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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Letras E Ciências Humanas Departamento De História Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História Social

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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Letras E Ciências Humanas Departamento De História Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História Social UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL RENAN MARQUES BIRRO As representações de Sigurðr Fáfnisbani nas cruzes da Ilha de Man (séculos X-XI) Versão corrigida Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Orientadora: Maria Cristina Correia Leandro Pereira v.1. São Paulo 2017 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Ao meu pai, Ronaldo Oliveira Birro (in memoriam), que expressou de diversas maneiras abnegação, amor silencioso, orgulho filial, trabalho e zelo. Agradecimentos Aos familiares, pela paciência, esteio e por não medirem esforços para que eu concluísse esse sonho que durou quase doze anos: meus pais Ronaldo (in memoriam) e Mônica, minha irmã Rebeca, meu avô José Augusto, minha esposa Clarissa, meus sogros Luis e Marcia, minhas tias e tios Dagmar, Fátima, Gil, Renato, Samuca, Socorro e Suely. Aos professores, e em especial minha orientadora Maria Cristina, que demonstrou muita compreensão e presteza ao longo desses quatro anos de orientação. Gostaria também de deixar registrado alguns nomes por extenso, a saber, daqueles que tiveram participação mais ativa durante minha maturação intelectual e na feitura da tese: Ricardo da Costa, Edmar Checon de Freitas, Lukas Grzybowski, Gilberto Francisco, Adrien Bayard, Ana Paula Tacconi, Álvaro Bragança Júnior, André Muceniecks, Daniele Gallindo, Eduardo Henrik Aubert, Elton Medeiros, Ian Wood, José Inaldo Chaves Júnior, José Maria Neto, Luciana Cordo Russo, Maria Regina Candido, Michael Kelly, Otávio Pinto, Roberta Alexandrina, Rosuel Lima Pereira, Santiago Barreiro e Vinicius Dreger. Aos amigos de várias partes do país e do mundo, que me apoiaram, leram excertos, comentaram minhas ideias, riram das minhas piadas e me fizeram rir, beberam e comeram comigo, além de didivir momentos de alegria e desespero. Muitos se encontram no parágrafo anterior e os demais eu disponho agora: Pin, Renata, Antonio, Beatriz, Jardel, Rubens, Elisa, Fábio, Rubio, Sávio, Alexandre, Mário, Gabriel, Maria, Pedro, Douglas, Mariana, Paulo, Carlos, Andrius, Karol, Freitas, Newton, Luzilene, Fábio, Neto, Fernanda, Rubio, Glaucia. Aos amigos do LATHIMM, com quem desenvolvi laços de camaradagem e recebi em troca contribuições que foram muito importantes e interessantes na labuta cotidiana. Também compartilhei com eles momentos de alegria que tornam a vida acadêmica mais leve: Aline, Débora, Doglas, Gesner, Mariana, Muriel, Selene. Aos colegas da UNIFAP sensíveis aos meus anseios, dificuldades e necessidades diante das agruras de redigir uma tese sobre a Idade Média nos sertões da Amazônia. Aos alunos e orientandos, pelas perguntas e, principalmente, pela paciência durante esses quase quatro anos divididos entre aulas, orientações e redação intensa. Alguns deles foram particularmentes marcantes, como a Elinelma, Erasmo, Jéssica, Josiel e Priscila, mas desenvolvi um carinho quase filial de maneira geral. Às instituições que, de diferentes maneiras, contribuíram para meu crescimento pessoal, profissional e intelectual: CBMES, CEFETES, UFES, Instituto Goia, UFF, UERJ, UNIFAP, Manx National Heritage e, em especial, à USP, de quem me torno um grato filho. Aos que esqueci, meu perdão pela falta de memória provocada pelo cansaço. RESUMO BIRRO, Renan Marques. As representações de Sigurðr Fáfnisbani nas cruzes da Ilha de Man (séculos X-XI). 2017. 384 f. Tese (Doutorado em História Social) - Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2017. Meu trabalho propõe uma investigação sobre as possíveis representações imagéticas do heroi semilegendário Sigurðr Fáfnisbani em uma pequena ínsula no meio do Mar irlandês conhecida como Ilha de Man. Essa região foi habitada por populações ―celtas‖ e cristianizadas desde o século V, mas assistiram a chegada de novas levas humanas provindas da Escandinávia em c.875. As representações evocadas foram cinzeladas entre meados do século X e o início do século XI sobre quatro lajes de pedra, ainda que elas componham um conjunto maior de monumentos congêneres. Após muitos séculos, a rigor, no final do século XIX, os quatro artefatos foram intitulados como Cruzes de Sigurðr. Minha preocupação inicial foi apresentar as cruzes de maneira abrangente, o contexto geográfico e sociocultural da Ilha de Man, tal como as mudanças políticas e religiosas que ela enfrentou durante a Era Viking. Tentei demonstrar como essas cruzes serviram como um índice do novo cenário de transformação socioreligiosa e de amálgama cultural em território manx. A seguir, propus debates teóricos sobre a runologia, o principal campo de estudos escandinavos dedicado a esses monumentos em pedra, e os estudos de estilos artísticos escandinavos, além de sua influência sobre o que os intelectuais manx propuseram sobre as Cruzes de Sigurðr. Após isso, fiz um balanço dos estudos sobre as representações de Sigurðr nas cruzes manx. Por fim, eu apresentei uma análise descritiva-formal e sintática das possíveis representações sigurdianas nas quatro cruzes. Minha conclusão foi que não é possível ter certeza que elas representam o herói, mas certamente são monumentos seculares com um relevante impacto na paisagem dos pontos de vista social e religioso, como demonstrações de poder e forma de controle sobre a sociedade circunvizinha. Elas também expressam possíveis alianças matrimoniais e políticas dos habitantes manx em uma sociedade muito transformada após a chegada dos novos colonos nórdicos. Palavras-chave: Sigurðr Fáfnisbani, Era Viking, representações, Ilha de Man, Escandinávia Medieval. ABSTRACT BIRRO, Renan Marques. As representações de Sigurðr Fáfnisbani nas cruzes da Ilha de Man (séculos X-XI). 2017. 376 f. Tese (Doutorado em História Social) - Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2017. (―The representations of Sigurðr Fáfnisbani in manx crosses - 10th-11th centuries‖). My work proposes an investigation on the possible imagetical representations of the semilegendary hero Sigurðr Fáfnisbani in the Isle of Man, a small island in the middle of the Irish Sea. This region was historically inhabited by ―celtic‖ and christians populations since the 5th century; However at the end of 9th century, they received a new contingent of inhabitants from Scandinavia. The representations above mentioned were sculptured between the middle of 10th century and the beginning of the 11th century on four cross slabs; Nevertheless they belonged to a major group of similar monuments. But only after many centuries, the four arctefacts were entitled as Sigurðr crosses (or slabs). My first concern was to expose the crosses in a broader view, their geographical and sociocultural context in the Isle of Man, as well as the political and religious changes beeing faced during the Viking Age. I‘ve also proposed that these crosses were an index of a new socioreligious scenario, in a deep cultural amalgamation and transformations in manx region. Hereafter, I have exposed many theories on runology, the main field of studies on these rock monuments, and also a summary of questions and characteristics of Scandinavian art studies, mainly about style studies. Both perspectives had a strong influence on manx intellectual milieu and their ideas about Sigurðr crosses. After this, I exposed briefly the main works about Sigurðr‘s representation on manx crosses. At the end, I proposed a descriptive, formal and syntax analysis of these possible representations of the hero. My conclusion was that it is not possible to be sure that the hero was displayed on these rocks. But, on the other hand, they certainly provided an important impact on manx social and religious landscape, as well as demonstrations of power and social control. They can also be taken as signs of matrimonial and political alliances of manx aristocracy. Keywords: Sigurðr Fáfnisbani, Viking Age, representations, Isle of Man, Medieval Scandinavia. Das imagens Para fins de conferência e melhor acompanhamento do texto, optei por um tomo à parte com as imagens evocadas na redação. Deste modo, o leitor pode cotejar e comparar de maneira adequada, sem a necessidade de folhear o texto quando há menções de monumentos evocados em outras partes da tese. A lista delas encontra-se disponível, portanto, neste caderno específico. Lista de mapas e organograma Mapa 1 - mapa topográfico contemporâneo da Ilha de Man.. ........................................ 23 Mapa 2 - O mapa das migrações escandinavas nos séculos IX e X. .............................. 36 Mapa 3 - Representação cartográfica qualitativa da cultura material da Ilha de Man, produzida em c.1950. Não estão disponíveis alguns montes funerários, identificados e descritos em escavações posteriores. Ainda que incompleto, o mapa em questão ajuda a identificar a distribuição das cruzes e dos túmulos com armas, além das igrejas e cemitérios ....................................................................................................................... 43 Mapa 4 - representação cartográfica da Ilha de Man conforme a organização espacial e os monumentos da região ............................................................................................... 55
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