U.S. Department of State UNCLASSIFIED [email protected] Democratic Republic of the Congo http://hiu.state.gov

HUMANITARIAN INFORMATION UNIT Mineral Exploitation by Armed Groups 27°E 28°E 29°E 30°E

! Luengba ! Butsha Chondo ! Luvungi Section 1252 of the National Defense Mabala ! Kakamba Butezi Cigubi Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2010, Public Law 111-84 (NDAA), enacted on October 28, 2009, Wamiti 14th Makalapongo Benzia Langala ! ! ! Biakatu! ! BrigadeBafwabalinga Biasiko Eringeti states that “the Secretary of State, in Mugerero 8th ! N'yikuku Brigade Linzo consultation with the Secretary of Defense, Bugumbu ! should, consistent with the recommendation Kokola I Nyamingilingili ! from the United Nations Group of Experts on Mulenge Mwana Nzombe ! Kenia the Democratic Republic of the Congo in their

! Mashuba Ruvumera ! December 2008 report, work with other Kakanga ! ! member states of the United Nations and local ! KihandaKakoro ! ! Namukangaza Bela and international! nongovernmental organiza- Bakoroye ! Luhololo !!Mbau Kamango Kiandjo Mununze tions to produce a map of mineral-rich zones Lugushwa Kapopo Kapopo ! Abakuasimbo Kibu Miki ! Biabune and areas under the control! Kikura of armed groups in Kibenge ! Kapopo ! Home ! Nyarumanga the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Kapanga Mayi ya ! moto ! Kitala This map was compiled by the Department of Kiboto State, in consultation with the Department of !! ! Kanyagwe Lubena Mukulia Defense, to submit to the Committees on Mbunia! Mangbale Foreign! Mwenda Affairs and Armed Services of the House South Lake Tanganyika Biaboye Kiondo of Representatives, and the Committees on ! Bitongo ! !Ntoyo ! !NzengaForeign Relations and the Armed Services of the Manguredjipa ! Bisogo Maboyo Senate.!! KalongeLack of verifiable data makes it difficult FRF !! Mutwanga Ombole Lisasa to locate a multitude of mine sites, to establish ! Mboko !!Biambe which mines are active and which are inactive at Vurondo any !givenMalia- time, and to verify the armed groups Isange ! Butuhe that areBwana either present at mines or have access ! Opienge ! Vuhombwe Minembwe- to revenue streams emanating from them. The 12th !Vutondi Katupu Kiziba Battalion ! Tabili !!Vuhovi map is based on data from a study completed in ! !!Busega Muramba Orientale! Kabingo Katwa July 2009 by a Belgian non-governmental Bibokoboko ! ! organization, the International Peace ! Busese ! LubangoInformation Service (IPIS). It focuses on the ! Mohangi ! ! Kafulo ! Kalongwe ! exploitation of gold, cassiterite, wolframite, and Kasonge Musienene ! ! Mushimbakye 0° Mukera- columbite-tantalite () in the provinces of 0° ! Simbi Angote Muhangi and . Limitations on the Mulonge !!Talia ! Ebengi Makombi ! Mbua data available include: Makalado ! !!!Mageria Bulambo ! The situation on the ground is in flux. In 2009, !!Masereke a series of offensives by the Congolese army !! ! Boli Angumu ! Isango Lubero Kavinyonge (FARDC) directed against Rwandan Hutu rebels Matsmitsmi of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of ! (FDLR) pushed some armed groups ! Kipese ! Bikara from mining sites and replaced them with Kalungu! !Kitsambiro others. This markedly changed the locations of ! Amamulaula Colonel Kasinga! armed groups on the ground that had remained Oninga François relatively constant in most parts of the Mboneza Kasugho !!Tayna Bilundule ! Alimbongo Lake since the end of the 1998-2003 war. Control of Lulimba 115th many of the mining sites shifted from FDLR and Brigade ! Edward 1st Brigade ! Kasinga Bingi 115th !Matembe local Mayi Mayi militia groups to FARDC Misisi (ex-CNDP) Area of Brigade elements that had formerly been affiliated with Interest the National Congress for the Defense of the Lubichako 115th Yungu- Mr Amuri ! Kasegbe Brigade Shaba (Yakutumba) People (CNDP). (The term Mayi Mayi refers 0 10 20 kilometers collectively to more than twenty armed groups ! Bachanga sud Nyakakoma 0 10 20 miles ! Kirumba ! ! in the region—excluding the CNDP—which Colonel Buhimba Gatari Luofu ! have variable compositions and allegiances. Karomboli !! Kayna Buhimba Several Mayi Mayi groups are reported to be Menke ! Lushoa involved in exploitation of minerals, but only a Ihimbi ! Vitshumbi few groups are specified in the data represented ! ! Maniema Biriseke by this map.) This map, and the field surveys on ! Ishasha Itundula ! which it is based, is current only as of mid-2009. ! Kilambo ! North Kivu ! Bulindi Rwindi Restricted access. Many of the mining sites in Colonel North and South Kivu are inaccessible to Chance Munsanga Captain outsiders due to remoteness, a lack of passable Bidanger ! Nyamilima roads, and the dangers stemming from the Bese Buhimba Serushago Colonel Major Marius presence of militia, undisciplined army troops, Chance Kalinga Muhire ! and bandits. ! Peti Kisharu Bitule Kitshanga Pinga ! Kikuku 1st Brigade !!! Katobo ! ! Burai Kilima ! 1°S (ex-CNDP) Angoa Ihula Kasave The geographic extent of the data is incom- 1°S ! ! Mpama Binza Kalembe plete. A comprehensive mapping study of the ! Kirumba DRC’s conflict-affected eastern provinces has Mironge ! ! ! Kinyandoni 1st Brigade Bambu not been conducted. For instance, armed Omate Kivuye ! Ubili (ex-CNDP) ! groups continue to be involved in mineral ! Amasunga Shempika ! Nyange !Mweso ! Nyamilima exploitation in , particularly ! Kiwanja ! Muchele ! Mohanga 1st Brigade Mpofi ! gold mining in the district of Ituri, which ! (ex-CNDP) Lukweti Birambizo ! ! Robe borders North Kivu. Biruwe ! Rubare! ! Tongo ! Kilambo Rwanguba Kibarizo Kitchanga ! ! ! ! Kibua ! Kalengera ! Nyabiondo ! Bishusha Matebe Chengerero The distinction between “mines” and Osokari ! ! ! Kibati ! “mineral-rich zones.” In addition to the Bilobilo ! ! Kimoho Mokoto ! Bobolo ! ! Katale Bunagana ! unstable situation with respect to control of Kashebere Busihe ! ! Muheto ! ! Kabaya ! mines, there is also considerable difficulty in W Loashi ! Kanyatsi attempting to identify which armed groups ! ! Kirolirwe ! control roads, check points, and territories ! Rugari Walikale through which minerals and derived revenues Ntoto ! flow. Such control is also often in flux. Luke ! Kingi Kabare ! Nyasi ! ! Luhonga ! Kinigi ! Rubaya Incomplete information on the number and ! ! ! Matanda Bilu Kinene ! location of operating mines. Conflict ! Katoyi ! Sake ! Kibati ! ! notwithstanding, artisanal and small-scale Mianga (ex-CNDP) Colonel Karuba Musenge! ! Kirotshe mining is a livelihood source for upwards of one Kasese Innocent Gahizi Shasha! ! ! Matanda million Congolese in the eastern provinces. ! Matshumbi ! Kibereketa Itebero ! ! There are hundreds of mining sites in North and ! Isangi Remeka! ! South Kivu, nearly all of which are artisanal !Minova Idambo Kilambo ! mines (dug by hand or with basic tools), and the 1st Brigade ! ! ! Otobora Otobora! Bishange (ex-CNDP) 1st Brigade Biriko majority of which are very small scale Busonsa ! (ex-CNDP) operations that usually operate intermittently, (ex-CNDP) Nyabitekere Major Michel depending on mineral prices, security Shanje Hazita conditions, ease of access to the ore, and other Bihovu variables. The United Nations Mission in the Kisima I Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) Kalimbi (ex-CNDP) maintains an internal UN database of mine sites Nyabibwe ! W and varying levels of control by conflict actors at 2°S W each site. The IPIS study is partially based on 2°S W and cross-checked against this information, with the addition of specific location data ! Nyawaronga Bunyakiri obtained by five teams of local partners, who ! Kalehe conducted their research between May and July 2009. As of January 2010, however, MONUC has ! Buzibu W identified more than 200 additional sites for W which geographic coordinates have yet to be

! recorded. While the Congolese government has ! Katana Nyambembe ! Lwiro cooperated with both MONUC and IPIS in an ! Lolo-Kifuko effort to identify and locate mines, it has ! Kavumu nonetheless questioned the completeness of Lulingu ! the IPIS information. ! Birava ! Tundu South RWANDA Compiling a more detailed and current map would require closer and continuous monitor- Katshungu ! ! Kisubili Kabare ing of the situation on the ground in affected Tshakindo ! ! Bukavu areas of the DRC. However, physical dangers Kivu ! and resource and staffing constraints in the face ! of competing humanitarian priorities Mesaraba Ikoma ! necessarily limit reporting on the situation on the ground by U.S. government entities, Walungu Mumusho ! ! including those attached to the U.S. Embassy in Matale Nya-Ghezi ! ! . We note that the Congolese Ministry 14th Brigade Gweshe of Mines has stated that, in partnership with ! W ! ! Shabunda Major Serge MONUC, it intends to produce and publish Atondo 14th Brigade Wangoye ! online its own map of militarized mining sites, ! Mushinga N'yalinga ! Kamanyola with assistance from and in closer cooperation Kissanga Colonel Bruno with international partners. While the Alimba! Kabwaki Mukungwe Kalekwa 8th Brigade Congolese Ministry of Mines would face the Kagolomba ! same limitations that the U.S. government faces, Chondo Rurambo Itara ! Luvungi Lusekeseke ! including ongoing insecurity and lack of Mabala ! Kakamba ! Butezi Cigubi Bwegera capacity in the region, we believe that the ! Kasika BURUNDI Ministry is more appropriately placed to ! Kiahupe Makalapongo ! Luberizi N'yikuku coordinate any mapping efforts in the DRC. Wamiti Bizinzo 8th ! 3°S Benzia ! Mutarule 3°S Mugerero Brigade Names and boundary representation are not necessarily authoritative. ! Mwenga 27°E 28°E 29°E 30°E

Deposits Armed Groups Area of Gold FARDC Road Interest Cassiterite National Police River Coltan FDLR International boundary Wolframite Mayi-Mayi Province boundary 0 20 40 kilometers

0 20 40 miles

UNCLASSIFIED June 28, 2010 - U182 4-10 STATE (HIU)