STRATEGIC STREAMS 2019: EUROPEAN ELECTIONS AND THE FUTURE OF EUROPE PUBLISHED BY Institute of Social Sciences Belgrade 2020

PUBLISHER Dr Goran Bašić

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Dr Armando Marques Guedes (University of , ) Prof. Dr Steven Blockmans (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Dr Goran Bašić (Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade, ) Dr Milan Kankaraš (University of Defence of Republic of Serbia) Dr Stanislav Raščan (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of ) Dr Andrej Lepavcov (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia) Doc. Dr Vladimir Bakrač (University of Montenegro) Dr Srećko Đukić (Forum for of European Movement in Serbia) Dr Ognjen Pribićević (Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia)

REVIEWERS Prof. Dr Dejan Jović, Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Zagreb, Prof. Dr Duško Lopandić, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Serbia, European Center for Peace and Development-University for Peace est. by United Nations Prof. Dr Duško Dimitrijević, Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, Serbia

SERIES Edited Volumes

SERIES EDITOR Dr Natalija Mićunović

ISBN 978-86-7093-232-6 Prof. DrJovo Ateljević Dr AndreiRadulescu Dr Neven Cvetićanin EDITED BY THE FUTUREOFEUROPE EUROPEAN ELECTIONS AND STRATEGIC STREAMS 2019: Institute ofSocial Sciences |Belgrade2020 edited volumes Ć NADA NOVAKOVI MARIJANA MAKSIMOVI Ć MARIJANA Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade of Social Sciences, Institute Belgrade of Social Sciences, Institute

76 Maksimovic / Novakovic 77 edited volumes

1 eforms eforms The inthis research is the processes of transition and reform subject of These proce- Union (EU). into the European the Balkans and integration political, economic,sses have their historical, social causes and con- - efforts to integrate the countries of the We sequences. The efforts and The space are emphasized. European into the stern Balkans (WB) help each other in further Balkan countries question is: can the Western is that the knowled- The assumption integration? regional and European integrationsge and experience gained so far about the aforementioned economic assumpti- is poorly used, but that there are realistic social and countries of theons to accelerate the reforms of these societies. The mem- EU should learn from the positive experiences of Balkans Western to their ownber states, but also adapt normative and other solutions social circumstances. the authors refer to the emergence and meaning of theFurthermore, which came to the limelight from the beginning Balkans, term Western of the 20th century, and revived in the last decade of the same century, of intoleran- when it is most commonly used to denote an atmosphere ce, hatred, conflict, war and division. Such an atmosphere dominated of so- dissolution the warlike and resulted in the breakup of Yugoslavia an obstacle to the re- ciety and the common state. These processes are integrationforms, democratization, economic progress and European the intense work and desire countries. However, Balkan of the Western in recent years, in these countries, have contributed integration for EU development.to making conflicts in the past a barrier to further rule Union, Balkans, integration, peace, transition, European Keywords: of law - Ministrythe by supported was work This Tech and Science Education, of 179038 number [projects Serbia of Republic the of Development nological Sci- Social of Institute the by implemented were projects The 179039]. and ences,Belgrade.

1 and Eurointegrations Abstract R Balkans, Western - - - How did Serbia move forward? point was that as The key The beginning of the transition of the Balkan countries, in lit of the Balkan of the transition The beginning Introduction erature, began with the fall of the Berlin Wall. From an economic an economic From of the Berlin Wall. with the fall erature, began in the economic and major changes of view, and sociological point but the Balkan countries began before 1990, social structure of deepened over the last three decades. have accelerated and - the Euro the international environment and During this time, both direction of changing. Overall, the transition pean Union itself were / state the transition from a self-governing these societies marks of pace, characteristics capitalism. The manner, socialist system to governed the society are different,the main entities that but their a economy, as follows: to create a market strategic goals were most of For multi-party parliamentary system and the rule of law. - but the pace of achiev EU, them, the strategic goal was to join the ing this is different from country to country. “the country finally descended to earth” of the heavenly people domestic and in- look at the and began to solve real problems. To she began to work on her ternational situation and position, which weaknesses, ignorance on her own changes, while recognizing self, revealed how great the job and her own shortcomings. Then it was In addition, the or easily. was, and that it would not be done quickly region has been raised, but relations in the issue of inter-regional countries countries as well as non-EU also closer ties with all EU Israel, BRIXAsuch as the USA, countries and China, Russia, Turkey, de- Arabian countries. It was her own firm determination to many all velop the countryto live “like and for its citizens economically that no countrythe normal world”? She realized - can develop eco do not want to work and de- nomically with human resources that to live in illusions, and velop, with young people being allowed youth is prone to it. glo- When events are thus viewed, what does have to do with it? Enough balization and the fall of the Berlin Wall in ourselves. But it cannot be over of this is the country itself, that there have been various international pressures, for looked facts and evidence, about which much has which there are many been written. Wise Japanese once said, “50% are guilty of our own fault, 2013). and 50% of our own fault” (Shinici,

78 Maksimovic / Novakovic 79 edited volumes that the EU requires from future members. requires from future members. that the EU Albania belonged to a different type of real-socialism to a different type of real-socialism Albania belonged 2 The countries created by the breakup of the second SFR SFR breakup of the second created by the The countries though there is no talk of creating something that was the former SFR Balkans itself is more of a political name. The name Western Yugoslavia. These countries and the people who live in them have much in common, in much have them in live who people the and countries These

2 Yugoslavia are Serbia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and and Bosnia and Herzegovina Macedonia, are Serbia, Yugoslavia Slo- in the EU, because it is already (without Croatia Montenegro but it country the former SFRY venia although is also in the EU, this name because it is a countrydoes not belong to - central Eu of to as the Western and Albania, today politically referred rope) Balkans. than the SFRY and was one of the least developed countries. De- and was one of the least developed than the SFRY - de-industrializa of social / state property, picting privatization poverty of and social inequalities and tion, old and new economic along rule of law, as well as lack of citizens, employees and other important are considered as the most with old and new conflicts, - of Euro to the development and acceleration structural obstacles is an in- addition, the existence of corruption pean integration. In re- However, rule of law. direct indicator of the absence of the are some of the most spect for rights and human freedoms fundamental values ​​ These are some of the factors that are essential for regional co- These are some of the factors that are the economic and social operation and integration, without which the term “Bal- progress of these societies is difficult. However, is multi-layered and has different dimensions (eco- kanization” wrote more nomic, historical, political, cultural). Mary Todorova stereotypes about the Bal- about this and pointed to numerous - that since the 1990s it has gained pejo kans. She also emphasized 2015: 22). The name rative and ideological significance (Todorova, the beginning of the XXwas created after the Balkan wars at cen- tury, and with the wars of the 1990s in this area it gained new concerns the fragmentation content and importance. Its essence of conflicts, the rise of societies, separatism, division, aggravation and wars, after which of nationalism, local and civil conflicts This has led some au- non-volatile societies and states emerge. (Brexit, for in the EU thors to point to disintegration processes syndrome of that the “Balkanization” as a danger of example), community (Dedovic, Srncevic, 2017; 2012). - - However, just after World War I, someone noticed that the someone noticed I, War World just after However, key’s policy cannot weaken the EU’s Balkans, as the policy influence in the key’s weaken cannot helps countries in the region consolidate and tackle trade and EU are renewed, trade communication issues. International relations looking at Serbia, Mace- and links between companies also. When been noted in economic re- donia and Montenegro, progress has there are still “concerns” form and regional co-operation, although between the coun- the difference However, about the rule of law. Balkans, apart from the and the Western tries of Central Europe defining borders, democratic time lag, is the issue of state building, it a sovereign state. Thus, the EU consolidation, which will make emerges as an effective factor in integration, a factor of restoring stabilization, as a factor of regaining the capacity for co-operation (which entails the question of building institutions and state capac of a country). the rule of law of all citizens ities to exercise The The and the Western Balkan countries Balkan the Western Union and The European the so now a “Western was in fact Question”, “Eastern Question” Since Question”. a “European is more than ever “Balkan Question” Balkan 2003, the accession of the Western Thessaloniki in June formal political Union has become a countries to the European commitment, has wanted enlargement to itself the EU although out that the big difference between it turns the east. However, WB lost ten Balkans is that the and the Western Central Europe - with the end of the con the 1990s. However, years in the wars of key interna- EU has become a in Serbia, the flict and regime change is it must be noted that there Balkans. However, tional player in the to re- Member States with regard views of EU disagreement on the In the Western issue and recognizing Kosovo. solving the Kosovo of society has been under way in the Balkans, the Europeanization and Bosnia and Herzegovina last two decades, though in Kosovo Also, Pu- than the EU. the US continues to enjoy greater credibility a major role in Serbs, tried to gain on Orthodox Russia, relying tin’s visits to Serbia reinforce the Balkans in those same years. Putin’s relations in the energy co-operation but also strengthen bilateral to which wants Turkey, Also, the factor of influence is sector. again, working together strengthen its influence in the Balkans old animosities. Tur with Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia to overcome

80 Maksimovic / Novakovic 81 edited volumes - - - - Nevertheless, the Western Balkan countries are connected Nevertheless, the Western is changing, the world is in deep change, the EU However, proximity and involvement of EU Member States is useful as they is useful as they Member States of EU and involvement proximity coun- Balkan of the Western the Europeanization can help mediate automatically. enlargement process mediating the tries, thereby does the EU implies that lesson” of the “Cypriot the issue However, state conflicts to its territory,not want to transmit wants bilat but eral conflicts resolved before integrating into the European space. before integrating into the eral conflicts resolved as issues, such as the rule of law issues such other Subsequently, of these are the focus. The main sources corruption and nepotism, in this case - social capital “legacyphenomena are the of socialism” economy” to circumvent the law; “War means corrupt networks - crime; ‘Mar on cooperation with organized bypassing the embargo and highly corrupt; and transitions - which are non-transparent ket as nation- employment” - to impose party goals “the use of political - 27). al (Rupnik, 2011: 19 by a long shared history of life in the same and the organization is integration of their neigh- area. What these countries need now context. European The countries of the West bors into a broader, with the problems ern Balkans have a burdensome relationship and especially with regard that arose during the war of the 1990s, persons, although pressured to the succession issues of displaced regardless However, by internal economic and political problems. Serbia had to embark on processes of reforming society of the EU, values. The EU’s only be to role would and embracing European them. The will, the de- support these processes and to consolidate of Serbia, for its own sake. cision, the reform must be the decision Balkans, as well as the entire Balkan The countries of the Western political goal, which is to be- region, have one common dominant This idea has brought progress in relations come part of the EU. leaving conflicts behind, and showing a strong with one another, They relations and life between WB countries. desire to normalize 2010: 49–51). should not miss this last chance (Kovacevic, the US is changing, and Russia is changing, China is changing, other but also Serbia. What countries are changing, for example, Turkey, Does the is the path to creative renewal and flourishing of Serbia? Or per US-Russia bidding for Serbia contribute to leaving the EU? Paris a route with haps the most significant is that Serbia has taken - - (Pantel 3 The European Union and its foreign policyThe European the process of in the economic cri- itself has had its crises. Specifically, The EU The two strongest EU countries are Germany and France (author’s re- and France countries are Germany The two strongest EU mark).  3 ic, 2010:73-75). “One world is disappearing, edited from one cen- is disappearing, edited world ic, “One 2010:73-75). instead of is being born, structure of the world A polycentric ter. - new rela cooperation of civilizations, of civilizations - the the clash struc between globalism and the national tionships are emerging ture of the world ”(Markovic, 2010: 13). ture of the world ”(Markovic, of the and/or evolution, must face two its own transformation Namely, namely security and energy. most important challenges, has and use of weapons of mass destruction the risk of production to pro- to the efforts of individual countries become greater due be- conducted negotiations Thus, the EU duce nuclear weapons. and at two levels, levels of dialogue Korea tween Iran and North indicates In addition, the issue of energy security levels of pressure. to pay for the Rus- does not want its citizens that the EU suffer gas shortages. Climate sian-Ukrainian dispute or for them to environmental degrada- change, increasing natural disasters, and and warming the earth, on tion and conflicts over natural resources average, are 1.5% significant.European For these reasons, the in all fields of international Union is today a powerful global player diplomacy energy, and defense. Because of politics, from economy, superpower with- it is today a civilian its magnetic and soft power, global challenges meet key out which the United States can hardly countries, such as the US,(Ejdus, 2010: 39 - 41). Many Japan, China, have offered a reduction of around 25% of uncon- and the EU, agreed that the participants trolled planet pollution. Countries also in the Copenhagen summit, seeking to reduce their emissions by issue of protecting forests 50% by 2050, from the 1999 level. The was also a particular is- in Brazil that absorb 20% of carbon dioxide sue. The EU’s on protecting the environment from active work fuel consumption, sug- emissions of fossil fuels, protecting fossil rules, commitment and realis- gests that it is “the only one with the (Ilić,tic mechanisms to achieve those goals” 2010: 41–44 ). member states was caused by maladaptation to glo- sis in the EU balization, and was further exacerbated by the 2008 global finan- and Berlin and is moving at the speed of “modern trains”. speed of “modern and is moving at the and Berlin

82 Maksimovic / Novakovic 83 edited volumes - - , they 4 The parties in power in Serbia, the SNS,The parties in power the SPS and those of Oral presentation at the Conference “Peace and Democratic Multilateral- and Democratic “Peace at the Conference Oral presentation Belgrade. 2019 ECPD, ism”,

4 cial crisis. Another type of crisis was the institutional crisis of EU crisis of EU was the institutional Another type of crisis cial crisis. crisis. However, So the political the adjustment process. identity in countries, Balkan and for all Western for Serbia, what is important - of the cri has been the tightening unfavorable, which is seemingly eco- The WB countries have problems of accession. teria for EU or high corruption, nomic underdevelopment, lack of rule of law, ganized crime, and a particularly critical issue for Serbia is the issue and a particularly critical issue for crime, ganized a tran- All these countries are undergoing and Metohija. of Kosovo socialism to Eurocapitalism” sition “from real Soviet-type 2010: 53-55, 59). (Teokarovic, issue. Thus have united on the pro-European the opposition (DS) issue of democracybegan the consolidation in Serbia. But one key was de-industrialization, massive economy that hampered Serbia’s job losses, declining foreign direct investment, long-standing inter known as the “cap- est from the rich and influential, a phenomenon the removal of regulations that hamper private busi- tive state”, and one general inability ness development and prevent corruption of the times. It is only to respond to the situation and the demands improving the standard of in the last year that some elements of unemployment rate is be- living of the population can be seen, the government has been elimi- low 10%, bad coordination within the is accelerated. integration EU nated, and the process of Serbia’s issues, a leading role in the region on many Thus, Serbia has taken of FDI, and the growth such as the construction of the IT sector, the rate of economic development. Military neutrality was pro- cooperation with China, Rus- claimed, the development of bilateral the development of regional relations with , sia, Turkey, - Serbia has sixteen recognitions of Koso Bulgaria, Albania. Today, the and is actively working to make independence withdrawn vo’s illegal unjust secession, which was also world aware of Kosovo’s 2011: law (Teokarovic, and which sets a precedent in international has illogicalities, but it can be said that it 61-62). Serbia faces many problems and is taking major steps forward.overcome many WB Domazet dr. countries have small economies, and as Prof. The EU is leading the final stages of transition in the The EU 5 Today, the governments of the Western Balkan countries of the Western the governments Today, their to jeopardize The people of the Balkans do not want Nevertheless, the European Union is entering a new Union is entering a new Nevertheless, the European For example, Albania and Kosovo have the highest share of households of share highest the have Kosovo and Albania example, For Member States in which one family member is employed in one of the EU (Manchin, 2011: 165).

5 need a new model of economy, new development,- new social reali model of economy, need a new new ideas. institutions and politics, new new democratic ty, task should be a nationalists” whose by “moderate are led mainly in order to will overcome the issues at stake reform process that re- region. Thus, European of joining the EU complete the process of as something external, but as the homework form is not viewed every 19th-century Furthermore, society. democratic European in- to transposing its model of peace through is committed “the EU though in real interdependence in the Balkans,” stitutionalized These process of nation-building in these areas. terms, the delayed them- to the development of these countries items are an obstacle Balkan of national policies in the Western selves. The development territorially small, is important for themselves countries, which are (Rupnik, 2011: 28). and for the EU to the old days of hatred and progress, they do not want to return violence must be replaced evil. The only way out of the crisis is that must be pragmatic and by diplomacy, that is, negotiations that the Balkans’ outlook. An era guarantee peace, in order to change Western with EU-led of mutual co-operation, but also co-operation major factor in stability in the policies, is desirable. Serbia is today a of Bosnia and Herzegovina Balkans, precisely because of the future and Kosovo. Balkans, and Belgrade is particularly praised for having contributed Balkans, and Belgrade is particularly praised focus remains on practical to the rise of democracy, although the 2014: 174 - 177). economic and legal issues (Abramowitz, phase of political development, and should increasingly be has this end, the EU viewed as a whole (Radovic, 2010: 61). To a common “From security strategy. developed a new European the EU’svision to a joint action: implementing global strategy” is launched when defining its “EU in fact the catchphrase the EU Foreign and Security Policy” served It actually (EUGS). as a in- to raise the issue of further European springboard for the EU

84 Maksimovic / Novakovic 85 edited volumes - - For these reasons, it is not surprising that when seeking sup- tegration and the survivaltegration after the UK ref of its member states erendum. Many doubted that the EU would survive EU doubted that the Many erendum. after Brexit. consolidating very was the EU mov- quickly and rapidly However, a the creation of changes, with security and defense ing towards In addition, the EU Center. Command Militarynew EU Training for zone global power and become a security seeks to remain a world- and is committed to peace and development its citizens, with the United Nations is verywide. Cooperation be- important and sustainable development.cause of climate change Because the powers and constant global challenges, in a world of great can only survivemarkets because the largest EU as a community, in- states individually and collectively, in the world, its member that way cooperation and only in vest the most in development new The emphasis is also on preventing can they effect change. crises and seeking a new wars, humanitarian disasters, refugee in the world, the approach to crises. The constant conflicts threat of terrorism affect the everyday life of ordinary citizens. insists on is cooperation with countries of origin What the EU and transit to better manage migratory flows, and a proposal to and migrants. The “whole of draw up a global treaty on refugees the EU” “security”, is that it is “global”, other foreign poli- using cies such as enlargement, development and trade, migration, climate, environment, The implementation of energy, culture. entails a strong and united Union, with re- objectives the EUGS has placed priorities. The EU spect for regional and geographical and respect for neigh- a particular focus on developing peace these societies can recover, borhood relations in the WB so that and crisis challenges. The re- adapt and respond to development financial support for EU silience of these countries strengthens the improvement of their reforms, the fight against corruption, , the judiciary and support for civil society - (www.eeas.europa.eu/topics/eu-global-strategy/49750/eu-glob date). al-strategy---- year-1_en, Ursula von der Lajen took the West port for a fresh start to the EU, ern Balkans as her first point of presentation (www.telegraph,en/ - news//politics/3126334-door-eu-open-to-west-balkan-fon-der-la jen-seeking-support-for-a-new-start-europe). - (Horvat, 2002). The dynamics, manner and success of 6 It was based on changes in ownership of the means of pro- It was based on changes in ownership With the disintegration and disintegration of the SFRY and and SFRY disintegration of the disintegration and With the Hence understanding why regrets of past times in certain sections of the Hence understanding why population.  6 Tranzition of society Tranzition educational, health, so- duction and then on the existing political, creating a new class and cial and cultural subsystems. This meant whose interests were woven new layers of the structure of society, The basis of the le- into the concept of transition and privatization. gitimacy of government was also changing, and the old ideology Instead of the ruling working ideology. liberal gave way to (neo) with the transition. Also, class, the capitalist class is in the forefront in the context of profit,work as an important social value is viewed The one-party system was and resources are used purposefully. system, and state gov- abandoned, in the name of the multi-party pushed to the sidelines. ernance of the economy and society was largely by the ideology The state was given a new role, determined these phenomena is the dis- of neoliberalism. The consequence of state system, ie. materi- solution and disappearance of the welfare based on socialist distribution. Ac al and social security of citizens Horvat,cording to Branko of the average social standard of citizens European Western was above the level of some socialist Yugoslavia countries the Socialist from The Path Characteristics: Transition Law of and the Rule System Capitalist the to c geopo- the re-socialist countries, in the specifi the Eastern bloc of states circumstances, each of the newly created litical international of The processes path of changing society. on their own embarked by the term and social structure are marked changing economic Controversies over its content 2017: 48-52). transition (Novakovic, but the fact is that these changes have do not end to this day, social structure. changed the entire the transition of society were determined by the way in which the new states emerged and the earlier achieved level of social and

86 Maksimovic / Novakovic 87 edited volumes - A positive example of transition is Slovenia, which has eco- is Slovenia, which example of transition A positive Furthermore, the transition concepts of the Balkan societies Furthermore,

nomic independence even though it is a small country. it is a small even though nomic independence Slovenia has market In the first years of its economy. successfully transformed of employ- a gap because there was a surplus transition, there was them was reduced (Maksimović,ees and the need for 143). 2004: and it cannot a small domestic market, Slovenia has Namely, The without active foreign trade. achieve economic development sectors it has managed to retain the core economy is open-ended, Until the banking sector. the R&D sector, of business companies, crisis of 2008, the countrythe global financial keep fi- to managed with a smaller deficit,nances well balanced, debt was low, external debt.and so were public supported Its good economic results are that the Slovenians are partic by the international competitiveness ularly committed to. An additional strength is the application of de- ularly committed to. An additional strength sign in industry 2019: 135). Before 1990, Slovenia was the (Yama, and Mace- of GDP, in terms most developed republic of Yugoslavia (Mihailović,donia belonged to the underdeveloped The 1993: 35). former had a “small war” with the JNA, independence and gained before the transition be- reached the GDP level most rapidly since Mace- et al. 2018: 174-198). In 2004, she joined the EU. gan (Torkar 1990s, but not the processes donia avoided the Balkan wars of the In Albania, and instability. of national conflicts and disintegration elites in power but the change of political there was no civil war, so much so that they consid- was a relatively successful transition, It is well known that Alba- ered it to be the “leader of the Balkans”. that it manages to protect its nia has a number of customs barriers at one point like it looked 2018). This is what (Teleskovic, market. economic development because Albania has had more successful partly explained by the low throughout the transition, which is only starting base. differed, but were dominated by two. The first is a “gradual or gradual” and the second a “fast or shock” transition. Slovenia (and and the above mentioned WB coun- Hungary) applied the former, tries the second. Slovenia gradually implemented the reforms, re- tained more elements of the old system and cautiously opened and economic development.economic and became more international factor The in the Balkans. after the conflicts during and more important - - - the and at any cost,and at any sometimes Unlike the mentioned countries, Croatia and Bosnia and Her Unlike However, the views of researchers and others on the success and others on views of researchers the However, ies, and the economic and other dependence of citizens and soci- of citizens ies, and the economic and other dependence the lower classes and strata ety on foreign factors. Unfortunately, and in recent times encouraged by new op- appeared, unjustifiably, the security of em- portunities, ie. community life that threatens ployment, treatment,and, in general, the safety of the education The capitalist class and parts of the individual and his or her family. not slow enough, and would middle classes consider it successful, values ​​ on behalf of European prefer, In practice, this is often brutally to protect their interests by law. other things, implies the which, among far from the rule of law, institutions’ assessments of The EU equality of all before the law. negative in the area of ​​ the reforms in the WB are particularly rule of law. had a civil war during the first five years of transition. BiH zegovina member is still under international protectorate and is far from EU ship. Serbia and Montenegro officially split in 2006. In the first de- cade of transition, Serbia had UN sanctions and war events in its - 2002). Other coun the outside (Mencinger, itself from liberalized core of this con- transition. At the “shock” or rapid tries practiced of the embodiment Consensus, so-called. Washington cept is the (Bukvic, development of neoliberal capitalist the essence 2011). institu- influence of the international financial Thus, the dominant real- it on the indebted Balkan countries was tions that imposed Wash- of the all the danger of a simplified interpretation With ized. rapid and the following processes can be cited: ington Consensus, reduction liberalization of foreign trade and universal privatization, from and withdrawal of the state (deregulation) of customs duties, politi- For most important spheres of society. the economy and the of the WB, economically impoverished countries cally deprived and be a pernicious model. this has proven to different.of the transition of WB countries are As a rule, interna- tional creditors consider it necessary, not fast enough, relatively the inci- are disappointed with successful, and most WB citizens 2013; Šućur, (Sadiku, dence of mass poverty and unemployment of transition, such as the 2006: 237). There are other indicators of their societ growth of public debt, the demographic breakdown

88 Maksimovic / Novakovic 89 edited volumes - - Ever since Welstaff Peace and Sovereignty of States, the of States, the Peace and Sovereignty since Welstaff Ever Corruption as an indicator of the absence of the rule of law of the absence of the as an indicator Corruption rule of law have been achievements rule of law and developed of the most import developed societies and one that characterize territory, so- on how to move Strategic decisions especially in 1999. and their elites, in the ruling classes the largest role ciety played centers of economic, to international intimately linked which were of transi- the concept It also defined military political power. and whole. tion of society as a EU the EU fulfilled by countries seeking to join ant conditions to be the transition and 2017: 216). Looking at (Maksimovic, Petrovic, it can be concluded that they privatization flows in WB companies, have not yet reached this level of development. This is evidenced of existing laws, the absence by numerous examples of violations or the fre- of all citizens, of institutions that protect the interests on the legislative executive quent pressures and influences of the of law in developed capitalist and judicial branches. Building a rule process. In this, societies has been a long-term and decades-long political and cultural they are prevented not only by the historical, basic classes in society. heritage, but also by the relation of the them about the form, pace There was no social consensus among The soci- and goals of society’s transition, or even the rule of law. and the issues of reform and relations ety was changing rapidly, judicial and legislative branches were de- between the executive, of this are different class in- layed and slowly resolved. At the core institutions could ac EU terests, to which external pressure from of the so-called the celerate these processes. While the processes creation of a new capitalist initial accumulation of capital and the and clear legislation that class were of no interest in passing firm Advocates for such legislation, for equally. would treat all citizens example, come after the end of privatization and transition. The goal of the capitalist class is to protect acquired capital and wealth. By then, civic and business morale had already been seri- ously impaired, and corruption had become widespread and al- most systemic. - - The poor legal order of society is also evidenced by the nu- The poor legal order of society is also According to Slobodan Vukovic, corruption is “a forced mar corruption is “a to Slobodan Vukovic, According ket transaction in which, by violating the principle of impartiality, of impartiality, violating the principle in which, by transaction ket of self, the sake and power for use of social position the unlawful 2003: 10). It to the full” (Vuković, group power comes family and In our and common occurrence in Serbia. has become a widespread environment, but also in the all areas it is present in almost society, it was further underdeveloped rule of law, Due to the of society. institu- on privatization have shown that state encouraged. Studies the law to corruption, as well as to breaking tions are susceptible (Maksimovic, the pri- They did this before, during and after 2013). and institutions. Control by international vatization of enterprises to the in- or delayed and was detrimental institutions was absent - con value of the company, (in assessing the terests of workers of the sales contract,trolling the implementation disbursement of (Nova- of production) funds for the social program, continuation are among the most 2013). Opinion polls show that citizens kovic, education, the ju- corrupt in labeling health, public administration, diciary in Serbia (Jer legalized and healthcare. Healthcare bribe emic, 2019). Confidence in these systems is low and information is widespread in other so- from the media confirms that corruption cieties in the region. insti- before international merous procedures initiated by citizens can- court judgments in favor of citizens tutions and courts. Even responsibility of the not be enforced because they are the a number of system laws domestic authorities. On the other hand, stan- in line with European have been adopted, which are formally or interpreted differently. dards, but are rarely rarely implemented by urgent procedure and The practice of passing such laws quickly, and anomalous. Weak without a public hearing, has also become representatives are powerless to conflicting unions and citizens’ withstand it. This was extensively reported by the media in the re- pension system law). law, form of labor and social legislation (labor is just one example of the ab- to follow the legal procedure Failure Much more severe are the cases and the sence of the rule of law. on the judicial authorities, when dis- influence of the executive putes are delayed for years or end to the detriment of the citizens who initiated them. The deeper causes of such phenomena are the

90 Maksimovic / Novakovic 91 edited volumes The privatization of social / state ownership of the means of social / state ownership of the means The privatization of Privatization of social / state property of social / state Privatization between winners (new production is simplified in the division class, recipients of so- elites, owners of capital) and losers (working property relations are paramount Fundamentally, cial assistance). - funda social system, and any to the character of the economic and a change in the nature of mental change in that essentially means It depends on the character of the class in power and the society. in the social division of la- place of subordinate classes and classes During the of social power. bor and in the creation and distribution and with them the transition, property relations were changing, Before the transition began, the views of class structure of society. econo- were divided between the western, market Serbian citizens al- For the former, economy. Yugoslav my and the self-governing and for the latter 47%. most half of the respondents were 49.6% of political and economic This attitude was expressed by two-thirds leaders (Mrksic, 1990: 14). Of course, at the beginning of the transi- not openly discussed, and so tion, the essence of privatization was by relations was masked often the emergence of capitalist social the euphemism of “open society”, “entrepreneurial society” (Bolčić, in WB companies, 1994). Privatization was practically completed and a new class structure was consolidated. “In short, some of the pipes of privatization are declaratively prominent, and in reality The end result was the they have been achieved quite differently. creation of a new capitalist class. The working class is systematical- ly and permanently dispossessed, crushed, thrown into the poverty “reforms” of the judiciary“reforms” the judiciary, and out to the tune carried rule of law The parties in power. or dominant coalition of the ruling would public administration Public and all citizens. would benefit be more efficient, Each individual and more responsible. cheaper the in the same way by the law and before would be protected and the in these institutions would increase, courts. Confidence corruption would be reduced to a tolerable need for myth and are still far from it,measure. WB companies of law and ie. the rule of law. the developed rule Privatization in the former republics of Yugoslavia was con- Yugoslavia Privatization in the former republics of zone and into the margins of society ” (Novakovic, 2017: 135). The 2017: 135). The of society ” (Novakovic, and into the margins zone - publicly acknowl parties rarely and dominant political ruling class class exploitation, between working there are relations edge that representatives of of owners and of the interests the dominance She is of a new owner of capital-state. capital, and the emergence legislator. in these societies, but also the still the largest employer both including the state, are woven into The interests of capital, (on labor, and the basic systemic laws the concept of privatization This is a characteristic of all employment, for example). companies, centers are often brought under pressure from WB countries. They Eurointe- pretext that it is in the name of on the of financial power, was no serious and greater There WTO). Bank, World gration (IMF, the experiences of They did not follow citizens. resistance from the of Slovenia, Hungarythe citizens for example regard- and , borrowing from the IMF. ing liberalization, rapid privatization and in development have Light borrowing and poor investment that is indebted and in- brought most ZB companies into a group centers. creasingly dependent on global power and individual republics, ducted from the change of laws, federal of production, and then to the change of ownership of the means 2017: laws (Novakovic, it was regulated by new and often amended 2018; Horvat, 2000). 2002; Čengić, 2000; Čučković, 103-107; Lojpur, economy domi- a market The result of the overall changes is that created. The tertiarynated by the private sector has been or growth of the services been carried out, sector has also with the secondary be- changes. Namely, sector experiencing the greatest in the creation of the GDB fore the transition he dominated, both and in the overall employment. After the privatization, there was a of large develop- massive de-industrialization, the disappearance cities. The working class is ment companies and large industrial job loss has further increased therefore disintegrated. The massive officially registered unemployment. “In a nutshell, deindustrializa- were tion led to the decay of most of the working class, as workers mass unemployment, greater exploita- left without jobs. Poverty, 2016: 750). tion and social inequalities have arrived ”(Novakovic, This is only partially mitigated by activities in the illegal or gray which is relatively high in the Balkans after 2008 and is economy,

92 Maksimovic / Novakovic 93 edited volumes - - - - Rapid privatization has created an economy in which most of has created an economy in which most Rapid privatization at the WB are not sig- The goals and results of privatization persistently represented (Vujovićpersistently import 2013). One of the et al, - of social ten is the amelioration of the informal economy ant roles the poorest citizens and the ability of social conflicts sions, greater Every standard of living. their low material to mitigate country that re- reduce this area to a tolerable level and had to joined the EU strict it by law. and no privately owned, in which there is little the companies are favored monopolies, and foreign investors are legal restriction on In ad- This is especially characteristic of Serbia. over domestic ones. public socially-owned enterprises, sales of dition to the sale of of life of which are important for the quality ly-owned enterprises, In the final stage of privat play. have also come into other citizens, (water sources, mines, etc.)ization, national resources also were to the creation of a subsid- sold, which seemingly additionally leads iary. Privatization funds went mostly to the state budget and then State institutions that to spending, not investment for job creation. WB, such as agencies, were led and controlled privatization at the and foreign institutions (Be- strongly influenced by the executive govic, 2005: 224; Obradovic, The legal restrictions on 2005: 534). which went to the detriment their operation were relatively weak, companies. This is especially character of employees of privatized istic in the final stages of privatization. nificantly different.a single hu- In these countries, there is a lack of fact is that transition coun- man resource management model. The from a central tries and their economies have moved with basic market administrative system to reforming countries it was also a way of transforming large and principles. Realistically, outdated industrial sectors (Maksimovic, 2004: 140). A market are monopolies, unfair economy has been created, in which there competition, state interventionism the benefit of the capital- for No new jobs have the EU. ists, and it is far more developed than been created to alleviate high unemployment and stimulate eco- nomic development.from privatization are very The proceeds small, sometimes below the level of annual remittances of citizens from abroad. There was also a lack of investment in innovation, re- search and education in general. WB countries invest little in inno------The new capitalist class in countries in transition is by its ori- The new capitalist class in countries in Changes in the political system boil down to the introduc tion of parliamentarism, in which the proportional system of elec tions is dominant (Djukanovic, parties are Political 2006: 529). The new capitalist class The new capitalist of parliamentarism and the introduction composition. It gin, education and the power of heterogeneous (economic,arose largely from the nomenclature military, intellec - entrepreneurs and foreign multination ed at privileged domestic is the ab- of the neoliberal concept of transition als. A consequence economic and monetarysence of an independent policy. Democracy is yet consolidated, and for it the presumption is not singly be- (Linz et al. 1998: 35). This is increa the existence of a state representatives. EU ing pointed out by Other sources of emer tual) of the former ruling and sole parties. civic class, followed by pri- gence are the remnants of the former people who made a fortune vate and private sector entrepreneurs, unfortunately war profiteers through the privatization process, but and speculators (Bolcic, 2006: 42; Bolcic, 2008: 82; Obradović, Lazić 2014: 69-98; Sekulic et al, 2006: 129-152; 2017: 90; Novaković 2000: 1; Cengic, 2000). Their primaryand interest is the creation possible enrichment and its appropriation of profits, as quickly as class was the mass of la- legal protection. Opposite this capitalist dispossessed of means of production, peasantry, and middle bor, position is significantly dif classes. Their material and overall social ferent, and conflicts between and within them are open and co- on specific social and vert, depending of lesser or greater intensity, of controlling the citizens political circumstances. It is also a means who are the biggest losers in the transition, and who often vote in political elections for the parties who encourage it. vation, which indirectly contributes to the low competitiveness of competitiveness of to the low indirectly contributes vation, which 1035). The new (Krstic et al. 2016: relative to others. the economy independent of the not sufficiently is fragmented, private sector of the accelerate faster development the ability to state, without target Government subsidies are most often economy and society.

94 Maksimovic / Novakovic 95 edited volumes - Economic and social inequalities and poverty have become Economic and social inequalities and

limiting factors in regional and European integration. The achieved integration. The achieved limiting factors in regional and European during the transition is evi- level of development of WB countries of total income, pov- denced by inequalities in wages, distribution of industry as well as data on GDP growth, share erty of citizens, in abroad, open its creation, amount of investments, indebtedness structure of the pop- and hidden unemployment and demographic at the beginning of the ulation. GDP growth was slowed down twentieth centurytransition, ie. in the tenth decade of the because (Marjanovic et al, 2019: 52- of the so-called transition recessions while it faster, 56). The more successful countries outperformed Of all WB countries, this Serbia only began to recover after 2000. recovery was the slowest in it (Begović, et al, 2005: 41 - 46). The 2008 world economic crisis has further hampered the development of these societies. Unemployment in the region was high due to the completion of privatization, and in 2008 it increased further. the should be such as to accompany Changes in the labor market needs. Thus, investing creation of occupations in line with market weakly socially entrenched and the state “weak” (Stojiljković, 2013: 2013: (Stojiljković, the state “weak” entrenched and weakly socially - area lead to the con research in this findings of relevant 135). The it is a weak democracyclusion that system, in and an unstable - 2016: 4-10; Stojil also present (Goati, corruption is which political and goal of the par 135). This is far from the set ideal 2013: jković, and social inequalities economic Poverty, liamentary societies. Indirect evidence is in developed EU system outcrythe occasional public in the WB (some examples of citizens Citizens 2018, Macedonia 2017 and 2018). are BiH 2014, Albania ed in the ruling elites. They are disappoint have little confidence especial- political and civil liberties achieved, and with their actions, coming to achieved. This can be a factor in the ly the quality of life of are against regional and wider integration power of parties that who are able to get in and on those brake or an important society, the incentives Therefore, EU. effectively in out more quickly and encourages economic and other societal reforms are that the EU this community. important as a prerequisite for joining - - - Poverty in WB societies has become structural, as a normal Poverty Relatively low population activity and employment charac Relatively low population activity and

and logical consequence of the emergence and functioning of capi- and logical consequence of the emergence of the most important causes of 2016). One talism (Wallerstein, privatization of so- poverty growth was the clumsily implemented The second, no doubt, is an attempt to quickly cial / state property. The third con- the neoliberal concept of society transition. realize cerns inherited problems, and only in the fourth place are the im- pacts of the global economic crisis. The situation of poor citizens, for example, has not improved much during the transition of Serbia in the last ten years. Official statistics also testify to this (Mlade- novic,- of them lost their jobs during privatiza 2017: 12-13). Many terize WB countries. It is far from the EU average. Mass unemploy- WB countries. It is far from the EU terize by the mass depar ment is structural and is only partly mitigated there is a from outside the country.ture of citizens In particular, and those seeking long- high unemployment rate for young people term employment. The problem of low activity of older working pronounced, which is be- age persons is becoming more and more member states (Eurostat, Unemployement statistics). hind the EU each WB countryFinally, has its own specificities, regional, political, They are often cultural, religious and confessional particularities. which is a disruptive fac the cause of social tensions and conflicts, and wider integrations of tor in the development of both regional society. - and opportu competitiveness training is the greatest in on-the-job on the “knowledge societies are based Modern nity for innovation. economy” of the the debts (Maksimović, 167). Furthermore, 2014: - of Yu the former republics increased, so that and the state citizens the public debt of the countrygoslavia had long exceeded before in the in the distribution of income and its dissolution. Inequality increased rapidly of household consumption has and patterns size countries coefficient has increased in all WB The Gini and strongly. measured by this et al, 2017). The income inequality (Arandarenko on a taken the fastest in Serbia. Layering has coefficient has grown t citizens small elite of 5-10% of the riches large scale, a relatively stands out, (Lazić, majority of the population is poor and the Cvejić, is some- the situation in Macedonia and BiH 2014). In that sense, what worse.

96 Maksimovic / Novakovic 97 edited volumes - - The paper outlines the most important processes occurringThe paper outlines the most important The term Western Balkans came into being on specific social The term Western - Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herze The Western in the EU and the WB. They highlighted current problems in the in the EU has a and new initiatives in this regard. The EU functioning of the EU political, economic and mili- special place in the changed world of tary functioning and its for EU circumstances. New opportunities to join it were also highlight potential to encourage other countries tion, or could not find regular employment for years. Otherwise, employment for not find regular tion, or could in of the em- the interests prosperity, growth and times of economic and this is especially differ, and governments employees ployer, (Maksimović, in times of crisis pronounced 166). A significant 2014: category not who did of “new poor” workers were also employed decent life. occasional and insufficient for a receive rent or were rhetoric for political parties that use populist They are often voters and which is often directed against the nationalism), (xenophobia, down the stabi- This further slows integration of society. European and exter order while fostering internal lization of the democratic of a conclusion Instead nal tensions and social conflicts. nal tensions and social Balkan countries. ed. First and foremost, these are the Western wars. It was later used less and historical occasions after the Balkan and other public attention often to bring the wars back to political 1990s. Its es- in the SFRY with the wars during the breakup of the and separatist movements, sence is to strengthen the nationalist social and state communi- which led to the dissolution of the larger The breakup was not peaceful but through war conflicts, mass ty. small, not loss. Subsequently, destruction and material and human highly conflict-ridden, sufficiently independent states emerged, greater potential to burdened with the same problems, without which wars were waged. The tolerate others, especially those with burden of the “past” bothers them to accelerate economic and so- cial development in general, making it difficult for them to inte- grate into the regional and wider environment. have so far completed govina, Montenegro, Macedonia and Serbia) - The regional cooperation of the Western Balkan countries is The regional cooperation of the Western ed the neoliberal concept of transition (Serbia after 2000), and the of transition (Serbia ed the neoliberal concept econo- in building a market This is exemplified results are similar. parliamentary class A capitalist my, democracy and the rule of law. class and the world cen- to the global capitalist was created, linked once nominally The ters of economic, political and military power. was set apart.ruling working class forefront is the interests At the from law, which defends itself by all means, of the capitalist class, corruption and bribery events. Pri- to open social conflicts and war transition material basis of this. The concept of vatization was the control of adopted under the pressure and and privatization were has led to rapid and wide- foreign institutions. Its implementation job losses, reduced spread privatization of enterprises, massive increased official rents and socio-economic rights of employees, and a deteriora- economy, unemployment, the informal poverty, groups. Fragmentation tion of the morale of individuals and social - in and other citizens and inequalities in the position of employees They have also become tensified during the transition of society. which through the obstacles to the further progress of society, - economically declining and fi transition has been de-industrialized, power are even political nancially indebted. Inequalities in citizens’ and in the pre-transition period. greater than in the EU a necessary and integration into the prerequisite for their progress will largely determine the The changes taking place in the EU EU. of these societies conditions and time of integration pace, manner, community of countries. into the EU the transition of society. They also ended the privatization of social of social also ended the privatization They of society. the transition Each of them had of production. over the means / state property were solved or the transition problems, which through specific They all accept (debts, unemployment,complicated inequalities).

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