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70 I the NEW AFRICAN I MAY 1965 the River Between by Lames Ngugi

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70 I the NEW AFRICAN I MAY 1965 the River Between by Lames Ngugi 70 I THE NEW AFRICAN I MAY 1965 The River Between by lames Ngugi (Heine­ runs through much of the South African fiction. allow for easy transition from one scene to mann, 18s.) Nadine Gordimer's A World of Strangers and another in a way that would suggest a clear And A Threefold Cord by Alex la Guma Occasion for Loving can be related to lames progress of the novel. The action tends to (Seven Seas Books, 3s. 6d.) Ngugi's The River Between by the singular jump and most of the scenes are not allowed Emergency by Richard Rive (Faber and Faber. effort of their heroes not to let their private to develop sufficiently to give the novel its :! Is.) feelings be submerged by the unreasonable accumulative power. Quartet (New Voices from South Africa) edited demands of the tribe. The only difference is by Richard Rive (Heinemann Educational that in South Africa the tribal chief is white NGUGr'S ADVANTAGE OVER the South African Books, 6s. 6d.l . and the warring elements are separated by writers represented here stems from the fact colour. that he has situated his characters in a com­ IF COLLECTIVISM AND THE CENTRALISATION of In communities where morality is largely munity where choice can be seen to be real so authority in the hands of the chief and elders prescribed, the area of personal choice is that personal failure or success can be assessed still seems to be the driving ideology behind perilously narrow; consequently, impulsive be­ in universal, human terms. Such an assess­ even the most modern of the African states, the haviour threatens the very existence of the ment to be possible requires certain minimum African novel seems determined to challenge social order. Society has to move very swiftly conditions of freedom. the central assumption that such a social order against any of its members who find personal As the stories in Quartet seem to suggest, in is a basis for a good life or individual self­ fulfilment outside accepted social patterns of South Africa there is often very little distinc, fulfilment. behaviour. Nadine Gordimer's characters are tion between choice and necessity. PaUl Frequently the hero of the modern African always given the opportunity to bale out before Anderson of Alf Wannenburgh's story, Debut, novel comes to grief bec:luse of a certain dis­ tragedy strikes since the white rebels are usually admittedly clumsy and ineffectual, did not harmony between his private vision and the aliens who seems to arrive in the country from choose to be a member of a privileged white ossified formg of moral behaviour prescribed Europe with their return air tickets securely minority. In order to convince us that Ander­ by tradition. This is no less true of South pinned inside their briefcases. In lames son's faults are personal ones Mr. Wannen­ African fiction than it is of fiction elsewhere in Ngugi's novel Waiyaki is reduced to shame and burgh should have redeemed for his character Africa. And since prescribed moral behaviour disgrace as the result of his nonconformity, and a certain amount of individuality and unique­ was sanctioned mainly by African religious his only escape would be to emigrate to Nairobi ness beyond the mere attributes of the tribe. systems, the present rebellion of the new and be swallowed up by big city life. Thus Because he has failed to do this his satire falls African hero against tribal morality signifies a urbanisation takes on a new significance for flat; Anderson is merely a scapegoat for the truly African secularism. It is a secularism African literature. rest of white South Africa. which could have been only delayed so long as In the same way in most of these stories the the African communities remained closed IN N::iUQI'S NOVEL the hero and heroine are blacks enjoy an unearned virtue simply because societies; for in the African society revolt caught between warring factions of traditional they happen to be the oppressed. Their nobility against the moral wisdom of the tribe was and Christianised Kikuyus, and though the hero is in their suffering and just as gratuitous. It is always seen to be an aberration and an evil, makes an admirable attempt to reconcile the a nobility that is given rather than achieved with excision rather than accommodation of the two cultures, both within himself and in the and it is this failure to suggest a variety of defective limb, as the only solution. dismally divided community, he fails because human possibilities for their characters which As I see it, this rebellion of the African hero as an educated African he has begun to set deprives much of the work of these writers of also constitutes the African novel's final sub­ great store by his own personal aspirations; certain universal qualities so readily felt in the version against the traditional forms of African also he shows the same ambiguities and fiction of AJex la Guma. art who:e mode was celebrative and whose equivocations of modern heroes everywhere main function was restorative through the who have submitted to the cult of self-doubt harmonising of individual being with that of and scepticism. ONE EXPERIENCES A GREATER IRRITATION and the traditional community. This seems to me a very worthy successor to impatience with Mr. Rive's novel, Emergency, Ngugi's first' novel, Weep Not, Child, which whose leading characters have turned suffering WAIYAKI, THE HERO of lames Ngugi's novel, is dealt with the Mau Mau conflict. Ngugi's main into an excuse for self-righteousness. Andrew representative of an entire breed which is sub­ achievement is a series of evocative passages Dreyer, especially, has no individuality to speak versive to the extent that it is constantly trying which are distinguished by their lack of con­ of but merely performs as the alter-ego of the to enlarge the area of personal choice against trivance or any striving after effect for its own writer, full of gl ib talk and wise-cracks which the demands of tribal affiliation. Yet this con­ sake. There is no reason to doubt that Ngugi do nothing to ill uminate the full extent of his flict between the individual and the tribe or owes a special debt to the Nigerian, Chinua humanity. In the same way the intellectual between tribe and tribe during which individual Achebe, whose Things Fall Apart seems to have bric-a-brac to which the writer is constantly feelings are hopelessly submerged, is not only greatly influenced him. The main failure of calling our attention, the titles of books in the the central theme of lames Ngugi's novel, it Ngugi's writing so far has been his inability to shelves or classical records on the record player, THE NEW AFRICAN I MAY 1965 I 71 are supposed to suggest a certain knowledge­ ably it is Andrew Dreyer. as sensitive as hell, suggest is the unlimited range in which they ability. In fact they merely confirm our suspi­ who makes a nobler choice than the others. can show their humanity. Most of La Guma's cion that this cataloguing is a strategy which is characters have the weight and value of real meant to do the work of characterisation. To living people; they wage their fight for survival fight ag;,inst apartheid or not to fight is the IT IS INSTRUCTIVE TO TURN to Alex la Guma to against a brutal regime, and what is left after only choice the characters are allowed to make see how he copes with this problem of Iimted they have spilled their blood is their undeniable but since this choice is imposed from above choices imposed by an authoritarian society. humanity. Where Rive's characters are unable (they either have to fight and suffer persecution Though Threefold Cord is less successful than to make love convincingly simply because they or be passive and still suffer persecution) the La Guma's previous novel, it still offers certain are cardboard boxes and not human beings, La range of their choice is narrowed down to that clues to his success. Within the limited choices Guma's characters carry the very stench and presented by a rigid apartheid regime. Predict- available to his characters what La Guma does sweat of living people. • to serve colonialism". And behind the work stood conviction which compelled him to attack Undoing all forms of oppression. whether shown in the Britist. massacre of Indians at Amritsar. To the Editors European responsibility for the slave-like the damage working conditions in Japanese industry, or the cruel labour laws of British Kenya-to mention Lessons of Disaster only a few cases. T. N. W. Bush Alek Fraser deprecated but was not dis­ couraged by the pettiness of his Church and its SIR,-The editorial entitled "The Lessons of Fraser of Trinity and Achimota by W. E. F. preoccupation with minor issues and squabbles. He won through in spite of this and established Disaster" in your March issue seemed to me Ward (Ghana Universities Press) designed to encourage the use of violence in Colabar by Donald M. McFarlan (Nelson) the educational foundations upon which was later built much of the human leadership of South Africa. IF TIlT' \NGlICAN CHURCH of the early 201h free Africa and parts of Asia. His was the The moral you drew from the recent abor­ century had kn('lwn the things "that belong to educational revolution which made the political tive attempts was not that sabotage was a wrong its peace" it would have honoured and en­ revolution of Nkrumah and others possible and tactic but that the wrong sabotage tactics were couraged Alek Fraser as one of its greatest inevitable.
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