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Thesis Reference Thesis Medicina teorica e medicina pratica nel primo Settecento: Francesco Torti (1658-1741) e il dibattito sull'uso terapeutico della china-china contro le febbri intermittenti LOPICCOLI, Fiorella Abstract Le traité de Francesco Torti, Therapeutice specialis, est publié au début du XVII siècle, alors que plusieurs théories ont été proposées et mises en pratique dans le domaine de la guérison des fièvres et que l’effet bénéfique du Cortex, limité aux fièvres intermittentes, a été prouvé. Ainsi, dans son traité, Torti se mesure avec la tradition théorique et pratique précédente, en élaborant un classement des fièvres qui se base sur la réponse positive ou négative de la prise du remède péruvien. L’importance de l’observation est démontrée par l’analyse de nombreux cas cliniques, les historiae, relatifs à des situations pathologiques suivies directement par Torti, ou bien à des rapports envoyés par d’autres médecins. D’un point de vue théorique, le médecin de Modène prend le parti des moderni contre la médecine des humeurs, en ce qui concerne les Sistemi della Medicina, tout en relevant quand même le caractère hypothétique des règlements théoriques dans le domaine de la médecine. Reference LOPICCOLI, Fiorella. Medicina teorica e medicina pratica nel primo Settecento: Francesco Torti (1658-1741) e il dibattito sull’uso terapeutico della china-china contro le febbri intermittenti. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2019, no. L. 776 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:128387 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-1283873 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:128387 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 1 Université de Genève Faculté des Lettres Doctorat en Histoire Thèse Medicina teorica e medicina pratica nel primo Settecento: Francesco Torti (1658-1741) e il dibattito sull’uso terapeutico della china-china contro le febbri intermittenti. Directeur de thèse: Prof. Bernardino Fantini Président du Jury: Prof. Juan Rigoli Doctorante: Fiorella Lopiccoli a.a. 2011-2012 2 Lancetta, e China China O almen poc’altro; il suo più forte sta Nella gran Panacea del “Passerà” Francesco Torti1 1 Versi scherzosi di Torti riportati da Muratori in Francisci Torti Medici Mutinensis Vita (Torti, 1743, p. XIV) e in Catalogo de’ Medici di Modena col Commento di Pasquino, Biblioteca Estense Modena 3 4 INDICE INTRODUZIONE………………………………………………p. 7 CAPITOLO PRIMO Notizie biografiche intorno a Francesco Torti, detto l’Ippocrate modenese……………………………………………………………p. 13 CAPITOLO SECONDO La diffusione della china-china in Europa: la fase iniziale del suo utilizzo terapeutico e l’opera di Sebastiano Bado…………………………..p. 36 1. Ricostruzione storica di Torti……………………………….p. 37 2. Sebastiano Bado: i primi passi del farmaco e la difesa del suo utilizzo terapeutico…………………………………………p. 45 CAPITOLO TERZO Aspetti teorici relativi alle febbri intermittenti e all’uso terapeutico della china-china………………………………………………………..p. 75 1. La causa delle febbri intermittenti. Le riflessioni di Torti e gli autori principali di riferimento……………………………...p. 78 2. Il corpo umano è una “machina idraulico-pneumatica”: sistema fluidista e rifiuto di un metodo “troppo matematico” nella prospettiva medica di Torti………………………………..p. 107 3. Giovanni Battista Davini: efficacia terapeutica della china-china e modelli teorici in una testimonianza controversa riportata da “La Galleria di Minerva”………………………………………p. 123 5 CAPITOLO QUARTO Aspetti di medicina pratica relativi all’uso terapeutico della china- china……………………………………………………………..p. 132 1. Le historiae terapeutiche della china-china: il dosaggio e i tempi di somministrazione, le evacuazioni, le recidive. ……………...p. 133 2. L’albero delle febbri: i caratteri della classificazione………...p. 157 CAPITOLO QUINTO La polemica Torti-Ramazzini………………………………….......p. 171 1. Perplessità circa le modalità d’uso della china-china espresse da Bernardino Ramazzini nella Dissertatio epistolaris De abusu Chinae Chinae……………………………………………………...p. 175 2. Difesa della china-china nelle Responsiones jatro-apologeticae di Francesco Torti…………………………………………....p. 185 3. Gli epigoni della polemica: Bartolomeo Ramazzini e Ferrante Ferrari……………………………………………………...p. 194 RIFLESSIONI CONCLUSIVE………………………………..p. 199 APPENDICE Lettere manoscritte di Francesco Torti a Ludovico Antonio Muratori…………………………………………………...............p. 223 Consulto manoscritto: Riflessioni sul sistema del Sig. Vitali, e sopra i rimedi proposti ……………………………………………………………p. 230 Tav. n. 1. Immagine presente in diverse edizioni del Therapeutice specialis sul frontespizio (1712, 1743, 1769), oppure all’interno (1730)……………………………………………………………..p. 240 Tav. n. 2. Immagine dell’albero di china-china riportata da Nigrisoli (1687)……………………………………………..............................p.241 6 Tav. n. 3. Immagine dell’albero della china-china in “Zodiacus medico- gallicus”(1686)…………………………………………………….p.242 Tav. n. 4. L’albero delle febbri di Torti- Lignum febrium in Therapeutice specialis……………………………………………………………..p.243 BIBLIOGRAFIA …………………………………………………………………...p. 244 7 INTRODUZIONE Circa alla metà del XVII secolo l’uso terapeutico della china-china nella cura delle febbri intermittenti si afferma in medicina, inizialmente, su di un piano puramente empirico e, nel corso di un secolo, raggiunge il livello di una pratica scientificamente convalidata da ampie osservazioni cliniche, sebbene rimanga oscura ovviamente l’origine della febbre stessa. Una tappa importante del percorso storico, compiuto dal cortex peruviano nell’ambito della medicina, è costituita dallo studio del medico modenese Francesco Torti (1658-1741). Questi pubblica nel 1712 la prima edizione del trattato Therapeutice specialis ad Febres quasdam Perniciosas2, in cui espone una classificazione delle febbri basata proprio sulla refrattarietà o non refrattarietà alla corteccia di china-china: «non enim rigorosam Febrium Synopsim primario describimus, sed illarum obtemperantiam, vel reluctantiam Cortici»3. Il trattato Therapeutice specialis ad Febres quasdam Perniciosas, cui il medico modenese Francesco Torti ha posto mano durante tutta la sua vita, ha conosciuto le prime due edizioni, nel 1712 e nel 17304, a Modena, per i tipi dello stampatore Bartolomeo Soliani, Typis 2 Torti 1712. Tale edizione del Therapeutice è stata preceduta nel 1709 da una sintesi dei temi che sarebbero poi stati affrontati nel trattato. Si tratta di Synopsis libri, cui titulus, Therapeutice Specialis ad febres quasdam perniciosas, inopinato, ac repente lethales (Torti 1709), di cui l’editio princeps è stata pubblicata da Soliani a Modena, ma che si trova anche in “La Galleria di Minerva”, tomo 6, 1709, pp. 316-317. Per le note al testo della Synopsis, si veda Jarcho 1993, che ne riporta, anche, sia la traduzione in inglese, sia il testo in latino. 3 Torti 1769, p. 281. 4 Tale edizione del 1730 costituisce il testo di riferimento per tutte le edizioni successive (Di Pietro 1958, Jarcho 1993) 8 Bartholomaei Soliani5, e poi altre a Venezia presso l’editore Lorenzo Baseggio, Apud Laurentium Basilium, di cui la più importante è quella postuma del 1743. Questa infatti è l’edizione che riporta i dati maggiormente significativi per la ricostruzione e la collocazione storica del pensiero medico di cui Torti si fa portatore. Il testo del Therapeutice, pubblicato nel 1743, è preceduto dalla biografia di Torti scritta da Ludovico Antonio Muratori, Francisci Torti Medici Mutinensis Vita6, e da Le tre lettere del Signor Dottor Francesco Torti al Sign. Proposto Lodovico Antonio Muratori7, in appendice al trattato seguono, poi, le Responsiones jatro- apologeticae ad CL. Ramazzinum8, già alla terza edizione, e le due Dissertationes Epistolares circa mercurii notiones in barometro9, alla seconda edizione10. Torti inquadra in una prospettiva storica la sua proposta terapeutica, inserendola in una tradizione, di cui ricorda alcuni degli autori di riferimento, sia per lo studio delle febbri, sia per l’uso della china-china. In particolare sono ricorrenti i nomi di Luis de Mercado (1520-1606) e di Richard Morton (1637-1698), ai quali è dedicato specificatamente il Liber Secundus del trattato, ma Torti ripercorre a 5I Soliani erano tipografi della corte estense a Modena e la tipografia fu fondata nel 1646 da Bartolomeo Soliani; restò attiva con il nome dei Soliani fino al 1870. Vedi: Milano (1986), Montecchi (2001). 6 Torti 1743, pp. IX-XXI. 7 Torti 1743, pp. XXII-XXXVII. 8 Torti 1743, pp. 385-486. 9 Torti 1743, pp. 487-518. 10 Il tipografo nella nota al Lettore, oltre ad annunciare la presenza dei testi citati, aggiunge di essersi riferito per questa quarta edizione del Therapeutice all’edizione seconda (cioè quella del 1730 pubblicata ancora a Modena), migliorata dall’autore stesso, e di aver conservato dell’edizione del 1712 l’Epistola dedicatoria e la Prefatione, poiché Torti stesso ne fa cenno nelle Responsiones. 9 grandi linee un po’ tutta la storia della corteccia in Europa, a partire proprio dal Cardinal de Lugo, che la introduce per primo in Italia sul finire della metà del secolo XVII, tanto da essere chiamata anche polvere del Cardinale, o dei Gesuiti11. Si è tentato, dunque, partendo proprio dal quadro storico fornito dallo stesso Torti, di considerare passaggi e autori ritenuti dal medico modenese importanti punti di riferimento. Inoltre sulle sue orme sono state riprese le questioni principali, anche di ordine teorico, che hanno caratterizzato il dibattito suscitato dalla somministrazione della china- china e, contemporaneamente, è stata messa in rilievo l’attenzione fortemente insistita
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