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PB1616-Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers for Greenhouse Production

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PB1616-Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers for Greenhouse Production University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Commercial Horticulture UT Extension Publications 2-1999 PB1616-Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers for Greenhouse Production The University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_agexcomhort Part of the Horticulture Commons Recommended Citation "PB1616-Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers for Greenhouse Production," The University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service, PB1616-1M-2/99 E12-2015-00-104-99, https://trace.tennessee.edu/ utk_agexcomhort/4 The publications in this collection represent the historical publishing record of the UT Agricultural Experiment Station and do not necessarily reflect current scientific knowledge or ecommendations.r Current information about UT Ag Research can be found at the UT Ag Research website. This Greenhouse Production is brought to you for free and open access by the UT Extension Publications at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Commercial Horticulture by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Agricultural Extension Service The University of Tennessee PB1616 PlantNutrition &Fertilizers For Greenhouse Production 1 Table of Contents Plant Nutrition: The Basics______________________________________________________________ 3 Fertilizer Salts ______________________________________________________________________ 3 pH__________________________________________________________________________________ 6 Factors Affecting Media Solution pH__________________________________________________ 5 Water Quality/Alkalinity__________________________________________________________ 6 Media Components _______________________________________________________________7 Fertilizers Applied________________________________________________________________ 7 Fertilization and Fertilizers______________________________________________________________ 7 Water-Soluble Fertilizers_____________________________________________________________ 7 Slow-Release Fertilizers______________________________________________________________ 7 Fertilizer Labels_____________________________________________________________________ 8 Nutrient Analysis_________________________________________________________________ 8 Nitrogen Form____________________________________________________________________ 8 Potential Acidity/Basicity_________________________________________________________ 8 Proper Dilution Rate______________________________________________________________ 9 Fertilizer Injectors____________________________________________________________________9 Multiple Injectors_________________________________________________________________ 10 Injector Accuracy and Calibration_________________________________________________ 10 Starting a Fertilization Program__________________________________________________________11 Pre-plant Nutrition Programs_________________________________________________________ 11 Post-plant Nutrition Programs________________________________________________________ 12 Nitrogen__________________________________________________________________________ 12 Phosphorus______________________________________________________________________ 13 Potassium________________________________________________________________________ 13 Calcium and Magnesium__________________________________________________________13 Micronutrients___________________________________________________________________ 13 Appendices: Fertilizer Calculations_______________________________________________________________ 14 Conversion of Units__________________________________________________________________ 14 2 PlantNutrition&Fertilizers ForGreenhouseProduction James E. Faust, Assistant Professor Elizabeth Will, Graduate Student Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Design This publication is one of three in a series that covers the basics of developing a nutritional program for producing container-grown plants in greenhouses. A complete nutrition program encompasses the fertilizers, media and water used. The first section in Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers for Greenhouse Production develops background information about plant nutrition that growers need to understand before discussing which fertilizers to use. The second section covers the range of fertilizers that growers can choose from. The second publication in the series, Irrigation Water Quality for Greenhouse Production (PB 1617), examines the effect of water quality on a greenhouse nutritional program. The third publication, Growing Media for Greenhouse Production (PB 1618), describes the important physical and chemical properties of growing media, media testing procedures and interpretation of test results. The objective of this series of publi- cations is to provide basic information that will allow greenhouse operators to develop a nutritional program for their specific business. Plant Nutrition: The Basics calcium nitrate, which contains one calcium cation and a nitrate anion. Other ex- amples include: ammonium phosphate, Fertilizer Salts magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate Fertilizers are salts. Salts are chemical and ammonium nitrate. compounds that contain one positively Fertilizer concentration (or saltiness) of a charged ion (cation) bonded to one nega- solution can be determined by measuring tively charged ion (anion). When a salt is the ability of a solution to conduct an elec- placed into water, the two ions separate and trical signal (electrical conductivity). Electri- dissolve. An example of a fertilizer salt is cal conductivity meters, often called soluble CALCIUM NITRATE ++ Ca NO- 3 NO- Ca++ 3 ++ Ca NO- 3 3 salts meters, measure the concentration of growth. The most common example of plant salts/ions in solution; therefore, a grower metabolism involves photosynthesis, during can always measure the amount of fertilizer which water (hydrogen and oxygen) is com- being applied to a crop. However, electrical bined with carbon dioxide (carbon and oxygen) conductivity meters do not specifically to form starch or sugars (carbon, hydrogen and measure which specific salts are in solution. oxygen). Another example is the chlorophyll For example, an electrical conductivity molecule shown below that contains: 1 2 1 2 3 3 0 0 meter can not tell the difference between 55 carbon atoms table salt (sodium chloride), which is dan- 60 hydrogen atoms gerous to plants, and potassium nitrate, 5 oxygen atoms which is useful for plants. 4 nitrogen atoms Ions dissolved in water are taken up 1 magnesium atom through the roots and distributed within the plant. Plants actually expend energy to take Therefore, for the plant to build one up most ions, however, calcium is thought chlorophyll molecule, the leaves must take to only come along for the ride, i.e., plants in carbon dioxide, for the carbon and oxy- don’t actively take up calcium, it just comes gen; the roots must take in water, for the into the root with the water. hydrogen and oxygen; and the roots must Once inside the plant, ions are recom- take up nitrogen and magnesium provided bined into compounds useful for plant from the fertilizer applied. 4 in the older leaves, since the mobile nutrients move from the old leaves to the new leaves. Plants require different amounts of each nutrient. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are required in the greatest amounts; however, these are taken up by the plant in the form of water and carbon dioxide. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magne- sium and sulfur are required in large Table 1. Mobility of individual nutrients within plants. Mobile Immobile Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Iron Potassium Manganese Magnesium Zinc Sulfur Copper Boron Molybdenum amounts, thus are called macronutrients. Iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, chlo- ride, molybdenum are required in relatively Once inside the plant, some nutrients small amounts, thus are called micronutri- can be mobilized to support new growing ents, or minors. tissues, while other nutrients are fixed in older plant tissues. This fact helps us to pH diagnose some plant nutrient deficiencies. pH is a measure of the concentration of For example, if a plant is deficient in an hydrogen (H+) ions, sometimes called pro- immobile nutrient, then deficiency symp- tons. The greater the H+ ion concentration, toms (yellowing/chlorosis) occur in the new the more acid the solution, hence a lower pH. growth, since the older tissues “hold” on to pH controls the uptake of nutrients. If the immobile nutrients. In contrast, defi- the pH is not in the desired range, indi- ciencies of mobile nutrients typically occur vidual nutrients can not be taken up, creat- 5 100 5 t h 80 4 e ig u e s W is T y r t 3 n D 60 t la n P la in P f e o 40 g 2 e ta g n e ta c n r e e c P r e 20 1 P 0 0 C,H,O N,P,K, et al... N P K Ca Mg S Fe Mn B Zn Cu Mo ing a nutrient deficiency, or the nutrient can from solution. This process effectively be taken up too readily, resulting in a nutri- decreases the H+ ion concentration in ent toxicity. These nutrient imbalances will the media and thus increases the media occur even when proper amounts of nutri- solution pH. ents are applied to the media, if the pH is The reverse situation can also occur. too high or too low. The figure below demon- Very pure water (low bicarbonates) can strates the availability of nutrients to plants cause media solution pH to decrease
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