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Nickel Plating Handbook

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Nickel Plating Handbook NICKEL PLATING HANDBOOK 2014 ABOUT THE NICKEL INSTITUTE Nickel Institute (NI) is the global association of the world's primary nickel producers who together account for approximately 85% of worldwide annual nickel production outside China. Our mission is to promote and support the use of nickel in appropriate applications. NI grows and supports markets for new and existing nickel applications including stainless steel; and promotes science, risk management and socio-economic benefit as the basis for public policy and regulation. Through our science division NiPERA (www.nipera.org), we also undertake leading edge scientific research relevant to human health and the environment. NI is the centre of excellence for information on nickel and nickel- containing products and has offices in Asia, Europe and North America. TERMS IN THIS HANDBOOK Terms used in this publication relate to industry practice and are commonly understood by plating professionals. The term decorative plating is used to describe practices, processes and outcomes for a broad range of applications, but the term decorative often masks the critical nature of the outcome required. Decorative plating processes often impart the technical and functional success of the products they are used on. Corrosion resistance, brightness and levelling, mechanical and physical properties are characteristics of these processes and cannot be discounted as cosmetic. © 2013 Nickel Institute. All rights reserved. This Handbook may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or archive, or transmitted, in any manner or media now known or later devised, only with appropriate attribution to the Nickel Institute or the prior written consent of the Nickel Institute. Disclaimer The material presented in the Handbook has been prepared for the general information of the reader, using the data available to us and the scientific and legal standards known to us at the time of its publication. It should not be used or relied upon for any specific purpose or application without first securing competent professional advice. The Nickel Institute, its members, staff and consultants make no representation or warranty as to this Handbook's accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any general or specific use and assume no liability or responsibility of any kind in connection with the information presented in it, including but not limited to any deviations, errors or omissions. Reference to this Handbook to any specific commercial product, process or service by trade name, trade mark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement or recommendation by the Nickel Institute. CONTENTS 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................5 2. Understanding the Electroplating Process ....................................................................................6 Basic Process of Electrodeposition ...............................................................................................6 Rate of Deposition ..............................................................................................................................7 Current Efficiency ................................................................................................................................8 Average Coating Thickness .............................................................................................................8 Deposit Thickness Distribution ................................................................................................... 10 Current Distribution ........................................................................................................................ 10 Throwing Power ............................................................................................................................... 11 Internal Stress .................................................................................................................................... 11 Levelling and Microthrowing Power ......................................................................................... 12 3. Chemistry of Nickel Electroplating Solutions ............................................................................ 13 The Watts Nickel Plating Solution .............................................................................................. 13 Function of Ingredients ................................................................................................................. 13 The Role of Addition Agents ........................................................................................................ 14 Bright Nickel Plating ....................................................................................................................... 14 Auxiliary Brighteners ...................................................................................................................... 15 Anti-Pitting Agents .......................................................................................................................... 15 Semi-Bright Nickel Solutions ....................................................................................................... 15 Sulphamate Nickel Electroplating Solutions ......................................................................... 15 Other Nickel Electroplating Processes ..................................................................................... 16 4. Anodes for Nickel Plating .................................................................................................................... 17 Nickel Anode Requirements ........................................................................................................ 17 Types of Nickel Anode Material .................................................................................................. 18 Titanium Anode Baskets ................................................................................................................ 19 Power Consumption ....................................................................................................................... 20 Packing Density ................................................................................................................................ 21 Anode Fines ....................................................................................................................................... 21 Anode Bags ........................................................................................................................................ 21 Practical Tips for Maintenance of Nickel Anode Baskets ................................................... 22 Anode Maintenance - Best Practice .......................................................................................... 23 Insoluble Anodes ............................................................................................................................. 23 5. Decorative Nickel Plating .................................................................................................................... 25 Bright Nickel Plating ....................................................................................................................... 25 Satin Nickel Plating.......................................................................................................................... 25 Nickel-Chromium Coatings for Exterior Service ................................................................... 26 Multi-Layer Nickel ............................................................................................................................ 26 Microdiscontinuous Chromium .................................................................................................. 27 Alternative Topcoats ....................................................................................................................... 29 Specifications for Decorative Nickel-Chromium Plating ................................................... 29 Service Condition Number ........................................................................................................... 33 Classification Number .................................................................................................................... 34 Type of Copper Coating................................................................................................................. 34 Plating on Plastics Materials ........................................................................................................ 35 3 CONTENTS (continued) 6. Engineering and Functional Nickel Coatings ................................................................... 36 Coating Requirements for Functional Applications ............................................................ 36 Types of Nickel Plating Solutions for Functional Applications ....................................... 36 Electroforming .................................................................................................................................. 39 Mandrels .............................................................................................................................................. 40 Electroforming Techniques .......................................................................................................... 40 7. Barrel Nickel Plating...........................................................................................................
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