.0ra Archipelago 0.0 000.0.0 00.0 00 0 Bleaching stress threBshleoaldc hdienfgin setdre ass DthHrWes hoBof l4de a °dCce-hwfiinnege dks star; ess seDhttp://coralreefwatch.noaa.govsv HethWrere boslfhe 4oa lc°dhC di-nwegfe isnetkersed;s as est vhDerHeresWh bo loledfa 4dc he°Cifni-nwge esdte rakesss ;Ds s HtehWvree rosehf ob8l °deCa d-cwehfeiinengkes ds. tares sDs HthWre osfh 8o l°dC d-wefeinekesd. as DHW of 8 °C-weeks. Click to edit Master title style

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.govAfter D. Wachenfeld34 , GBRMPA ClickFuture to editWorld Master Heritage title style Reef Bleaching

Future Severe Stress - RCP8.5 Future Severe Stress - RCP4.5 Reef-containing World Heritage site (a) Projected Year of (b) Projected Year of ( c ) Projected Year of (d) Projected Year of 2x/decade Annual 2x/decade Annual Great Barrier Reef 2035 2044 2041 2051 Group 2034 2043 2036 2055 Ningaloo Coast 2041 2049 2052 2074 Heron S.F., Shark Bay, 2038 2047 2045 2074 Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System 2028 2036 2036 2044 Eakin C.M., Brazilian Atlantic Islands 2028 2039 2035 2049 Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary 2038 2050 2056 2077 Douvere F. et Cocos Island National Park 2019 2032 2028 2036 al. 2017. Area de Conservación Guanacaste 2030 2043 2040 2055 Galápagos Islands 2017 2036 2027 2042 Impacts of Lagoons of New Caledonia 2031 2040 2039 2050 Komodo National Park 2017 2025 2021 2032 Climate Ujung Kulon National Park 2032 2043 2042 2053 Ogasawara Islands 2030 2038 2041 2049 Change on Phoenix Islands Protected Area 2020 2035 2028 2040 Gulf of California 2044 2052 ------World Heritage Archipiélago de Revillagigedo 2031 2042 2043 2052 Sian Ka’an 2025 2033 2033 2041 Coral Reefs: A Rock Islands Southern 2028 2036 2032 2044 Coiba National Park 2030 2043 2040 2053 First Global Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park 2030 2039 2037 2048 Aldabra Atoll 2028 2036 2034 2042 Scientific East Rennell 2025 2033 2030 2044 Assessment. iSimangaliso Wetland Park 2031 2040 2036 2048 Sanganeb Marine National Park 2037 2046 2055 2069 UNESCO World Everglades National Park 2036 2044 2056 2071 Papahānaumokuākea 2029 2041 2044 2052 Heritage Ha Long Bay 2077 2086 ------Socotra Archipelago 2040 2048 2061 2077 Centre. 12pp. Severe bleaching stress threshold defined as DHW of 8 °C-weeks. http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov ClickFuture to editWorld Master Heritage title style Reef Bleaching

Heron S.F., Eakin C.M., Douvere F. et al. 2018. Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage Coral Reefs: Update to: A First Global Scientific Assessment. UNESCO World Heritage

Centre. 5pp. http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov 1. Reduce Global CO2 ClickEssential: to edit Reduce Master Global title CO style2

See 350.org for why we need to get back to 350_ppm in the atmosphere

~410 ppm

Photo by Sophie Halford Mixing Bowl, Little Cayman 24 October 2009

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov 37 1. Reduce Global CO2 ClickEssential: to edit Reduce Master Global title CO style2

Nature Climate Change 9: 213–217 (2019) http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov 38 Click to edit MasterJarvisJarvis title Bleaching style 2016 • Low island Island: • 300 km from • Population ~5000 2015-6

Jarvis I. • ~ 98% dead • < 2% bleached • < 1% “normal” Northern GBR Heron Island NSW

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov Click2RadicalScaling. Reduce to UpConservation: edit2. Local Reduce Master Stressors Local Localtitle Stressors styleGeoengineering

Local managers can:

• Reduce bleaching • Reduce light stress • Cool reefs, increase mixing

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov ClickRadical to Conservation: edit Master Regionaltitle style Geoengineering

Large Scale Environmental Engineering

• Reduce light stress • Cool reefs

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov ClickNAS Study: to edit A MasterResearch title Review style of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs

http://dels.nas.edu/Study-In-Progress /Interventions-Increase- Resilience/DELS-OSB-17-01

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov KeyClick Messages:to edit Master title style

• Rising temperatures are causing bleaching, disease, and death of corals • 2014-17 was the worst bleaching ever • Climate change is increasing bleaching frequency and intensity and will get worse

• 3 actions needed: – Reduce CO2 – Reduce Local Stress – Radical Conservation

• There is hope, but we need to act now http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov

Click to edit MasterThank titleyou fromstyle the NOAA Coral Reef Watch Team!!

Funding from:

Erick Geiger (CICS-UMD) Mark Eakin Jacquie De La Cour (CICS-UMD) Gang Liu (CICS-UMD)

Ben Marsh Andrea Gomez William Hernandez Lopez Denise Devotta (GST) (ReefSense) (CUNY & NOAA-CREST) (CUNY & NOAA-CREST) Special Thanks: Dr Sean Connelly Joanne Moneghetti U. Queensland William Skirving (ReefSense) Scott Heron (U. Queensland) Rob Warner (NOAA/NOS)

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov 44 Click to edit Master title style

Thank You

The 2014-17 Global Coral Bleaching Event and Coral Bleaching in the Anthropocene

Dr. C. Mark Eakin W.J. Skirving, S.F. Heron, G. Liu, T.P. Hughes, S.Donner, E.F. Geiger, J.L. De La Cour, A.M. Gomez, B.L. Marsh, and D. Devotta

NOAA Coral Reef Watch

@CoralReefWatch CoralReefWatch CoralReefWatch.NOAA.Gov http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov OceanClick to Warms, edit Master Bleaching title style Increases

Percentage of Global Reef Pixels Experiencing Bleaching

80 Alert Level 1 & 2, 1982–2017 (May), OISSTv2-based 2014-17 70 Alert Level 1 and 2 Global Global * 60 1998 2014, 15, 16, 17 Alert Level 2 50 Global 40 2005 2010 30 * % Pixels Reef of % 1982, 83 20 10 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov RapidClick to Erosion edit Master After Mortalitytitle style 2014

2015

Couch et al. (2017) Mass coral bleaching due to unprecedented marine heatwave in Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands) PLoSone http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov RapidClick to Erosion edit Master After Mortalitytitle style

Ainsworth et al. (in review) Nature Sustainability http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov RapidClick to Erosion edit Master After Mortalitytitle style

Pocillopora Acropora damicornis aspera

Ainsworth et al. (in review) Nature Sustainability http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov