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Natural Resource Governance in the Sumbawanga Cluster of the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania

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Natural Resource Governance in the Sumbawanga Cluster of the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania Natural Resource Governance in the Sumbawanga Cluster of the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania Key issues and recommendations for enhancing effective, inclusive and equitable governance Barbara Nakangu, Seline Meijer, Nyamaka Kasukura and Doyi Mazenzele INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE, 2020 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published by: IUCN Global Programme on Governance and Rights, Washington, DC, United States Copyright: © 2020 IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non- commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Nakangu, B. Meijer, S. Kasukura, N. Mazenzele, D. (2020). Natural Resource Governance in the Sumbawanga Cluster of the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania: Key issues and recommendations for enhancing effective, inclusive and equitable governance. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Cover photo: Meijer Seline, IUCN Layout by: Jamie Wen and Alix Kashdan, IUCN Available from: IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature Global Programme on Governance and Rights 1630 Connecticut Ave, NW, Suite 300 Washington, DC, United States Acronyms AMCOS Agriculture and Marketing Cooperatives Societies CEESP Commission of Environmental, Economic and Social Policy CCRO Certificates of Customary Rights of Ownership CSO Civil Society Organisation JFM Joint Forest Management IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NRGF Natural Resource Governance Framework MSD Multi-stakeholder Dialogue MSP Multi-stakeholder Platform MSF Multi-stakeholder Forum OSF Open Society Foundations REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SAGCOT Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania SNV Netherlands Development Organisation SUSTAIN-Africa Sustainability and Inclusion Strategy for Growth Corridors in Africa TFS Tanzania Forest Service VLUP Village Land Use Plans VFC Village Forest Committee VNRC Village Natural Resources Forum Committee WMA Wildlife Management Areas WUA Water User Association i Acknowledgments Barbara Nakangu and Seline Meijer of the IUCN Global Programme on Governance and Rights collaborated with the SUSTAIN-Africa programme team in Tanzania to prepare this report. The SUSTAIN-Africa team included Doyi Mazenzele, IUCN Tanzania Programme Officer and Nyamaka Kasukura, former Coordinator of SUSTAIN-Africa Programme at SNV in Tanzania. We acknowledge support of Saruchera Davison, IUCN Acting Technical Coordinator for the Water Programme in East and Southern Africa; Jenny Springer, Director of the IUCN Global Programme on Governance and Rights; and Jessica Campese, CEESP Co-Chair of the NRGF Working Group who reviewed the report and provided input. We also express sincere gratitude to all government staff, NGO staff, village leaders and the men and women engaged in the focus group discussions who provided views and experiences captured in this report. We are grateful for the Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGIS) of the Netherlands for financing the SUSTAIN-Africa Programme. Finally, we acknowledge the funding from the Open Society Foundations (OSF) that enabled this analysis. ii Executive Summary Overview of SUSTAIN-Africa and the NRGF Assessment Open Society Foundations (OSF) funded this natural resource governance assessment of the Sumbawanga landscape in Tanzania through the project “Integrating a Rights-Based Approach (RBA) in SUSTAIN-Africa to enhance social and economic inclusion in agricultural growth corridor development.” The assessment was based on the interventions of the “Sustainability and Inclusion Strategy for Growth Corridors in Africa” (SUSTAIN-Africa) programme. It aims to reveal the extent to which the programme engaged the opportunities and challenges for local peoples’ participation in decision -making and the gaps that remain. While the report is based on the SUSTAIN-Africa programme, it is not an evaluation of the programme itself. Rather, the programme is used as a vantage point from which to understand and assess the context of natural resourcesgovernance of Sumbawanga and the ways in which to improve inclusivity, equity and rights of stakeholders such as smallholder farmers, agro-pastoralists, fishers and artisinal miners who are often at risk of marginalisation when large private sector initiatives are prioritised. The SUSTAIN-Africa programme provides a practical lens through which to make the analysis and recommendations. The study builds on a similar one carried out in Ilemi-Kilombero Cluster in 2017, which included reflections on the broader governance context of the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SACGOT) landscape.1 The primary purpose of this analysis is to inform the second phase of the SUSTAIN-Africa programme and ensure that it empowers smallholder farmers and resource users (such as agro-pastoralists, fishers and artisanal miners) to participate in enhancing decisions and actions about the governance of resources as reflected in the NRGF. The aim of SUSTAIN is to enhance the security of peoples’ livelihoods and advance entrepreneurial opportunities by securing rights and equity in decision-making. This is particularly important in a context where large private sector capital investments are being attracted to the Sumbawanga landscapes, as they will reshape the power dynamics and decision-making context. The Natural Resource Governance Framework (NRGF) was developed by IUCN to guide decision makers at all levels to make better and more just decisions on the use of natural resources and the distribution of nature’s benefits, following 10 good governance principles. At its core, the NRGF promotes the centring of the societal groups at risk of marginalisation in decision-making by balancing power between rights-holders, duty bearers and other stakeholders. This balance is achieved when these groups actively participate procedurally and substantively in decision-making about landscape management, determining use and distribution of costs and benefits. Drawing on rights-holders’ diverse values, traditions, knowledge and culture and ensuring that decision-making platforms are accessible enhances marginalised peopless power in natural resource governance in the landscape. Ten NRGF principles and their associated criteria guide the analysis. 1 NRGF (2017). Natural Resources Governance in Kilombero Cluster and the SAGCOT Initiative: An Assessment of Key Issues and Recommendations for Action. Report prepared by CEESP and IUCN. 1 Key Improvements in the Sumbawanga Landscape Enabled by the SUSTAIN- Africa Programme This analysis focuses on the Sumbawanga cluster of the SAGCOT. This cluster has no large private sector actors and investments, as is the case in the Ilemi and Kilombero clusters, and hence the governance interventions considered aim at enhancing the preparedness of society to shape future investments. The Kilombero study shows that Tanzania has established a relatively sound policy and legal framework that provides a fairly favourable foundation for enabling inclusive and equitable governance, primarily in village land, albeit with some limitations. The major challenge lies with the implementation of these legal and policy provisions. The SUSTAIN-Africa programme enabled the implementation of a number of key policies in Sumbawanga and established the structures that provide the basis for enhanced participation of rights-holders in decision-making. In particular, the SUSTAIN-Africa programme enhanced the following NRGF principles: Principle 1: Inclusive Decision-Making. According to the Kilombero study, the policy and legal framework for enabling inclusive participation is adequate, but weakly implemented. The SUSTAIN-Africa programme supported the implementation of favourable policy and legal provisions to enhance the effectivenss of participatory decision-making in land, water and forest management. In particular, the SUSTAIN-Africa programme contributed to establishing the following platforms in the Sumbawanga landscape: 1. Two platforms for decision-making on water resources governance: Water User Associations (WUA) and Catchment Management Committees (CMC). WUA and CMC enable local people in over 90 villages to participate in and influence decisions made by the Lake Rukwa Basin Board. 2. Platforms for making decisions on forest management: The programme supported the development of 17 Village Forest Management Committees (VFMC), and also worked with villages bordering the Kalambo Nature Reserve to establish a Joint Forest Management Committee (JFMC) of the Kalambo forest. 3. Sixteen cooperatives and farmers groups: SUSTAIN helped strengthen these groups in the region as platforms for collective engagement with the private sector and policy makers to shape the production and market chains of crops grown in the landscape. 4. Two regional multi-stakeholder
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