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Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site Geologic Resources Inventory Report

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Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site Geologic Resources Inventory Report National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2015/1016 ON THE COVER Hidatsa Village on the Knife River. Painting by George Catlin, 1832. Image from the Smithsonian American Art Museum collection available at http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=4105 (accessed 24 March 2015). THIS PAGE The “Four Bears Hide” within a reconstructed earthlodge at Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site. National Park Service photograph available at https://www.flickr.com/photos/121365074@N05/ (accessed 24 March 2015). Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2015/1016 John P. Graham Colorado State University Research Associate National Park Service Geologic Resources Division Geologic Resources Inventory PO Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 September 2015 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from the Geologic Resources Inventory website (http://go.nps.gov/gripubs), and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Graham, J. P. 2015. Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site: Geologic resources inventory report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2015/1016. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 468/129640, September 2015 iiii Contents Page Figures . iv Tables . v Executive Summary . vii Products and Acknowledgments . .. xi GRI Products . xi Acknowledgments . xi Geologic Setting and Significance . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1 Geologic Setting . 1 Geologic Significance and Connections . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Geologic Features and Processes . .. 9 Features that Connect Geology and Archeology . 9 Terraces as Landscape Features . 11 Paleontological Resources . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 Glacial Features . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16 Fluvial Features . 16 Lake (Lacustrine) Features . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 Aeolian Features . 17 Fluvial Geomorphic Features . 18 Geologic Resource Management Issues . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 Impacts Resulting from the Garrison Dam . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 Flooding on the Knife River . 22 Bank Erosion on the Knife River . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������23 Slope Movement . 32 External Energy Issues . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32 Paleontological Resource Inventory and Monitoring . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������36 Disturbed Lands . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37 Earthquakes . 37 Geologic History . 39 Prior to 541 Million Years Ago (Precambrian Time): Assembling the North American Craton . 39 From 541 Million to 252 Million Years Ago (Paleozoic Era): Sediments Fill the Williston Basin . 39 From 252 Million to 66 Million Years Ago (Mesozoic Era): North Dakota Inundated by an Inland Sea . 42 From 66 Million to 2 Million Years Ago (Cenozoic Era): Paleocene Swamps and Seas and Climate Change . 44 From 2 Million to 12 Thousand Years Ago (Cenozoic Era): Pleistocene Deep Freeze . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������44 The Past 12 Thousand Years (Cenozoic Era): Holocene Thaw . 46 Geologic Map Data . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 49 Geologic Maps . 49 Source Maps . 49 GRI GIS Data . 49 GRI Map Poster . 50 Map Unit Properties Tables . 50 Use Constraints . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������50 Glossary . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 51 Literature Cited . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55 Additional References . 63 Geology of National Park Service Areas . 63 NPS Resource Management Guidance and Documents . 63 iii Contents (continued) Page Climate Change Resources . 63 Geological Surveys and Societies . 63 US Geological Survey Reference Tools . ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������63 Appendix A: Scoping Participants . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 65 2011 Scoping Meeting Participants . 65 2014 Conference Call Participants . 65 Appendix B: Geologic Resource Laws, Regulations, and Policies . 67 Geologic Map Poster . .in pocket Map Unit Properties Table . .in pocket Figures Page Figure 1. Painting of Hidatsa village at Knife River. 1 Figure 2. Map of Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site. 2 Figure 3. Map of the Williston Basin. ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 Figure 4. Geologic time scale. ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 Figure 5. Surface profiles showing the terraces in the Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site area. .. 5 Figure 6. Sketch of Elbee Bluff showing the relationships among terraces. 7 Figure 7. Hidatsa villages in Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site. 8 Figure 8. Photograph of a replica earthlodge at Knife River Indian Villages National Historical Site. ���������������������������������������������������������9 Figure 9. Map of Northern Plains prehistoric trading system. 10 Figure 10. Photograph of Knife River Flint in a flintlock rifle. ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 Figure 11. Illustration of meander scars of the Knife River. 13 Figure 12. Photographs of fossils from the Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site collections. ����������������������������������������������15 Figure 13. Extent of Pleistocene glaciation in North America.. 17 Figure 14. Schematic illustration of various meandering-stream features. 19 Figure 15. Ice jam on the Knife River. 23 Figure 16. Flooding on the Knife River at Elbee Bluff during 2011. 23 Figure 17. Tension cracks and bank failure in the Elbee Bluff area. 24 Figure 18. Backflow from the Missouri River floods the lower section of the Knife River and erodes the banks . 25 Figure 19. Lateral migration of the Knife River between 1995 and 2004 . 26 Figure 20. Map of the five river bends in Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site . ..
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