E2767 v. 1 Public Disclosure Authorized

ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT OF MINOR IRRIGATION (A.D.M.I) PROJECT IN WEST BENGAL

Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

November 2010

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project ii Environmental Assessment

ACRONYMS

ADMI Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation ADO Agriculture Development Officer BCM Billion Cubic Metre BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CCA Culturable Command Area CDM Clean Development Mechanism CER Certified Emission Reduction CGWB Central Ground Water Board CGPL Combustion, Gasification and Propulsion Laboratory CIB Central Insecticide Board CIL Central Insecticide Laboratory CIPMC Central Integrated Pest Management Centre COD Chemical Oxygen Demand COM Cut-off Meander CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CPL Central Petrological Laboratory DO Dissolved Oxygen DPMU District Project Management Unit EA Environmental Assessment ECoP Environmental Code of Practice EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMF Environmental Management Framework EMP Environmental Management Plan FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FC Fecal Coliform FFS Farmers Field School FGD Focussed Group Discussion GEMP Generic Environment Management Plan GSI Geological Survey of India HYV High Yielding Varieties ICAR Indian Council of Agriculture Research IISC Indian Institute of Sciences IPM Integrated Pest Management INM Integrated Nutrient Management KPS Krishi Prajukti Sahayak KVK Krishi Vigayan Kendra LEA Limited Environmental Assessment LEISA Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture MCL Maximum Contaminant Limit MCM Million Cubic Metre MMW Man-made Wetland Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project iii Environmental Assessment

MCM Million Cubic Metre MRL Maximum Residual Limit NGO Non Governmental Organisation NAQMP National Air Quality Monitoring Programme OL Ox-bow Lake PMGSY Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana REA Rapid Environmental Assessment SAR Sodium Absorption Ratio SG Sacred Grove SNA State Nodal Agency SPCB State Pollution Control Board SPMU State Project Management Unit SPV Solar Photo Voltaic SWID State Water Investigation Directorate TC Total Coliform TOR Terms of Reference TSS Total Suspended Solids WBPCB West Bengal Pollution Control Board WHO World Health Organisation WRIDD Water Resources Investigation and Development Department WUA Water Users Association

Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project iv Environmental Assessment

C O N T E N T S

ACRONYMS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CHAPTER 1 - Introduction

1.0 Background of the Study 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Study Area

CHAPTER 2 - Methodology

2.1 Introduction 2.2 Scope of Activities 2.3 Building up environment and irrigation baseline 2.4 Stakeholder Consultation 2.5 Examination of Water & Soil Quality 2.6 Environmental Screening of subprojects 2.7 Preparation of limited EA 2.8 Preparation of Generic Environmental Management Plan 2.9 Preparation of Environmental Management Framework 2.10 Preparation of Environmental Codes of Practice 2.11 Implementation framework 2.12 Capacity Building & Training 2.13 Pesticide Management

CHAPTER 3 - Environmental Setting

3.1 Geology 3.2 Soils 3.3 Climate 3.4 Land Use 3.5 Drainage 3.6 Surface Water 3.7 Ground Water Resources 3.8 Ground Water Quality 3.9 Wildlife and Biodiversity 3.10 Wetlands 3.11 Sacred Groves 3.12 Archaeological monument/historical sites in West Bengal

CHAPTER 4 - Irrigation Resource Baseline Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project v Environmental Assessment

4.1 Introduction 4.2 Minor Irrigation Status 4.3 Water Resources of the State 4.4 Ground Water availability in Districts 4.5 Ground Water aquifers and their yield 4.6 Agriculture Water Demand

CHAPTER 5 - Country / State Policy and Regulatory framework

5.1 National Policies 5.2 State Policy 5.3 Regulatory Framework 5.4 National Standards 5.5 Operation policies & Directives of the World Bank

CHAPTER 6 - Stakeholder Consultation

6.1 Introduction 6.2 Preliminary State Level Stakeholder Consultation 6.3 Stakeholder Consultation in sample blocks 6.4 Issues raised by Stakeholders during site consultation

CHAPTER 7 - Screening Criteria for Sub-projects

7.1 Need for defining screening criteria 7.2 Selection of Criteria 7.3 Selected Criteria 7.4 Scales & Scoring 7.5 Exclusion Criteria 7.6 Standards Considered in developing criteria

CHAPTER 8 - Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Anticipated Impacts 8.3 Mitigation Measures 8.4 Environmental Codes of Practice 8.5 Terms of Reference for limited EA

CHAPTER 9 - Energy Use in Minor Irrigation, Irrigation Water Management & Capacity Building

9.1 Energy Use in Irrigation Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project vi Environmental Assessment

9.2 Alternative Energy Sources for water pumping in minor irrigation schemes 9.3 Irrigation Water Management Issues 9.4 Capacity Building and Training CHAPTER 10 - Implementation Arrangements, Monitoring of Water Quality & Information Dissemination

10.1 Introduction 10.2 Steering Committees 10.3 Implementation 10.4 Water Quality and Water Level Monitoring 10.5 Recommendation on Monitoring and dissemination

CHAPTER 11 - Dam Safety Plan

11.1 Introduction 11.2 Types proposed under ADMI 11.3 Classification of dams/embankments by height classes 11.4 Safety considerations in design of mass concrete/stone boulder dams 11.5 Design of earthen embankments 11.6 Designing and checks 11.7 Quality control in construction stage 11.8 Responsibility for quality control during construction phase 11.9 Certification for payments 11.10 Inspection of dams and Checklist for Inspection Report

CHAPTER 12 - Projects on International Waterways

12.1 Introduction 12.2 Details of projects proposed under ADMI 12.3 Surface water in basins/sub-basins having International Waterways 12.4 Water requirement for proposed surface water schemes 12.5 Assessment of requirement of ground water 12.6 Status of ground water in West Bengal and scope for future development beyond March,2010 12.7 Requirement vis-à-vis availability 12.8 Observations of the World Bank on abstraction of surface water from international waterways 12.9 Suggested Mitigation Measures

CHAPTER 13- Pesticide Management

13.1 Introduction 13.2 Project area for study Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project vii Environmental Assessment

13.3 Objective of the study 13.4 Methodology 13.5 Observation and Analysis of data 13.6 Chemical pesticides used in the State 13.7 Additional area under ADMI 13.8 Pesticide management programme including IPM of the State Agriculture Department 13.9 Strategies, Action plan and recommendations for ADMI

CHAPTER 14 - Environmental Budget

14.1 Introduction 14.2 Cost Estimates Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project viii Environmental Assessment

LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure - I - Map of West Bengal showing Environmental Features

Annexure – II - Sample Blocks

Annexure – III - Map of West Bengal Soils

Annexure – IV - Ground Water Availability in Pilot Districts

Annexure – V - Ground Water Availability in non-pilot districts

Annexure – VI - Arsenic Contamination Maps of Districts

Annexure – VII - Details of Wetlands more than 10 ha

Annexure – VIII - Environmental Codes of Practice

Annexure – IX - Terms of Reference for Limited EA

Annexure – X - Environmental Survey Report of Sample Blocks

Annexure – XI - Stakeholder Consultation

Annexure – XII - Primary & Secondary Water Quality Data

Annexure – XIII - Primary & Secondary Soil Quality Data

Annexure – XIV - EMP Master Table

Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project ix Environmental Assessment

ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT OF MINOR IRRIGATION (A.D.M.I) PROJECT IN WEST BENGAL

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESMENT

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1. Background: The program of the ‘Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation‘ of the State Government of West Bengal specifically aims at developing and or rehabilitating community-based minor irrigation systems on sound techno-economic, environmental and social principles. The execution of the program stresses on the strategy of conjunctive use of surface and ground water relying on the principles of equitable distribution of water keeping in view, in particular, the socially and economically disadvantaged groups amongst farming communities in project influence areas. The State Government is aware that in absence of the opportunities of extending lands under agriculture, the productivity in agriculture can be augmented and sustained only through providing input of assured irrigation to lands under cultivation with the requisite provision of support services for intensification and diversification of agricultural systems and adoption of improved post-harvest technologies, purposeful and effective advisory services coupled with a higher degree of market integration. Through the execution of this program, the cropping intensity has been proposed to be raised to the level of 200% on an average in 6 agro-climatic regions of the state, which currently is at the level of 180%. However the State Government feels that the sustainability of these minor irrigation schemes will largely depend on institutionalizing participatory irrigation management taking into account the specifics of traditions, socio-cultural parameters of farmers and water user associations in different agro-ecological regions of the State. 2. Project Location: The project intends to bring in 63,555ha of land under surface water irrigation (through a total of 2395 minor surface water schemes consisting of 1994 medium and mini river lift irrigation schemes, 117 small water detention structures and 284 small surface flow schemes), and another 75,346ha of land under groundwater irrigation (through a total of 2265 schemes consisting of 359 medium duty tubewells, 522 clusters of low duty tubewells, 1309 clusters of shallow tubewells, and 75 clusters of pumped dug wells). In total, therefore there will be 4460 schemes, each serving between 20 and 50ha of agricultural land to be irrigated. All these schemes are proposed to be managed by community and farmer groups. The project will also support intensification and diversification of agricultural systems and adoption of improved post-harvest technologies, purposeful and effective advisory services coupled with a higher degree of market integration; capacity and institutional development for management of minor irrigation in the state. 3. These 4460 schemes will be implemented in 18 districts in the state. These blocks are dispersed over all of the six agro-climatic zones of the state, viz., the hill zone, the Teesta-Terai flood plain, the Vindhyan alluvial zone, the Ganga alluvial zone, the undulated red lateritic zone, and the coastal saline zone. However, the hill district of Darjeeling, and the coastal areas of Sundarban islands are not included in the project. Locations of individual schemes are not pre-determined at this stage, but will be determined based on community demand for irrigation. Currently, a district-wise distribution is estimated, based on a preliminary estimate of community demand. 4. Types of Sub-Projects included in the Project: These will broadly cover surface flow schemes, RLI schemes, water detention structures; Ground water structures will have representation of medium deep Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project x Environmental Assessment tube wells, low capacity deep tube wells, shallow tube wells and dug wells. Salient features of these schemes are delineated in brief hereunder. a. River Lift Irrigation (RLI): In case of Midi RLI schemes, water from rivers/streams/rivulets is lifted by two centrifugal pump sets each capable of discharging 100 cubic meters per hour. Such RLIs can irrigate 40 ha of cultivable land. The distribution chamber is elevated and water gets distributed through underground pipelines. There will be two parallel operated diesel/electrical pump sets each capable of discharging 100 cubic meters per hr at a total head of 18/24m. There will be three blocks and 12 sub-blocks, each sub block having one outlet capable of irrigating 3.33 ha. Water management has been proposed through construction of 125m masonry channel in network or using lay flat hoses to bring water from each spout to the field. Locations for such schemes are selected so that a minimum of 0.11 cubic meter per second of surface water is available at the source during April-June and the suction lift is within 4.5m.

b. In case of Mini RLI schemes feature are the same. Under these schemes two centrifugal pump sets each capable of discharging 50 cubic meters per hour irrigate 20 ha of cultivable land. The distribution mechanism is similar to those of Midi RLIs and they have the distribution chamber, and underground pipelines. There will be 2 blocks and 8 sub-blocks each having an outlet( spout chamber) capable of irrigating 2.5ha. Water management is done through construction of 100m network masonry channel or using lay flat hoses for bringing water from each spout to the field. Selection of location of these schemes is guided by the surface water availability at a minimum discharge of 0.06 cubic meters and 4.5m of static suction lift. c. Surface Flow Minor Irrigation Schemes (SFMIS): SFMIS are small diversion schemes. These schemes are constructed across the rivulets and operated by regulatory structures. These schemes are located in areas where adequate surface water is available during non- monsoon and gravity flow to the service area is economically feasible. Small storage works are created through construction of low height weirs and embankments. These schemes are capable of irrigating 90% of the irrigation period by gravity flow through earthen/lined channels depending on field contour conditions. The balance 10% of the irrigation is assured by pumping with 3.5 HP pump sets having a discharge of 30 cubic meters per hour at a total head of 10m. 2 to 3 pump sets are provided for 30ha, 40ha & 50ha SFMIS. Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xi Environmental Assessment

d. Medium Duty Tube Well (MDTW): This type of tube well is constructed for discharging 100 cubic meters per hour. Water is lifted by a submersible pump set capable of discharging 100 cubic meters per hour to irrigate 20 ha of land. Underground pipelines originating from one elevated chamber distributes water. The distribution chamber serves as the link between pump sets and delivery pipeline system. The chamber regulates pump discharge to match the discharge of the pipe distribution system in addition to ensuring equal streams to each of the two pipelines. e. Light Duty Tube Well (LDTW): These structures are suitable for areas where water table is beyond suction limit. In these schemes water is lifted by one submersible pump discharging 30 cubic meters of water per hour to irrigate 6 ha of land through open channels. These structures are installed in a cluster of 5 to 7 tube wells. f. Shallow Tube Well (STW): These are constructed in areas where water table is within suction limit. Water is lifted by one centrifugal pump set capable of discharging 30 cubic meters of water per hour to irrigate 6 ha of land through open channel. These structures are installed in a cluster of 5 to 7 tube wells. g. Pumped Dug Well (PDW): Dug wells are generally open masonry wells having low discharges. Diameters of open wells may vary from 2m to 9m and they are generally less than 20m in depth. Pre-cast concrete rings may also be used in construction of wells. These are popular structures in the districts of Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar and Siliguri subdivision of Darjeeling. 5. The following tables show the total number of different types of schemes (or sub-projects) that is expected to be installed. Table 1: District-wise Type and Number of Minor Irrigation Sub-Projects Proposed

Surface Water Schemes (Sub-Projects) Groundwater Schemes (Sub-Projects) r r r e t e e & s s t s t i s e e s u ) ) ) ) S r r ) l l l d u u W I S i a a a a i ) ) l l u u a a A A C t t t District t n a T h h h h a D C i C M c C c C M o o h 0 6 0 0 h D ( ( ( u u F 2 3 3 3 C C T T W W M r r I ( ( ( ( W S W t t M T L S S T D D R S P L

Coochbehar 262 0 0 262 5880 50 0 400 9 459 15670 Jalpaiguri 328 50 10 388 7390 30 0 550 62 642 22260 Birbhum 96 0 80 176 5320 21 70 0 0 91 2940 Bankura 98 0 75 173 5960 24 61 0 0 61 2676 N 24-Parganas 43 0 0 43 1260 0 0 0 0 0 0 Darjeeling 46 7 14 67 1655 0 0 36 4 40 1416 N-Dinajpur 86 0 0 86 2240 18 85 182 0 285 9972 S- Dinajpur 119 0 0 119 3580 4 8 0 0 12 368 Malda 175 0 0 175 5000 30 66 141 0 237 8052 Murshidabad 64 0 0 64 2160 0 16 0 0 16 576 Nadia 169 0 0 169 3960 0 0 0 0 0 0 Burdwan 126 60 35 211 4650 40 87 0 0 127 3932 Hoogly 92 0 0 92 2320 18 56 0 0 74 2376 S-24- Parganas 56 0 0 56 1320 0 0 0 0 0 0 Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xii Environmental Assessment

Surface Water Schemes (Sub-Projects) Groundwater Schemes (Sub-Projects) r r r e t e e & s s t s t i s e e s u ) ) ) ) S r r ) l l l d u u W I S i a a a a i ) ) l l u u a a A A C t t t District t n a T h h h h a D C i C M c C c C M o o h 0 6 0 0 h D ( ( ( u u F 2 3 3 3 C C T T W W M r r I ( ( ( ( W S W t t M T L S S T D D R S P L

Howrah 15 0 0 15 400 16 0 0 0 16 320 E-Medinipur 23 0 0 23 920 48 47 0 0 95 2652 W-Medinipur 116 0 20 136 5340 60 26 0 0 86 2136 Purulia 80 0 50 130 4200 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1994 117 284 2395 63555 359 522 1309 75 2265 75346

6. Project Implementation Responsibilities: The Project Director, an officer of the rank of the Chief Engineer of WRIDD will be in charge of the implementation of the program. All the officers at the regional, district, subdivision will be allocated responsibilities for implementation of subprojects selected for implementation within their jurisdiction. River lift schemes will be the responsibility of the Agri- Mechanical Division while Agri-Irrigation Divisions will implement all other types of subprojects. The State level Steering Committee is chaired by the Chief Secretary. District Site Selection Committee is already functional in all the districts, where subprojects will be taken up for execution. This committee approves the sites of all minor irrigation projects after scrutiny of the application of the beneficiaries, the feasibility and techno-feasibility reports prepared by field level officers of Agri-Irrigation/ Agric- Mechanical wings and the Executive Engineer of the SWID at the district level. 7. Budget and timeline: The total budget for the Project is projected currently estimated at around Rs. 1380 crore. This will be implemented over a period of 6 years likely to be commencing from March/April, 2011. Provisions against major components of the program are provided in the table below. Table 2: Estimated Outlay by the Project Components

Components INR in crore A. Strengthening community based institutions 37.18 B. Irrigation System development and improvement 1080.80 C. Agriculture development and support services C.1 Agriculture Development 65.35 C.2 Horticulture Development 10.57 C.3 Fisheries Development 25.63 D. Project management and Institutional Development 160.47 Total 1380.00

8. Environment Assessment Process in the Project: This is classified as a Category B operation under the World Bank environmental screening procedures specified in operational policy 4.01. This project does not require any environmental impact assessment under the applicable Indian laws; but triggers six of the Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xiii Environmental Assessment

ten World Bank safeguard policies1/ and required partial environmental assessments. The environmental assessment was undertaken by independent consultants – the Consulting Engineering Services (India) Ltd. (CES), during 2008-2010. The environmental assessment included detailed field investigation and community consultations over a period of about a year (June 2008 – September 2009), which were conducted by CES in association with an NGO - All India Council of Mass Education and Development (AICMED). The EA also borrowed from the Hydrological Assessment undertaken by independent consultants – WAPCOS Ltd. (India), and the dam safety analysis and procedures prepared in-house by the WRIDD. 9. As only schematic designs are available during the project preparation period, and not the exact location, design feature and size of each of the schemes, the environmental assessment was based on a sample of similar schemes already constructed in the state, and a sample of villages proposed to be covered in the project. The samples covered all possible varieties of surface water and ground water schemes. Overall, the EA covered: (i) documentation of the environmental baseline of the blocks and districts included in the project area; (ii) documentation of the irrigation baseline of the project area; (iii) identification and analysis related to all potential environmental issues arising out of planning, construction, and operation of the schemes; (iv) an environmental management plan, including environmental screening criteria, environmental codes of practice, specimen environmental management plans (EMP) demonstrating how the environmental codes of practice are to be transformed into sub-project specific environmental management plans, dam safety management plan, and a bio-village program to accelerate in the State a shift towards enhanced use of bio-pesticides; and (v) as a part of the EMP, adequate arrangements for implementation of the environmental management measures; routine monitoring, inspection and independent environmental audits; and a series of capacity building activities for WRIDD for improved management of environmental issues including staffing and training. 10. Environmental impacts of the individual scheme interventions are expected to be low and limited. Therefore, the EA focused on assessing impacts of a group or all of the sub-projects taken together. Further, impacts vary as the environmental context varies; and direct and indirect impacts in different contexts of sensitive natural resources receptors had been analyzed. Overall, the assessment suggests that the project will not have any significant adverse and/or irreversible environmental impact. 11. Among the residual impacts, the relatively important impacts relate to the planning and construction of the sub-projects taken together. The issues are related to protection of natural habitats (both protected and unprotected ones), impacting and arising out of baseline water quality (arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater, use of waste with significant industrial effluent content in urban fringes), arising out of the use of groundwater (extraction and balance, salinity intrusion), pest management (even though pesticide use in the project will be guided by the provisions of WB OP 4.09,) it has opportunities to discourage use of WHO class 1A/1B and Class 2 pesticides in the state), dam safety, reducing customary and traditional access to natural resources due to source protection in surface water schemes, and choice of construction materials (such as possible use of asbestos cement pipes that has been now avoided). 12. Policy and Regulatory Framework: From the point of view of environmental assessment, neither the project nor any of the activities proposed in the project attract provisions of the Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006; and none require any prior environmental clearance either from the Union or from the State Government regulators. However, the project has been planned in accordance to the principles set out in the following: the National Environmental Policy (2006); the National Agricultural Policy (2002), the National Water Policy (2002), the National Farmers’ Policy (2007), and the West Bengal Environmental Policy (1985). According to the prevailing procedures, sub-projects or schemes might require (i) forestry clearances if any forest land is ever used in the schemes; and (ii) permission for

1/ These six World Bank Safeguard Policies are those on - Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01), Pest Management (OP/BP 4.09), Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11), Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10), Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37), and Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50). Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xiv Environmental Assessment

groundwater schemes from the State regulator- the SWID for all schemes that will use groundwater. The environmental screening criteria in the project will avoid any sue of forestland; and will require that each groundwater scheme obtains necessary permissions for abstraction before being approved for financing. 13. As far as the World Bank operational policy on environmental assessment is concerned, the environmental screening criteria in the project, and the environmental codes of practice will ensure that sub-project schemes avoid any activity that would require additional due diligence related to natural habitats, forests, pest management, downstream flows, dam safety or physical cultural resources. However, if the cumulative issues in sub-projects become pertinent even if impacts on any individual valued ecosystem component is small, these sub-project schemes will undertake additional limited environmental assessment before approval. 14. Key Safeguard Documents: A detailed description of the project’s baseline environmental conditions; probable adverse environmental impacts; and detailed environmental management plans including institutional responsibilities, implementation schedules, budget, and arrangements for monitoring and evaluation, are provided in the Environmental Assessment and Management Plan (EA/EMP). Further, all documentation of the various consultations undertaken during the environmental assessment are contained in a stand-alone Stakeholder Consultation Report, which is accompanied by a video documentation of the consultation sessions. The other relevant supplementary documentations are (i) Hydrological Assessment Report, (ii) Social Assessment Report, (iii) Indigenous People’s Development Plan, and the (iv) Dam Safety Procedures. An executive summary of the environmental assessment was also prepared. 15. Public Consultation and Disclosure: As part of the EA, stakeholder consultations were organized at state and district levels. At both levels, participants at the consultation sessions included policy makers, representatives of the Zila Parishads2, senior officers from line government departments, relevant government corporations and autonomous agencies, non-government organizations, individual experts and farmers. The important agreements coming out of these state and district level consultations, organized during August-October, 2008 consist of the following, all of which have already been fully integrated in the design of the project: a. The project should (and will) select schemes only on the basis of community demand; b. The project should (and will) carefully select and/or avoid schemes in the ‘blocks’, where the groundwater abstraction is already high, or where the groundwater is severely contaminated with arsenic or fluoride; c. The project should not (and will not) take up any water harvesting tanks or structures or dug wells where the proposed command area is less than 2ha. These schemes, if necessary should be implemented under the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS); d. Wherever possible, the project should (and will strive to) energize the minor irrigation schemes with electricity to replace use of diesel. For this, the project should (and will) coordinate with the West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company Ltd. Note that the State does not subsidize agricultural electric connections, and consequently replacement of diesel operated pumps by electricity-operated pumps will not lead to any incremental abstraction of groundwater, and is aimed only to reduce the local pollution created by the use of diesel; e. In the coastal saline belts, the project should and will carefully select and design the groundwater- based schemes to prevent any incremental salinity ingress, especially in the coastal saline ‘blocks’;

2 The Zila Parishad is the District level elected authority of the local government structures. Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xv Environmental Assessment

f. In some of the blocks prone to flooding and inundation, and where the current groundwater use is low or very low, groundwater based schemes provide additional opportunity to ameliorate effects of water logging. The groundwater schemes in the project will be designed to take advantage of the local water logging issues; g. Stakeholders opined that there is a need for greater and improved coordination among the relevant line departments of the State Government – the WRIDD, the Department of Agriculture, the Horticulture Department, and the Fisheries Department, etc., to ensure sustainability of the schemes included in the project and designed on the basis of participatory irrigation management. 16. Following the state and district level consultations, the EA consultants selected 30 sample ‘blocks’ in consultation with WRIDD for further investigation and consultations. These 30 sample ‘blocks’ were selected from all the six agro-climatic zone includes in the project, namely, the Hill Zone, Terai-Teesta Flood Plain, Vindhya Alluvial Zone, Gangetic Alluvial Zone, Undulating Red Laterite Zone and Coastal Saline Zone. Consultation sessions were organized between October, 2008 and March, 2009. Between 21 and 70 persons including poor and marginal farmers, women, scheduled caste and scheduled tribe people, local government and WRIDD officials, elected members of the village panchayats participated in each of these 30 consultation sessions. Similar people were consulted during the field surveys. These consultations were supplemented by site visits (to existing minor irrigation infrastructure) and the focus group discussion with select stakeholders groups. 17. A preliminary list of the perceived environmental impacts was prepared on the basis of secondary information, state and ‘block’ level consultations, and reconnaissance visits prior to the field studies and the focus group discussions. The focus group discussions were initiated with leading discussions on these pre-identified lists, but expanded to include the local community issues. All these stakeholder consultations were photographically and video documented. In addition to the state and ‘block’ level consultations, the consultations during the field surveys and the focus group discussions identified the following issues including popular perceptions: a. Excessive and indiscriminate use of inorganic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides in farming has polluted surface water in several places in the state, and is threatening aquatic life, agriculture- friendly insects, soil micro-fauna and fishes, and to a lesser extent wetland avifauna; b. Excessive groundwater extraction by unplanned, sometimes too dense, sinking of deep or shallow tubewells have given rise to increased contamination of groundwater from arsenic or fluoride; these cases have sometimes resulted in steady depletion of water table; c. Soil run-off, erosion of stream banks, and ‘flood-irrigation’ have resulted in too much siltation in the water detention structures, stream beds downstream river lift irrigation schemes. These cases are particularly severe where irrigation schemes have been constructed on meandering rivers and streams; d. A nagging issue in surface water is the reduction in downstream flow. Sometimes the reduction might have been caused due to abstraction by the surface water scheme itself, but in most cases the perception is that such reduction has been caused by siltation in the stream bed, and invasion of aquatic weeds; e. Other relevant problems discussed and described include: (i) pollution from diesel-operated pumps; (ii) poor and inadequate agricultural extension services in many places; (iii) poor maintenance and theft of minor irrigation equipment; (iv) low water retention capacity of some of the surface flow schemes; (v) high evaporation of surface water in water retention schemes, and, (vi) use of surface water streams carrying untreated municipal sewage and highly toxic industrial effluent, especially in urban fringes. Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xvi Environmental Assessment

18. In addition to the public and stakeholders consultations undertaken as part of the EA, the project has engaged stakeholders including the project-affected people to discuss different aspects of the project over the last three years. WRIDD has organized community meetings, meetings with village elders and elected leaders of the villages. During the preparation of the social assessments, a number of meetings were organized. 19. Disclosure: An Executive Summary of the EA Report and its vernacular (Bengali) version has been disclosed in the Project website [www.wbadmip.org] on December,7th. 2010. The full EA Report and its Executive Summary has been disclosed at all 18 district headquarters in the State, where the project will be implemented. The availability of these documents and the location of the disclosure centers have been advertised in local newspapers (leading English and Bengali dailies) during the period 24.12.2010 and 27.12 2010. 20. Analysis of Alternatives: Overall, there is no feasible alternative to the project. The only possible alternative is large irrigation projects, which in a high population density state are likely to cause severe social and resettlement impacts. Owing to the finite nature and limited number of sites for feasible of large irrigation projects; it is unlikely that a gap created by not developing this minor irrigation project can be filled up by investing in any other agriculture intensification activity. In the absence of water for minimum assured irrigation, it is likely that use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides will increase, and the resulting environmental impacts will be higher than the project itself. The “no project” alternative is therefore not a desirable option. 21. At the level of selection of schemes, there are several options. Most prominent among these is the choice between the use of surface water or groundwater. For each site, this will be done carefully, surface water schemes will be chosen wherever feasible over groundwater, provided that small storage schemes will be undertaken only when there is no acquisition of private land. There will be several cases where there will be alternative sites within the same locality – and final sites will be chosen in consultation with local communities, and depending on the environmental and hydrological characteristics. These procedures have been fully incorporated in the environmental screening criteria. The environmental screening criteria are eight: (i) proximity of sensitive areas including reserved forests and protected natural habitats, (ii) degree of arsenic and fluoride contamination in groundwater, (iii) availability of groundwater, (iv) availability of water suitable for irrigation, as per standards promoted by the Central Pollution Control Board, (v) degree of impact on riparian vegetation, (vi) proximity to historical and cultural sites, and (vii) availability electricity supply grid. These scoring criteria will also determine, by relative scoring and evaluation, further need for limited environmental assessment of the sub-project schemes, as well as for exclusion from the project. 22. Additional analysis of alternatives in the project included an analysis of construction materials. Even if the initial procurement cost of asbestos cement pipes is the cheapest, a life cycle analysis including the costs of transportation, installation, high maintenance, and eventual disposal of asbestos containing materials determined that such pipes will not be used in the project. Summary of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures: 23. Forests, Natural Habitats and Wildlife: West Bengal is a small state but because of an interspersion of variety of agro-climatic zones, topographical features, altitudinal variation from the sea level to about 3600m in the Himalayas, the floral and faunal resources of the state are diverse. Eight forest types3 spread all over the state account for 13.4% of its geographical area – mainly in the six districts of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Purulia, Bankura, Paschim Medinipur and South 24-Parganas, but also in patches of three other districts of Barddhaman, Birbhum and Coochbehar. The protected area network in the state covers different bio-geographic regions, and includes 5 National Parks, 15 Wildlife Sanctuaries, and 2

3 As per standard classification defined by Champion and Seth Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xvii Environmental Assessment

Tiger Reserves4. Further, the state has 54 natural and 9 manmade wetlands of area larger than 100ha, which in total account for 344,527ha (a substantial area constituting 8.5% of the total wetland area in India), which support substantial floral and faunal diversity. Sacred Groves are more abundant in forested districts where the forest tract is interspersed with traditional tribal settlements, more in the four southwestern districts of Bankura, West Medinipur, Purulia, and Jalpaiguri; and a few in Darjeeling. In contrast, sacred groves are conspicuously absent in the alluvial districts either side of the Ganga. 24. Sample survey conducted in 30 sites did not point out that any natural habitat, large wetland, reserved forests, sacred groves or any other protected area will possibly be affected by the Project. The sub- projects or the schemes included in the Project will have command area less than 50ha which will all be areas clearly, formally and regularly under rain-fed agriculture with private land holding. No intervention is proposed in the catchment of the sub-projects5. The actual construction and installation footprint of the sub-projects will be small, and can be flexibly sited. The environmental exclusion criteria adopted in the Project will ensure that no direct or indirect impact occurs, and these criteria include: (a) that no sub- project will be located within any natural habitat, protected or not, such as wetlands, elephant corridors, mangroves or community forests; (b) no sub-project will be located within or within 1km of any protected natural habitats, such as reserved forests, national parks or wildlife sanctuaries. Further, the environmental screening of the sub-projects will ensure that (a) the traditional common property resources or ponds (which may contain niche habitats of wetland birds; or rare, endemic or threatened flora and fauna) will be identified and absolutely avoided; (b) any subproject, particularly river lift irrigation schemes will be avoided if the relevant river/rivulet enters a downstream protected natural habitat within 2km of its run, so as not to disturb flow of water into the protected natural habitat. The environmental cells of the PIU/DPMU will specifically ensure that these above exclusion and screening criteria are used systematically for each sub-project; and such compliance process have been specified in the ECoP. 25. Incremental Water Use: West Bengal is relatively rich in water resources among the major Indian states. The 3 major rivers systems of the state – the Ganga (48.5%), the Brahmaputra (48.7%) and the Subarnarekha (2.74%) account for an annual average of 13,291 million cubic meter of surface water. Use of surface water is rather low as the state has created very little storage, and the potential to create major storage is rather limited given that the population density is very high, and creation of storage by displacing people is not feasible. The state is also relatively richer6 compared to other major Indian states in terms of groundwater, with an assessed7 groundwater resources in the state 27,460 million cubic meter. Among the 25 sub-basins, prominent groundwater resources are available in the Bhagirathi (2408 million cubic meter), the Mahananda (1425), the Torsa (1295), the Jalangi (964), the Damodar (877), the Jaldhaka (822), the Ajoy (810), the Mayurakshi (798), and the Silabati (709) sub-basins. From the total annual net replenishment of groundwater, the state currently uses8 about 42.4% (11,650 million cubic meter). The Project will use a maximum incremental volume of 611 million cubic meter of surface water, and 805 million cubic meter of groundwater, which are 1.15% and 2.93% of the available utilisable volume of water, respectively. In sum, therefore, the incremental water use in the Project, for the state as a whole is not particularly significant.

4 Note that the 2 Tiger Reserves are within the combined boundaries of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries 5 The catchment of individual sub-projects may include forests, but those are not affected as the Project does not propose any intervention in the catchment. 6 Third in terms of replenishable groundwater per 100 square kilometer of geographical area (34.12 million cubic meter); and second in terms of replenishable groundwater per 100 hectare of net cropped area (5.55 million cubic meter) 7 Assessment was done by the State Irrigation Department in 1987; and periodically revised since then – most prominently by the Central Groundwater Board in 2004. 8 Estimated by the Central Groundwater Board, 2004 Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xviii Environmental Assessment

26. The availability of water and its annual replenishment is not homogeneous across the state. As far as variation in surface water is concerned, the Project has no significant incremental impact, as the sub- projects will be planned only based on the potential to capture seasonal flood flow. However, in terms of groundwater, there is an issue of potential over-extraction. This was specifically studied by the Hydrological Assessment Report. Overall, the districts of Murshidabad and Nadia have very little scope for further groundwater abstraction, while such abstraction needs to be careful in the districts of Malda, North 24 Parganas, Bardhaman, North Dinajpur and South Dinajpur. Some 37 blocks in the state, mostly in the aforesaid districts, are considered critical or semi-critical from the groundwater extraction point of view, and no more groundwater sub-projects will be undertaken in these blocks, unless specifically permitted by the regulators9. Further, the Hydrological Assessment Report has examined the maximum number of shallow tubewells or equivalent that can be dug within safe limits in each block and district. The total number of sub-projects that can potentially be installed within very safe limits of groundwater abstraction is an additional 1.2 million shallow tubewells (equivalent to about 263,000 medium duty tubewells or about 130,000 heavy duty tubewells) over and above the currently installed tubewells. The incremental number of groundwater abstracting sub-projects in the Project is miniscule compared to this large potential within the safe limit. 27. Abstraction of groundwater by the Project in the “safe” blocks which most of which are flood-prone may result in lowering of water table, which will have some beneficial impact on agriculture as well as in reducing effects of regular inundation. Surface water schemes, particularly the river lift schemes potentially can result in rising water table, if the irrigation efficiency is low, if conveyance channels leak or if the on-field practices are archaic. The Project is designed to avoid such rise in water table, by ensuring conveyance by suitable constructed underground pipes properly lined to avoid seepage, operating the river lifts by trained personnel, by implementing extension services to improve the on-field practices, and through the training of the water user associations to improve irrigation efficiency. Overall, these aforesaid concerns are included in the environmental exclusion and screening criteria of the Project. 28. Instream Flow and Downstream Water Use: The potential issues of maintaining ecological flows instream, reduction in downstream flows, and disruption to the right of the downstream water users have been studied by the EA. The surface water sub-projects will be constructed on seasonal rivers or rivulets, which do not appear to have significant biodiversity values. The environmental screening process, as described with regard to the natural habitat issues, will ensure that no additional impact is there on aquatic fauna or flora from the sub-projects. In the case of the surface water sub-projects that only use the flood flows, and where the dead storage will be subject to a ceiling of 20%, these will not modify the downstream flow in the lean season. These sub-projects will, in-effect, be beneficial to the downstream communities as inundation and erosion due to flood flow will reduce downstream of the small retention structures. However, substantial impacts may occur downstream of the river lift schemes, all of which will be located on minor rivers and rivulets. Typically, the river lift schemes will operate more in the lean season to provide irrigation to the winter and summer agriculture10, which in turn mean that downstream villages will experience a reduced flow regime in these minor rivers or rivulets. It is also possible to have a cascade of river lift schemes on a small rivulet, where village settlements are continuous on either flank; and in these cases the villages downstream of the cascade of river lift schemes will have a very substantial impact. Based on this concern, the Project will ensure that each individual river lift schemes will be designed to use only up to 50% of the net incoming lean season flow of the minor river or rivulet, guarantying that a flow equal to 50% of the incoming lean season flow or 10% of incoming average

9 The regulator is the State Water Investigation directorate (SWID) under the West Bengal Water Resources (Management, Regulation and Control) Act, 2005. 10 The current practices of winter and summer agriculture in the state is mainly about paddy, even if the suburban communities have already moved towards non-paddy agriculture.. This preponderance of paddy is likely to remain, even if the Project will promote diversification, and irrigation efficiency. Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xix Environmental Assessment

annual flow, whichever is more, will be maintained in the river/rivulet downstream of the installation point at all times. 29. The case of groundwater abstraction and its effects on water use of communities around the sub-projects were examined by the EA. The unit drafts from different types of groundwater abstraction structures were estimated11, separately for each district taking into consideration the geographic differences. Based on these unit drafts, and a continuous pumping range of 2 to 8 hours daily, the drawdown at different distances from the pumping well was computed12 and the cones of depression were estimated. Using these, the EA recommended and the Project will ensure that the groundwater sub-projects are planned and designed using the following criteria: (a) that the shallow, medium-duty or the heavy-duty tubewells in the Project will not be installed within a distance of 200m, 600m and 1km of any existing groundwater abstraction structure; (b) that the shallow, medium or the heavy-duty tubewells will have command areas of 6ha, 20ha and 40ha, as minimum13; (c) that in the cases of the semi-critical blocks, if any groundwater abstraction is ever implemented, the minimum distance in any direction between two shallow tubewells should be 250m (600m for medium duty tubewells and 1200m for heavy-duty tubewells). These are conservative and safe estimates to ensure that downstream (or neighboring) users of groundwater are not impacted; the actual drawdown will be much lower as the tubewells are installed tapping the coarser zones (where the draw down could be negligible), especially in the northern districts of the state. Further, as a norm, the light-duty tubewells will necessarily located in areas where pumping water level is beyond centrifugal pumping limit; and shallow tubewells will necessarily be located in areas of shallow water table within the limits of centrifugal pumping, standardized based on long-term fluctuation trends. 30. International waterways: Other than the Ganga, there are 8 sub-basins that can be classified as international waterways shared between Bangladesh and India. These are the northern rivers of the Teesta, the Sankosh, the Raidak, the Torsa, Jadhaka, the Punarbhanda, and the Attrai; and the coastal estuary of the Matla. The northern rivers spring either in Sikkim or Bhutan, and flow into the Padma- Jamuna in Bangladesh. The estuary Matla forms the boundary between Bangladesh and India, and is predominantly tidal. While the Project will have absolutely no impact in terms of flow or quality in Bhutan, potential impact on Bangladesh were studied by the EA. 31. Water-sharing on the Ganga between Bangladesh and India are covered by a specific treaty, and the Project will have no effect on the provisions of the Treaty. For the remaining eight rivers (including their tributaries), the annual and monthly river flow with a probability of occurrence of 75% (i.e., guaranteed flow in three out of any four years on average) had been calculated. For each of the eight sub-basins, the total monthly irrigation volume in relation to the total monthly available river. The total incremental water abstraction as percentage of the total annual river flow is low, ranging from 0.06% percent for the Teesta sub-basin to 1.96% percent for the Attrai sub-basin. 32. Further, possible seasonal impacts were studied. The minimum percentage of incremental abstraction (0.01 percent in Teesta, 0.3% in Sankosh, and 0.42% in Attrai sub-basins) occurs in July when the river flows tend to be highest and the irrigation requirements are low. However, the maximum incremental abstraction will happen in February during the lean season flow of the rivers, when the irrigation requirements tend to be at the highest. Even then, for all but two sub-basins, the maximum incremental abstraction during the lean months will not exceed 4.5% (0.6% for Teesta, 4.5% for Torsa, 1.3% for Punarbhanda, 3.1% for Matla). The exceptional cases are the Attrai and the Sankosh rivers, where the incremental abstraction due to the Project could be as high as 20.4 and 14.6 percent respectively. As this

11 These unit drafts were estimated based on standard methodology sued in the state (GEC, 1997), and the assumptions were based on those obtained by sample surveys conducted by relevant regulators since then. 12 Using the “Theis” non-equilibrium well equations 13 Such stipulation of non-overlapping command areas, by itself, ensure a minimum spacing of 245m between two shallow tubewells, 448m between two medium-duty tubewells, and 633m between two heavy-duty tubewells. Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xx Environmental Assessment

scale of incremental abstraction could potentially have negative impacts on the downstream population in Bangladesh, the Government of West Bengal will cap the total number of sub-projects in these two sub- basins such that the total incremental abstraction during the peak irrigation month is kept lower that 5 percent. 33. Other than the main stem of the aforesaid eight rivers, a total of 48 smaller rivulets or local streams flow from West Bengal to Bangladesh directly. These 48 streams are all included in the sub-basin analysis above. However, substantial local impacts could not be ruled out on the villages located downstream along these 48 local streams in Bangladesh, even if the overall sub-basin level impacts are not very significant. Based on these concerns, the Government of West Bengal will not include any new sub- projects on any such small river, rivulet or local streams directly flowing into Bangladesh. 34. The EA studied the aquifers in the state, both confined and unconfined. The aquifers in the areas adjoining the Bangladesh-India border are in an iso-lithologic state; and as the estimate of annual utilizable groundwater in West Bengal (from which the Project uses a part) is based on the annual fluctuations without affecting the flow of unconfined groundwater from the Ganga plain to the sea, the Project will have no impact overall on the aquifers. However, local impact in downstream areas across the border is possible, depending on the estimates of drawdown and the cone of depression for groundwater- based sub-projects. To avoid any chance of such local impacts, the Project will not install any shallow, light-duty, medium-duty tubewell within 600m of the India-Bangladesh border. 35. Water Quality: The major issue relates to arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater. These issues have received a lot of attention in the state; and numerous studies are in progress. Groundwater in 147 of the 171 blocks in 8 districts14 is contaminated (more than 10µg/l), of which 68 are severely contaminated (more than 50µg/l) with arsenic15. As per studies by the State agencies, 4616 or 4917 blocks in 7 districts18 are severely contaminated with fluoride (more than 150µg/l). While arsenic and fluoride contamination had traditionally been seen as issues related to drinking water supply, some evidences are emerging in respect to the effect of such contamination in agriculture. A 2007 study in the state showed that various parts of plants irrigated with arsenic contaminated water bio-accumulate arsenic. The concentrations in edible plant parts (such as in rice grain, 0.11-0.90 mg/kg) is lower than the WHO limit of 1mg/kg, but in other parts (such as in rice straw, 0.58-2.68mg/kg) is high. Studies by the Central Groundwater Board showed presence of arsenic in cereals (wheat 0.4-1.25mg/kg, rice 0.3mg/kg when dry and 0.3-0.8mg/kg when cooked with arsenic contaminated water). Studies by the National Institute of Nutrition, India Council of Medical Research showed high fluoride levels in rice and edible parts of vegetables, when irrigated with fluoride-contaminated water. Based on these findings, the Project will not include any groundwater-based sub-projects in all blocks of known arsenic and fluoride contamination. In these blocks, surface water sub-projects will be priority. If surface water irrigation in parts of these blocks is found uneconomic, distinctly identified safe19 (arsenic and fluoride free) aquifers will be used

14 The arsenic impacted districts are: Bardhaman, Hoogly, Howrah , Maldah, Nadia, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, and South 24 Parganas 15 Studies and surveys by Jadavpur University, 1978-2005. According to the State Water Investigation Directorate Survey, 2005, a total of 81 blocks are severely contaminated (more than 50µg/l). 16 Survey by the State Public Health Department, 2008 17 Survey by the State Water Investigation Directorate, 2003 18 The fluoride impacted districts are: Birbhum, Bankura, Maldah, Purulia, North Dinajpur, South Dinajpur and South 24 Parganas 19 Within the eight arsenic impacted districts, the Central Groundwater Board has identified several arsenic free aquifers (77-270m below ground); and the Central Petrological Laboratory has identified 4 additional arsenic free aquifers associated with orange sand horizons. Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xxi Environmental Assessment

selectively. Lastly, in coastal blocks areas of excessive salinity, the Project will assist to popularize salinity-resistant crops, through the agricultural extension services sub-component. 36. With regard to surface water irrigation, analyses of the historical data, and the primary surveys by the EA showed that water quality in most of the rivers/rivulets and local streams are within the norms for irrigation. In peri-urban areas (many shifting primarily to cultivation of vegetables) mixing of industrial effluent in irrigation channels is a concern that was studies by the EA. While BOD, DO, oil and grease, arsenic & nitrogen compounds were found to be within safe limits, heavy metals such as chromium remains a concern. The environmental screening criteria will ensure that for any surface water sub- project, water quality tests will be undertaken, and sub-projects will be approved only when the water quality is within the CPCB prescribed standards for irrigation (including that the test should not show any trace of heavy metals). As the water quality data is not collected on the smaller streams systematically, the Project will invest in implementing a water quality testing and monitoring program, complementing the planned program of the State Water Investigation Directorate. 37. Augmenting minor irrigation in the state may potentially increase the use of chemical fertilizers (and pesticides), in turn affecting water quality at large. The rate of use of fertilizers in the state is below the national average and the recommended maximum doze (450kg per ha). However, in a few districts the use is rapidly increasing (currently 220-270kg per ha in Hoogly, Maldah and Bardhaman; and 150-220kn per ha in Murshidabad, East Medinipur , Birbhum, Bankura and North 24-Parganas). The ratio of NPK in fertilizer use in the state as well as in the districts is balanced (2.3: 1.3: 1). Given these baseline scenarios, incremental fertilizer use induced by the Project is not expected to have any significant impact. However, as a positive environmental enhancement measure, the Project will support increased use of bio-fertilizer, organic manure and vermin-compost – through awareness campaigns, improved agriculture extension services and training, and through the ‘bio-village” component of the EMP. 38. Erosion and Sedimentation: Erosion in the catchment and resulting sedimentation are issues related to effective life of the surface water storage or flow sub-projects, performance of the intakes and pumping stations, increased turbidity and other water quality impacts on the water diverted for irrigation or in the downstream flow and aquatic life instream. The environmental screening process will ensure that each surface water sub-project is designed with adequate attention to prevent erosion and sedimentation upstream of the project. The environmental codes of practice and guidance from the PMU will ensure that these erosion and sedimentation control measures are designed in the strict local topographic, soil and geomorphologic features. 39. Pest Management. As expected in a state dependent on small farms, pest management is the primary concern of the farmers. Although the state’s use of synthetic pesticides, on the average, is less than the country’s average (which is approximately 500g per ha per year), 6 districts20 use such pesticide significantly higher than the national average. The permissible list of the State Department of Agriculture shows 221 different types/brands of pesticides. This list contains 49 types which come under WHO’s classification of Class IB and Class II. The Project Authorities will ensure that none of Class IB and Class II pesticides is procured and used in agriculture and horticulture components of the project. The State Department of Agriculture will undertake a detailed survey to assess the extent of use of such pesticides by farming communities during the first year of execution of the project and then take appropriate measures to delist such Class IB and Class II pesticides from the permissible list. 40. The State Pollution Control Board undertakes monitoring of pesticides at 22 locations in 9 districts. The monitoring had detected -BHC (at 4 sites), DDT (2 sites), malathion (1 site) and traces of aldrin in a few places. Endosulfan, methyl parathion, chlorpyriphos and anilophos were not detected by this monitoring. A State Department of Environment study undertaken by the Institute of Environmental Studies and

20 The six districts with higher use of synthetic pesticides are: Howrah (1264g per ha per year), North 24 Pargana (812g), Hoogly (649g), Nadia (617g), Maldah (455g) and Purba Medinipur. Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xxii Environmental Assessment

Wetland Management in Kolkata district concluded that the soils of the Terai region, near to the tea gardens, have accumulated high concentration of chloropyriphos, ethion, heptachlor, dicofol, beta- endosulphan, endosulphan sulphate and cypermethrin. High levels of chloropyriphos, dicofol, heptachlor and ethion were detected in the rivers and canals of the Terai and the Dooars areas. Primary surveys undertaken as part of the EA also detected alpha-BHC, gama-BHC and endosulphan at all sites, albeit the concentration levels were below permissible limits. 41. The Project will not use any chemical or synthetic pesticide coming under Class IA, Class IB and Class II of WHO’s classification; However, given that the additional irrigation capacity created by the Project can induce substantial increment in the use of pesticides, the EMP includes a several management measures, as below: a. The Department of Agriculture will take appropriate measure to delist 49 pesticides classified as WHO Class 1B and Class II pesticides from the list of ‘permissible’ pesticides and this action will ensue only after a detailed survey is undertaken by the State Department of Agriculture to assess the extent of use of such pesticides by the farming communities of the State. This will be followed by an intensive awareness program targeting the staff of the Departments agriculture extension services, so as to be able to discourage use of these harmful pesticides in the state. b. Capacity and awareness building as part of the Agricultural Support Services Component of the Project. This will include training of farmer groups on judicious pest management with emphasis on predisposing factors for occurrence of pest and diseases, and use of proper integrated pest management. c. As part of the EMP, a mass publicity campaign on integrated pest management, effect of indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides, information about unsafe pesticides and their alternatives, safety measures for handling pesticides, use of bio-pesticides. d. Specific workshops with 5-10 farmer groups in each block included in the Project, on the best practices on pest management. e. Bio-Village Program: (A) Undertaking required studies on intensification of the production of bio-pesticides in the state including identification of barriers to the local entrepreneurs who had set up bio-pesticide production units, and piloting quality control testing to be able to ensure quality of the bio-pesticides produced in the State. These studies and piloting will be undertaken by a non-government institution, Neempith Ramakrishna Ashram, who has the necessary professional competency and laboratory facilities. (B) Implementation of the Bio-Village Program in 100 blocks in the 5 agro-climatic zones in the state. In each block the targets will include: (i) converting an area of 40 ha of agricultural land in units of compact blocks of 15 ha to 20ha to exclusive organic farms, (ii) promoting integrated organic farming practices covering agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, aquaculture, (iii) ensuring supply of bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides through additional support to local entrepreneurs, and (iv) ensuring tie-up and market linkages to the farmers shifting to organic farming. This program will also prepare competence-based training manuals and curriculum to wider use, particularly related to adoption of advanced but appropriate bio-technology application. Compared to usual awareness and training programs, this bio-village program will incubate and support application of appropriate technology for 3-4 years to make the changes sustainable. This program will have the target to benefit at least 20 entrepreneurs, and 250,000 farmers. 42. Dam safety: The surface water subprojects, in 3 districts, will include construction of minor dams (height classes of 4-6m and 6-8m) and earthen embankments (height less than 5m, but length up to 400m). In these cases, the water storage will vary between 6.5-12 ha-m. These surface water sub-projects will attract the required due diligence to ensure safety of the dams (given the height of the structures upward from foundation level, length of the low-height embankments, and the area of storage). All structures in the Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xxiii Environmental Assessment

Project will be engineered, based on typical design standards and guideline design (related to tension, overturning, sliding and crushing) already adopted by the Project. The guidance design is based all required safety parameters, and are designed to withstand flood flows of 100 year return interval, and adequate ground acceleration factors to withstand the earthquakes predicted for the seismic zones of III and IV in which the sub-projects will be located. Suitability of dam foundations will be decided through geological investigation and density or gradation tests. All structures will be designed by identified competent Assistant or Executive Engineers (graduate or post-graduate engineers), and the design of each such sub-project will be certified by the concerned Executive Engineer of DPMU, and checked and field verified by the PIU technical unit, comprising of an senior engineer experienced in implementing safety norms in the design and construction of dam and embankment structures. Quality control procedures during construction will include regular supervision of the dams and appurtenances adequately recorded by site engineers and DPMU, and periodic inspection and reviews by PIU. DPMU Executive Engineers will issue completion certificates only after verification that safety norms had been appropriately implemented by contractors. 43. Physical Cultural Resources. The state is dotted with archaeological and historical sites, with higher concentration of protected sites in 5 districts of Bankura, Murshidabad, Malda, Medinipur and Hoogly. No activity in the Project is expected to be sited within proximity of the protected area boundaries of these sites. The EA, nevertheless, studies possibility of impacts on smaller, unprotected physical cultural resources. A sample survey of 30 sites did not identify any possibility of impacts on locally important cultural sites, such as sacred waters/ponds, temple (‘debottar’) land, local community shrines. However, as such impacts cannot be absolutely ruled out in the numerous sub-projects yet to be identified, the ECoP includes generic mitigation guidelines. The EMP includes a specific budget to be used by PIU/DPMUs to mitigate or compensate any affects on physical cultural resources. 44. Construction-Related Impacts. Site related issues of construction waste handling and management, stagnant pool of water, lack of proper site drainage, etc., may potentially arise; but will not be of significance. These construction-related impacts will be addressed, mitigated and managed by the application of the ECoP. The ECoP includes measures to control air pollution, a specific issue resulting from construction. The mitigation measures include ensuring that all equipments and vehicles carry valid “pollution under control” certificates at all times; haulage roads are sprinkled with water to suppress dust; construction materials are transported and stored properly to avoid littering and dust; and all diesel generation sets used during construction conform to the applicable norms set by the central/state pollution control boards. 45. Environmental Management Plan (EMP): The EMP includes, in addition to the mitigation and management measures described above, (i) the environmental screening criteria including environmental exclusion criteria, and the description of the screening process; (ii) environmental codes of practice for the standardized subprojects, and (iii) specimen environmental management plans for typical sub- projects. 46. The environmental screening and exclusion criteria in the Project address the major environmental concerns in the state, and the applicable regulatory framework. Any sub-project selected after application of the environmental screening and exclusion process will be either be low-impact ones or will have no non-trivial impact. These low-impact subprojects will further be designed and constructed incorporating the environmental codes of practice designed for the Project. The relatively larger sub-projects will prepare brief sub-project level EMPs, as per the terms of reference included in the environmental codes of practice. Generic environmental management plans, already prepared as part of the environmental codes of practice, and the sub-project level EMPs, if any, will be incorporated in the bidding documents, wherever the contractors are responsible for implementing the mitigation measures. 47. Further, the EMP includes (i) an environmental monitoring plan, specifying the parameters, frequency, and responsibilities for monitoring; (ii) a plan to conduct two independent environmental audits in the Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xxiv Environmental Assessment

Project, at the end of the second and the fourth year of implementation, (iii) an environmental capacity- building program, including plans for training and exposure visits for the departmental staff, contractors and beneficiary groups; and (iv) investments in two additional laboratories and supporting water quality surveillance to augment the wider water quality monitoring in the state. 48. Monitoring of implementation of the EMP at the district level will be conducted as part of the regular monitoring of the Project activities, except that the environmental screening process will be distinctly monitored by the state PIU. Compliance monitoring, at least twice a year in each district on a sample basis, will be periodically undertaken by the environment cell of the state PIU. Results of the independent environmental audits will be used to improve the implementation of the project (including at the mid-term review), and to modify the EMP as required. 49. Adequate budget provision has been made for implementation of the EMP. This budget will primarily be managed by the environmental unit of the PIU. Table 3: Budget for Implementation of Environmental Management Plan

Items Proposed in EMP Base Cost (`lakh) Budget (US$ M) A10 EMP Implementation Cost: Investment cost and maintenance 56.95 0.13 A20 EMP Implementation Cost: Operational cost 652.60 1.45 B10 Environmental Capacity Building: Training programs 152.50 0.34 B20 Environmental Capacity Building: Workshops, Consultancies 493.20 1.11 C Concurrent monitoring & evaluation of outcomes and impacts 90.00 0.21 D Communication: Bio-village campaign; media, documentation 55.00 0.12 E10 Grants/Assistance: Intensification of bio-pesticide production 100.00 0.22 E21 Works: Bio-village program implementation 876.00 1.95 E22 Works: Relocation and restoration of cultural properties 80.00 0.18 E23 Works: Enhancement of water bodies 150.00 0.33 E31 Goods & Equipment: Water quality testing kits 30.00 0.07 E32 Goods & Equipment: Dam safety testing mobile vans 20.00 0.04 E33 Goods & Equipment: Additional WQ laboratories under SWID 400.00 0.89 Total 3156.25 7.01

50. Institutional Arrangements for implementation of the EMP: At each DPMU, an Assistant Engineer will be in-charge for implementing the EMP, with support from a full-time environmental specialist who will ensure that all environmental mitigation and management measures are fully implemented. At the state PIU, a distinct environmental cell will be formed, headed by an Superintendent Engineer, with a full-time Senior Environmental Specialist, a full-time training coordinator, and an additional expert to work on the dam safety aspects. The responsibility of the environmental cell of the state PMU will be to: (i) review and inspect implementation of the EMP; (ii) review and verify the environmental screening of the candidate schemes, including sample field verification; (iii) implementation of the environmental capacity building and awareness activities; (iv) coordinating with relevant departments with respect to the larger state-wide issues of water quality including heavy metal, arsenic and fluoride contamination; water efficiency, reducing energy use in irrigation, promoting renewable energy in irrigation, integrated pesticide and nutrition management; and (v) managing the environmental audit process. Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) Project xxv Environmental Assessment

51. Reporting: The quarterly progress reports of the project from WRIDD to the World Bank will include a section on implementation of the environmental management framework. Reports of the independent environmental audits will be submitted to Bank within 3 months of completion of the second and the fourth year of the implementation period.

Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Page 1 of 3 Document: 2008084/ENV&ECO/FR Date: , January 2011

Introduction

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of the Study

The Government of West Bengal through the execution of minor irrigation schemes has embarked on a process of intensification and diversion of agriculture. In absence of the opportunities of expanding the cultivable area, the State Government feels that this is the only way of boosting agriculture growth and enhancing incomes for the rural poor on a reasonable time frame. The existing cropping intensity is around 180% (2005-2006) - the average of the practices in different agro-ecological zones of the State. The target is to raise the level of raising the cropping intensity to the level of 200% in areas of 6 different agro- ecological zones primarily through input of minor irrigation supported by balanced use of inorganic/organic fertilizer and insecticide /pesticide. The sustainability of these minor irrigation schemes, the state government is confident will to a great extent will depend on institutionalizing participatory irrigation management taking into account the specifics of traditions, socio-cultural parameters of farmer’s and water user associations in different agro-ecological regions of the State.

The program specifically aims at developing and or rehabilitating community- based minor irrigation systems on sound techno-economic, environmental and social principles. The execution of the program stresses on the strategy of conjunctive use of surface and ground water relying on the principles of equitable distribution of water keeping in view, in particular, the socially and economically disadvantaged groups amongst farming communities in project influence areas. This program of accelerated development of minor irrigation targets to bring in about 2,13,500 ha of agricultural land under different types of minor irrigation. This has subsequently been revised to 138901ha These types will broadly cover surface flow schemes, water detention structures, river lift schemes (medium and small). Ground water structures will have representation of medium deep tube wells, low capacity deep tube wells, shallow tube wells and pumped dug wells. The total no of schemes proposed to be developed under the program have been kept at around 4660. Of the target of 138900 ha, an area of 63555 ha have been allocated against surface water schemes the balance to ground water schemes..

1.1 Objectives

The project development objectives can be summarized as below:

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Introduction

• Bring an additional area of 138900 ha through a judicious mixture of different types of minor irrigation schemes in 6 agro-ecological regions of the state through conjunctive use of surface and ground water. • Raising the cropping intensity to 200% in CCA s proposed to be covered by the projects • Strengthening community-based institutions like farmers’ associations, WUAs etc for facilitation of transfer of responsibilities for operation and management of such projects • Adoption of best practices for technical design, construction quality and management of social and environmental aspects. • Introduction of water saving technologies including ground water monitoring in the project area • Provision of support services for intensification and diversification of agricultural systems and adoption of improved post-harvest technologies, purposeful and effective advisory services coupled with a higher degree of market integration. • Capacity and Institutional Development to strengthen the Water Resources Investigation and Development Department for better and effective handling of issues related to project management, management of communications and environmental safeguard and taking up monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment activities after categorization of the sub-projects on the basis of screening criteria developed for the purpose.

1.2 Study Area

The study area spans the length and breadth of the State covering 18 districts. From Jorebanglow - Sukhiapokhri blocks of the Darjeeling district in the North, the study area touches down to the Sagar block of the South 24-parganas district fringing the Bay of Bengal. The project sites are dispersed over a very large number blocks spread in 6 major agro-climatic zones of the State. The distributions of blocks in different agro-climatic zones are furnished in the table 1.2(i) : Table – 1.2(i)

Agro-climatic zones No of blocks and districts 1. Hill Zone 13 full blocks in Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts 2. Terai-Teesta Flood 26 full blocks in Darjeling, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, and Plain Uttar Dinajpur 3. Vindhyan Alluvial 61 full and 4 part blocks in the districts of Uttar Dinajpur, Zone Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad , Birbhum, Paschim Medinipur, Purba Medinipur

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Introduction

4. Gangetic Alluvial Zone 121 full and 4 part blocks in the districts Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, 24- Parganas (\North), Howrah, Hoogly, Bankura and Bardhaman 5. Undulating Red 57 full blocks in the districts of Barddhaman, Bankura, Lateritic Zone Paschim Medinipur, Birbhum, and Purulia Agro-climatic zones No of blocks and districts 6. Coastal Saline Zone 59 full blocks of 24-Parganas (North), 24-Parganas( South), Purba Medinipur and Howrah

It is thus clear that the study area has a very good coverage of the different physiographic zones of the State namely the Himalayan Mountain System, the Piedmont Region and the Terai and Dooars of the north, the extension of the Chhotonagpur Plateau in the south-west and the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta in central and eastern region. Four agro-climatic zones in the central, south and south-west of the state cover the bulk of the blocks of the proposed program.

A map of the Study area showing environmental features is furnished at Annexure-I

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Methodology

CHAPTER- 2

METHODOLOGY

2.1 Introduction

Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (ADMI) is an ambitious project of the Water Resources Investigation and Development Department (WRIDD). It covers almost the entire state excluding Kolkata and thus spans the six agro-ecological regions of the State. The project will involve execution of schemes using both surface and ground water. Surface flow schemes , river lift schemes and water detention structures together target to provide irrigation to 63555 ha of the total of 138900 ha projected in then program and such schemes will have maximum CCA of 50 ha. Because of presence of issues of environmental concerns in different agro-ecological regions of the state - there is need for environmental screening of sub-projects on a set of criteria to take stock of environmental parameters and their sensitiveness before such subprojects can be taken up for execution following the operational guidelines of the World Bank funding the project.

2.2 Scope of Activities

Environmental assessment is an important component of the project preparation along with other components of social and hydrological assessment. The ultimate objective of the environmental studies may sharply be focused under the following:

• Building up environmental baseline of the project area • Building up baseline for irrigation resources • Provision of the Environmental Management Frame Work(EMF) identifying all environmental issues in the project • Preparation of the Environmental Codes of Practice (ECoP) to supplement the EMF • Preparation of specimen Environment Management Plan for selected sub-projects to demonstrate how the ECP can be translated into project-specific EMP • Preparation of TORs for limited Environmental Assessment (LEA) for medium impact category sub-projects • Preparation of Generic Environment Management Plans( Generic EMP) for low impact category sub-projects

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Methodology

• Undertake review of the State’s Integrated Pest Management (IPM) policy and the policy of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) and revise the same in consultation with the Department of Agriculture. • Provision of an implementation framework including the framework for monitoring inspection and environmental audit • Devising a framework for Environment Management Capacity Building and Training for the officers and staff of the WRIDD and other stakeholders like the supervision consultants and the contractors.

2.3 Building up environment and irrigation baseline

The consultants , keeping in view the wide spectrum of outputs of the services provided by them, will attach due importance to the building of the environmental and irrigation baseline data to identify environmental issues of concern in different agro-ecological regions of the State through extensive literature survey of the documents with the WRIDD, Department of Environment including the State Pollution Control Board , the Department of Agriculture, State Water Investigation Directorate, Central Ground Water Board (Eastern region ), the Department of Public Health Engineering, Department of Panchayat and Rural Development, Department of Forests including the Wildlife Wing. . Such data will be strengthened through inputs of primary survey of 30 villages in sample blocks (Annexure II), selected by random sampling in consultation with the client. The samples have been selected to ensure that these are representative in consideration of the parameters like geology, hydrology, availability or otherwise of irrigation resources both surface and ground water, status of development of ground water, ground water quality and above all the quality of life indicators in the CCAs proposed to be covered by minor irrigation schemes. Extensive stakeholder consultation at the sample villages on a structured questionnaire will also yield additional data for specified sub-projects in the candidate site. Specific environmental issues will also come out through such consultation. It may be worth while to mention the studies on hydrology and social issues undertaken in parallel by another Consultant will contribute to the enrichment of the data.

Collection of environmental baseline data at the level of proposed candidate site in sample blocks will include:

• Climatic data (temperature, rainfall, humidity, etc.) • Land use data of the candidate sites in the sample blocks/villages • Water resources (streams, rivers, rivulets, tanks, ponds, water harvesting structures, etc.)

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Methodology

• Cropping pattern and cropping intensity • Use of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides • Disease vectors and water borne diseases afflicting local stakeholders.

During the survey of villages Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) has been done through a checklist. The checklist included the issues as below: • The location of the project site with reference to environmental sensitive areas like protected areas (national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, community conservation areas, sacred groves etc) • Existence of wetlands, mangroves and areas of outstanding natural beauty • Presence of wildlife migration corridors • Habitats of indigenous population

During the process of Rapid Environmental Survey at the village level, potential environmental impacts have been identified and assessed on issues related to the environmental parameters as described below:

• Loss of precious ecological values keeping in view the siting parameters • Loss of historical/ cultural structures • Disruption of local hydrology, local flooding and drainage hazards • Increased soil erosion and siltation leading to decreased stream/ reservoir capacity • Excessive pumping of ground water leading to salinisation, arsenic/ fluoride contamination • Water logging and salinisation due to inadequate drainage and farm management • Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of irrigation water • Reduction of downstream water supply during peak seasons and impact on fisheries and downstream users • Pollution of soil and ground water from polluted run-off • Risks of public health due to excessive use pesticides and insecticides • Increased incidence of waterborne or water related diseases • Soil erosion – rill, sheet , furrows , gulley and bank erosion • Clogging of canals due to increased sedimentation and invasion by aquatic weeds

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Methodology

• Saline water intrusion into down stream fresh water systems

2.4 Stakeholder Consultation

Preliminary consultations have been carried out with the State level Stake holders. Such consultations included the client WRIDD, the Department of Environment and the State Pollution Control Board, Department of Panchayat and Rural Development, Department of Forests (Wildlife Wing), State Water Investigation Directorate, Department of Agriculture and some Agriculture Universities.

Village level consultations have been undertaken in sample blocks on dates convenient to the District Conveners. During such consultations at the village level of the candidate sites stakeholders have been categorised as primary and secondary stake holders. The former included the direct beneficiaries, implementing agencies at the district/block/subdivision level, representatives of the Agriculture Department and other relevant Departments at such levels. Secondary stake holders included some local NGOs working in related domains as available during such consultations.

Such consultations were duly notified in advance indicating the venue and time. All consultations been adequately documented through audio/video recordings and digital photography. The attendance in the stakeholder meetings, FGDs have duly been recorded in attendance sheets.

The stakeholder consultations, including review of the ongoing consultation by the WRIDD have been taken due cognisance of to ascertain whether additional consultations are required.

To have the feedback from the stakeholders during the process of consultation, inputs of stakeholders on environmental issues have been obtained through a structured questionnaire. Selected village elders, the informed Govt. Officials related to minor irrigation were also brought under the fold of consultation.

2.5 Examination of water and soil quality

The Consultants have undertaken examination of water quality covering the following issues:

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Methodology

• Issues related to water quality, supply and public sanitation specially in the fluoride and arsenic affected areas • Examination of water quality parameters for potable water where there is possibility of use of irrigation water as drinking water. • Water quality assessment included pathological and chemical contamination (particularly heavy metal and nitrate and nitrogen toxicity of surface water, especially in areas around industrial and urban centres. Heavy metals will include As, Pb, Zn, Cal, Ca, Ni, Fe, and Cr.

The consultants compiled information on the existing water quality monitoring program undertaken by different agencies of the state govt. like the WBPCB, SWID and the Central Ground Water Board etc to asses its adequacy and provide recommendations for enhancing the capacity of the State agencies. A mechanism for dissemination of information on water quality among the rural users has also been developed in consultation with the Client.

The Consultants have undertaken primary monitoring of water quality at 16 sites for incorporation of the result in the report.

Soil Quality monitoring covered 9 samples in some selected sample blocks The quality of soil has been examined for organic matter content, inorganic nutrient content, water holding capacity, infiltration rate, soil salinity, and soil acidity.

The Consultants have also compile information on soil quality of different agro-ecological zones from secondary sources to see how these data correlate to the data obtained through primary monitoring.

2.6 Environmental screening of sub-projects

The Consultants after studying the environmental issues in the project area and taking inputs from stake holder consultations in general and the officers of the WRIDD at different hierarchical level have developed screening criteria of subprojects to ensure that execution of such sub-projects does not lead to significant adverse impact in the project surround and also avoids impact on human and livestock health of the project area of influence.. Such screening has been proposed to rely on the following issues:

• Location of the subproject with reference to sensitive issues like wildlife protected areas, wetlands of importance, wild elephant migration corridors, sacred groves etc.

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Methodology

• Location of habitats of indigenous population • Location of archaeological and historical sites • Status of ground water development particularly for minor irrigation schemes proposing use of ground water • Status of arsenic/ fluoride contamination • CPCB standards on quality of irrigation water

Such screening parameters developed are easily identifiable or measurable and would be applicable for sub-projects in all agro-ecological regions.

During this exercise the consultants have also developed some criteria for exclusion of subprojects considering the environmental sensitivity and significant irreversible adverse impacts.

Environmental scoping has been done keeping in view the score of the sub-project as per screening criteria developed for the purpose. Environmental survey of sites in sample blocks have indicated that most of the sub-projects will be low impact category projects and environmental impacts arising out of such sub-projects can well be managed through the implementation of a Generic Environmental Management Plan. For higher impact categories in case of projects having scores of 9 to 12 limited EA will be required.

The scoping of such limited EA to include:

• How, when and where of each activity recommended • A list of environmental issues that do deserve a detailed examination • Recommendation of studies that need to be conducted in parallel but are outside the EA process

2.7 Preparation of limited EA

Scoring of sub-projects on the basis of the screening criteria may categorise some subprojects in the sample blocks as medium impact categories .TOR for Limited EA for such sub-projects has been prepared to guide implementing agencies to prepare limited EA. Because of the exclusion criteria high impact category sub-projects will be avoided and as such none of the sub-projects selected for implementation will get categorised as high impact category. Consequently no detailed EA will be required as per the operational policies of the

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Methodology

World Bank. Limited EA for medium category impact projects will be prepared on the basis of scoping of such subprojects. These will necessarily include the following issues:

• Policy , legal and administrative framework guiding the preparation of the EA • Project description describing the proposed project and its geographic ,ecological and social context • Baseline data on physical, ecological and socio-cultural resources with reference to the project area of influence. Physical resources will include climate, air quality, topography, soils, geology, surface water/ground water and their quality. Ecological resources will cover wildlife protected areas, wetlands of importance, sacred groves, wild animal migration routes, reserved /protected forests, fisheries and coastal resources. Socio- cultural resources will cover structures or sites that are of historical or archaeological significance, physical and cultural heritage like places of worship, debater land, habitats of indigenous communities etc. • Identification, characterization and assessment of impacts on physical, ecological and social resources. Impacts will be assessed on duration, direction and severity; beneficial impacts will also be brought out. All impacts for the construction and operation phase will be spelt out and mitigation measures suggested to keep adverse impacts at acceptable levels. Residual impacts, if any will be specified. • Environmental Management Plans will be prepared Such EMPs will identify and summarise all anticipated adverse impacts and devise mitigation measures with technical details specifying the type of impact to which it relates and the conditions under which it is required. The EMP will also identify monitoring objectives and specify the type of monitoring with linkages to the type of impacts identified in the EA. 2.8 Preparation of Generic Environmental Management Plan

Generic Environmental Management Plan has been devised to take care of impacts during the construction and operation phase of sub-projects of low impact category. Associated activities like provision of access to the site of sub-projects have also been taken into consideration while devising the plan. This has been developed in the form of a matrix and this has allocated columns for project activities in construction and operation phase, mitigation measure, location, timeframe. Responsibilities for implementation and monitoring have been specified in the plan specified in the plan.

2.9 Preparation of Environmental Management Framework

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Methodology

The consultants after building up the environmental baseline and completing Stakeholder consultation, screening and scoping procedures through the methodologies adopted above will prepare limited EA for some identified sub-projects belonging to medium impact category and Generic Environmental Management Plan in the manner as indicated above. The consultants have prepared the Environmental Management Framework (EMF).to cover all the sub-projects in different agro-ecological zones. This framework developed addresses the following issues:

• Environmental base line and Irrigation resources baseline of the study area. • Exclusion criteria for sub-projects • Screening procedures for sub-projects • Procedure for environmental scoping • Procedures for undertaking limited EA for projects of medium impact category • Generic EMP for low impact category projects • A plan for adequate environmental management capacity in WRIDD

2.10 Preparation of environmental codes of practice

The Consultants have studied the PMGSY Environmental Code and taken guidance in the matter of preparation of the ECOP for the project. But naturally the proposed program of minor irrigation of WRIDD has a mixture of surface and ground water schemes and spread all over the state in different agro-ecological zones having different environmentally sensitive issues. The magnitude of operation and technology of construction will also vary across the set of subprojects. Thus there may be a requirement of specific project interventions. The Consultants have applied their mind to bring out such specific interventions in ECOP prepared for the program. EcoPs would be prepared in such a manner so as to make them amenable for incorporation in the bidding documents.

2.11 Implementation framework

The consultants in consultation with the Client and other Official of the Department at regional and the district level have prepared a framework for monitoring, inspection and environmental audit. Agencies responsible for monitoring and inspection, and audit have duly been specified. Parameters and frequency of monitoring of environmental parameters including their locations also have been specified.

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Methodology

2.12 Capacity Building and training

The consultants understand that the officers and staff of the WRIDD have not been exposed to such environmental procedures during execution of minor irrigation schemes. They will require to be sensitised to these issues through proper training. Capacity building measure have been proposed to enhance the ability of individuals, institutions to make and implement decisions and perform functions in an effective, efficient and sustainable manner. At the individual level these measures stress on the process of changing attitudes and behaviours Capacity building at the institutional level will focus on overall organisational performance and functioning capabilities as well as the ability of an organisation to change. Capacity building exercise will cover officers and staff both at the local implementation level, the regional supervisory level and the state level.

The Consultants have identified the needs at different levels through intensive consultation with the Client. Officers at all levels have been involved in such consultation during the process of stake holder consultations in different agro-climatic zones. Training modules have been developed for different target groups to meet the emergent needs of the program execution.

Appropriate courses have been identified in the Institutes both at the state and national level for exposure of the officers to the situation of adapting to the changed environment implementation of the program in view the criteria of environment-friendliness and sustainability. Study tours to the Indian States of groups of officers to India and some Asian countries where such program has been implemented or under implementation have been suggested as this may go a long way to sensitise such groups to seriously work within the Environmental Management Framework. (EMF)

2.13 Review and revision of the state policy of Integrated Pesticide Management (IPM) and Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) and development of a project specific pesticide management plan

Agriculture practices which include pests and disease control methods, application of plant nutrients, choice of crops play a very important role in environment management especially for healthy maintenance of agro ecosystem for sustainability and to avoid problem of pollution through insecticide/pesticides which can directly enter human system through crops indirectly through the route of animal product, fish etc, Nitrate, phosphate of the inorganic fertilizer leached from the soil tends to increase concentration of these elements in the ground water / surface water, and damage l physical, chemical and biological

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Methodology

productivity of soil due to lack of use of organic matter, etc. Since irrigated agriculture promotes intensification of the practices, the chances of pollution are even greater unless appropriate measures are taken to control pollution and to achieve sustainability. The consultants have developed a project specific Pesticide Management Plan

• Consultation with the Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Universities • Review of the National Policy and Policies adopted by different states specially of the Eastern region • Study of the trend in use of inorganic fertilisers, insecticide/pesticide in different agro- climatic regions of the State.

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Environmental Setting

CHAPTER- 3

ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

3.1 Geology

Unconsolidated sedimentary deposits of the Quaternary period cover 73,858 sq km of the total area of the state. The rest of the area is covered by hard rocks ranging in age from the Precambrian to the Tertiary periods, which are decidedly older than the sedimentary formations.

The terrain formed of hard rocks can be broadly divided into two distinct regions.

(ii) Extra peninsular mountain-terrain of the Darjiling Himalayas in the north, and (ii) Peninsular tract comprising a rolling topography in the south west covering parts of Puruliya, Bankura, Paschim Medinipur, Birbhum and Bardhaman districts

The Pre-Cambrians are represented by the Darjiling Gneiss, Lingtse Gneiss and Daling group of rocks in the districts of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri. Apart from the Precambrian formations, there exist some sedimentary rocks of the Gondwana period and also of Siwalik formations of the late Tertiary period.

The Terai region of the northern part of Jalpaiguri and Darjiling districts has a belt of alluvial detritus. This Siwalik group of rocks has representation of coarse, hard, sandstone, siltstone, slate and conglomerate. The rocks follow the fringes along the foothills and have a thrust contact with rocks of Gondowana super-group towards the north.

The Pre-Cambrians in the Peninsular West Bengal are mostly exposed in Puruliya district and also along the western margins of Bankura, Paschim Medinipur and Birbhum districts. There are also extensive exposures of Gondwana rock formations in the districts of Barddhaman, Puruliya, Bankura and Birbhum.

The Gondwana rocks show extensive development in the Bardhaman district and extend into adjoining parts of Bankura and Puruliya districts and also occur as small basins in Birbhum district The Rajmahal basic flows and the associated inter-trappeans of Triassic and Cretaceous age are developed only in the district of Birbhum.

Rocks belonging to Tertiaries, represented by pebbly grit, ferruginous sandstone, red shale, rare mottled clays and gravels are reported from several places in the peninsular extension

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Environmental Setting

into West Bengal. These beds occur in a number of small plateau-like formations in the districts of Bardhaman, Bankura, Birbhum and Medinipur districts. The Quaternary terrain of Peninsular West Bengal may be divided into the following geographical domains:

(i) The area extending from Ganga flood plain in the north to Bay of Bengal in the south, and bounded by the Bhagirathi river in the west up to Indo – Bangladesh border in the east, including parts of Murshidabad, Nadia, 24-Parganas districts. (ii) The high plains of Hughli, Bankura, Medinipur, Bardhaman and Birbhum districts adjoining the peninsular mass sloping towards the course of the Bhagirathi-Hughli river system. (iii) The high plains to the east of the Mahananda River in Dinajpur and Malda districts sloping towards the Ganga-Padma river course.

3.2 Soils

The features of soils can be best described in terms of climate and vegetation supported by it. On such considerations the soils of West Bengal can be classified into six agro-ecological sub-regions. These are: (i) Warm Humid (ii) Warm to Hot Humid (iii) Hot Humid (iv) Hot Moist Sub-Humid (v) Moist Sub-Humid (vi) Hot Dry Sub-Humid.

Table – 3.2(i) Distribution of soils in agro-ecological sub-regions Sub-regions Extent % of the area Distribution in districts in mha of the state 1. Warm Humid 0.26 2.9 Darjeeling 2. Warm to Hot Humid 0.17 1.9 Jalpaiguri 3. Hot Humid 0.85 9.6 Jalpaiguri, Kochbehar, Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur 4. Hot Moist Sub-Humid 4.39 55.7 Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, Howrah,

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Environmental Setting

Hoogly, 24-Parganas (North), Barddhaman, Bankura, Birbhum and Purba Medinipur 5. Moist Sub-Humid 0.68 7.6 24-Parganas (S), Purba Medinipur 6. Hot dry Sub Humid 1.98 22.3 Purulia, Bankura, Paschim Medinipur, Birbhum Warm humid agro-ecological sub region covers the mountainous region of Darjiling District. Soils of this sub-region are heterogeneous in nature. The soils developed on steep hill slopes are shallow, excessively drained with severe erosion hazard potential. The soils of the foothill slopes and valleys are moderately deep, well drained, loamy in texture with moderate erosion hazards. Soil acidity, high runoff rate and limiting soil depth (on steep hill slopes) are the most important problems of this region.

Warm to hot humid agro-ecological sub-region comprising of foothills of Bhutan Himalayas constitutes the northern fringe of Jalpaiguri district with Tarai soils. The soils are partly developed and are mainly formed of young alluvium on alluvial fans of the foothills. These are shallow to moderately deep and at places deep with medium to fine texture. Mostly tea and horticultural plantation are supported by these soils. Severe flood hazards coupled with abrupt break in gradient and severe runoff poses serious water management problems.

Hot humid agro-ecological sub-region covers the Teesta Plain (Duars) below the Bhutan Himalayas, the districts of Kochbehar, Jalpaiguri (southern part) and Uttar Dinajpur. The soils of this region have developed from the alluvium deposited by the rivers like the Teesta, Mahananda and Jaldhaka. These are moderately deep to deep, coarse to fine loamy in texture. At places these soils are moderately well drained but mostly they are imperfectly and/or poorly drained. The area is intensively cultivated for rice and jute. The major problems are water logging, severe flood hazards etc.

Hot moist sub-humid agro-ecological sub region comprises of the Ganga Plain (an eastward continuation of Indo Gangetic Plain covering the districts of Maldah, Dakshin Dinajpur Murshidabad, Nadia, Haora, Hugli, 24 Parganas (North), Bardhaman (eastern part), Birbhum, Bankura and Purba Medinipur. The soils have been formed from the alluvium deposited by Ganga and its tributaries and sub tributaries viz. Ajoy, Damodar, Kangsabati, Bhagirathi, Haldi, Rupnarayan etc. These soils are greatly variable in their morphological, physical and chemical properties depending upon the geomorphic situations, moisture regime and degree of profile development. The soils are intensively cultivated for rice, wheat, potato and oilseed crops. Frequent inundation of low lying areas result in stagnation of water for certain times of the year. Besides flood hazards also affect the normal dry land crop yields. The soils of this sub-region have high nutrient content and mineral resource with

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Environmental Setting

a high potential for a large variety of agricultural and horticultural crops.

Moist sub-humid agro-ecological sub-region encompasses the coastal parts of the districts of 24 Parganas comprising mostly Sundarban areas of 24 Parganas (South) and coastal Medinipur. The alluvium deposited by Matla, Haldi, Rupnarayan Rivers have gradually developed into deep, fine loamy to fine textured soils, by and large salt impregnated due to tidal flow of sea water through creeks and sub-tributaries. These soils are imperfectly to poorly drained with moderate to very high salinity hazards. The soils remain wet and saline for considerable period of the year and are suitable particularly for salt resistant crops. Hot dry sub-humid agro-ecological sub-region comprising the outlines of Chhotonagpur Plateau includes the district of Puruliya and western parts of Bardhaman, Bankura, Birbhum and Medinipur. The soils have developed on parent materials of sedentary nature. They vary from shallow to deep reddish to yellowish red, loamy to clayey and are imperfectly to well-drained. Relatively less aggregated red and laterite soils are prone to frequent development of surface encrustation. Poor capacity for retention of rainwater leads to severe runoff and soil loss. Soil infertility and limiting soil depth also pose problems.

3.2.1 Soil types in agro-climatic zones

The distribution of soil types with their features is furnished in the table 3.2.1(i):

Table – 3.2.1(i)

Sl. Agro-climatic zone Soil type Districts No. 1 Northern Hill Zone Soils are shallow, coarse and Parts of Darjeeling medium texture; highly susceptible and Jalpaiguri to soil erosion, reasonably high in organic matter, poor in base and phosphate and acidic in soil reaction 2 Terai-Teesta Alluvial Soils are deep, medium in texture, Coochbehar and Zone moderate level of organic matter; pH parts of ranges from highly acidic to acidic, Darjeeling, low in bases, phosphate, potash Jalpaiguri and and some micro-nutrients Uttar Dinajpur 3 Gangetic Alluvial Soils are very deep, medium fine to Dakshin Dinajpur, Zone medium in texture, neutral to mildly Malda, Nadia and alkaline in pH; N and P status parts of Uttar medium to medium low and potash Dinajpur,

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Sl. Agro-climatic zone Soil type Districts No. is medium to high Murshidabad, North 24- Parganas, South 24-Parganas, Howrah, Hoogly, Barddhaman and Birbhum 4 Vindhyan Alluvial Soils are generally deep, texturally Parts of Zone medium fine, mostly acidic in soil Murshidabad, reaction; pH increases with depth, Howrah, Hoogly, low in bases, organic matter and Barddhaman, phosphate and medium in potash Birbhum, Bankura, Paschim Medinipur and Purba Medinipur 5 Coastal Saline Zone Soils are mostly very deep, fine Parts of North 24- textured with varying grades of soil parganas, South salinity: soil salinity increases with 24- Parganas, depth. Excessive presence of K and Howrah and Purba Mg under poor drainage has created Medinipur typical physical condition problematic to soil tilth. 6 Undulating Red and Soils are normally well-drained, Purulia and parts Lateritic Zone susceptible to soil erosion; pH of Barddhaman, ranges from acidic on ridges to near Birbhum, Bankura neutral in valleys, base saturation, and Paschim organic carbon content, phosphate Medinipur and potash are significantly low

A soil map of West Bengal showing detailed soil types is provided at Annexure III.

Primary soil quality monitoring has been undertaken through Scientific Research Laboratory in 9 blocks. A large number of parameters have been monitored including texture, moisture content, pH, organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. Such monitored values and secondary soil quality data of some blocks in the districts of Nadia, Murshidabad, Howrah, South 24-Parganas and Barddhaman have been furnished at Annexure XIII.

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Environmental Setting

3.3 Climate

The State of West Bengal generally experiences Tropical Monsoon type of climate. Climatic features, however, vary in different regions. Under the new system of climatic classification 5 zones have been recognised. These are:

(1) Humid on the northern mountain slope and Humid coastal area (2) Super humid Terai and the southern Mountain slope, (3) Semi-humid north and south, (4) Sub-humid east and west (5) Humid coastal area

This new system is based on mean annual rainfall, mean annual range of temperature, evapo-transpiration and mean annual humidity. The table below presents the details of the system and the area of the state that can be grouped under each, showing vegetation types and recorded natural hazards.

Table – 3.3(i) Climatic classification of West Bengal

Mean Mean Mean Mean annual annual Characteristic Climatic Climate annual annual range of relative natural hazards in the Range Types rainfall PPT in temperat humidity vegetation region in mm o mm ure in C in % Super Above Above humid 3000 2000 Super Above 10 - 13 Above Above Evergreen and Heavy rain South facing humid 3500 2000 75 semi causes Himalayan slope mountain evergreen sub landslides and of Darjiling and southern tropical wet hill disruption of Jalpaiguri slope forest communication District Super 3000- 10 - 13 Above 70-75 Forest - Moist Heavy rain may Plain section of humid terai 3500 2000 Sal Bearing cause flashing Darjiling forest of river and Jalpaiguri and floods almost whole of Koch Behar Humid 1800- 200 - 3000 2500 Humid 1800 - 10 - 13 200 - Above Mountain wet Heavy rain Northern side of mountain 3000 2500 75 temperate causes land Ghoom ridge northern forest slide and covering Rangit slope disruption of and Tista Valley communication in the northern less frequent portion of

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Mean Mean Mean Mean annual annual Characteristic Climatic Climate annual annual range of relative natural hazards in the Range Types rainfall PPT in temperat humidity vegetation region in mm mm ure in oC in % than 1a. Winter Darjiling District. rain and snow. Humid 1800 - 10 - 13 200 -2500 70 - 75 Cleared for Occasional Whole of West interior 3000 cultivation flood due to Dinajpur upto heavy Balurghat in the precipitation. south, excluding north western part of Raigunj sub division Humid 1800 - < 10 200 -2500 Above Tidal forest Storm surge - Along the coastal 3000 75 frequent southern part of incantation of the state the low lying covering coastal areas. Damage areas of to property and Medinipur and loss of lives 24 Pargana(s) Semi humid 1500 - 10 - 13 0-200 70 - 75 Topical Moist Occasional 1800 Deciduous thunder storms forest during pre monsoon months. Semi humid Northern part of North Malda and southern part of West Dinajpur Semi humid Central South Medinipur, southern Nadia, northern 24 Parganas, Hughli and almost whole of Haora, excluding its southern tip. Sub humid Below 1500

Sub humid Below 10 - 13 P is 65 - 70 Cleared for Occasional Northern half of east 1500 almost cultivation drought Nadia, eastern equal to part of PE or Bardhaman, slightly whole of greater Murshidabad, but not and Southern more than part of Malda. 60 mm. Sub humid Below More P is less Less Tropical dry Frequent Northern west 1500 than 13 than PE than 65 deciduous drought, heat Medinipur, whole (in dry forest, scrub wave during of Puruliya, season) and thorny summer Bankura,

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Environmental Setting

Mean Mean Mean Mean annual annual Characteristic Climatic Climate annual annual range of relative natural hazards in the Range Types rainfall PPT in temperat humidity vegetation region in mm mm ure in oC in % bushes. months. Birbhum and western Bardhaman.

3.3.1 Seasonal cycle

Four well defined seasons cyclically rotate over West Bengal. These are: • Winter- December- February • Summer- March to may • Monsoon- June to September • Retreating monsoon or Autumn- October- November

3.3.2 Temperature

The Latitudinal extension of the state exerts less influence on the temperature pattern of the State than the topography. The summer temperature in Darjeeling varies between 14º c in Sandakphu to 23º C in the foothills This goes to 27º C in Jalpaiguri and goes down to 23ºC -24º c in Uttar Dinajpur. The average summer temperature in Dakshin Dinajpur is between 26º C- 27º C and the same at Malda varies between 27º c - 28º C.. The entire South Bengal experience scorching summer temperature of 29º C but coastal Purba Medinipur records less summer temperature because of maritime influence.

The average winter temperature in Darjeeling varies between 9º C and 14º C and that in Jalpaiguri varies between 17º C and 19º C. this temperature declines to 12º C to 16º C in Uttar Dinajpur. The temperature varies between 20 º C to 21º C in Western Rarh and fluctuates between South 24 –Parganas and Purba Medinipur

3.3.3 Rainfall and number of rainy days

Annual rainfall in districts of West Bengal varies widely - Coochbehar records highest rainfall of 3584mm. This is followed by Jalpaiguri (3415mm), Darjeeling (2766mm), Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur (1824 mm). Amongst the districts of South Bengal, Puruliya receives the lowest (1387 mm), followed by Birbhum (1377mm), Barddhaman (1419 mm), Nadia (1435 mm), Howrah (1610mm), Murshidabad (1636 mm), Purba Medinipur (1755 mm) , Paschim Medinipur (1688 mm), North 24-parganas (1716 mm) and South 24- parganas 9 2248 mm).

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Environmental Setting

The average number of rainy days in the state is 79. However for the northern region of the state is 88.

3.3.4 Climatic Conditions in different agro-climatic zones

Rainfall and air temperatures (maximum and minimum) in different agro-climatic zones during three well defined periods namely pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon are reflected in the table 3.3.4(i) : Table – 3.3.4(i)

Sl Agro-climatic Rainfall (mm) Air temperature No. zone Max Min 1 Northern Hill Zone March to May 398.5 17.0 10.5 June to Oct. 2637.5 19.5 14.3 Nov. to Feb. 68.5 12.0 4.8 2 Terai Teesta Alluvial zone March to May 376.6 32.3 20.5 June to Oct. 2134.0 31.3 24.5 Nov. to Feb. 42.6 26.0 12.8 3 Gangetic Alluvial Zone March to May 233.8 35.0 23.4 June to Oct. 1206.0 32.2 25.6 Nov. to Feb. 67.8 27.4 15.6 4 Vindhyan Alluvial Zone March to May 137.23 35.3 23.2 June to Oct. 1206.12 32.0 25.2 Nov. to Feb 66.68 27.0 15.1

5 Coastal Saline Zone March to May 195.0 34.0 24.8 June to Oct. 1475.2 32.0 26.0 Nov. to Feb 82.2 28.2 16.0

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Environmental Setting

6 Undulating Red and Lateritic zone March to May 137.0 37.0 23.7 June to Oct. 1224.0 32.4 25.0 Nov. to Feb 66.0 28.2 14.8

3.4 Land Use

The total recorded under different categories of land use in West Bengal was 8.687 million ha in 2003-2004. Salient features of land use in the State are:

• Predominance of the net sown area. This stood at 63% of the recorded area. This reflects the intensity of land use when compared to the figure of 46% for the entire country.

• The share of fallow land, uncultivable land and pastures in West Bengal is very low. This is only 1% of land under different uses in West Bengal whereas for the entire country the figure is high as 17.6%.

Land use in the state is characterised by its intensiveness. A recent report brought out by the Govt. of West Bengal reflects that the challenge for land use planning lies in achieving concurrently the objective of protecting and consolidating agriculture, diversifying agriculture production, enhancing rural development and moving firmly towards industrialisation and infrastructure.

The table below gives the distribution of land allocated to nine categories:

Table; 3.4 (i) Land use data of West Bengal (2003-2004) r e d e r n w n h w u t o t e a w d o l l l r d o l r l t o n a d s l u e b e n d e a s a a e n n l e n a c a d a f n l d r e & i a f e l e r b a a n r a r t a t n r h n a t l g u e e t a u t c g n s t n r t u r a r w n n i l . s a e e e l e u i r a r u e d t o - r a c r u t a e t m t v z e r l d t l s r t r s n r e c r s n l s r e a o i h n e i a r a u u a o e o a r s a n o r t u a m g L B u l P p N u D T w F C g C n A c o F Darjeeling 325.74 124.58 33.79 4.93 0.91 1.94 1.38 3.80 11.15 143.00 Jalpaiguri 622.70 179.00 76.44 2.41 0.00 5.07 0.78 0.08 21.46 337.46

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Environmental Setting

Cooch Behar 331.38 4.26 56.66 1.10 0.84 8.97 1.41 0.24 1.26 257.00 Uttar 312.47 0.58 30.55 0.22 0.09 3.23 0.13 0.62 4.47 272.58 Dinajpur Dakhsin 221.91 0.93 25.61 0.21 0.01 0.67 0.02 0.09 1.15 193.22 Dinajpur Malda 371.05 1.68 84.06 0.00 0.00 3.01 0.09 0.30 49.65 232.26 Murshidabad 532.50 0.77 120.60 2.03 0.04 2.00 0.82 0.40 1.82 403.82 Birbhum 451.12 15.85 90.81 o.40 0.30 0.75 2.92 2.61 26.03 311.45 Barddhaman 698.74 22.27 182.62 2.38 0.62 3.01 9.84 3.33 8.04 466.63 Nadia 390.66 1.22 74.71 0.20 0.10 2.64 0.58 0.05 3.94 307.22 24-Pgs(N) 386.52 0.00 117.96 0.00 0.00 8.71 0.00 0.00 2.40 257.45 Hoogly 312.22 0.53 80.54 0.97 0.11 2.30 1.62 0.14 0.84 225.17 Bankura 688.10 147.70 142.18 2.37 0.52 0.88 3.71 1.49 41.12 364.13 Purulia 625.48 75.05 84.75 4.31 0.65 0.82 6.36 3.69 110.71 339.14 Purba 396.59 0.90 91.70 1.73 0.07 3.91 0.06 0.15 0.78 297.29 Medinipur Paschim 928.58 169.69 146.07 2.44 0.65 6.46 4.19 3.82 29.98 565.28 Medinipur Howrah 138.68 0.00 43.77 0.75 0.14 0.74 0.14 1.11 4.92 87.11 24-Pgs(S) 953.37 426.30 125.95 0.59 0.00 2.76 0.45 0.21 13.66 383.45 West Bengal 8687.54 1171.31 1608.97 27.04 5.05 57.87 34.50 22.13 333.38 5463.67

Cultivable area as per 2005-2006 data of the Department of Agriculture is estimated at 57.49 lac ha. This estimate projects the figures of gross cropped area and net cropped area at 95.32 lac ha and 52.95 lac ha. The distribution of such areas and the cropping intensity of different districts is furnished in the following table:

Table: 3.4 (ii) District wise cultivable area, Net Cropped Area, Gross Cropped area and Cropping Intensity (2005-2006)

Sl District Cultivable Gross cropped Net cropped Cropping intensity No area(ha) area (ha) area (ha) (%) 1 Darjeeling 162395 239773 141773 169.12 2 Jalpaiguri 357928 561803 336637 166.89 3 Coochbehar 260011 512378 246939 207.49 4 Uttar Dinajpur 278586 497341 270231 184.04 5 Dakshin Dinajpur 191385 299867 187948 159.55 6 Malda 282465 439819 221537 198.53 7 Murshidabad 404343 937782 401369 233.65 8 Nadia 303196 730461 291995 250.16 9 24-Parganas (N) 266188 495911 260537 190.34 10 24-Parganas(S) 386401 507604 370367 137.05 11 Howrah 88778 170994 81652 209.42 12 Hoogly 223166 528672 218817 241.60 13 Barddhaman 477427 825028 454939 181.35 14 Birbhum 338258 514494 319959 160.80 15 Bankura 388403 493854 335583 147.16

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Environmental Setting

16 Purulia 442276 329642 308643 106.80 17 Paschim 595691 931881 551720 168.90 Medinipur 18 Purba Medinipur 302206 515303 294056 175.24 Total 5749105 9532607 5294702 180.04

3.5 Drainage

West Bengal is a land of rivers. Some of these are the tributaries and the others are the distributaries. The State is drained by three major basins namely the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Subarnarekha. These three rivers drain 46.30%, 39.17% and 2.74% of the total quantum of surface water.

Table – 3.5(i) CATCHMENT AREAS OF BASINS AND SUB-BASINS

Sl no Basin Area in sq km 1 Brahmaputra 11860 2 Ganga 74439 3 Subarnarekha 2160 Total 88459

Break-up of areas in major basins

Basin/Sub-basin Area in Basin/Sub-basin Area in sq sq km km A. Brahamaputra 12. Damodar 5250 1.Sankosh 172 13.Dwarkeswar 4430 2.Raidak 807 14.24-Pgs-Calcutta 4330 Port Drainage 3419 15.Kangsabati 8369 3.TORSA

4.Jaldhaka 3746 16.Silabati 3952 5. Teesta 3716 17.Rupnarayan 2548 B. Ganga 18. Pichabhanga 820 1.Mahananda, 9460 19.Rasulpur 1130 Nagor,Kulik, Phulhar,Barsoi 2. Punarbhaba 730 20.Haldi 980 3. Atrai 910 21.Tidal Zone 11320

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(Sunderbans) 4.Bagmari- Pagla- 930 C. Subarnarekha 2160 Bansloi 5. Dwarka- Brahmani 2500 6.. Bhagirathi- Hugli 1170 7.Jalangi 5640 8. Mayurakshi-Babla 5470 9.Ajoy 3252 10.Khari-Gangur-Ghea 5400 11.Churni 800

3.5.1 Rivers of North Bengal

The northern part of the State has an area of 21763 sq km and is drained by six rivers. Five of these rivers drain into the Brahamaputra and only Mahananda drain into the Ganga. The Himalayan rivers debouch into the plains at approximately 90 m contour level and deposit substantial quantum of sediment in this stretch because of declining slope.

3.5.2 The Ganga- Bhagirathi System

The Ganga – the most important river of the State enters the State of West Bengal from Jharkhand at the Rajmahal hill area and flows about 80km upto Farakka. The course of the Ganga between Rajmahal and Jalangi changes frequently. The Bhagirathi takes off from the Ganga at Mithipur – a village in Murshidabad Dist. It discharges into the Bay of Bengal at Gangasagar after flowing for about 500km southward. The stretch of 280km below Nabadwip is tidal. And this tidal reach is the river Hugli. The Jalangi and Churni- two off- shoots of the Ganga-Padma flow southwest to join the Bhagirathi. Both Jalangi and Mathabhanga - Churni now stand cut-off from their feeder. The Mathabhanga forks into two channels – the Churni flowing west and the Ichhamati flows southwards towards the Sundarbans. The Bhagirathi continuously oscillates in Murshidabad and Nadia.

3.5.3 Western Tributaries

The Bhagirathi – Hugli has tributaries like Pagla, Bansloi, Mayurakshi, Ajoy, Khari-Banka, Damodar, Rupnarayan, Kangshabati-Haldi, Rasulpur and Pichhabani. All these rivers excepting Rasulpur and Pichhabani originate from Chhotanagpur uplands and flow east or south-east to meet Bhagirathi. These rainfed rivers tend to go dry during lean months.

3.5.4 Tidal creeks of Sundarbans

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Environmental Setting

Sundarbans extending over an area of 9630 sq km is demarcated by the Dampier and Hodge’s line in the north, Ichhamati- Harinbhanga in the east, Baratala estuary in the west and the Bay of Bengal in the south. Six creeks passing through the Indian territory are Saptaamukhi, Jamira, Matla, Bangaduni, Gosabaa and Baratala. The bulk of the area of the Sundarbans is only 3m above the mean sea level and tidal fluctuation is more than 5m.Very large areas go under water during high tide.

3.6 Surface Water

The major rivers, like Sankosh, Raidak, Torsa and Jaldhaka, really act as tributaries to the Teesta river. These originate in the Himalayan mountain zone or in the Piedmont fans. In addition, there are many smaller streams which originate from the piedmont fans and the diluvial plains, like the Chel, Mal, Dharla, Karla, etc., which join one or the other major streams as tributaries. It drains some 39% of surface water of the State.

The features of the gangetic drainage basin are indeed complex. It drains some 46% of surface water of the State.

The Mahananda is the most important stream amongst the left bank tributaries. It originates from the southern flank of the Himalayan mountain zone. Unlike the Teesta River, its channel has remained stable. The sediments carried by it are filling up the Tal lowland. Other streams originating from North Bengal meet the Padma river, the name given to the Ganges downstream of Farakka, in Bangladesh as left bank tributaries.

Down stream of Farakka, the Ganges-Padma River has thrown several left Bank distributaries. Amongst these, the Bhagirathi is the major one. Many of these distributaries join each other in the eastern part of south Bengal. In the extreme south, the rivers are tidal in character. These are now filling up the depressions in the transition zone between riverine and tidal delta. Due to low gradient, stagnation of water is a frequent problem in the monsoon months.

From the Deccan shield zone many rivers flow into the Ganges basin. These are all tributaries to the Bhagirathi. Amongst these, the Damodar is the major one. All these rivers are flood prone, although many reservoirs have been constructed on several of these streams. Many depressions widen their water spread areas in those months. Amongst all these rivers, the Damodar in its lower course has not yet attained any stable channel.

The left bank tributaries, the south Bengal distributaries and the right bank tributaries

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respectively drain 11.18%, 16.01% and 21.37% of the total surface water of the State. The Subarnarekha originates in the Deccan shield, but flows directly into the sea. Within West Bengal, its catchment area is the smallest accounting for only 2.74% of the total surface run off of the State. The Dolong river is its only major tributary within West Bengal. The Subarnarekha is experiencing lateral shift towards south-west. It is also a flood prone river. The floodwater passes from the left bank through the southern part of Medinipur District.

Table – 3.6(i) Amount of surface water by basins in West Bengal

Basin Sub-basin Surface % of Total Water (MCM) Ganges 64532 48.56 Left Bank Tributaries 14855 11.18 Mahananda 13334 Punarbhaba 1034 Atrai 487 South Bengal Distributaries 21279 16.01 Jalangi 3707 Bhagirathi 13643 Tidal Rivers 3929 Right Bank Tributaries 28398 21.37 Pagla-Bansloi 591 Brahmani-Dwarka 1957 Mayurakshi 2590 Ajoy 2509 Damodar 8924 Darakeswar 3330 Silabati 2068 Kangsabati 3233 Kaliaghai 818 Rupnarain 1188 Haldi 327 Rasulpur 401 Pichabhanga 462 Brahmaputra 64728 48.70 Sankosh 1365 Raidak 6666

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Basin Sub-basin Surface % of Total Water (MCM) Torsa 11908 Teesta 32124 Jaldhaka 12665 Subarnarekha Subarnarekha & 3645 2.74 Dolong Total 132905 100.00

3.6.1 Surface Water Quality

A rough estimate done by the State Pollution Control Board of total domestic pollution, produced in the different basins and sub-basins is reflected below. About 80 per cent of the water used for domestic purpose returns back to the drainage systems as wastewater. The remaining part is either absorbed in the process of use or evaporated. For assessing the total organic load and wastewater produced, the urban and rural population has been estimated for the basins and sub-basins, based on 1981 census.

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Table – 3.6.1(i) Basin and sub-basin wise organic pollution load

Basin & Sub-basins Organic Pollution Load Kg per Day Rural Urban Total Brahmaputra 202049 27171 229210 Raidak II & Sankosh 11549 145 11694 Torsa & Raidak I 70072 8370 78442 Jaldhaka 35560 11021 46581 Teesta 35560 11021 46581 Ganga 2038038 824712 2862750 Mahananda & Atrai 161124 36440 197564 Bagmari & Pagla 51868 5608 57476 Jalangi & Churni 184070 38336 222406 Mayurakshi & Babla 138150 12857 151007 Ajoy 64815 23115 87930 Damodar 160771 81807 242578 Rupnarain 276796 22481 299277 Haldi & Kangsabati 201580 23920 225500 Rasulpur 97510 2116 99626 Tidal Rivers 363430 301104 664534 Subernarekha 59518 2499 62018 Total 2299605 854382 3153978

Source: State Pollution Control Board.

In West Bengal, there are three distinct zones of industrial activities. The largest number of industries is situated along the banks of the river Hugli in the districts of 24-Parganas, Kolkata Haora, Hugli and Nadia. Huge quantity of untreated or partially treated industrial effluent is discharged into the river Hugli from these industries. Large number of industries is also situated on the bank of the Damodar in Durgapur-Asansol region. The next important place where large industries have come up and more industries are likely to come up soon is the Haldia region in the district of Purba Medinipur. Here the discharged waste water is a source of pollution to the rivers Haldi and Hugli. Among the polluting industries in other areas, some industries are at Kharagpur-Medinipur region and Siliguri. Common pollutants from these industries are shown in the table 3.6.1(ii) :

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Table – 3.6.1(ii) Common Industrial Pollutants

Common Pollutants Types of Pollution Generating Industries BOD & COD Breweries & Distilleries, Paper & Pulp, Tannery, Dairy, Textile, Organic Dye Mfg., Iron & Steel, Vegetable Oil Refinery & Wool Combing Oil & Grease Iron & Steel, Vegetable Oil Refinery, Mineral Oil Refinery & Wool Combing Heavy Metals Organic Dye Mfg., Electroplating & Storage Battery Mfg. Mercury Chlor-alkali CN Electroplating & Iron & Steel Phenol Iron & Steel & Mineral Oil Refinery Arsenic & Nitrogen Fertiliser Compound Sulfides Mineral Oil Refinery Chromium Tannery Insecticides Pesticides Source; State Pollution Control Board

The use of chemical fertilisers, pesticides and insecticides for agriculture has increased over the years. A good portion of these fertilisers and pesticides along with other organic matters is drained into the rivers and lakes with surface runoff during the monsoon. High inorganic nutrient levels, particularly of nitrates and phosphates accelerate the eutrophication process in water. At several stretches of different rivers in West Bengal some eutrophication has been observed. The situation in the Lower Damodar river as also in the estuary of the Hugli river is remarkably worse.

3.6.2 Surface water quality of rivers in different agro-climatic zones

West Bengal Pollution Control Board had undertaken monitoring of water quality of some rives at different sites during the period March, 2004 to March, 2005. These rivers are the Tista, Kaljani, Mahananda in North Bengal, the Rupnarayan, Kasai, Silabati, Dwarekswar, Subarnarekha in South-western part of the State, the Jalangi, Churni in Central Bengal. The Bhagirati-Hugli has been monitored during April-October 2007. Parameters relevant for domestic and non-domestic purpose were used for such monitoring. Results of such monitoring are tabulated Table 3.6.2(i):

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Table 3.6.2(i) Surface water quality of rivers

River Location BOD DO TC pH Total Total Ca- Mg- (mg/l) (mg/l) (100MP dissolved Hardness Hardness Hardness N/100 solids (100MPN (100MPN/ (100MPN/ ml) / 100ml ) 100ml ) 100ml)

Teesta Sevoke Bridge 0.7- 6.8- 800- 7.29- 24.51- 20-32.66 17-27 3.33-10 3.8 10.7 88667 8.1 48.83 Karola Maskalaibari 0.3- 5-8.8 6967- 6.83- 18.8- 12-31.83 9-21.33 3-13.83 Bridge 3.7 78333 8.28 50.32 Mahana Champasari Rd 0.4- 2.1- 3.9-78.3 7.1- 55.3- 42.1-57 31.16- 9.5-18 nda Bridge 2.7 8.9 7.5 101.2 39.3 Kaljani Birpara Rd 0.5- 4.5- 6267- 7.1- 59.9- 53.16- 34.66-52 18.5- Bridge 1.4 9.1 74933 8.06 100.54 77.33 34.16 Bhagira Howrah -Shivpur 1.4- 5.1- 135000- 7.96- 96 110 NA NA thi- 4.6 7.1 650000 7.99 Hugli -Do- Daksshinewar 2-5.3 4.7- 250000- 7.58- 176 90 NA NA 6.6 120000 8 0 -Do- Diamond 1.8- 5.4- 33000- 7.85- 174 560-2838 NA NA Harbour 3.2 7.1 110000 7.96 Jalangi Station-! 0.9- 5.3- NA 7.2- 111-374 103-298.3 71.6-220 31.6- 3.4 9.1 8.2 151.6 Churni Station 0.5-6 0.9- NA 7.4- 145-405 137-337 106.6- 30-143.3 4.1 7.8 266.6 Dwarak Rajgram 0.7- 5.04- 603- 6.9- 150-227 57-108 39.3-70.7 15.3-52.6 eswar Bankura 3.5 9.2 2133 7.2 Municipality. Kasai Rangamati, 0.9- 6.7- 413- 6.6- 128-207 76-113 59.3- 15.9-41.2 Medinipur, 2.6 8.3 2133 7.1 70.06 Municipality Silabati Garhbeta 0.9- 6.2- 793- 6.6- 170-194.3 62-129.3 38.03- 17.9-60.6 2.07 8.3 2400 7.6 80.06 Rupnara Kolaghat town 0.9- 5.6- 793- 6.6- 393-933 135-209.3 84.07- 39.277.8 yan 2.6 8.5 1640 7.5 140.7 Subarna Gopiballavpur 1.05- 6.4- 350- 6.5- 160-199.3 61.3-93.3 41.3- 19.9-39.2 rekha 2.7 8.5 1373 7.2 70.05 Source: West Bengal State Pollution Control Board Note: i. Parameter values for Bhagirathi –Hugli are for the period April’07 – October, 07 ii. For all other rivers figures are for the period between March’04 and March’05 iii. Values indicate minimum and maximum values in different months of the period.

Primary surface water quality monitoring has been undertaken in 6 blocks namely Purulia-II, Berhampore, Suri, Habibpur, New Barrackpore and Basanti Blocks during post monsoon by Scientific Research Laboratory – an approved and accredited laboratory. Physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters have been monitored. These include odour, turbidity, pH,

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BOD, COD, alkalinity, total hardness, dissolved solids, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, iron, cadmium. nickel, copper, lead, manganese and mercury. Bacteriological parameters like total coliform, fecal coliform and E.coli also have been estimated. Of pesticides D-BHC, J- BHC and endosulphan also have been monitored. Values of parameters are within the permissible limits of BIS standard for irrigation water (IS-11624-1986). Details of parameter values of primary monitoring are reflected in Anneuxure XII.

The West Bengal Pollution Control Board has monitored surface waters of the river Ganga at locations on different stretches within the State during 2006. Values of parameters relevant for irrigation water quality as per BIS and CPCB standards are generally well within permissible limits. Values for BHC, aldrin, dialdrin, endosulphan and DDTT are low. Details of primary and secondary data on water quality have been reflected in Annexure XII.

3.7 Ground Water Resources

The state of West Bengal is broadly divisible into three distinct groundwater-bearing zones on the basis of physiographic features and geologic set-up. These are :

(1) Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan zones of Darjiling and parts of the Jalpaiguri and Koch Behar districts lying in the north, (2) Crystalline or compact rocky uplands of Purulia and the western fringes of Bankura, Birbhum, Bardhaman and Medinipur districts including marginal lateritic tracts, and (3) the low lying alluvial plains of the northern, central and southern parts of the state encompassed within the districts of Jalpaiguri, Koch Behar, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, Hugli, Haora, the eastern parts of Bardhaman, Bankura and Medinipur, and 24-Parganas.

3.7.1 Regional Variation of Groundwater Availability

The aquifers are the products of the geomorphologic processes governing the annular spaces in the different types of sedimentary depositions. Such processes have changed over time. Additional complexities have been added to the aquifers by the tectonic processes. Hence the pattern of groundwater availability varies regionally.

3.7.2 Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan Zone

The larger part of the Darjiling district and extreme northern parts of Jalpaiguri district are covered by Archaean gneisses and schists and consolidated to semi-consolidated sedimentary rocks of Gondwana and Siwalik periods. The topography is rugged. The rise in elevation is abrupt. The rivers flow through gorges. Such features make the aquifers difficult to tap.

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The southern sub-montane region is composed essentially of terraces underlain by a sequence of pebbles, cobbles, boulders along with sands of varying grades and clay. The relatively highlands form the Bhabar zone which merges southward with Terai zone. Lithological logs of boreholes show that the area is underlain by unconsolidated sediments of varying texture with several granular zones having considerable thickness down to a depth of 150 metres from land surface.

Rain water enters the Bhabar zone by direct percolation and emerges as springs in the Terai zone. Groundwater occurs in a continuous thick zone of unconsolidated sediments down to a depth of about 65 metres. But due to rugged topography and steep hydraulic gradient, a very small part is stored as groundwater. The open wells are deeper in the Bhabar zone, ranging in depth from 3 to 10 metres. The water table fluctuates widely between monsoon and winter periods. The depth to water generally ranges from 1 to 6 metres below land surface. In southern part under Terai zone, the open wells are less deep and show less variation in seasonal fluctuations of water table. The depth to water in this zone also ranges from 1 to 6 metres below land surface.

The deeper aquifers contain groundwater under confined conditions and piezometric surface rises within 1.7 to 3.8 metres from the land surface. It has been found that groundwater potentials in the area gradually increase south of Siliguri. The prevailing hydro-geological condition precludes any large scale development of groundwater in the area.

3.7.3 Western Shield Area

The shield area consists of an Archaean basement complex consisting of varieties of crystalline rocks on which Gondwana deposits and a possible deposit of Purana age occur in intracratonic basins. A few exposures of Tertiary rocks as well as late Mesozoic volcanics of Rajmahal also occur in the Shield area. The Archaean formations of the Western part of the state are in fact an easterly continuation of the Archaeans of Chhota Nagpur plateau.

The Gondwanas crop out mainly in the district of Bardhaman and possibly continue further east and southeast below the Quaternary alluvial fill. On the eastern margin of the shield area a thick outcrop of horizontal to sub-horizontal basaltic lava flows occur with intercalation of thin layers of shale and claystone. A few possible Tertiary deposits occur in the eastern margin of the shield near Suri and Durgapur.

Almost entire area of Puruliya district, the western parts of Medinipur, Bankura, Bardhaman and Birbhum districts are underlain by Archaean crystalline rocks. Thin veneer of Recent Alluvium occasionally occurs above stream courses. Groundwater in the entire area occurs under water table condition and is tapped by the open wells, generally varying in depth 9 to

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20 metres below land surface. In Puruliya the water level lies between 5 to 8 metres below land surface and most of the wells go dry during summer because of the recession of water table. In Bankura and Medinipur districts the water table ranges from 3 metres to 17 metres below ground level and the seasonal fluctuation is of the order of 1 metre to 6 metres. The heterogeneous nature of the weathered mettle and uneven distribution of rainfall have precluded the possibility of adequate recharge to the groundwater bodies.

Apart from the occurrence of Archaean crystallines, in the Western parts sedimentary rocks of Gondwana age crop out in the extreme south-western parts of Birbhum district. Groundwater occurs under water-table conditions in weathered zone in this area varying in thickness from 3 metres to 15 metres. The depth to water level generally ranges from 2 metres to 14 metres below land surface. Groundwater in this area is exploited through open wells.

3.7.4 Main Alluvial Plains

The main alluvial area constitutes about three-fourths of the State and is of great importance as far as groundwater development is concerned because of its huge potentials. This vast tract can be divided into:

(1) The Northern part and (2) The Southern part. ƒ ƒ The sunken Deccan shield is the dividing line between these two parts: ƒ ƒ The area lying to the north of the above dividing line is composed of three distinct units. These are: (i) Alluvial sediments of Jalpaiguri and Koch Behar districts of the Brahmaputra basin, (ii) the Barind highland comprising parts of Malda and Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur districts in the east of the Mahananda river, and (iii) the Flood Plain zones of the Ganga and the Mahananda rivers comprising the western part of Malda and parts of Dakshin Dinajpur districts. ƒ ƒ The southern part of the alluvial tract comprising central and southern districts of the state can also be grouped into: (i) the Alluvial plains of the Bhagirathi river comprising the moribund and mature delta area lying in Murshidabad, Nadia, 24-Parganas (north) districts, (ii) the Alluvial plains of Bardhaman, Hugli and Haora districts, and

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(iii) the Eastern Alluvial fringe of the shield area comprising parts of Birbhum, Bankura and Purba Medinipur and 24-Parganas (south) districts. ƒ ƒ The districts of Jalpaiguri and Koch Behar are covered by alluvial sediments consisting of clay, silt, coarse to fine sand and gravel. The aquifers are likely to be encountered down to a depth of 150 metres separated by clay lenses. Groundwater occurs under both unconfined and confined conditions. The depth to water level generally ranges from 3 to 6 metres, the seasonal fluctuation being 1 to 2 metres. ƒ ƒ The Barind tract represents an upland lying above the recent flood plains. The tract is covered by argillaceous sediments (lithomerge and clay) and ferralite of reddish brown colour of Pleistocene age. In Malda district groundwater occurs in a confined state in Old Malda and Gazole Blocks where the top 15 to 20 metres thick clay bed holds groundwater under pressure. Water-saturated granular material occurs in the depth span of 90 to 110 metres. In rest of the area groundwater occurs under water table condition. Depth of water table in this area varies widely ranging from 6 to 22 metres below land surface. ƒ ƒ The area to the west of the Mahananda-Kalindi river forms a part of the east Ganga basin and is more or less flat. Very loose unconsolidated granular sediments occur in this area and continuous aquifer 950 metres to 100 metres thick or even more is found below the soil cover. Depth of water table ranges from 2 to 6 metres below land surface. ƒ ƒ In the Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur district, groundwater occurs in a thick zone of saturation within the alluvium. The aquifers occur within a depth of 150 metres below land surface and the thicknesses of such aquifers vary from 25 to 45 metres. The groundwater occurs under both water table conditions (Balurghat area) and confined conditions (Karandighi-Raiganj-Kaliaganj- Islampur area). The depth of water table ranges between 1 metre and 7 metre. ƒ ƒ The area lying to the east of the Bhagirathi river in Murshidabad, Nadia and 24-Parganas (North) is generally flat consisting of a succession of sand (coarse to fine), sand mixed with kankar, sandy to silty clay and clay. The geological controls indicate that groundwater occurs under water table condition. This is due to the occurrence of permeable material from surface as far as down to 157 metres below land surface. These aquifers generally become semi-confined to confined in the active delta region in the south. Depth to the water table in the area lying east of Bhagirathi is very close to the land surface. Certain sporadic occurrences of slightly deeper water table in parts of Krishnanagar, Krishnaganj, Tehatta and Chakdah blocks have also been noticed. Depth of water level is usually deep near the river being of the order of 6 to 9 metres from land surface. ƒ ƒ Except the coal field and Tertiary belt, most parts of Bardhaman and Hugli districts have

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reasonably thick deposits of loose unconsolidated alluvial materials of recent age. The alluvial fill tends to thicken towards the east and southeast; and towards the west it thins out on Tertiary- Gondwana terrain. The upper flood plains of the Bhagirathi and in a narrow sector of the Damodar basin occurrence of unconfined groundwater is the predominant hydrogeological feature. The cumulative thickness of aquifers as encountered ranges from 60 to 130 metres in the eastern part of Hugli district and 12 to 15 metres in the west beyond the Darakeswar river. In Bardhaman district aquifers range in thickness from 20 to 110 metres. A single aquifer having a thickness of 94 metres occurs in Jamalpur-Memari area within a depth of 125 metres below land surface. The deeper aquifers in Hugli district occur under confined conditions, whereas in parts of Burdwan district it occurs under unconfined to semi-confined state. Depth to water table in Hugli district varies from 1.15 to 8.80 metres whereas in Bardhaman district it varies from 3 metres to 9 metres below land surface. ƒ ƒ The eastern part of Birbhum district is covered by Older Alluvium and laterite, whereas in the southern part fluviatile sediments of recent age occur along the course of the Ajay river. In the south-astern part, Older Alluvium gradually merges into the wider spread of Recent Alluvium of the adjoining Burdwan district. The alluvial fill contains a number of aquifer zones within a depth of 210 metres having a cumulative thickness ranging from 25 to 55 metres. ƒ ƒ In Bolpur-Labhpur area the lithology changes abruptly and important granular zones occur between 250 to 450 metres below land surface having a cumulative thickness of around 100 to 110 metres. In these areas groundwater occurred under water table conditions in shallow aquifers and under confined conditions in the deeper aquifers. Depth to water table generally varies from 2 to 14 metres below land surface. ƒ ƒ The easternmost sector of Bankura district is generally covered by alluvium consisting of a succession of sand (coarse to fine), clay and silt. The depth of the alluvium generally increases towards the east from 80 metres near Govindapur to 458 metres near Repatganj. In laterite belt towards the central part, sands of various grades usually occur up to a depth of 20 to 25 metres below land surface. In the near surface aquifers water table conditions prevail, whereas deeper aquifers are in confined conditions. The water level varies widely both in Older Alluvium and Recent Alluvium, ranging from 1.5 to 22 metres. A number of flowing tube wells exist along the banks of the Dwarakeswar river, the Jaipanda Nadi and the Chanpa stream. Artesian flows are generally obtained from aquifers occurring between depth span 30 to 75 metres. In the Dwarakeswar river basin free flow of 25 to 34 litres per minute is obtained from a 50 mm diameter tube well. The artesian pressure is weak and varies from 1.1 m to 6.5 m above land surface. ƒ ƒ The Archaean highland of Paschim Medinipur disappears eastward below the deltaic plains of the Ganga. The alluvial plain formed by the Damodar, Rupnarayan and Subarnarekha rivers constitute the eastern plains of Purba Medinipur district and these plains extend right up to the

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Bay of Bengal. In the central part of the district, a thick pile of Tertiary and Quaternary sediments occur comprising clay, sand and silt with occasional streak of lignites. Groundwater occurs under confined conditions in those formations and artesian tube wells have been successful in low lying areas of the Silai and Kaloghai river basin. Several aquifers have been intersected within the depth span of 20 to 165 metres below ground level. The depth to water table in the northern part of the district covered by crystallines and in the lateritic highlands varies widely, ranging from 2 to 28 metres, while in the central part it lies between 3 to 8 metres. ƒ ƒ The interfluve of the Rupnarayan-Damodar-Bhagirathi river systems occurring in the eastern and the southern part of Haora district and the coastal tract of the Bay of Bengal, that is, the southern part of Medinipur district and the area lying south of Calcutta city in 24 -Parganas district, are facing problems of salinity. Salinity problem in these areas is manifold, affecting all surface water storage by incursion of saline water through various cracks, streams and rivers in the tidal region. There hazards are aggravated by bank overflow during the period of cyclone. This surface salinity affects the underlying soil zone and irrigation practices. In the same area saline groundwater occurs at varying depths within a zone of 15 km to 20 km from the coast line. The salinity of groundwater in the adjoining area away from the coastal influences has rendered it unsuitable for irrigational use. The problem of occurrence of confined groundwater in this belt is essentially attributed to past geological events. ƒ ƒ The aquifer system underlying the coastal region demonstrates a wide variation in the disposition of the fresh and saline groundwater bodies. Throughout the coastal area a thick blanket of top clay is underlain by aquifers where both type of groundwater co-exist and as a system do not maintain any uniform hydraulic continuity. This characteristic is very much true in the case of the upper surface aquifers occurring within the depth of 120 metres below ground level. However, a group of fresh water bearing aquifers generally occur in the depth span of 140 to 280 metres below ground level. The lower group of aquifers are effectively separated from the upper aquifers by a thick clay bed and exist under confined condition. The piezometric head of the lower aquifers is generally less than 4 metres below land surface. ƒ ƒ The transmissivity value of the aquifers occurring in the alluvial belt in the Ganga delta varies widely from 500 m2 /day to 30,000 m2 /day; but on an average this value ranges from 3000 m2 /day to 9000 m2 /day. The water yielding capacity of potential aquifers generally ranges from 100 m3 /hour to 250 m3 /hour. ƒ ƒ However, the large diameter deep tube wells are found to discharge 100 m3 /hour to 200 m3 /hour with an average drawdown of 6 to 10 metres. The thickness of the aquifer zones tapped in these tube wells are of the order of 25 to 35 metres. The small diameter shallow tube wells are generally sunk within 40 to 60 metres below ground level and can yield 25 to 30 m3 /hour.

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3.8 Ground Water Quality

The northern districts of Darjiling, Jalpaiguri and Koch Behar in the Brahmaputra basin the ground water is less mineralised having conductance values ranging from 100 to 600 micromhos/cm at 25o C and Cl values less than 200 g/l in majority of water samples. In hard rock terrain of Bankura, Birbhum and Puruliya districts, it is similarly less mineralised and specific conductance values range between 150 and 1000 micromhos/cm at 25o C and Cl values vary from 20-150 mg/l. In South 24-Parganas, Medinipur and Haora district specific conductance of ground water from deeper aquifers ranges between 1000-2000 micromhos/cm at 25o C and Cl values varies from 50 to 300 mg/l. In the rest of the state, mineralisation of ground water lies in between the two extreme limits of Northern and Southern districts. The important chemical types of water in the state are Ca-Mg-HCO3 type for low mineralised water, Na-HCO3 type in South 24 Paraganas district and Ca-Mg-Cl type in Kolkata and some isolated pockets.

In the coastal tracts of Purba Medinipur, South 24 Parganas and Haora districts lying in the active delta of the Ganga-Bhagirathi river system ground water is, in general, high in chloride content in upper aquifers (in Subarnarekha basin 8-100 m, in Haldia area, Kasai Basin 40- 115 m, in South 24 Parganas and Haora districts 20-150 m depth range), and specific conductance also records a higher value (above 1500 micromhos/cm at 25o C. However, aquifers occurring in the depth span of 115-350 m in South 24-Parganas district are relatively fresher and chloride content of ground water is within permissible limit. A high concentration of chloride in ground water in these upper aquifers is probably related to the sub-marine and estuarine environment in which the sediments were deposited as also owing to sea water intrusion owing to proximity to the sea and tidal influence.

In the northern part of the state, Ground water is very fresh electrical conductivity being generally below 500 micromhos/cm at 25o C. Similarly in the western part of the state comprising Bankura, Puruliya, Birbhum and parts of the Bardhaman and Medinipur districts ground water is fresh with conductance being below 1000 micromhos/cm being essentially a recharge area. Specific conductance values the fresh water group of aquifers are higher in the southern part of the state lying in the coastal tract and its adjoining areas. In general the entire state of West Bengal except the coastal and deltaic part quality of water is in general suitable for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes as specific conductance values are well within permissible limits.

In the upper aquifers of coastal area, it indicates that the iso-conductance contour values increase towards south-east direction. In north-western part the value is 500 micromhos/cm and in south-eastern part the value becomes 2000 micromhos/cm. The water is in general not

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suitable for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes.

Ground water availability, their status, arsenic and fluoride contamination etc are provided in Annexures IV and V separately for pilot and non-pilot blocks of different blocks of West Bengal.

Primary monitoring of ground water quality has been undertaken during post-monsoon by an approved and accredited laboratory namely Scientific Research Laboratory at Santoshpur, Jadavpur, Kolkata. These blocks include Phansidewa (Darjeeling), Nabadwip (Nadia), Raina (Barddhaman), Dhupguri (Jalpaiguri), Sitai (Coochbehar), Barrackpore-I (North 24- Parganas), Gangarampur (Dakshin Dinajpur), Goalpokhar I (Uttar Dinajpur), Uluberia I (Howrah), Kulpi (South 24-Parganas), Garbeta-I(Paschim Medinipur), Ranibundh ( Bankura ), and Balagarh( Hoogly).

Such monitoring covered physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters. Such parameters included odour, turbidity, pH, total hardness, dissolved solids, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, iron, cadmium, nickel, copper, lead, magnesium, copper, mercury, chromium. In addition to these, alkalinity, BOD, COD have been evaluated. Bacteriological parameters like α-BHC, γ-BHC and endosulphan also have been monitored. An examination of the values of parameters monitored in these locations indicate ground water quality at all these locations satisfy limits prescribed for parameters included in BIS standards for irrigation water. Values of monitored parameters are furnished in Annexure XII.

The West Bengal Pollution Control board has published comprehensive water quality data. Such secondary data primary relate to areas in industrial areas in the districts of Kolkata, Howrah, Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur, Hoogly, North and South 24-Parganas. This monitoring was done during the pre-monsoon of 2007 and the values of parameters relevant for irrigation water quality as per BIS or CPCB standards are within permissible limits mostly. As far as values of aldrin, dialdrin, endosulphan and DDT are concerned these are mostly below detection limits. Use of excess pesticide for increase harvest of cultivated crops pose a threat to contamination of ground water resources through leaching. Ground water being a closed system generally takes years to decontaminate. Residues of pesticides in agricultural crops also has serious implications on human health. In view of this West Bengal State Pollution Control Board had undertaken a continuous ground water monitoring programme in association with the Central Pollution Control Board at selected stations in the districts of Bardhaman, Howrah, North and South 24-Parganas, Nadia, & Maldah, Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur and Kolkata at 22 stations. Monitored pesticides are BHC, DDT, Endosulfan, Aldrin, Malathion, Methyl Parathion, Chlorpyriphos and Anilophos. The analysis of 22 samples resulted in detection of -BHC only in four samples and DDT in 2 samples only. Malathion was present only in one

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sample. Aldrin has been detected in a few samples but this was well below the quantification of the analytical set up. Chlorpyriphos and Anilophos were not detected. Pesticides have also been monitored by an accredited environmental laboratory in a good number of ground water samples collected from stations located in districts like Darjeeling, Nadia, Bardhaman, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, North 24-Parganas, Dakshin Dinajpur, Uttar Dinajpur, Howrah, Hoogly, South 24- Parganas, Paschim Medinipur & Bankura. All such samples had -BHC, -BHC and Endosulphan below detection limit.

Ground Water Quality Monitoring of Pesticides (in ppb)

p s h h n i n T o l n p p o r / T o n i l l i n C i C y h e I y D i e r o I D u u h s I h h i p r p H t H s s d d t D t t o m D o l r n d a o o o n a e l a B - a B l - h e l o a i t c - - r a i d d l p 4 a N A n , a S M n n h p D 2 P A M E E C Dhapa(1775) nt bdl nt 0.23 bdl nt nt nt nt nt nt nt 00 Tangra(1773) nt bdl nt nt bdl nt nt nt nt nt nt nt Topsia(1774) nt bdl nt nt bdl nt nt nt nt nt nt nt Cen. bdl 0.0094 bdl nt bdl nt nt nt nt nt nt nt Howrah(1934) Howrah(1933) nt nt nt nt bdl nt nt nt nt nt nt nt Cossipore nt nt nt nt bdl nt nt nt nt nt nt nt (1931) Cen. Kolkata nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt ( 1932) Sonarpur nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt (1936) Domjur nt nt nt nt nt nt bdl nt nt bdl nt nt (1778) Behala(1777) 0.0218 0.0160 bdl nt bdl nt nt nt nt nt nt nt Garia(1776) nt bdl nt nt bdl nt nt nt nt nt nt nt CL Complex 0.0272 0.0127 nt nt bdl nt nt nt nt nt nt nt (1935) Maldah(1945) 0.014 bdl nt nt bdl nt nt nt nt nt nt nt Rajarhat bdl 0.0213 bdl bdl nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt (1937) Haldia(1769) nt bdl bdl nt bdl nt nt nt nt nt nt nt Haldia(1770) nt bdl nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt Haldia(1942) nt nt nt nt bdl nt nt nt 0.02 nt nt nt 77

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Kharagpur nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt 0.00 nt nt nt (1943) 98 Kharagpur nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt (1944) Asansole nt nt nt bdl nt nt bdl nt nt nt nt nt (1766) Durgapur nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt nt (1767) Durgapur nt nt nt nt nt nt nt bdl bdl nt bdl nt (1768)

Detection Limit: Organochlorine pesticides- 0.01ppb; Organophosphorus-0.1ppb; Nt- not traceable; bdl – below detection limit Source: WBPCB Annual Report – 2007-2008

Central Pollution Control Board also have undertaken monitoring of ground water quality in some problem areas of Howrah and Durgapur during the years 1994 and 2001-2002.Result published on such monitoring have brought out the values against each parameter and observations have been recorded as necessary with reference to BIS standards of drinking water. Secondary data as mentioned are provided in Annexure XII.

3.8.1 Arsenic Contamination

The arsenic contamination problem in ground water in West Bengal has been reported from time to time since 1978. Clinical manifestation of arsenic poisoning takes the form of dermatitis, conjunctivitis, bronchitis, gastro-enteritis etc in the initial stage. In the second stage peripheral neuropathies, melanosis, hepatopathy, hyper-keratosis etc occur. The last stage shows malignant neoplasm, gangrene in the limbs etc. The toxicity of arsenic depends on the concentration (maximum permissible limit is 0.05 mg / l) in water as well as the type of arsenic compound present in water. In order of decreasing toxicity these compounds are arsenite, arsenate, methylarsenic acid and dimethylarsenic acid. Arsenite is four time more toxic than arsenate. The source of Arsenic is geological. Arsenic is present in alluvial sediments of the delta. The mechanism and cause of leaching Arsenic has not been firmly established. The theories of oxidation, reduction and carbon reduction have been suggested.

SWID study has identified 81 blocks as arsenic affected ( concentration > 0.05mg/l ). These blocks are: 24-Parganas ( North): Habra-I, Habra-II, Barasat I, Barasat II, Amdanga, Deganga, Rajarhat, Bagdah, Bongaon, Gaighata, Baduria, Haroa, Minakhan, Swarupnagar,

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Hasnabad, Sandeshkhali II, Basirhat I, Basirhat II, Barrackpore I, Barackpore II

24-Parganas ( South): Baruipur, Bhangar I, Bhangar II, Bishnupur I, Bishunupur II, Sonarpur, Budge Budge II, Jaynagar I, Basanti, Mograhat II

Nadia : Chakdah, Chapra, Hanskhali, Haringhata, Kaligung, Karimpur I, Karimpur II,, Krishnaganj, Krishnanagar I, Krishnanagar II, Nabadwip, Nakashipara, Ranaghat-I, Ranaghat II, Santipur, Tehatta –I, Tehatta-II,

Murshidabad: Beldanga I, Beldanga II, Nawda, Hariharpara, Domkal, Bahrampur, Jalangi, Jiaganj, Raninagar I, Raninagar II, Lalgola, Samsergang, Bhagawangola I, Bhagawangola II, Farakka, Suti I, Suti II, Raghunathgunge II

Maldah: Manickchak, Englishbazar, Kaliachak I, Kaliachak II, Kaliachak III, Ratua I, , Ratua II

Howrah: Shyampur II, Uluberia II, Balijagchha

Barddhaman: Purbasthaali I, Purbasthali II, Katwa I, Katwa II, Kalna II

Hoogly Balagarh

School of Environmental Studies of Jadavpur University have published their report on Arsenic contamination in ground water of West Bengal. Based on Arsenic concentrations found in the 19 districts of West Bengal, It has been assessed that the total area in 9 severely affected districts cover an area of 38861 sq km having a population of 80.4 million.

They have classified the districts into three categories namely severally affected, mildly affected and arsenic safe. Districts where more than 300µg/L arsenic concentrations were found have been categorised as severally affected; districts where arsenic concentrations were mostly below 50µg/L (only a few above 50µg/L and none above 100 µg/L were categorised as mildly affected and where all the recorded concentration was below 10µg/L the districts were categorised as arsenic safe. The categorisation of districts as on December 2005 stood as below:

• Severely affected districts: Malda, Murshidabad. Nadia, North 24-parganas, South 24-Parganas, Barddhaman, Howrah , Hugli and Kolkata • Mildly affected districts: Kochbehar, Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling , North Dinajpur and South Dinajpur

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• Arsenic safe : Bakura, Birbhum, Puruliya, East and West Medinipur

The Table below summarises the arsenic contamination of ground water in 8 severely affected districts. Kolkata not being a part of the project has been excluded.

Table – 3.8.1(i) Status of arsenic contamination in 8 severally affected districts

Sl. District No. of No. of % of % of No. of No. of No. Blocks blocks As- samples samples blocks blocks affected > 10µg/L > 50µg/L mildly severely affected affected 1 Murshidabad 26 26 53.8 26.7 7 19 2 North 24- Pgs 22 22 53.4 29.5 5 17 3 Nadia 17 17 51.2 17.2 5 12 4 South 24-Pgs 26 17 42.0 28.3 9 8 5 Malda 15 14 52.2 34.6 8 6 6 Howrah 15 12 24.2 11.1 9 3 7 Barddhaman 32 22 17.6 8.4 20 2 8 Hoogly 18 17 17.9 6.6 16 1 Total 171 147 79 68 Source: Report of School of Environmental Sciences, Jadavpur University # Blocks where more than 10% samples showed contamination more than 50µg/l

The details of 68 severely affected blocks are furnished below. • Hoogly : Balagarh • Barddhaman : Purbasthali I and Purbasthali II • Howrah: Bagnan I , Bally-Jagachha , Uluberia II • Maldah : Englishbazar, Kaliachak I , Kaliachak II, Kaliachak III, Manikchak , Ratua II • Nadia : Chakdah , Chapra , Haringhata , Kaligang , Karimpur I , Karimpur II , Nabadwip, Nakashipara , Ranaghat II , Santipur , Tehatta I , Tehatta II • North 24-Parganas: Amdanga , Baduria , Bagdah, Bongaon , Barasat I, Barasat II , Deganga, Gaighata, Habra I, Habra II, Hasnabad, Haroa, Rajarhat, Swarupnagar, Barrackpore I, Basirhat I, Basirhat II • Murshidabad : Behrampur , Beldanga I, Beldanga II , Bhagawangola I, Bhagwangola II, Domkal , Farakka , Hariharpara , Jalangi , Jiagang , Lalgola , Nawda, Raghunathgang I , Raghunathgang II, Raninagar I, Raninagar II, Samshergang, Suti I, Suti II • 24-Parganas ( South): Baruipur, Bhangar I, Bhangar II, Bishnupur I, Canning II,

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Jaynagar I, Mograhat II, Sonarpur

Graphical representation of arsenic contamination in different blocks of these eight districts is provided in Annexure – VI.

3.8.2 Problem of arsenic contamination of soil and food crops

In a recent study conducted by the Department of Environmental Science by Kalyani University I five blocks of Nadia, it has been established that the upper soil in the study area got contaminated with arsenic due to continuous irrigation by arsenic contaminated ground water. The paddy soil gets contaminated from ground water thus enhancing bio- accumulation of arsenic in rice plants cultivated with contaminated groundwater and soil. In the study area irrigation water had average concentration of 0.53mg/l during pre-monsoon and during post-monsoon this average dipped down to 0.32 to 0.49mg/l.The average arsenic concentration in the agriculture field was observed between 4.578 to 9.720mg /kg during pre-monsoon while in the post-monsoon season it was found to vary between3.233 to 9.131mg/kg.

This study in the five Blocks of Nadia district concluded that arsenic concentration in irrigation water in many places was above the WHO permissible limit of 0.01mg/l but arsenic concentration in agricultural field was below 20.0mg/kg – the maximum acceptable limit for agriculture soil as recommended by the EC.

The results obtained from the study clearly show that arsenic is bio-accumulated in various parts of the rice plant. Concentrations of arsenic in the various parts of rice plant have been observed to vary between ranges: straw- 0.45 to 2.88mg/kg dry weight of As, husk: 0.27 to 1.34mg/kg dry weight of As, and grain: 0.03 to0.73mg /kg dry weight of As. Concentration of Arsenic in the grain part did not exceed 1.0mg/kg dry weight of Arsenic food hygienic concentration limit by WHO.

World Water Council while dealing with the problem of arsenic contamination of groundwater observed ‘ Less well understood but potentially more serious to food security is the rise of arsenic accumulated in soils irrigated with arsenic-laden water, thus exposing food crops to potential high arsenic uptake.

The map placed below reflects the ground water arsenic status in different agro-climatic regions of West Bengal.

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3.8.3 Fluoride Contamination

Fluorosis is a deadly disease affecting millions of people across the world. Fluorosis caused by drinking F rich water is endemic in 20 states of India affecting more than 65 million people including 6 million children (UNICEF 1999). The amount of F occurring naturally in groundwater is governed principally by climate, composition of the host rock, and hydrogeology. In Indian continent the higher concentration of F in groundwater is associated with igneous and metamorphic rocks. Some anthropogenic activities such as use of phosphatic fertilizers, pesticides and sewage and sludges, depletion of groundwater table

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etc., for agriculture have also been indicated to cause an increase in F concentration in groundwater. According to WHO (2006) the permissible limit for F in drinking water is 1.5 g mL1.

Physiologically, fluoride is a potent enzyme inhibitor (comparable to lead and to cyanide ion) that accumulates in bones and teeth and is readily transported to sensitive soft tissues. Mottled enamel or dental fluorosis, which results from disturbance of the enamel forming cells by fluoride during the period of tooth formation, is one of the first signs of general chronic fluoride poisoning.

Persons in poor health and those who have allergy, asthma, kidney disease, diabetes, gastric ulcer, low thyroid function, and deficient nutrition are especially susceptible to the toxic effects of fluoride in drinking water.

The Habitation Survey 2003 conducted by WBPHED reveals the occurrence of fluoride in ground water beyond 1.50 mg/l in 46 Blocks in 8 districts is in a rather sporadic manner than following a definite pattern.

The data obtained from SWID indicate that fluoride has been reported in 49 blocks in six districts of Bankura, Birbhum, Purulia, Maldah, Dakshin Dinajpur and Uttar Dinajpur. Purulia shows contamination range of 1.01-3.38 mg/l , Dakshin Dinajpur has a low of 1.0mg/l and a high of 5.03mg/l. Maldah and Uttar Dinajpur the contamination level is rather low varying between 1.06 and 1.52mg/l.. The details of affected blocks are as below:

• Birbhum: Nalhati I, Murarai I, Rampurhat I, MD. Bazar , Dubrajpur , Rajnagar, Suri I, Suri II, Khairasole • Bankura : Bankura I, Chhatna, Saltora, Mejhia, Gangajalghati, Barjora, Ranibundh, Taldangra, Simplapal, Bishnupur, Sonamukhi, Patrasayer • Purulia : Arsha, Barabazar, Bandwan, Hura, Jhalda I, Jhalda II, Kashipur, Manbazar I, Neturi, Para, Purulia I, Purulia II, Raghunathpur I , Raghunathpur II and Santuri • Maldah : Bamangola , Englishbazar, Habibpur, Ratua I • Dakshin Dinajpur : Balurghat, Bansihari, Gangarampur, Tapan, Kumarganj, Kushmandi, Harirampur

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• Uttar Dinajpur : Itahar • South 24-Parganas: Sonarpur

3.8.4 Fluoride accumulation in crops

A study by A. Anusyua and others of National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research on concentration of fluoride in some food crops brought out higher levels of concentration on crops grown in fluorotic areas. Samples of rice (Oryza sativa,), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), and bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum) were collected from normal and endemic fluorotic areas located in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India Samples of rice and sorghum grown and consumed in the fluorotic area had significantly higher concentration of fluoride than those collected from the normal area. The values were 0.4 ± 0.32 in rice and 0.4 + 0.16 in sorghum from the fluorotic area and 0.16 ± 0.05 in rice and 0.15 ± 0.04 in sorghum from the normal area.

In a study undertaken by Khandare and others of the National Institute of Nutrition(ICMR) the uptake of fluoride by leafy vegetables like amaranth spinach, cabbage, tomato and lady’s finger grown using irrigation water with 10 ppm F has been confirmed .The study showed that fluoride levels was higher in edible parts of all vegetables compared to controls irrigated with 0.3ppm F. Fluoride contents ( mg/kg dry weight )with tap water and fluoridated water were 0.71 vs 1.70 for spinach, 3.88 vs20.29 for amaranth, 0.12 vs 0.17 for cabbage, 0.14 vs 0.43 for lady’s finger and 0.12 vs 0.2 for tomato.

S.S Randhawa (Current Science, Vol.78, No.7) has observed that prolonged exposure of dairy animals to toxic levels of fluoride (> 1mg/l) in drinking water resulted in anemia, hepatic, kidney and bone disorders.

Status of Fluoride contamination has been reflected in Annexures IV and V.

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The map reproduced below shows fluoride contaminated areas of West Bengal.

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3.8.5 Salinity

The sea coast in the state stretches from Digha in the Midnapur district in the east to the outfall of River Raimangal in the 24- Parganas district in the east. The whole of this coastal region is affected by the problem of salinity to varying extent. Besides, a strip along the bank of Hoogly in Howrah district covering parts of Bagnan I & II Shyampur I, Shyampur II, Uluberia I & II, Panchala, Sankrail and Balijagacha Blocks, have shown a marked presence of saline water. Random sampling of water from existing wells in the area have indicated presence of saline water almost parallel to the bank of Hoogly stretching from South West to North East. On a broader estimate, about 1/3rd of the Howrah district is covered by this strip.

The coastal region can be divided into two distinct parts according to the geographical and topographical nature viz. (i) South 24 Parganas District which form part of the huge Gangetic delta, lies to the east of River Hooghly and is covered by dense brushwood forest; (ii) South Midnapur which lies to the west of river Hooghly and has been found mainly from the silt carried by rivers; Rupnarayan, Cossye and Subranarekha. In South 24 Parganas district, the area on the south of ’Dampier Hodges’ line is highly saline and is generally known as "Sundarban". The Sundarbans are criss- crossed by numerous tidal creeks of varying widths and depths and comprises mainly of islands, some of which are covered by forests. But the rest of the area is reclaimed by putting marginal embankments and drainage sluices and is cultivated. The general topography of the land is, flat and consists mainly of a series of saucer shaped basins. Unlike the Sundarban, the South Midnapur area is attached to the main land but here also the general topography of the land is flat and there are also a number of saucer shaped basins in this area. It is estimated that 16 Blocks of south eastern

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part of Medinipur district covering a total area of 2500 sq. km poses salinity problems. Similarly 7360 sq. km. of 24- Parganas (south) and part of 24-Parganas (north) comprising of 34 blocks are found to be affected with salinity problems. On this basis, approximately 53% of 24 Parganas District both North and South and15% of present Purba Medinipur district may be classified as saline areas The entire saline belt lies in the active deltaic plains of the Ganga where in the aquifers occur under confined condition. The fine sands are the main constituents of these multiple aquifers. From the available information, indication of occurrence of fresh aquifers in limited scale of depth has been observed.

3.9 Wildlife and Biodiversity

According to classification of Rodgers and Pawar (1992), there are four bio-geographical zones in the state. These are as follows:

• 2C- Central Himalayas: Darjiliing district • 6D- Chhotonagpur Plains of Deccan peninsula: Purulia and part of Bankura district • 7B- Lower Gangetic Plains: Jalpaiguri, Koch Behar, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Maldah Murshidabad,, Nadia, North 24-Parganas, South 24- Parganas (part), Barddhaman, Birbhum, Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur, and part of Bankura district. • 8B- Coastal Littoral Forests; North and South 24-Parganas

3.9.1 Forest Types

Out of a total geographical area of 88,752 sq. km., 11879 sq. km is the recorded forest area accounting for 13.4% of the total geographical area. According to Champion and Seth’s classification, the state has eight forest types. The forest types, region-wise distribution and their extent are furnished in the table 3.8.1(i):

Table – 3.9.1(i)

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Group Name Location Area in sq. km. 1B Northern Tropical Wet Evergreen North Bengal Plains upto 150m 167.0 Forests 2B Northern Subtropical North Bengal Plains from151mto 25.0 Semievergreen Forests 300m 3C North Indian Moist Deciduous North Bengal Plains up to 150m 1757.0 Forest 4B Littoral swamp Forests-Mangroves Estuarine South Bengal 4263.0 4D Littoral and Swamp forests- Maldah and Dakshin Dinajpur 20.0 Tropical seasonal Swamps districts 5B Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous South Western Bengal 4527.0 Forest 8B Northern Subtropical Broad- North Bengal Hills from 301m to 800.0 leaved Wet Hill Forest 1650m 11B Northern Montane Wet Temperate North Bengal Hills from 1651 to 150.0 Forest 3000m 12C East Himalayan Moist Temperate North Bengal Hills 150.0 Forest 14C Sub-Alpine Forest North Bengal Hills from 3001m 20.0 3700m

Distribution of forest areas has been shown in the map placed below:

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3.9.2 Wildlife Protected Area Network

The protected area network in the state is well laid out covering different bio-geographic regions of the State. Currently there are 5 National Parks, 15 Wildlife Sanctuaries, and 2 Tiger Reserves (overlapping with NPs and WLS).

Table – 3.9.2(i)

Protected Area Network of the State

Sl. Protected area Area in Bio- Districts No. sq. km. geographic zone i. National Parks 1. Singhalila NP 78.60 2C Darjiling

2. Neora Valley NP 88.00 2C Darjiling

3. Buxa NP 117.10 7B Jalpaiguri

4. Gorumara NP 79.45 7B Jalpaiguri

5. Sunderban NP 1330.10 8B South 24-Parganas ii. Wildlife Sanctuaries 1. Jorepokhri WLS 0.04 2C Darjiling

2. Senchal WLS 38.88 2C Darjiling

3. Mahananda WLS 158.04 7B Darjiling

4. Chapramari WLS 9.60 7B Jalpaiguri

5. Jaldapara WLS 216.51 7B Jalpaiguri

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Sl. Protected area Area in Bio- Districts No. sq. km. geographic zone 6. Raiganj WLS 1.30 7B UttarDinajpur

7. Bethuadohri WLS 0.668 7B Nadia

8. Ballavpur WLS 2.021 7B Birbhum

9. Ramnabagan WLS 0.14 7B Barddhaman

10. Bibhutibhusan WLS 0.64 8B N24-Parganas

11. WLSNarendrapur WLS 0.10 8B S 24-Parganas

12. Sajnekhali WLS 362.40 8B S 24-Parganas

13. Halliday Island WLS 5.95 8B S 24-Parganas

14. Lothian Isand WLS 38.0 8B S 24-Parganas

15. Buxa WLS 368.99 7B Jalpaiguri iii. Tiger Reserves 1. Buxa Tiger Reserve 760.87 7B Jalpaiguri

2. Sunderban Tiger Reserve 2585.00 8B S 24-Parganas iv. Biosphere Reserves 1. Sundarban Bio-sphere 9630.00 8B N 24 Parganas Reserve S 24-Parganas

3.10 Wetlands

In West Bengal there are about 54 natural and 9 manmade wetlands which are more than 100ha in extent. In addition to these there are large numbers of tanks, ponds, puddles and a

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variety of small water bodies. The first two categories combine to cover an area of about 3,44,527 ha which is about 8.5% of the total wetlands in India.

According to physiography and hydrology the wetlands of the state can be divided into four regions:

• Wetlands of the Gangetic alluvial plains • Coastal islands • Wetlands of the semi arid regions • Wetlands of North Bengal

The only Ramsar Wetland is known as the East Kolkata wetland.This has an extent of 12500 ha and is located in the eastern part of north and South 24- Parganas. National Lake Conservation Program has identified Ahiron Beel, Rasik Beel under the program.

3.10.1 Wetlands of the Gangetic Alluvial Plans

Waterbodies in this region can be divided into four types on the basis of physico-chemical parameters viz. oligotropic, mesotropic, eutrophic and brackish. These wetlands include transboundary wetlands like Bhutnir Char, Bhalia Beel, in the district of Malda, temporary cyclical wetlands like the Borti beel of North 24-Parganas, wetlands of Nadia, Murshidabad, 24-Parganas (S), Howrah, Hoogly and Barddhaman district.

3.10.2 Coastal Islands

Coastal islands of West Bengal are mostly saline in nature. These are mostly confined within the districts of 24-Parganas (S) and Purba Medinipur. Active deltas in the coastal region form the World’s largest mangrove region – the Sunderbans, an area of significant biological diversity.

3.10.3 Wetlands of the Rarh region

Most of the water bodies of this region are of manmade perennial reservoir type. All these water bodies are rainfed and remain saturated during monsoon to winter months. These generally dry up in summer. These ancient or perennial reservoirs stand on old alluvial or laterite alkaline soil with occasional coarse sand or gravel being located at about 50 to 100m above mean sea level.

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3.10.4 Wetlands of Northern Bengal

Water bodies of the Terai and Duars region are distinctly different in their hydrology and physiography. Waterbodies of the hilly region include hilly streams (jhoras) rivers and a few perennial lakes and reservoirs mainly distributed in Darjeeling. The Terai region has mainly marshes, backwater wetlands and several other manmade ponds, ditches, lakes distributed in Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur districts.

3.10.5 Spatial distribution of wetland types

Of all the type of wetlands in the districts of West Bengal water-logged type of wetland (WSL) is the most abundant occupying an area of 20956.0 ha in Malda. Lakes/ponds occupy 8069 ha in Murshidabad Dist., while swamps in Uttar/Dakshin Dinajpur cover 5477.0 ha. Cut-off meander type of wetlands (COM) and ox-bow lakes (OL) occupy 6543.0 ha. Inland man-made wetlands (IMMW) have a spread of15012.0 ha in Puruliya whereas Barddhaman has tanks covering an expanse of1789.0 ha. Ashpond/cooling ponds occupy an area of 667.0 ha in Murshidabad Dist. Abandoned quarries (AQ) in Barddhaman cover an area of 415.0ha

Wetlands having areas more than 10ha are many and their district wise distribution is furnished in Annexure- VII.

3.10.6 Floral bio-diversity

Floral biodiversity is undoubtedly the most impressive in the Terai, Dooars and Darjeeling Himalyan region of the Northern Bengal. The mangrove forest of the Sunderbans is also particularly rich in species diversity of true mangroves and associate mangroves. The eastern Himalayan vegetation is characterized by abundance of Rhododendrons,Orchids, Ferns, Bryophytes, Lichens etc. a large variety of tree species of genera like Michelia, Acer, Quercus, Magnolia, Machilus, Castanopsis etc occur in the higher hills of Darjeeling. Gymnosperms are principally represented by species of Abies, Tsuga and Taxus. Lower and middle hills host a variety of species belonging to genera like Terminalia, Schima, Shorea, Gmelina, Populus, Lagerstroemia, Eugenia, Bucklandia, Chukrassia etc.

The Southern Deltaic Part of West Bengal represents a Distinctive Floristic Combination of 70 species n the Sunderbans. Of these 35 are true mangroves, 28 are associate mangroves and 7 are obligate mangroves. Such a combination outnumbers the taxa in other mangrove ecosystems of India. Predominant species are Avicennia officinalis, Excoecaria agalocha, Bruguiera aeviflora, Rhizophora mucronata and Zylocarpus granatum.

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Five distinct types of grasslands are found in India of which three are represented in West Bengal viz _Pharagmites- Saccharum-Imperata type, Themeda-Arundinella type and Temperate- Alpine type.

The table below depicts species richness in different taxa as compared to their occurrence in India.

Table – 3.10.6(i)

No of species % West Bengal Taxa West Bengal India to India Bacteria NA 850 Virus NA Not known Algae(fresh 490 6500 7.54 water ) Fungi 860 14500 5.93 Lichens 600 2000 30 Bryophytes 550 2850 19.29 Pteridophytes 450 1100 40.91 Gymnosperms 15 64 23.43 Angiosperms 3580 17500 20.45

3.10.7 Faunal diversity

The State occupying only 2.7% of the total area of India has about 29% of the vertebrate fauna of the country. This eloquently speaks of the species richness in this sector. As far as invertebrates are concerned, the state fauna represent % 0f the fauna of the country. The faunal diversity appears to be highest in Darjeeling Himalayan region. In case of species of mammals more than 50% of the species recorded in India could be located in Darjeeling district. On the other hand the faunal diversity in the Sunderbans is more specific.

The table below brings out the level of occurrence of faunal species in the state as compared to India.

Table – 3.10.7(i) Fauna in West Bengal vis-à-vis India

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Sl. Group Number of species No. West Bengal India % West Bengal to India 1 Protozoa 971 2577 38 2 Porifera 160 519 31 3 Rotifera 148 330 45 4 Sipuncula 3 38 8 5 Echiura 3 43 7 6 Annelida 179 1093 16.3 7 Arthropoda Crustacea 92 270 3 Insecta 4030 59353 7 Xiphosura 2 2 100 Arachnida 679 5818 12 Scorphnoida 14 102 14 Acari 419 1915 22 Arnae 213 1250 17 8 Mollusca 360 5070 7 9 Bryozoa 9 200 4 10 Heichrdata 1 12 8 Total Invertebrate 7283 81292 9 11 Fish 574 2546 23 12 Amphibia 39 209 19 13 Reptilia 139 485 28 14 Aves 497 1232 40 15 Mammal 176 390 45 Total Vertebrates 1425 4862 29 Grand Total 8708 96154 10

3.11 Sacred Groves

Conservation is often a side effect of customs or tradition that associates or dedicates forest resources to the deities. Sacred groves are such means of biodiversity conservation, which serve as an important reservoir of local biodiversity preserving several species of plants, insects and animals. Increasing attention is being paid to their potential as a tool and model

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for biodiversity as they are the storehouse of genetic diversity too. In one sense these groves are the ancient sanctuaries where living creatures are given protection by a deity.

In West Bengal several districts of South and North Bengal house such groves which are declining fast under the anthropogenic pressure and continuing encroachment on land. In the tribal belts of Puruliya and Paschim Medinipur such traditions are still going on.

Sacred Groves are more abundant in forested districts where the forest tract is interspersed with human settlements. Fragments of earlier forest vegetation are likely to have survived as SGs in these forest bearing districts. The candidate districts with significant forest cover in West Bengal are Bankura, West Medinipur, Puruliya and Darjeeling. There is consistent evidence that the abundance of sacred groves is high in the southwestern districts (Deb and Malhotra 1997, 2001), but low in Darjeeling district .In the alluvial non-forest districts lying on both sides of the Ganga, SGs are conspicuously scarce. This seems to relate to the past expansion of settled agriculture, which erased all riparian forest habitats, and also to the industrial growth that intensified on the banks of the river since the 1930s. The abundance of distribution of sacred groves is reflected in the following table.

Table 3.11 (i) Abundance of distribution of sacred groves in districts

Districts Abundance of Sacred Groves High Moderately Low Very low Nil high Darjeeling Coochbehar Jalpaiguri Uttar Dinajpur Dakshin Dinajpur Maldah Murshidabad Bankura Birbhum Barddhaman * Nadia * Howrah Hoogly Purulia Purba Medinipur Paschim Medinipur North 24-Parganas

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South 24- Parganas

It has been estimated that there are more than 670 sacred groves in West Bengal Such sacred groves are known locally as Garamthan, Harithan, Jahera, Savitrithan and Sitabalathan etc.

In study by Debal Dev et al, it has been established that there are large numbers of sacred groves in se blocks of Purulia and Bankura districts. The numbers of sacred grove and tree diversity in these blocks are as follows:

Table – 3.11(ii) Sacred groves in some blocks of three districts

Sl. District Block No. of sacred Tree No. groves Diversity 1 Bankura Bishnupur 267 73 2 Birbhum Mayureswar II 103 56 3 Purulia Neturia 99 58 4 Purulia Santuri 72 55

3.12 Archaeological monuments and historical sites

Some districts in West Bengal are rich in archaeological and historical sites. These districts are Bankura, Murshidabad, Malda, Medinipur, and Hoogly. Each of such monument or site has a declared protected zone around the site or a group of sites. It will therefore be necessary to avoid encroachment into such protected zones during execution of subprojects. The list of protected sites in each of the district is produced in the table 3.11(i):

Table 3.12(i) Archaeological monuments/historical sites in West Bengal

Sl. Monument/ Sites Location District No 1 Chandraketu’s Fort Berachampa 24-Pgs(North) 2 Barah Mihirer Dhipi Deulia & Kaukipar 24-Pgs(North) 3 Barakothi- Clive’s House Dumdum 24-Pgs(North

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Sl. Monument/ Sites Location District No 4 26 Siva Temples Barrackpore- Khardah 24-Pgs(North 5 Warren Hasting’s House Barasat 24-Pgs(North 6 Jhater Deul temple Jhata 24- Pgs (South) 7 Ancient Temple Bahulara Bankura 8 Dalmadal Gun Bishunupur Bankura 9 Gate of Old Fort Bishnupur Bankura 10 Jore Mandir Bishnupur Bankura 11 Jore Bangla Temple Bishnupur Bankura 12 Kalachand Temple Bishnupur Bankura 13 Lalji Temple Bishnupur Bankura 14 Madan Gopal Temple Bishnupur Bankura 15 Malleswar Temple Bishnupur Bankura 16 Murali Mohan Temple Bishnupur Bankura 17 Nandlal Temple Bishnupur Bankura 18 Patpur Temple Bishnupur Bankura 19 Radha Binod Temple Bishnupur Bankura 20 Radha gobinda Temple Bishnupur Bankura 22 Radha Madhav Temple Bishnupur Bankura 23 Radha Shyam Temple Bishnupur Bankura 24 Rasmancha Bishnupur Bankura 25 Shyam Rai Temple Bishnupur Bankura 26 Small satewy fort Bishnupur Bankura 27 Stone chariot Bishnupur Bankura 28 Saileswr Temple Dihar Bankura 29 Sareswr Temple Dihar Bankura 30 Radha Damodar Jew Temple Ghatgoria Bankura 31 Gokulchand Temple Gokulnagar Bankura 32 Ratneswr Temple Jagannathpur Bankura 33 Shyam Sunder Temple Madanpur Bankura 34 Mound and statue of Surya Paresnath Bankura 35 Mound with a Jain Statue Pareshnath Bankura 36 Durga image slaying Mahisasura Saregarh Bankura 37 Mound of a temple site Saregarh Bankura 38 Mound with Statues of Ganesha Saregarh Bankura and Nandi 39 Mound with an image of Nandi Saregarh Bankura 40 Chandra Varman Rock Inscription Susunia Hill Bankura 41 Joydev Temple Joydev-Kenduli Birbhum 42 Dhamraj Temple Kubilashpur Birbhum 43 Two Mounds Bhadreshwar Birbhum 44 Basuli and 14 other temples Nannor Birbhum 45 Damodar temple and Rasmancha Suri Birbhum 46 Two ancient Temples Baidyapur Barddhaman 47 Rudreswar temple Bamunara Barddhaman 48 Four Ancient Temples Begunia Barddhaman 49 Tombs of Sher Afghan, Baharam Barddhaman Barddhaman Sakka andNawab Qtabuddin

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Sl. Monument/ Sites Location District No 50 Stone Temple Garui Barddhaman

51 Ichai Ghosh Temple Gouangpur Barddhaman 52 Ancient site Nadfhia Barddhaman 53 Sat Deul Jain Temple Deulia Barddhaman 54 Group of 12 Temples Kalna Barddhaman 55. Pandu Rajar Dhipi Pandu Barddhaman 56 Ancient Mound Bharatpur Barddhaman 57 Coochbeher Palace Cooch Behar Cooch Behar 58 Rajpath site Khalsa Gossanimari Cooch Behar 59 Tomb of Alexander Cosma Darjeeling Darjeeling 60 Tomb of Gen. Llyod Darjeeling Darjeeling 61 Darga of Shah Ata Gangarampur South Dinajpur 62 Mounds Gangarampur South Dinajpur 63 Haneswari and Vasudev Temple Bansberia Hoogly 64 Dutch Cemetary and associated Chinsurah Hoogly tombs 65 Susan Maria monument Chinsurah Hoogly 66 Brindaban Chandra’s Math Guptipara Hoogly 67 Mounds Mahanad Hoogly 68 Minar Pandua Hoogly 69 Mosque Pandua Hoogly 70 Mosque and Tomb Satgaon Hoogly 71 Danish cemetery and all Serampore Hoogly associated structures 72 Dargah of Jafar Khan Ghazi Triveni Hoogly 73 Dupleix Palace Chandan Nagore Hoogly 74 Sri Mayer Ghat Howrah Howrah

75 Adina Mosque Pandua Malda 76 Adina Mosque, Baisgazi Wall, Gaur Malda Baraduary Maszid, Chand sadagar Bhita, Chamkati Masjid, Chika Maszid, Dakhil Darwaza, Firoj Minar,Gumti Gateway, Gunmant Mosque, Kotwali Darwaza, Lottan Moszid, Lukachuri Gateway, Qudam Rasul Mosque,, Fateh Khan Tomb, Tantipara Maszid, Two Tombs of Tantipara moszid, Two Stone Pillars 77 Tower Nimasarai Malda 78 Eklakhi Mausoleum Pandua Malda 79 Qatab Shahi Masjid Pandua Malda 80 Dharamraj Temple Pathra Medinipur 81 Bandopadhaya Family Temples Pathra Medinipur 82 Sitala Temples Pathra Medinipur

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Sl. Monument/ Sites Location District No 83 Navratna Temple Complex Pathra Medinipur 84 Kurambera Fort Gaganeswar Medinipur 85 John Pierce Tomb Medinipur Medinipur 86 Azimunnisha Begum Tomb Azimnagar Murshidabad 87 Station burial ground Babulbona Murshidabad 88 Bhavaniswar Mandir Baranagar Murshidabad 89 Four Siva Mandirs Baranagar Murshidabad 90 Mir Madan tomb Faridpur Murshidabad 91 Dutch Cemetery Kalikapur Murshidabad 92 Old English Cemetery Kashim Bazar Murshidabad 93 Mosque Kheraul Murshidabad 94 Alivardi Khan and Serajududllah Khosbagh Murshidabad Tombs 95 Barkona Deul Mound Panchthupi Murshidabad 97 Raja Karna’s Palace and Devil’s Rangamati Murshidabad Mound 98 Sujauddin Tomb Roshnibag Murshidabad 99 Murshid Kuli Khan Tomb Sabzkatra Murshidabad 100 Jahan Kosa Gun Topkhana Murshidabad 101 Hazarduari Palace & Imambara Killa Nizamat Murshidabad 102 South Gate, Kella Nizamat,, Lalbagh Murshidabad Imambera, Kella Nizamat,White Mosque, Kella Nezamat, Yellow Mosque, Kella Nezamat, tripoli Gate , Kella Nizamat 103 Nilkuthi Mound Mouza Chak, Chandpara Murshidabad 104 Bahanpukur Mound Bamanpukur Nadia 105 Ruins of Fort Bamanpukur Nadia 106 Temple Palpara Nadia 107 Tamluk Rajbati Padumbasan Purba Medinipur 108 Old Temple at Banda Banda Purulia

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Irrigation Resources Baseline

CHAPTER- 4

IRRIGATION RESOURCES BASELINE

4.1 Introduction

West Bengal has done pretty well in agriculture sector. The position that the state enjoys in production of rice and some varieties of vegetables eloquently brings out this. There is no denying that there has been a slow down in growth of agriculture sector for some years and this needs reversal to ensure higher productivity through increased cropping intensity, crop diversity, better market integration. The State Government has a focus on this as this will pave the way for augmentation of rural employment potential with the resultant beneficial impact on alleviation of rural poverty. It is also a fact that the ongoing major and medium irrigation projects have a long gestation period. Therefore the State Government through externally aided project of ‘Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation” program wants to create an additional potential of 1,38900 ha of minor irrigation through implementation of minor irrigation schemes designed on judicious and conjunctive use of existing surface and ground water resources of the state. About 46% of the additional CCAs will be covered by schemes of RLIs and surface flow schemes.

4.2 Minor Irrigation Status

Third Minor Irrigation Census figures have been carried out in the State. This census puts the figure of minor irrigation potential at 3427193 ha and actual irrigated area at 1962824 ha. It is thus apparent that at this stage there is a substantial gap between the minor irrigation potential (both surface and ground)and the actual area irrigated. The status broken down districtwise is reflected in the Table- 4.2(i). Tables .4.2(ii), 4.2(iii), 4.2(iv), 4.2(v) & 4.2(vi) detail the status of ultimate irrigation potential, potential created and utilised for different types of irrigation schemes.:

Table – 4.2(i) STATUS OF IRRIGATION IN DISTRICTS AS PER 3RD. MINOR IRRIGATION CENSUS

Sl. District CCA (ha ) Irrigation potential(ha) Actual area irrigated(ha) No Surface Ground Surface Ground Surface Ground water water water water water water 1 Bankura 102288.65 50966.07 166514.11 96016.67 70545.97 56493.69 2 Bardhaman 36410.21 168362.84 55667.82 361751.93 28301.32 183821.70 3 Birbhum 54946.02 50169.27 94880.71 96294.54 35875.82 45015.18 4 Dakshin 22406.35 49547.54 34475.78 65151.85 14775.81 44688.44 Dinajpur 5 Darjeeling 14631.57 8144.00 17706.06 15085.14 8994.59 3581.94 6 Howrah 58326.41 8124.29 132437.80 15948.73 75031.21 8657.59

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Irrigation Resources Baseline

Sl. District CCA (ha ) Irrigation potential(ha) Actual area irrigated(ha) No Surface Ground Surface Ground Surface Ground water water water water water water 7 Hoogly 29580.79 93717.72 45688.17 155842.49 33022.29 107630.19 8 Jalpaiguri 32280.13 45734.22 40499.12 64437.65 29030.98 22452.77 9 Coochbehar 8826.40 62943.95 15518.18 106505.54 4208.70 52865.20 10 Maldah 24352.08 9776.61 27428.34 125299.91 15243.11 99631.69 11 Medinipur 89610.11 211479.27 107787.96 290490.23 70067.05 188784.15 12 Mursidabad 24834.15 170700.94 46368.88 315199.91 I8664.83 191767.59 13 Nadia 18797.48 119774.68 36647.73 209678.94 11199.83 155806.05 14 North 24- 7971.82 1039526 12980.55 199084.29 7012.90 113876.76 Parganas 15 Purulia 12365.85 5003.38 115859.89 10119.76 62872.49 4029.91 16 South 24- 78343.94 15897.66 105804.65 20269.51 63892.29 13974.72 Parganas 17 Uttar Dinajpur 8857.78 11794.42 14580.52 209175.08 4357.56 116650.60 Total 714829.74 1381019.12 1070841.27 2356352.17 553096.75 1409728.17

Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India have published some data on minor irrigation in India and different States in the Water Data Complete Book, 2005. Tables below bring out the status of irrigation both major /medium and minor in the Country and West Bengal.

Table – 4.2(ii) Ultimate Irrigation Potential (In ‘000ha)

Region Major and Minor irrigation Total Medium ( surface Surface Ground water) water water India 58465 17372 64171 140008 West 2300 1300 3318 6918 Bengal Source: Central Water Commission (P & P Directorate )

Table – 4.2(iii) Minor Irrigation ( surface & ground ) – Potential and Utilised ( in ‘000ha )

Region Ultimate Irrigation Achievement up to IX th Plan Potential Potential created Potential utilised India 81428 56900.10 49047.90 West Bengal 4618 3792.50 3098.10 Source : Annual document ( 2003-2004 ) Planning Commission

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Table – 4.2(iv) Irrigation Potential Created and Utilised - Major, Medium and Minor Irrigation

Region Ultimate irrigation Achievement up to Target for Xth Plan potential IXth Plan PC PU PC PU India 139893.00 93946.38 80058.10 15154.60 10360.90 West Bengal 6918.00 5475.81 4625.24 700.00 455.00 Source: Annual Document 2003-2004 ( Planning Commission )

Table – 4.2(v) Variation in Irrigation Potential- Utilisation and Gross Irrigated Area ( up to 2001-2002 ) In ‘000 ha

Region Potential Gross Variation( % variation utilised irrigated area absolute) India 80058 76443 3615 4.7 West Bengal 4625 3661 964 26 Source: Annual document, 2003-2004 (Planning Commission )

It will thus appear that the figure of minor irrigation potential of the State as assessed by the Central Water Commission (P&P Directorate) is way above the figure of the 3rd. Minor Irrigation Census. The CWC figures also depict that there is a still a gap between the irrigation potential assessed and the irrigation potential created taking all forms of Irrigation (major, medium and minor) even if it is assumed that Xth plan target has been achieved in full. The figures of variation in irrigation potential and gross irrigated area clearly points out that the percentage variation between these two figures is more than five times the figure for the whole country. This does not bode well for the irrigation sector of the state and definitely calls for remedy.

Analysis of the figures of irrigation status at the end of the 3rd. minor irrigation census indicate that there is a demand and scope for development of minor irrigation using ground and surface water resources both at macro level of the state and the districts at the micro level.

Third Minor Irrigation Census has also broken down the figures of CCA, irrigation potential and actual area of irrigation down to the Block level in different districts proposed under the program. These figures are brought out for 30 sample blocks in the table below to indicate that there is gap between the figures of irrigation potential and the actual area irrigated at this level also.

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Irrigation Resources Baseline

Table – 4.2(vi) District Blocks CCA(ha) Irrigation potential Actual area irrigated(2000-2001) Ground Surface Ground Surface Ground Surface water water water water water water Bankura Ranibundh 396.91 5416.14 511.97 9171.54 303.03 6615.64 Kotulpur 7316.48 2778.07 14666.86 5522.37 289.18 2890.94 Barddhaman Ketugram II 4387.50 1449.84 8484.48 1923..63 2537.88 610.21 Birbhum Rampurhat I 1036.96 221.87 1903.87 4108.54 999.43 1577.09 Dakshin Gangarampur 9335.78 3009.49 12041.26 4905.26 10013.22 2150.39 Dinajpur Darjeeling Phansidewa 3804.00 917.42 7724.82 1297.44 1289.31 637.87 Howrah Uluberia I 20.00 5544.50 39.80 12385.54 0.00 7370.12 Hooghly Balagarh 7289.17 3103.79 10895.52 4504.82 7065.64 3540.33 Chinsurah- 1303.08 840.54 2113.01 1158.21 1795.57 967.54 Mogra Jalpaguri Mal 3424.00 1992.20 5063.00 3026.76 2132.92 1807.85 Dhupguri 6633.33 1765.80 10421.62 2933.60 5082.52 1215.94 Coochbehar Tufangung II 4111.78 479.30 8152.56 909.41 3285.48 241.04 Sitai 2718.70 211.49 4961.75 407.50 2565.10 182.23 Maldah Ratua II 6007.15 2566.92 7507.82 2848.47 5903.85 1403.80 Gajole 6023.12 5230.18 6509.31 5481.17 5384.56 3994.50 Purba Khejuri I 154.02 100.70 162.04 102.98 125.69 99.69 Medinipur Panskura I 5820.47 1325.21 7576.67 1668.63 4601.48 813.34 Paschim Garbeta I 7461.63 1703.73 14191.36 2839.58 10837.78 2024.79 Medinipur Murshidabad Sagardighi 6923.51 2505.16 13348.56 4935.75 10275.52 3380.64 Bharatpur I 4953.76 880.00 11549.96 1867.08 4595.49 717.53 Nadia Nabadwip 2131.28 465.0 3330.84 889.80 2141.56 146.41 North 24- Pgs Habra I 11133.54 1302.80 8485.12 91.44 4804.07 78.36 Barrackpore I 2230.28 69.09 4409.90 97.13 2408.83 57.98 Minakhan 1615.09 13.22 3563.63 13.22 1909.09 13.22 Puruliya Jaypur 454.85 3133.95 963.19 3249.76 464.52 2846.16 Neturia 98.90 4193.70 201.34 4798.66 53.66 1251.32 South 24-Pgs Canning I 1369.49 233.56 1815.89 438.40 745.31 154.61 Kulpi 44.03 2480.90 73.01 4858.56 28.30 2084.15 Uttar Dinajpur Goalpokhr I 9755.21 662.00 14343.06 907.81 7603.81 292.28

Figures against sample blocks in different agro-climatic zones reflect that the gap between irrigational potential and the actual area irrigated is quite significant. In absence of the data for 4th. Minor Irrigation Census and assuming that there has been a net increase of 10% in actual area irrigated during the period covered by the last census the gap will exist even after 2006-2007. Thus there is a demand for minor irrigation at the block level. This also got support form stakeholder consultations wherein the participants stressed on expansion of the area under irrigation to help augmentation of cropping intensity attendant with crop diversification.

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Irrigation Resources Baseline

4.3 Water Resources of the State

The Expert Committee on irrigation (1987) made a comprehensive assessment of both surface and ground water in 25 basins of West Bengal and this report of the Expert Committee is the first baseline work towards the sustainable water management of the State. The Committee estimated the surface water resource of West Bengal as 13.29 Mham and only 40% of this quantum was earmarked as utilisable.Ground water was assessed to be 1.46 Mham and the entire quantum was said to be utilisable. The table brings out the status as determined by the Committee.

Table – 4.3(i) Availability of water in West Bengal

Surface and Ground Water Availability (mham) Utilisable Surface Water 13.29 5.31 Ground Water 1.46 1.46 Total 14.75 6.77 Source: :State Irrigation Department, 1987

The Committee also assessed availability of surface and ground water in the State for 25 basins in the manner as given in the following table-4.3(ii):

Table – 4.3(ii) Basin-wise water availability

Sl. Basin Surface water Groundwater Total No. (mcm) (mcm) (mcm) 1 Sankosh 1365 41 1496 2 Raidak 6666 246 6912 3 Torsa 11908 1295 13203 4 Jaldhaka 12665 822 13487 5 Tista 32124 439 32563 6 Mahananda 13334 1425 14759 7 Punarbhava 1034 211 1245 8 Atrai 487 172 659 9 Pagla-Bansloi 591 162 753 Brahmani- 10 1957 629 2586 Dwarka 11 Mayurakshi 2590 798 3388 12 Ajoy 2509 810 3319 13 Damodar 8924 877 9801 Dwarekeshwar- 14 3330 638 3968 Gandeswari 15 Silabati 2068 709 2777 16 Kanshabati 3233 653 3886 17 Kalighai 818 253 1071 18 Rupnarayan 1188 63 1251

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Irrigation Resources Baseline

Sl. Basin Surface water Groundwater Total No. (mcm) (mcm) (mcm) 19 Pichaboni 462 44 506 20 Rasulpur 401 39 440 21 Haldi 327 1 328 22 Jalangi 3707 964 4671 23 Bhagirathi 13643 2408 16051 24 24-Pgs Basin 3929 639 4568 25 Subarnarekha 3645 241 3886 Total 132905 14579 147484

It will be clear from the figures in the table that the Tista basin has the largest surface waters followed by the Bhagirathi, the Jaldhaka, Mahananda and the Torsa. As far as ground water resources are concerned the Bhagirathi is the richest followed by Mahananda, Torsa, Jalangi, Damodar, Jaldhaka, Ajoy, Mayurakshi, and Silabati.

Central Ground Water Board assessed annual ground water availability as 1.76 Mham While the Irrigation Commission of the Government of India put it as 2.38 Mham. Thus there has been an upward revision of ground water availability in the State. The State Irrigation Department in their 1999 report projected the sectoral demand of for water as projected in the table below.

Table – 4.3(iii) Sectoral requirement of water

Sl. No. Sector 2000 2011 2025 1 Agriculture 5.38 7.71 10.98 2 Domestic 0.26 0.28 0.38 3 Industry 0.26 0.38 0.59 4 Power(Thermal) 0.31 ------5 Inland Navigation 3.63 3.63 3.63 6 Forestry 0.01 0.01 0.01 Ecology, Environment 7 1.00 1.00 1.00 and Others Total 10.85 13.02 16.60 (Mham) Source: State Irrigation Department

CGWB in their assessment of ground water resources of the country and the State arrived at the figures as furnished below;

India West Bengal a. Total Replenishible GW resources 431.89 23.09 b. Available GW resources for irrigation. 360.95 19.63 c. Net Draft 115.07 4.75

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Irrigation Resources Baseline

Central Ground Water Board in their March, 2004 assessment of the ground water resources of the State have arrived at the following figures;

• Total ground water recharge; 3.036 m ham • Unaccounted gw recharge : 0.29 m ham • Net ground water availability : 2.746 m ham • Gross ground water draft for all uses: 1.165 m ham • Stage of ground water development: 42% • Annual allocation of ground water for domestic and Industrial water supply: 0.124m ham • Net ground water availability for future irrigation: 1.532 m ham

District-wise picture emerging from the CGWB study is presented in the table below :

Table 4.3(iv) Ground water availability in districts

s t r i y n r - u o 5 p m f t . 2 o a l n y e h t r w e e m i l g o n g i v o s r f m o m s b e d e a s s s a a d s r s h m l e e i h - u c s o o s f a w r s l n s l e y i a v g U t o n G e s ) a i m a D l f A . i o N g h u a r w i l g o r w d % t b t h o ( g n a w n w g g e a n f c i a i a r i e r l i t l o t g g n l n h t i c r i u g a u f a n n s a t t t r t c d o t i a t m o m t m e s a l a e e e u i r a e n l t x v o u o o a r a L a F N h A A M S d E h A N S D T S D A T N h R 1 Bankura 688245 209153 19227 189926 56837 29.93 6376 131453

2 Burdwan 660119 333868 30573 303295 131900 43.49 12187 161807

3 Birbhum 419017 166715 14103 152612 39359 25.79 6473 111252

4 Darjeeling 84804 52175 5218 46957 2507 5.34 1719 43539

5 Dinapur(S) 216844 95203 8083 87120 41231 47.33 3519 44555 6 Howrah 60776 37034 3703 33330 6870 20.61 2421 25813

7 Hoogly 266150 169601 16960 152640 59093 38.71 8419 91175

8 Jalpaiguri 371135 263621 26362 237259 10335 4.36 5957 224667

9 Coochbehar 286492 231666 23167 208500 34783 16.68 5006 172412

10 Malda 356616 140338 13210 127128 72379 56.93 8278 51613

11 Medinipur(E) 169574 82601 8260 74341 28882 38.85 3965 44342

12 Medinipur(W) 911350 381808 37362 344447 123847 35.96 10453 217653

13 Murshidabad 503485 252264 25226 227038 200837 88.46 18303 16842

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Irrigation Resources Baseline s t r i y n r - u o 5 p m f t . 2 o a l n y e h t r w e e m i l g o n g i v o s r f m o m s b e d e a s s s a a d s r s h m l e e i h - u c s o o s f a w r s l n s l e y i a v g U t o n G e s ) a i m a D l f A . i o N g h u a r w i l g o r w d % t b t h o ( g n a w n w g g e a n f c i a i a r i e r l i t l o t g g n l n h t i c r i u g a u f a n n s a t t t r c t d o t i a t m o m m t e s a l a e e e u e a i r n l t x v o u o o a r a a L F h N A M A d S h E N A T D S R h N S D A T

14 Nadia 367122 217234 21727 195511 171919 87.93 9320 20358

15 24-Pgs(North) 279353 157640 15764 141876 101005 71.19 10859 36951

16 Purulia 620409 76745 6598 70147 9666 13.78 4940 59207

17 Dinajpur(N) 313182 168191 14505 153686 72265 47.62 5808 79221

Total 6574673 3035857 290044 2745813 1164738 42 124005 1532016

West Bengal ranks second (MCM of ground water/1000ha) and third (MCM of ground water/100 sq km of geographical area amongst major Indian States. The figures for West Bengal stand as below:

• Gross replenishable GW per unit of net cropped area: 5.55MCM/1000ha • Gross replenishable GW per unit of geographical area: 34.12 MCM/ 100 sq km The study instituted by the West Bengal State Pollution Control Board on water resources and quality in West Bengal has made an assessment of total water resources of the state. The report of the Board summarizes the water resources of the state as reflected in the table below;

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Irrigation Resources Baseline

Table – 4.3 (v)

Total Ground Water Resources (BCM per year)

Non-monsoon Annually Monsoon resources Annual resources resources (bcm) replenishi (bcm) from (bcm) from Area from ble ground District ( sq water , Upstrea km) Upstream Upstream including Rainfall Rainfall Rainfall m run- runoff runoff off discharge (bcm) Darjeeling 3149 5.72 15.64 0.06 0.61 5.78 16.25 0.52 Jalpaiguri 6227 11.32 31.12 -0.02 1.45 11.30 32.56 2.64 Coochbihar 3387 6.17 42.09 0.25 2.08 6.42 44.12 2.32 Uttar 3140 3.73 15.88 -0.43 0.97 3.31 16.86 1.68 Dinajpur Dakshin 2219 1.85 17.72 -0.31 0.93 1.55 18.64 0.95 Dinajpur Maldah 3733 2.84 446.16 -0.70 107.05 2.14 553.21 1.40 Murshidabad 5324 2.50 454.17 -1.96 107.71 0.54 561.88 2.52 Birbhum 4545 2.56 4.02 -1.10 0.47 1.46 4.50 1.67 Barddhaman 7024 3.68 22./43 -1.83 23.71 1.84 45.54 3.34 Nadia 3927 1.61 25.03 -1.88 23.22 -0.27 48.25 2.17 N 24-Pgs 4094 2.60 26.87 -0.69 23.45 1.91 50.33 1.58 Hoogly 3149 1.61 39.99 -1.03 25.29 0.59 65.28 1.70 Bankura 6882 3.85 10.63 -1.78 2.72 2.06 13.35 2.09 Purulia 6259 4.44 7.93 -0.76 1.67 3.68 9.60 0.77 Purba 4795.2 3.66 50.49 -0.38 26.19 3.27 76.68 0.83 Medinipur Paschim 9285.8 4.82 2.81 -2.46 0.80 2.36 3.61 3.82 Medinipur Howrah 1467 1.15 41.95 -0.19 25.41 0.96 67.36 0.37 S 24- 9960 5.45 54.65 -3.59 26.39 1.86 81.03 3.84 Parganas Kolkata 185 0.21 26.64 0.04 23.43 0.25 50.07 0.00 West 88752 69.78 488.26 -18.76 110.30 51.02 598.56 34.21 Bengal Source: WBSPCB report on water resources and quality,2009

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It will thus appear that the districts of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, Uttar Dinajpur, Maldah, Bankura, Puruliya, Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur and South 24-Parganas are comfortably placed as far as annual resources from rainfall are concerned.. Similarly the districts of south 24-Parganas, Paschim Medinipur, Bankura, Barddhaman, Murshidabad, Jalpaiguri and Coochbehar have high replenishible ground water including discharge.

4.4 Ground water availability in districts

The summary as presented in the table that follows shows the status of ground water availability as assessed by the CGWB data together with Arsenic and Fluoride status of the corresponding blocks as of 2007.

Table – 4.4(i)

Status of ground water availability in the districts of West Bengal

)

m As e Fl found a g m t

( No of Blocks found s a t a t in k f s d c

a blocks classified as in t o r Blocks l n d W blocks e B G f m W o h p

District t G o i o l l l n n e w a a o l v s c u l o e a i s k a t n t d n e i n c c o n n f i o r o o o t i T a l c A i o t W i s r s . m - e B l - t c G n m V s e p e o r o e s A m P d P Darjeeling 12 2 8.0 5.3 0 0 2 Jalpaiguri 13 8 16.6 4.4 0 0 8 Coochbehar 12 12 102.7 16.7 0 0 12 Uttar Dinajpur 9 9 230.1 47.0 0 0 9 1 Dakshin Dinajpur 8 8 185.8 47.3 2 0 8 7 Maldah 15 15 193.9 56.9 0 0 13 2 7 4 Murshidabad 26 26 377.2 88.5 5 4 10 15 1 22 Birbhum 19 19 86.6 25.8 4 4 15 4 9 Barddhaman 31 29 187.8 43.5 7 5 23 6 5 Nadia 17 17 440.4 88.5 0 0 11 6 17 24-Pgs(N) 22 17 246.7 71.2 1 0 17 17 Hoogly 18 18 187.7 38.7 10 2 16 2 1 Bankura 22 22 82.6 29.9 3 0 22 12 Puruliya 20 20 15.4 13.8 3 0 20 15 Purba Medinipur 26 10 60.2 38.9 8 1 9 1 Paschim Medinipur 28 28 133.4 36.0 13 1 27 1 Howrah 14 5 46.8 20.6 4 0 5 24-Pgs (S) 29 0 West Bengal 341 265 148.2 42.4 60 17 227 37 1 69 48

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Irrigation Resources Baseline

The table clarifies that ground water development in the districts of Murshidabad and Nadia is at the stage of 88.5% corresponding to the average annual ground water draft of 377.2 mm and 440.4 mm.

On the basis of the assessment made by State Water Investigation Directorate (SWID), ground water status of the districts stands as reflected below in the table-4.4(ii):

Table – 4.4(ii)

DISTRICT WISE GROUND WATER AVAILABILITY

) % ( m n l i r n a e t ) t o h v f g n i m ( e t r l e a f e r i - a h g m ) ( r W r ) n r p e d a o o l m G m o f h l n a b s a t n c W e a h f n h l g ( o e v ( i G a t o r n ) e o r f i e a i t s r d s a d s i v m r W s n u d a u a l d o o G d W W n h r g d ( . . W o G G g m b n W n n - I c c f G o g g n G e m t r s . o r . i & . a o n n l - c e v i i ) i p ) o . f d e l s a t t . i r a t 6 . t a g N n s m s x m u t t t i i a 0 s a . a o a i a e o q l x x t o o 0 h M S D 2 T N m N E ( E D T S A 1 2.15 138148 13814 124333 20901 2475 23376 18.57 safe Cooch behar to 5.10 2 3.65 119805 11981 107824 2626 1239 3866 3.59 safe Jalpaiguri to 14.0 3 Birbhum 6.70 56858 5015 51842 14651 1133 15785 30.45 4 blocks to semi- 17.70 critical 4 Bankura 5.61to 176791 15990 160800 50211 3519 53731 24.07 safe 20.70 5 24 Pgs 2.45 79207 7920 71288 44499 3896 48395 67.89 safe ( North) to 13.55 6 Darjeeling 10.55 52175 5218 46957 1700 807 2507 5.34 safe ( part) to 11.35 7 Uttar 3.35 168191 14505 153686 68657 3608 72265 47.02 Safe Dinajpur to 7.58 8 Dakshin 6.79 95203 8083 87120 39045 2186 41231 47.33 Safe Dinajpur to 12.70 9 Malda 3.60 140338 13210 127128 67237 5142 72379 56.93 Semi- to critical in 2 27.17 blocks

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10 Murshidabad 4.29 252264 25226 227038 191893 8944 200837 88.46 Semi- to critical in 20.03 15 blocks; critical in 1 block 11 Bardhaman 6.95 333868 30573 303295 123679 8221 131900 43.49 6 blocks to semi- 21.88 critical 12 Howrah 10.60 37034 3703 33330 5096 1774 6870 20.61 safe to 12.80 13 Hoogly 11.60 169601 16960 152640 53047 6047 59093 38.71 Semi- to critical in 2 21.45 blocks 14 Nadia 5.60 217234 21723 195511 166677 6266 172943 88.46 Semi- to critical in 6 9.92 blocks 15 Purulia 4.83 76745 6598 70147 6000 3666 9666 13.78 Safe to 11.50 16 Paschim 6.75 381808 37362 344447 116340 7507 123846 35.96 Semi- Medinipur to critical in 1 21.95 block 17 Purba 14.40 82601 8260 74341 26034 2847 28882 38.85 1 block Medinipur to semi- 70.00 critical 18 24 Pgs (South )

Individual block level data of SWID assessment have been furnished at Annexures IV & V.

SWID study broken down to the sample block level as brought out in the table depicts the status of ground water availability at the block level.

Table – 4.4(iii)

Sl. District/Block Max. Tot. Nat. Net Existin Existin Gross Stage Aquifer No Premo ann. disc. Ann. g Gr, g GW GW draft of GW conditi nsoon Rechar During GW GW draft(G for all develop on GW ge(ha monso availab draft r)for uses(ha ment level(2 m) on(ha le for Dom & m) (in % ) 006) m) Irrign. Ind(ha (ham) m) 1 Coochbehar i.Tufangunge II 4.15 20526 2053 18473 2316 269 2585 13.99 Safe ii.Sitai 4.30 11965 1196 10768 1048 157 1205 11.99 safe 2 Jalpaiguri i.Dhupguri 14.00 39913 3991 35922 1371 685 2056 5.72 Safe ii. Mal 7.80 44400 4440 39960 365 250 615 1.54 Hilly 3 Darjeeling i. Phansidewa 11.35 29134 2913 26221 1452 414 1865 7.11 Safe 4. Uttar Dinajpur i. Goalpkhar I 3.35 18080 1808 16272 4748 414 5162 31.72 Safe

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5. Dakshin Dinajpur i. Gangarampur 6.79 13728 1373 12355 8683 414 9096 73.63 Safe 6 Maldah i.Gajole 5.22 20365 2036 18328 5756 479 6234 34.01 Safe ii. Ratua II 10.89 5893 589 5303 4098 258 4356 82.14 Safe 7 Murshidabad i.Bharatpur I 18.90 7746 775 6971 2932 263 3195 45.84 Semi- ii. Sagardighi 19.77 13695 1369 13325 5638 404 6042 49.03 critical Semi- critical 8 Birbhum i. Rampurhat I 17.70 9235 924 8312 773 256 1028 12.37 Safe 9 Barddhaman i. Ketugram II 14.62 8125 664 7461 4241 176 4417 59.20 Safe 10 Nadia i.Nabadwip 5.60 5582 558 5024 3027 203 3230 64.29 Safe 11. Howrah i. Uluberia I safe 12 Hoogly i. Balagarh 15.92 12609 1261 11349 4508 346 4853 42.77 Safe iiChinsurah - Mogra 16.80 5504 550 4953 692 310 1002 20.22 Safe 13. Bankura i. Ranibandh 12.65 6780 678 6102 173 170 343 5.62 Safe ii. Kotulpur 14.75 13764 1376 12387 6802 263 7065 57.04 safe 14. Puruliya i.Joypur 6.01 2200 110 2090 799 172 972 46.49 Safe ii.Neturia 4.83 3269 327 2942 138 139 277 9.41 Safe 15. Paschim Medinipur i.Garbeta I 7.60 17979 1798 16181 8142 314 8456 52.26 Safe 16. Purba Medinipur i. Khejuri I ii. Panskura I 21.20 11130 1113 10017 2345 479 2824 28.19 Safe

17 24-Parganas(N) i. Habra I 10.17 7966 797 7169 4438 323 4761 66.41 Safe ii. Barrackpore I 11.50 5417 542 4876 1599 442 2040 41.84 Safe iii.Haroa 6.40 7734 773 6960 2549 303 2852 40.98 safe 18 24-Parganas (S ) i.Canning I 2.80 Safe ii. Kulpi 6.00 safe

Semi-critical and critical blocks are confined within the limits of 8 districts. The blocks against each of these districts are furnished below:

• Barddhaman; Bhatar, Ketugram-I, Mangalkot, Memari II, Monteswar, Purbasthali II • Birbhum: Nalhati II, Nanoor, Murarai II, Rampurhat II • Hoogly: Goghat I, Pandua • Malda: Harischandrapur II, Kaliachak I • Medinipur(W): Daspur II • Medinipur(E) : Moyna

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• Murshidabad: Barwan, Berhampur, Bhagawangola I, Bhagwangola II, Hariharpara, Jalangi, Lalgola, Jiagunge, Nowda, Raninagra, Bharatpur I, Suti II, Sagrdighi, Domkal, Nabagram and Bharatpur II ( critical) • Nadia: Chapra, Hanskhali, Karimpur I, Karimpur II, Tehatta I and Tehatta II.

4.5 Ground water aquifers and their yield

Based on the geological and geomorphologic set up, characteristics of the aquifers and chemical character of ground water the State can be divided into two broad units.

Fissured Formations: Ground water occurs in these formations in the upper weathered mantle (thickness5-10m) and at deeper levels (60-100m depth) in the fractures, fissures and joints where limited quantities of ground water (less than 20m3/hr) may be available from bore wells and large dia dug wells

Porous Formations: Ground water occurs in this formation both under water table and confined condition. In Nadia, Murshidabad (except Kandi Sub-division) districts down to 150m there is absence of any significant clay beds making the entire aquifer up to 150m depth to occur under water table condition.

In the Bhabar Zone (foothills of Himalayan) aquifers are having very deep water table and are characterised by high seasonal variation of water table to the tune of 10-12m.

In the lateritic part occurring in parts of Birbhum, Barddhaman, Bankura & Paschim Medinipur districts, individual aquifers are of limited thickness and is continuous nature. The potential of this aquifer is very poor. By and large yield of the tube well (down to 100- 400mbgl) varies from 80-100m3/hr.

In the coastal tract of Purba Medinipur, S 24- Parganas, southern part of N 24- Parganas, Bidhannagar and some parts of Haora lying in the active delta of the Ganga --- the Bhagirathi river system ground water occurs under a characteristic hydro-chemical situation in which fresh water group of aquifers occurs within span of 120-300m sandwiched between saline to brackish aquifers. Yield of the tube well varies from 100-150m3//hr. Some of the hot springs (35-410C) from deep seated fractured zones of older rocks occurs around Bakreswar, Birbhum districts

Based on the yield prospects the State can be divided into three parts namely:

• Areas of prolific ground water resources (yield is more than 150m3//hr) : Jalpaiguri, Coochbihar, Medinipur, N&S 24- Parganas districts

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• Areas with moderate yield(yield between 50 - 150m3hr) : Comprising part of Malda,Uttar & Dakshin Dinajpur, western part of Murshidabad, marginal tract of Birbhum, Barddhaman, Bankura and Medinipur districts

• Areas with limited yield prospect (yield less than 50 cum/hr) : Extreme marginal tracts of Medinipur, Bankura, Purulia

Table – 4.5(i)

Formations Districts CGWB Findings Consolidated/ Semi- Purulia, Ground water occurs in : consolidated/Hard Bankura, i) Weathered residuum within 10mbgl. Crystalline rocks Medinipur, ii) Fractures within 65mbgl having Barddhaman, discharge within 20 m3/hr. Birbhum

Gondwana Purulia, Ground water occurs in the fractured zone Sandstone Barddhaman, within 100mbgl generally discharging 10 Birbhum m3/hr with maximum discharge of 22m3/hr.

Formations Districts CGWB Findings Unconsolidated Darjeeling, Ground water occurs both under /Recent Alluvium Jalpaiguri, unconfined & confined condition within the Kochbihar, explored depth of maximum 600mbgl. Uttar Dinajpur, Aquifers are fairly thick & regionally Dakshin Dinajpur, extensive with large yield prospect of about Malda, 150m3/hr. Murshidabad, In Birbhum and Bankura districts aquifers Nadia, beyond 136mbgl upto the drilled depth of North 24 Parganas, 350mbgl in the Tertiary formation are Hugli, found under autoflow condition. Haora, The occurrence of Arsenic in ground water Medinipur, in the depth span of 20-80 mbgl restricted Barddhaman, mainly in the eastern part of Bhagirathi Bankura, river has posed a serious problem. In view Birbhum of the situation exploration work has been undertaken in the arsenic infested areas & arsenic free deeper aquifers could be identified beneath a thick clay bed in Nadia district.

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Formations Districts CGWB Findings

Fresh ground water bearing aquifer occurring in varying depth ranges within 180-360mbglwithin the drilled depth of 600mbgl have been established. The fresh Coastal areas/ group of aquifers are sandwiched between North 24 Parganas, saline/brackish aquifer. The top South 24 Parganas, saline/brackish aquifer lies within the depth Medinipur, Haora span of 20-180m with maximum depth of 320mbgl in the extreme south. Suitably constructed tube well tapping 35m cumulative thickness can yield 100- 150m3/hr. Shallow fresh water aquifers occur in present day dunes in Digha- Ramnagar area of Medinipur dist. down to the depth of 9 mbgl & in levee deposit within 50mbgl in Baruipur -Sonarpur- Bhangar-Caning tract in South 24 Parganas. High Concentration of As in ground water is reported in this levee deposit.

Formations Districts CGWB Findings Older Alluvium Bhabar zone/ parts of In the submontane zone of Himalaya the Darjeeling & sediments consist of unassorted materials Jalpaiguri varying from boulders to sand of various grades. The aquifers are having deep water table & are characterised by high seasonal variations of water level to the tune of 10- 12m. Recent exploration identified the potential granular zones within the depth range of 150mbgl capable of yielding up to 68m3/hr.

Ground water under semi-confined to Barind Tract/ parts confined condition below a blanket of of Malda,Dakshin about 60m thick clay bed. Saturated Dinajpur granular zone of discontinuous nature generally occurs in the depth span of 65- 110m, which is capable of yielding upto50m3/hr.

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The maximum thickness of older alluvium is within 50m, which is capped by laterites. Lateritic Terrain/ Individual aquifer in older alluvium is of parts of Birbhum, limited thickness and discontinuous in Barddhaman, nature has poor yield prospect. Recent Bankura, Medinipur, exploration in the tract has indicated the Murshidabad presence of unconsolidated to semi consolidated Tertiary gravel & sand stone, porous in nature, within depth zone of 100- 140mbgl.which has the yield prospect of 180m3/hr. Central Ground Water Board has made following recommendation on abstraction of ground water in different formations:

Consolidated/ Semi-consolidated/Hard Crystalline rocks:

In this water scarce area, topographic lows, zone of intersection of regionally extended joints & fractures (to be identified by resistivity survey) are the suitable locales for ground water development through dug and dug-cum-bore wells. Bore wells within 100m depth is found suitable. Location of the well site should be pinpointed after detailed geophysical survey.

Gondwana Sandstone:

Bore wells within 100m depth are found suitable. Location of the well site should be pinpointed after detailed geophysical survey.

Unconsolidated /Recent Alluvium:

Bore wells within 100m depth is found suitable. Location of the well site should be pinpointed after detailed geophysical survey. Ground water can be utilised through heavy- duty tube wells within 120mbgl & shallow tube wells within 60mbgl. In arsenic infested area development of shallow aquifers should be avoided

4.6 Agriculture water demand

A study has been undertaken by the West Bengal State Pollution Control Board on ’Water Resources and Quality’ of West Bengal . The report provides a statement on demand of water by agriculture and also has made projections on requirement of water by the agriculture sector for a few decades in future. The following table summarises the current (average for the period 1994-95 to 2003-2004) demand and supply of rain water.

Table – 4.6(i) Agricultural water demand and supply through rainfall

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Irrigation Resources Baseline

District Area (sq Cultivable km) area ( 2004- Monsoon(mcm) Non-monsoon(mcm) Annual(mcm) 2005) sq km l l l l l l d d a a a l l f l n n f f l l l n a a a a n n a i i i f f ) d f ) a m m a a n n n n r i i e e r r i % a % a a d d a 5 d 5 d d m ) e R 7 R r r e e 7 R ( e r ( . e . e r r l . t t d % u v v u u v a s a 5 s s r A A s s s A 7 e a ( W t W A A a = s W … A A Darjeeling 3149 622 30 W 273 607 271 01 56 601 4186 4463 Jalpaiguri 6227 648 2077 282 016 76 693 2207 2953 0674 1222 Coochbehar 3387 2694 878 6287 014 02 492 798 2780 413 812 Uttar Dinajpur 3140 2811 956 002 348 882 128 418 837 6275 6766 Dakshin 2219 952 694 2429 2869 25 10 95 2519 265 763 Dinajpur Maldah 3733 2853 557 119 731 714 98 161 271 4431 4893 Murshidabad 5324 4089 2529 4055 4773 2994 244 577 523 726 6350 Birbhum 4545 441 2945 423 933 550 061 322 4495 4853 255 Barddhaman 7024 4915 4007 4995 770 978 689 2092 984 216 862 Nadia 3927 145 609 159 697 129 044 359 4738 4602 056 24-Pgs(N) 4094 2686 926 2927 306 2042 50 215 968 4148 4520 Hoogly 3149 2302 827 2500 2781 2155 85 016 983 481 797 Bankura 6882 958 170 4077 4591 314 222 534 4484 795 6125 Puruliya 6259 4614 2678 4539 366 455 278 588 133 6180 6954 Purba 4795 023 2903 378 749 2556 037 383 459 4566 132 Medinipur Paschim 9286 6104 4556 6937 440 2814 964 2697 370 012 0136 Medinipur Howrah 1467 41 13 051 168 87 14 425 600 433 593 24-Pgs (S) 9960 4005 479 4650 074 494 389 850 4972 6256 6924 West Bengal 88752 58802 42339 69710 77830 32024 21051 25802 74362 98329 03632 Source: WBSPCB report on water resources and quality,2009

The figures in the table show deficit in many districts particularly during the non-monsoon season. Five districts namely Barddhaman, Nadia, Hugli, Purba Medinipur and Howrah show annual deficit with respect to 75% of assured rainfall meaning thereby that at least once in 4 years the demand cannot be met through local resources.

This study has also indicated that the demand for water in the agriculture sector is going to go up in future decades in the manner as brought in the following table – 4.6(ii)

Table – 4.6(ii) Agriculture water demand in future decades ( in mcm)

District 2011 2021 2031

Monsoon Non-monsoon Non-monsoon Non-monsoon Darjeeling 330.4 357.5 426.9 496.2

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Irrigation Resources Baseline

Jalpaiguri 2077.4 1155.7 1379.8 1603.9 Coochbehar 1878.0 1191.0 1421.9 1652.8 Uttar Dinajpur 1955.5 2484.0 2965.6 3447.2 Dakshin Dinajpur 1694.1 1089.0 1300.2 1511.4 Maldah 1556.9 2268.8 2701.6 3140.3 Murshidabad 2528.6 3951.7 4717.9 5484.1 Birbhum 2944.9 2045.4 2442.0 2838.6 Barddhaman 4066.8 5250.1 6268.0 7286.0 Nadia 1609.3 4129.7 4930.4 5731.1 24-Pgs(N) 1925.6 2695.6 3218.2 3740.9 Hoogly 1827.0 2845.0 3396.6 3948.2 Bankura 3170.4 1733.9 2070.1 2406.2 Puruliya 2678.1 600.8 717.3 833.8 Purba Medinipur 2902.8 3374.1 4028.3 4682.5 Paschim Medinipur 455.7 3714.2 4434.3 5154.5 Howrah 713.5 1170.2 1397.0 1623.9 24-Pgs (S) 3478.6 1971.4 2353.6 2735.9 West Bengal 42338.6 42267.9 50463.2 58658.4 Source: WBSPCB Report on water resources and quality,2009

Figures in the table indicate that the demand for water during non-monsoon in the agriculture will rise by more than 11% during each of the decades commencing from 2011.

Figures of net and gross irrigated area per thousand persons when compared with India or some other states point out that the State is way behind and there is a need to improve through expansion of area under irrigated agriculture.

Country/State Net irrigated area in ha Gross irrigated in ha per ‘000 persons per ‘000 persons

1. India 53.16 73.04 2.Punjab 147.87 330.35 3.Bihar 43.68 57.93 4.Orissa 52.52 57.76 5.Andhra Pradesh 59.41 77.83 6.Tamilnadu 46.28 55.92 7.West Bengal 29.36 42.08 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Directorate of Economics and Statistics (2001-2002)

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Country/State Policy and Regulatory Framework

CHAPTER- 5

COUNTRY/ STATE POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

5.1 National Policies

5.1.1 National Environmental Policy, 2006: This policy intends to mainstream environmental concerns in all developmental activities.. The policy stresses on conservation of critical environmental resources, intra-generational and inter-generational equity, efficiency in environmental resource use and adoption of a pre-cautionary approach.

5.1.2 National Water Policy, 2002: The policy looks at water as a scarce and precious national resource to be planned, developed, conserved and managed as such. This lays down that water resources development and management need be planned for a hydrological unit such as drainage basin as a whole or for sub-basin multi-sectorally taking into account surface and ground water for sustainable use incorporating quantity and quality aspects as well as environmental considerations.

5.1.3 National Agricultural Policy, 2002: The policy seeks to promote technically sound, economically viable, environmentally non-degrading and socially acceptable use of natural resources – land, water and genetic endowment to achieve sustainable development of agriculture. The policy while stressing on conjunctive use of surface and ground water intends to promote on-farm management of water resources to optimise use of irrigation potential.

5.1.4 National Policy of Farmers, 2007 : The Policy notes non-availability of adequate water for irrigation as a major constraint in achieving higher productivity and stability of farming in many parts of the country. It recognises water as a public resource and not a private property and there is need to evolve mechanisms for just and equitable sharing of water and to include local communities in managing water resources. It stresses on rainwater harvesting and aquifer recharge for ensuring sustainability of supply and the need for regulation and control of the development and management of ground water resources.

5.2 State Policy

5.2.1 State Environment Policy, 1985: It intends to integrate environmental considerations into decision-making process at all levels. This states that rivers, reservoirs, water bodies and watersheds in the State will be protected and developed for ecological balance to provide for agriculture, irrigation, industrial,, drinking and other civic purposes. The thrust of the policy is

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to ensure the tempo of developmental activities taking into account the conservation of environment and natural resources.

5.2.2 EIA guidelines of the State Government: Schedule –I of these guidelines specify that minor irrigation schemes with a command area of less than 2000.0 ha executed by a State agency or approved for execution on the basis of availability of ground water as verified by the State Water Investigation Directorate may not require a separate EIA.

5.3 Regulatory Frame Work

5.3.1 Constitutional Guarantees

• Article 48 –A of the Constitution: this directive principle states that the state shall endeavour to protect and improve the natural environment. • Article 51-A of the constitution: This fundamental duty states that it is the duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment

5.3.2 Laws and Acts

• Environmental (Protection) Act,1986 : This act essentially links pollution and natural resource issues. It seeks to supplement existing laws on pollution control and also lays down standards for air quality and noise. Environmental Impact Assessment Notification was originally issued under this act specifying the criteria for categorisation of projects and the procedures for obtaining prior approval for execution of the projects. This has since been superceded by the EIA notification of September,2006

• Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 amended in 1988 and rules made there under: These laws seek to control pollution of water and enhance the quality of water. Under this law, it is mandatory to obtain consent for discharge of effluents and pay consent fees to the WBSPCB.

• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 amended in1992, 2003ad rules made there under: This act provides for levy and collection of fees consumed by persons and industries to augment resources of Pollution Control Boards.

• Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 amended in 2009 and the rules made there under: These laws address the prevention and control of air pollution. Remedial action is mandatory, where ambient air quality standards are violated.

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• Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and Rules made there under : this act was promulgated to halt the process of diversion of forest land for non-forest purpose. Under the provisions of this act , permission of the Central government is necessary if the execution of any development project requires diversion of forest lands.

• Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and Rules made there under: This act intends to protect wildlife in the country through creation of a protected area network and control of poaching and illegal trade in wildlife. Diversion of any forest area included in sanctuaries and national parks l require the prior approval of the Apex court of the country under its current orders after the same has been cleared by the Standing Committee of the National Board of Wildlife (NBWL) and the Central Empowered Committee of the Supreme Court.

• The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act,1958 rules made there under: This act provides for the preservation of ancient and historical monuments as also of archaeological sites and remains of national monuments, Rules under the require that for any construction activity within the area declared as protected , necessary permission has to be obtained from the competent authority .

• Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 1990 : and its subsequent amendments: This notification under the Environment(Protection) Act,1986 supplements the law on site clearance by declaring certain zones as CRZ and regulates the activities in such zones. For any development activity regulated by the provisions of this Regulation within CRZ, clearance of the Coastal Zone Management Authority is necessary for obtaining the approval of the Ministry of Environment and Forests.

• West Bengal Trees (Protection and Conservation in Non-Forest Areas) Act, 2006: Through this enactment, the state government regulates the removal of trees in non- forest areas. This prescribes the procedure for obtaining approval for cutting of trees and the compensatory plantation to be undertaken.

• West Bengal Forest Produce Transit Rules, 1959: These rules under the provisions of the Indian (Forest) Act, 1927 require that all timber and other forest produce will require a transit permit from the competent authority for transportation within the state and outside the State.

• West Bengal Ground Water Resources (Management, Control and Regulation) Act, 2005: This act provides for management of ground water resources to prevent

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Country/State Policy and Regulatory Framework

excessive abstraction of ground water. Such abstraction of ground water can only be done with the approval of the competent authority in SWID (State Water Investigation Directorate) on payment of prescribed fees.

• East Kolkata Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Act, 2006: The act intends to provide for conservation and management of East Kolkata Wetlands and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto.

5.4. National Standards

Execution of subprojects will not require any prior environmental clearance but the execution of projects during the period of construction and operation have to be guided by the standards set by the Central Pollution Control Board as per provisions of the regulatory framework.

5.4.1 Ambient Air Quality Standards

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (MOEF Notification Dt. 16.11.2009)

Sl.No Pollutant Time- Concentration in ambient air . weighted Industrial,Resi Ecologically Method of Measurement average dential, sensitive area Rural,and other areas 3 1 SO2, µg/m Annual* 50 20 Improved West & Gaeke Ultraviolet fluorescence 24hrs** 80 80 3 2 NO2, µg/m Annual* 40 30 Modified Jacob & Hocheisser 24hrs** 80 80 Chemiluminence 3 3 PM10 µg/m Annual 60 60 Gravimetric TOEM 24hrs 100 100 Beta attenuation 3 4 PM2.5 µg/m Annual* 40 40 Gravimetric TOEM 24hrs** 60 60 Beta attenuation 3 5 O3 µg/m 8hrs** 100 100 UV Photometry Chemiluminescence 1hr** 180 180 Chemical method

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Sl.No Pollutant Time- Concentration in ambient air . weighted Industrial,Resi Ecologically Method of Measurement average dential, sensitive area Rural,and other areas 3 6 Pb µg/m Annual* 0.50 0.50 AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM2000 24hrs** ED-XRF using Teflon Filter 1.00 1.00 7 CO mg/m3 8 hrs** 02 02 Non-dispersive Infra red spectroscopy 1hr.** 04 04 3 8 Benzeneµg/m Annual* 05 05 Gas chromatography based continuous analyser 9 BenzoPyrene, ( Annual* 01 01 Solvent extraction followed Particulate by HPLC/GC analysis phase only) ng/m3 10 Arsenic ng/m3 Annual* 06 06 AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 11 Nickel ng/3 Annual* 20 20 AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 3 12 NH3 µg/m Annual* 100 100 Chmilumuminescence Indophenol blue method 24hrs** 400 400

*Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hrs at uniform intervals. ** 24hrs/08hrs/02 hourly monitored values as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year.2% of time they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring

5.4.2 Ambient Noise Quality Standards

Category of Area / Zone Limits in dB(A) Leq*

Day Time Night Time (A) Industrial area 75 70 (B) Commercial area 65 55 (C) Residential area 55 45 (D) Silence Zone 50 40

Note:- 1. Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.

2. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.

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3. Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority.

4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority.

* dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing. A “decibel” is a unit in which noise is measured. “A”, in dB(A) Leq, denotes the frequency weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear. Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified period.

5.4.3 Water Quality Criteria

The Central Pollution Control Board has classified water resources of the country according to their uses for setting water quality objectives for different water bodies. The classification system is presented hereunder. .

Designated-Best-Use Class of water Criteria Drinking Water Source without A Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less conventional treatment but after pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more disinfection Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 2mg/l or less Outdoor bathing (Organised) B Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less Drinking water source after C Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less conventional treatment and pH between 6 to 9 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more disinfection Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less Propagation of Wild life and D pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Fisheries Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less pH betwwn 6.0 to 8.5 Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, E Electrical Conductivity at 25°C micro mhos/cm Max.2250 Controlled Waste disposal Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 Boron Max. 2mg/l Below-E Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria

5.5 Operational Policies and Directives of the World Bank

• Environmental Assessment - OP/BP 4.01 : Requirements; Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) is one of the ten safeguard policies of the World Bank, which provides the Environmental Assessment (EA) guidance for the lending operations. The OP 4.01

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requires the borrower to screen projects upstream in the project cycle for potential impacts. Thereafter, an appropriate EA approach to assess, minimize / enhance and mitigate potentially adverse impacts is selected depending on nature and scale of project. The EA needs to be integrated in the project development process such that timely measures can be applied to address identified impacts. The policy requires consultation with affected groups and NGOs to recognise community concerns and the need to address the same as part of EA.

• Cultural Property - OPN 11.03: Requirements: The World Bank’s Operational Policy Note 11.03 aims at preserving and avoiding the elimination of structures having archaeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious and unique natural values. Projects that could significantly damage non-replicable cultural properties are declined for funding and the Bank will in turn assist protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in the project rather than leaving that protection to chance. Where ever, projects to be funded by WRIDD encounter cultural properties, suitable cultural properties management plan will require to be prepared and implemented as part of the project. .

• Natural Habitats – OP/BP 4.04: Operational Policy 4.04 sets out the World Bank’s policy on supporting and emphasising the precautionary approach to natural resource management and ensuring opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. As per this policy, projects that involve significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats are not supported by the Bank. Projects involving non critical habitats are supported if no alternatives are available and if acceptable mitigation measures are in place.

• Forests – OP/BP 4.36: OP/BP 4.36 sets out specific policy on protection of forests through consideration of forest related impacts of all investment operations, ensuring restrictions for operations affecting critical forest conservation areas, and improving commercial forest practice through use of modern certification systems. The policy requires consultation with local people, the private sector and other stakeholders in forest area.

• Pest Management – (OP 4.09) The policy requires consideration of putting in place a regime of IPM in CCAs covered by irrigation projects because of increased use of inorganic fertilizer arising out of intensification of agriculture.

• Safety of Dams (OP &BP 4.37) : For small dams less than 15 metres in height, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate. No independent review is required for such dams as is required for large dams that are 15 metres or more in height.

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• Projects on International waterways (OP & BP 7.50): This applies to any river, canal, lake or similar body of water that forms a boundary between or any river or body of surface water that flows through two or more states. This also applies to any tributary or other body of surface water that is a component of any waterway as described in the preceding sentence.

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Screening Criteria For Sub-Projects

CHAPTER 6

STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION

There is a growing consensus that timely and broadbased stakeholder involvement is a vital ingredient for effective environmental assessment, as it is for project planning, appraisal and development in general. The World Bank has found that public participation in EIA tends to improve project design, environmental soundness and social acceptability. This has been the general experience that environmental assessments that successfully involved a broad range of stakeholders tended to lead to more influential environmental assessment processes and, consequently, to development that delivered more environmental and social benefits. Conversely, environmental assessments that failed to be inclusive tended to have less influence over planning and implementation, and consequently resulted in higher social and environmental costs.

Stakeholder involvement during environmental assessment can result in accrual of wide- ranging benefits like: • Helping environmental assessments address relevant issues including those perceived by other sectoral agencies, public bodies, local communities including beneficiaries affected groups etc. • Assisting in improving information flows between proponents and different stakeholder groups thus improving the understanding and ownership of a project • Enabling project proponents to better respond to different stakeholder needs • Helping to harnessing traditional knowledge often overlooked in conventional approaches • Assisting in identifying proper identification of environmental impacts and their characterisation • And above all improving the acceptability and quality of mitigation measures and monitoring process.

6.2 Preliminary State Level Stakeholder Consultation

The consultants had consulted policy–making and senior level officers of some Government Departments, autonomous bodies and Government Corporations to have their inputs on the programme conceived by the Client under Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation. The consultation primarily spread over the period of August- October 2008. The list of officials consulted include:

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1. The Principal Secretary, Department of Panchayat and Rural Development 2. Land Reforms Commissioner 3. The Director , Land Records and Surveys 4. Chief Environmental Officer and Senior Environmental Officer of the Department of Environment 5. Principal Secretary and some Joint Directors of the Department of Agriculture 6. The Project Director, ADMI and the Members of the Project Preparation Team 7. Director and the Additional Director of the State Water Investigation Directorate 8. Member Secretary West Bengal State Pollution Control Board and Scientists under his control 9. The Managing Director, West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency 10. The Director (Distribution), West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company Ltd. 11. Professors and Readers of the Kalyani Agriculture University 12. .Officials of CGWB, Eastern Region

During such consultation, the consultants tried to have their comments on the proposed project and their feasibility of implementation. The issues of environmental concern in implementation of the project were raised during consultation with the officers of the Department of Environment and the West Bengal Pollution Control Board. Availability of electrical power for energisation of minor irrigation systems was raised during the process of consultation with the WBSEDC Ltd. The possibility of harnessing non- conventional energy sources on trial basis to energise minor irrigation systems was the focus of consultation with the MD, WBREDA. Department of Agriculture officials and some faculties of Agriculture Universities were extensively consulted for inputs on IPM and INM as well as the issue of increased water use efficiency in agriculture irrigation. CGWB officials tried to focus on their studies on ground water and the results published for different districts.

Such consultation indicated that subprojects conceived are not likely to cause any irreversible or significant adverse impacts in case these are screened through a set of criteria built on a proper understanding of the environmental setting, ground /surface water availability, and a proper assessment of the need of the beneficiaries and their willingness to take over operation and maintenance of subprojects.

Salient issues that came out of this consultation process are the following;

• Selection of projects should be demand driven • Subprojects need be selected carefully particularly in blocks of very high ground water development status and in the blocks where ground water has been severely affected by arsenic & fluoride contamination

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• Water harvesting tanks, water-harvesting structures, dugwells having CCA less than 2 ha should better be taken up under the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. This was impressed upon the Panchyat & Rural Development Department • Wherever possible minor irrigation systems should be energised by electricity and for this a dialogue should be started with West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company Ltd. • Subprojects relying on extraction of ground water in the coastal saline zone have to take guard against ingress of saline water into the aquifers. • In some of the districts prone to flooding and water logging and having a very low level of ground water development status , ground water abstraction through irrigation systems may ameliorate such conditions • There should be close coordination between the Department of Agriculture and the Water Resources Investigation & Development Department to ensure sustainability of the Participatory Irrigation Management.

6.3 Stakeholder consultation in sample blocks

In terms of the TOR stakeholder consultations were organised in all sample blocks as selected in consultation with the Client. These have been representative of different agro-climatic zones. All consultation at sites were organised in consultation with the District convenors or their representatives. The participants in such consultations included officials of the WRIDD, the Department of Agriculture, block level officers of the administration and members of farming communities. In many of such consultations, there has been fair representation of women and economically disadvantaged groups. All such consultations have been organised on a proper advance notice amongst the communities.

Stakeholder categories and the strength of participation against each category are furnished in the table below;

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Sl. No. Categories l a t f I o s & o t R T s . n - P r s s s a s o Row Dist. s r r r e l l l i n p e e e e a a a N i s n e s i i i T i g g g r n No. c l r l c c c i . i a a a e S m a i i i a o t l l l m / t g t p t f f f r h l l l o f t f i f d i i e o a n o a C r T t O R E P O O V O A T V W V S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Bankura i. Kotulpur 67 6 2 2 2 61 5 19 9th Jan.’09 ii. Ranibandh 7th 70 12 2 7 3 58 31 49 Jan.’09 2 Birbhum i. Rampurhat-I 60 18 4 X 14 42 8 27 20th Nov.’08 3 Burdwan i. Ketugram-II 51 31 3 20 8 20 X 10 5th Dec.’08 4 Cooch Behar i. Sitai 31 19 3 9 7 12 4 X 4th Dec.’08 ii. Tufangunj-II 53 18 2 7 9 35 1 1 3rd Dec.’08 5 Darjeeling i. Phansidewa 5th 21 6 3 1 2 15 3 X Dec.’08 6 Hooghly i. Balagarh 17th 64 36 2 17 17 28 8 10 Feb.’09 ii. Chinsura- 43 28 2 15 11 15 4 X Mogra 18th Feb.’09 7 Howrah i. Uluberia – I 44 13 3 5 5 31 1 2 19th March’09

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Sl. No. Categories l a t f I o s & o t R T s . n - P r s s s a s o Row Dist. s r r r e l l l i n p e e e e a a a N i s n e s i i i T i g g g r n No. c l r l c c c i . i a a a e S m a i i i a o t l l l m / t g t p t f f f r h l l l o f t f i f d i i e o a n o a C r T t O R E P O O V O A T V W V S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 Jalpaiguri i. Mal 41 29 1 17 11 12 5 5 19th Nov.’08 ii. Dhupguri 20th Nov.’08 42 30 5 17 8 12 X 4 9 Maldah i. Gajal 17th Dec.’08 35 30 3 20 7 5 1 X ii. Ratua 18th Dec.’08 62 53 7 22 24 9 2 X 10 Murshidabad i. Bharatpur – I 22nd Oct.’08 55 8 X 2 6 47 1 X ii. Sagardighi 23rd oct.’08 52 7 2 2 3 45 6 6 11 Nadia i. Nabadwip 6th Nov.’08 50 5 2 X 3 45 1 X 12 24 Parganas (N) i. Barrackpore-I 9th March’09 55 4 1 1 2 31 6 6 ii. Habra – I 9th Feb.’09 25 11 1 3 7 14 4 X iii. Haroa 13th March’09 41 7 2 1 4 34 4 10 13 24 Parganas (S) i. Canning – I 6th Feb.’09 37 4 1 3 X 33 X X ii. Kulpi 3rd Nov.’08 & 68 25 5 12 8 43 4 1 11th Feb.’09 14 Purulia i. Joypur 6th Nov.’08 41 17 4 6 7 24 6 6 ii. Neturia 43 23 5 3 15 20 18 12 7th.Nov,08 15 Purba Medinipur i. Panskura I 29 4 2 1 1 25 5 2 11th. Feb,09 ii. Khejuri- I 31 20 4 14 2 11 4 x 24th.Feb,09 16 Paschim Medinipur Garbeta I 30 23 2 14 7 7 X 4 3rd Feb,09

17 Dakshin Dinajpur Gangarampur 61 27 6 6 15 34 11 10 6th.Feb,09 18 Uttar Dinajpur Goalpokhr I 64 19 2 5 12 45 2 x !9th Dec,08

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Villagers Participation (gender-wise)

18%

82% Villagers Men VillagersWomen

Participation of Officials in SCM / FGD

14%

43%

43%

Official adminis-trators Official PRI Rep. Engineers& others

Participation in SCM / FGD (Caste-Wise)

21%

Villagers General Villagers SC/ST

79%

6.4 Issues raised by stakeholders during site consultations

The stakeholders, in general, felt that the project execution will benefit the farming communities provided there is adequate back up by the Department of Agriculture in providing the required advice on cropping particularly on crop rotation and diversification, provision on inputs on time and assistance in marketing through dissemination of market

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information. The stakeholders did not have any inhibition in expressing their opinion. Issues raised during such consultation are summarised below:

• General lack of awareness on organic farming and the need for crop rotation and crop diversification • Deficient facilities for soil testing and appropriate advice on use of chemical fertilisers and insecticide/pesticides • The need for intensive campaigning for awareness development on IPM/INM is a prime requirement to avoid adverse environmental impacts • Need for avoidance of groundwater abstraction in areas severely affected by arsenic and fluoride contamination; in such areas more stress should be laid on surface water irrigation schemes • A inventory of old and dysfunctional RLI/DTWs to decide on the possibility of rehabilitation at economic cost • More stress on energisation of minor irrigation systems with electricity and rationalizing tariff rate as they feel such rates are high • Undertaking of proper bank protection works in stretches of streams used for surface water abstraction • Careful Installation of RLIs in stretches of a stream/river bed after proper assessment of discharge to avoid reduced streamflow resulting in problems of siltation • Need for avoidance of ground water abstraction to prevent saline water intrusion in coastal areas • Need for more co-ordination amongst allied departments to optimise benefits flowing from the scheme. • Awareness development for water use efficiency in irrigation and more stress on cropping with less water consumptive crops

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Issues raised during consultaion at different sites are tabulated below;

Sl. No. Issues Raised Blocks

1 Excessive use of Kotulpur, Ranibandh, Sitai, Canning-I, Tufangunj, chemical fertilisers Gangarampur, Cinsura-Mogra, Goalpokhor, Uluberia-I, Panskura-I, Dhubguri, Mal, Ratua-II, Bharatpur-I, Sagardighi, Barrckpore-I, Habra-I, Nabadwip , Kulpi, Garbeta-I 2 Necessity for Canning-I, Khejuri-I, Uluberia, Tufangunj, rehabilitation of old and Garbeta-I, Gangarampur, Goalpokhor, Panskura- dysfunctional I, Dhubguri, Sagardighi, Barrackpore-I, Nabadwip, RLII/DTW/Sluice Gate Garbeta-I 3 Emphasis on organic and Kotulpur, Ranibandh, Sitai, Canning-I, Tufangunj, bio-farming Gangarampur, Cinsura-Mogra, Goalpokhor, Uluberia-I, Ratua-II,Neturia 4 Wastage of irrigation Tufangunj, Gangarampur, Barrackpore-I water through seepage in kutcha channels 5 Lack of awareness for Tufangunj, Goalpokhar, Ratua-II, Barrackpore-I organic farming 6 More use of less water Ranibandh, Phansideoa consumptive crops

7 Shifting of stream and Sitai, Tufangunj, Phansideoa, Dhubguri, Nituria river courses 8 Inadequate departmental Sitai, Gangarampur / Inter –departmental Coordination 9 Pesticides agri-chemical Sitai, Tufangunj, Mal induced diseases 10 Deficiency in extension Habra-I services 11 Problem of diesel Tufangunj, Chinsura-Mogra, Dhubguri, Ratua-II, pumps maintenance and Nabadwip, Garbeta-I, Joypur and Neturia theft of equipment 12 Arsenic/ Fluoride/Iron Tufangunj (Iron), Uluberia, Habra-I, Bharatpur-I, Neturia, Purulia, Mal(iron), Gajol, Ratua-II, Habra- I, Nabadwip, Neturia 14 Dry season acute water Gangarampur, Tufangunj shortage in pond/rivers 13 Siltation of river bed & Tufangunj, Dhubguri reduced stream flow

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Sl. No. Issues Raised Blocks

14 Depletion of water table Khejuri-I, Dhubguri 15 Irregular /uncertain Barrackpore-I, Habra-I, Garbeta-I power supply 16 Local flooding / drainage Tufangunj, Ketugram-II, Dhubguri, Mal, Gajol probleml 17 Leaching of soil nutrients Khejuri-I

18 Increased salinity of Khejuri-I, Kulpi water 19 Inadequate staffing Uluberia, Habra-I, Nabadwip (OCM, KPS) 20 Necessity for introduction Khejuri-I, Panskura-I, Dhubguri, Ratua-II, of crop rotation / crop Bharatpur-I, Sagardighi,Neturia, Garbeta-I diversification 21 Felt need for taking up Khejuri-I, Dhubguri, Bharatpur-I, Joypur, Neturia, measures of rain water Garbeta-I harvesting 22 Emphasis on use of Mal, Gajol, Ratua-II, Bharatpur-I, Nabadwip electricity –run pumps 23 Laying more stress on Tufangunj(Iron), Uluberia, Habra-I, Bharatpur-I, use of surface water Neturia, Purulia, Mal(iron), Gajol, Ratua-II, irrigation Sagardighi, Habra-I, Joypur 24 Augmentation of facilities Habra-I, Bharatpur-I, Barrackpore-I, Habra-I for soil testing 25 Stress on need for Mal, Gajol, Ratua-II, Bharatpur-I, Sagardighi, excavation/ re- Nabadwip, Joypur,Neturia excavation ponds/beels/ canals 26 Suggestion for more Gajol, Neturia awareness and training camps on IPM /INM 27 Upstream /Municipal Mal, Barrackpore-I Sewage –induced pollution affection irrigation 28 Pollution of soil and Mal ground water from polluted run-off

29 Felt need for introduction Sagardighi of sprinkler/drip irrigation

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A few photographs of Stakeholder Consultations are furnished below :

Stakeholder Consultation at Gangarampur, Dakshin Dinajpur

Stakeholder Consultation at Balagarh, Hoogly

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Stakeholder consultation at Ranibundh, Bankura

Stakeholder consultation at Goalpokhr-I, Uttar Dinajpur

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Screening Criteria For Sub-Projects

CHAPTER- 7

SCREENING CRITERIA FOR SUB-PROJECTS

7.1 NEED FOR DEFINING CRITERIA

Minor irrigation schemes included under the program will not require environmental clearance either from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India or the Department of Environment in the State Government. The Implementing Agency however will require some permission under the regulatory framework of the State and such regulations have been brought out earlier. These have also been reiterated in the Environmental Code of Practice developed for program execution.

The funding agency however is keen on ensuring that the execution of sub-projects do not under any circumstances cause any significant adverse impact on any of the environmental components keeping in view some environmental concerns in the environmental setting of the widely geographically dispersed areas of 18 districts of the State.

7.2. SELECTION OF CRITERIA

The environmental setting of the program execution area has been brought out in fair details. Environmental concerns in different agro-climatic zones are fairly predictable from the issues discussed. As the project has the specific objective of conjunctive use of ground and surface water, irrigation resources data have also been brought from secondary sources to have a clear picture. Based on these and drawing inputs from the stakeholder consultations and the officers of the WRIDD at different levels, the criteria for screening have been arrived. The criteria have been designed to be simple so as to avoid a process of detailed analysis at the screening stage. Each criterion has also been scaled to facilitate preparation of a scorecard for each subproject for categorisation as projects of low impact category or medium impact category. Exclusion criteria have been developed on the basis of precautionary principle

7.3. SELECTED CRITERIA

All subprojects identified under the programme can be selected on the following criteria:

Criterion I :Siting of the project with reference to environmentally sensitive areas which will include protected area network including wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, natural habitats including reserved forests/protected forests, wetlands of national and international importance, sacred groves of significant bio-diversity, wild elephant corridors etc.

Criterion II: Status of ground water availability

Criterion III: Degree of Arsenic contamination in the aquifers

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Criterion IV: Degree of Fluoride contamination in the aquifers

Criterion V: Irrigation water quality determined by parameters of pH, EC (electrical conductivity), SAR (Sodium absorption ratio) and Boron as set by Central Pollution Control Board.,

Criterion VI: Degree of impact on downstream flow-regime affecting riparian habitat and livelihood of down- stream users

Criterion VII: Presence or absence of historic and archaeological remains preserved under the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Act), 1958

Criterion VIII: Possibility of energisation with electrical sources of power

Of these criteria I, II, III, IV, V, VII & VIII are relevant for subprojects proposing ground water abstraction whereas criteria I.V.VI.VII & VIII are relevant only for surface flow or river lift irrigation sub-projects.

7.4 SCALES AND SCORING

Each of these criteria may be rated on the scales suggested below:

Criterion I: Scale 0 -3: 0 (Present beyond 500m), 1 (present within 251m to 500m of CCA or Head works and the reservoir), 2 (present within 101m to 250m). 3 (present within 100m)

Criterion II: Scale 0 – 2, 0 (safe) , 1 ( semi critical), 2 ( critical )

Criterion III : Scale 0-2, 0 ( present within permissible limits of 10µg/l as approved by WHO ), 1 ( present within permissible limits of 50 µg/L as approved by the country ), 2 ( present beyond permissible limits of 50µg/l as approved by the country).

Criterion IV: Scale 0 – 2, 0 (present within permissible limits of 1mg/L as approved by BIS), 1 (present within limits of > 1.mg/l < 1.5.0mg/l), 2 (present beyond > 1.5mg/l )

Criterion V: Scale 0 -2, 0 (All parameters well within CPCB standards; EC at 25º C < 2000 micromhos/cm and SAR < 20), 1 (SAR > 20 and < 26 and EC at 25º C >2000 and < 2250 micromhos/cm and other parameters within CPCB standards), 2 (one or more of parameters exceed CPCB standards)

Criterion VI: Scale 0 – 3, 0 (adverse impact imperceptible), 1 (adverse impact low), 2 (adverse impact moderate), 3 (adverse impact irreversible and significant)

Criterion VII : Scale 0-3 , 0 ( present beyond 500m ) , 1 ( present within 251m to 500m ), 2 ( present within101m to 250m ), 3 ( present within 100m)

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Criterion VIII: Scale 0- 3, 0 (Available), 1 (Available on short term of 2 years), 2 (Available on mid term of 5 years), 3 (likely to be available beyond 5 years)

All ground water abstraction subprojects having score of 0 to 10 can be categorised as low impact category projects. Projects scoring 11 to 13 will be categorised as medium impact category projects Similarly all surface water projects having scores of 0 to 8 will be categorised as low impact category projects and projects having scores of 9 to 10 will get categorised as medium impact category projects.

7.5 EXCLUSION CRITERIA

• All ground water abstraction sub- projects having scores of 2 against one or more of criteria II , III, IV & V and shall not be taken up for execution because of likely adverse impacts on ground water depletion, soil quality and on human and livestock health through arsenic and fluoride intake through food chain..

• All surface water sub-projects (surface flow or river lift) having scores of 2 against criterion V shall not be taken up for execution: Similarly all surface water sub-projects having scores of 3 against criterion VI will be avoided as execution of such sub-projects may have irreversible adverse impact on down stream flow regime, infiltration rate and crop productivity.

• All sub-projects requiring diversion of areas included in protected areas like sanctuaries and national parks should not be considered for execution as diversion of such areas is a very sensitive issue with the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the GOI and getting clearance for such projects is a time- consuming process involving even the Apex court of the country under the orders in force..

7.6 STANDARDS CONSIDERED IN DEVELOPING CRITERIA

In developing the screening both the Indian and international standards have been kept in view. Wherever necessary precautionary principles have been employed to avoid any adverse impact on human health and agriculture productivity

7.6.1 INDIAN STANDARDS

• Arsenic: 50µg/l Fluoride: 1.0mg/L • Permissible limit of fluoride (In absence of alternate source as per IS10500): 1.5mg/l

• CPCB standards for irrigation water: i. pH between 6.0 and 8.5 ii. Electrical Conductivity at 25º c Micromhos/cm 2250 max iii. Sodium Absorption Ratio 26 max iv. Boron Max. 2mg/l

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7.6.2 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS WHO EPA, USA 1 Arsenic 10µg/l 10µg/l 2. Fluoride 1.5µg/l 2.0mg/l

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Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

CHAPTER 8

ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES Environmental Code of Practice & TOR for limited EA

8.1 Introduction

Irrigation represents an alteration of the natural conditions of the landscape by extracting water from an available source, adding water to fields where there was none or little before and introducing man-made structures and features to extract, transfer and dispose water. Irrigation projects and irrigated agriculture can impact the environment in a variety of ways. Irrigated agriculture depends on supplies from surface or ground water. The environmental impacts of irrigation systems depends on the nature of water source, the quality of water and how the water is delivered to the irrigated land.

The program has a variety of sub-projects. Out of these, the subprojects belonging to surface flow, river lift and water detention structures having CCAs 50 ha are likely to cause some adverse impacts depending upon the environmental sensitivities of the area of influence of such sub-projects. Other subprojects also will have impacts, but their magnitude, duration and direction will be mostly manageable through implementation of generic management measures primarily during the construction and operation phase. The triggering of increased use of fertilisers in the CCA during the operation phase particularly in areas where more than one subproject will be taken up for execution in the same mouza or adjoining mouzas if not tackled properly may have significant adverse impact on soil and water environment. This is more so when such sub-projects become operational in an existing environment of intensive agriculture.

8.2. Anticipated impacts

8.2.1 Fall of water table

The provision of drainage to irrigation schemes with high water tables brings benefits to agriculture through lowering of water table. Lowering of ground water table by a few meters may also adversely affect the existing users whether it is required for drinking for humans and livestock or for sustenance of wetlands in the project area of influence specially during the drier parts of the year.

Some impacts of falling water table like salt water intrusion and land subsidence may be irreversible and difficult to compensate. This is a likely impact in coastal saline areas of the State.

Fall of water table is not anticipated in any of the subprojects selected for execution as the exclusion criteria will not permit extraction of ground water in critical or semi-critical blocks.

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Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

8.2.2 Rise of water table

Execution of irrigation schemes quite often bring in its wake the rise of water table leading to conditions of waterlogging. Low irrigation efficiency is generally the principal cause of the rise of the water table. This is attributed to inefficient distribution of water through conveyance channels, poor main system management and adoption of rather archaic in-field irrigation practices. Such impacts, if any, will be low, short term and reversible.

8.2.3 Water Quality arising out of intensification of agriculture through increased use of fertilisers

and pesticides.

The altered hydrological regime because of implementation of irrigation schemes often reduces the capacity of the environment to assimilate water soluble pollution. In the present project this may happen only when a number of schemes will be taken up for execution in a restricted geographical area. Reductions in low flows may result in higher concentrations of pollutants discharged into the water courses both from point and non-point sources.

Infiltration of irrigation water in excess of available root zone storage generally penetrates beyond the reach of roots and eventually recharges ground water. Nitrates, salts, and other chemicals dissolved in soil water tend to move with the water. Crops with high water and N requirements tend to increase the potential risk of nitrate pollution to ground water. Light textured soils and intensive production of shallow–rooted crops under irrigation can lead to considerable losses by leaching and thereby contaminating ground water.

A high nutrient level is essential for agriculture. In the CCAs of the subprojects, inputs of fertilisers both organic and inorganic may result in excess of nutrients which may cause problems to water bodies. A part of used fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides may drain into the surface and ground water systems. The use of these sources of drinking water supply may be at risk because of the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus salts. The excessive run-off of fertilisers and pesticides may lead to eutrophication and upset the existing balance of the aquatic biota and the associated ecosystems. Increased nutrient level is toxic to some aquatic life and may cause algal blooms depleting the oxygen level which may adversely impact fish and other aquatic life.

The consumption pattern was classified into three classes based on actual consumption of fertilizer in the districts in 2008-2009. Highest rate of fertilizer 220-270kg per ha. was applied in Hoogly, Malda and Bardhaman, while the districts of Murshidabad, East Medinipur , Birbhum, Bankura, North 24-Parganas applied dose of 150-220kg per ha and the remaining districts used less than 150 kg per ha(The rate of consumption is below recommended doze of chemical fertilizer which is 450kg per ha.). Further the ratio of NPK in the fertilizer in use by the farmer’s districts is balanced (2.26:1.32:1). This fact coupled with the fact that the level of pesticide use at the rate of 424gm per ha against the national average of 500gm per ha is indicative that there will be very low impact on water quality arising out of increased use of fetiliser In CCAs of subprojects.

Use of excess pesticide for increase harvest of cultivated crops pose a threat to contamination of ground water resources through leaching. Ground water being a closed system generally

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takes years to decontaminate. Residues of pesticides in agricultural crops also has serious implications on human health. In view of this West Bengal State Pollution Control Board had undertaken a continuous ground water monitoring programme in association with the Central Pollution Control Board at selected stations in the districts of Bardhaman, Howrah, North and South 24-Parganas, Nadia, & Maldah, Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur and Kolkata at 22 stations. Monitored pesticides are BHC, DDT, Endosulfan, Aldrin, Malathion, Methyl Parathion, Chlorpyriphos and Anilophos. The analysis of 22 samples resulted in of -BHC only in four samples and DDT in 2 samples only. Malathion was present only in one sample. Aldrin has been detected in a few samples but this was well below the quantification of the analytical set up. Chlorpyriphos and Anilophos were not detected. Pesticides have also been monitored by an accredited environmental laboratory in a good number of ground water samples collected from stations located in districts like Darjeeling, Nadia, Bardhaman, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, North 24-Parganas, Dakshin Dinajpur, Uttar Dinajpur, Howrah, Hoogly, South 24- Parganas, Paschim Medinipur & Bankura. All such samples had -BHC, - BHC and Endosulphan below detection limit.

8.2.4 Low flow regime

In the present program adverse impacts of low flow regime may occur when the same flowing waters of a stream are proposed to be used by a number of river lift irrigation schemes of medium and major types. Cumulative impact of these, may impact downstream users when they use the same source for the purpose of irrigation or drinking. The low flow regime during the drier part of the year may affect the livelihood of people downstream dependent on fish catch. Riparian habitats along the banks of the stream also may adversely impacted impacting the terrestrial and the aquatic fauna. Large changes to low flows may alter microhabitats adversely endangering niches of some endangered wetland fauna.

8.2.5 Salinity

All irrigation waters contain dissolved salts and these salts are generally low in concentration. Salinization is specially likely to be a problem on poorly drained soils when the ground water is within 3m or less of the surface. Under such circumstances water tends to rise to the surface by capillary action rather than percolating down through the entire soil profile.

Saline soils contain sufficient soluble salts to inhibit the growth of most plants. With a predominance of sodium on the exchange complex and a low concentration of salts in the infiltrating water, the infiltration rate and permeability can be severely and irreversibly reduced. Leaching and drainage can cause salt loading of the water resource into which the effluent is discharged.

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Irrigation –induced salinity is generally led by poor on-farm water use efficiency, poor construction, operation and maintenance of conveyance channels causing excessive seepage loss and inadequate or lack of drainage infrastructure.

8.2.6 Arsenic and Fluoride contamination

SWID study has identified 81 blocks as As-affected (concentration > 0.05mg/l spread over 8 districts. The study of the School of Environmental Science of Jadavpur University has identified 68 blocks of such districts as the most affected as more than 10% of the samples from these blocks showed Arsenic contamination at the level of more than 50µg/ l – the permissible level of ground water in the country. One of the reasons adduced for these state of affairs is excessive ground water abstraction. This study by the School of Environmental Science of Jadavpur University shows up that the districts of Nadia and Murshidabad where the ground water development stage is highest in the state is worst affected by arsenic contamination.

In a study undertaken in parts of Nadia district by Raychoudhury and others of Division of Environmental Chemistry of National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan, it has been concluded that arsenic contaminates agricultural soil and enters crops grown on it. The degree of contamination rises with the increase in the levels of Arsenic in ground water

In another study instituted by the Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal and undertaken by the Department of Environmental Science, Kalyani University, such arsenic contamination of rice grown with Arsenic contaminated ground water has been confirmed. This study was conducted in five blocks of Nadia district. Salient findings of the study are:

• During the pre-monsoon period, 2007 the average concentration of irrigation water was 0.53mg/l. • The average arsenic concentration in the field was found to be in the range of 4.578 to 09.720 mg/kg and this level of contamination was below the maximum of acceptable limit of 20.0 mg /kg recommended by European Commission. • Concentrations of Arsenic in the various parts plants of rice plant were ; straw -0.58 to2.68mg /kg dry weight of arsenic, husk – 0.22to1.18mg/kg dry weight of arsenic and grain -0.11 to 0.90 mg/kg dry weight of arsenic. Arsenic concentration in grain did not exceed 1.0mg/kg dry weight of arsenic recommended as the food hygienic concentration limit prescribed by WHO.

CGWB studied arsenic content of raw food items. Analysis of 60 samples revealed that cereals contain low arsenic ( wheat 0.4 to 1.25mg and rice o.3mg/kg in dried samples ) The study of food samples cooked with arseniferous water reflected that arsenic concentration increase from 0.3mg/kg to 0.8mg/kg in case of rice whereas there is not much difference for potato and papaya.

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Fluoride although beneficial when present in concentrations of 0.8-1.0mg/l has been associated with mottled enamel of teeth when present in potable waters in concentrates above 1.5 mg/. Skeletal fluorosis has been observed in concentrations beyond 3mg/l.

A study by A. Anusyua and others of National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research on concentration of fluoride in some food crops brought out higher levels of concentration on crops grown in fluorotic areas. Samples of rice (Oryza sativa,), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare,), and bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum) were collected from normal and endemic fluorotic areas located in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India Samples of rice and sorghum grown and consumed in the fluorotic area had significantly higher concentration of fluoride than those collected from the normal area. The values were 0.4 ± 0.32 in rice and 0.4 + 0.16 in sorghum from the fluorotic area and 0.16 ± 0.05 in rice and 0.15 ± 0.04 in sorghum from the normal area.

In another study undertaken by Khandare and others of the National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR) the uptake of fluoride by leafy vegetables like amaranth, spinach, cabbage, tomato and lady’s finger grown using irrigation water with 10 ppm F has been confirmed .The study showed that fluoride levels was higher in edible parts of all vegetables compared to controls irrigated with 0.3ppm F water. Fluoride contents ( mg/kg dry weight )with tap water and fluoridated water were 0.71 vs 1.70 for spinach, 3.88 vs20.29 for amaranth, 0.12 vs 0.17 for cabbage, 0.14 vs 0.43 for lady’s finger and 0.12 vs 0.2 for tomato.

8.2.7 Erosion and Sedimentation

Erosion in the catchment upstream and delivery of sediments in the reservoir area may adversely impact the life of a surface flow scheme or a water detention structure. Increased sediment flow form the catchment may attract regular desilting of intakes and pumping stations. The increased sediment load may also adversely impact the morphology of the river. Increased turbidity arising from sedimentation may also impact the down stream ecology adversely.

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Irrigation runoff waters carry nutrients and other chemicals Soil erosion and subsequent transport of sediments and adsorbed chemicals is caused by run-off of excess irrigation water from cropland. Soil erosion decreases the productivity of the land. Furrow irrigation causes more erosion than sprinkler or drip irrigation. Sediments transported by irrigation tail waters eventually return to streams and rivers negatively impacting canals and other water conveyance structures, causing sedimentation of reservoirs and other structures creating problems for fish habitat and aquatic systems.

Field size, slope and field lay out are difficult to change. Outdated water management practices may result in serious local erosion at the head end of the irrigated field and in sedimentation at the mid or tailend thus disturbing the field micro-topography .

8.2.8 Hinterland effect

The subprojects included in the program are small in nature. As such execution of such subprojects in geographically separated areas may not have hinterland effect with substantial increase in intensity of human activity. The construction phase of most of the subprojects will also not attract migration of large force of external laborers, as most of the work force will belong to the unskilled and semiskilled category. Typical activities will include primarily more intensive diversified agriculture and the development of the related infrastructure to support these activities. In cases where more than one surface flow or river lift schemes will be taken up for execution, such impacts may be a little more pronounced but such effect may not entail a ripple effect of environmental degradation.

8.2.9 Public health Impacts

Reservoirs and impoundment can cause a variety of health risks. Polluted water is a major cause of diarrhea caused by water- borne infection. The bacteria most commonly found in polluted water are coliforms excreted by humans. Most common diseases associated with contaminated irrigation waters are cholera, typhoid, ascariasis, amoebiosis, girardiasis and enteroinvasive E.coli. There is also a linkage between increase in malaria and construction of reservoirs. Schistomiasis, a parasitic disease has also been demonstrated to increase following reservoir construction.

8.2.10 Impact on flora and fauna

The subprojects to be taken up for execution will largely have CCAs less than 50 ha and will not involve clearing of vegetated lands, Protected areas and other sensitive ecological habitats like wetlands, areas of wild elephant corridors, mangroves, reserved and protected forests will be avoided. Stakeholder consultations did not reflect possibilities of forest areas getting affected through execution of subprojects. Small clearing of vegetation at the construction will have imperceptible impact as very few trees will require removal during execution. No niche habitats of any wetland birds or terrestrial fauna will be impacted. Rare and endangered flora and fauna will not be impacted through execution of sub-projects.

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8.2.11 Impact on air quality

Air quality in the project surround of surface flow schemes may be impacted through activities of land clearing and grubbing, excavation of soils, construction of embankment and diversion structures and working of the plant, machineries and movement of transport vehicles particularly on dusty haulage roads. Such impacts will however be low to moderate, depending on the magnitude of activities at the work site and reversible. Only during peak period of construction works, the threshold limits of ambient air quality standards may be crossed very temporarily. Obviously such impacts will be low to moderate depending on the time of the project during the pre-construction and construction phases.

8.2.12 Impact on noise quality

Most of the sub-projects under the programme will be executed in a rural or semi-urban environment. Noise level may be impacted only during the pre-construction and construction phase through operation of plant and machineries at the working site. These impacts will generally be at very low level but may be moderate in case more than one surface flow schemes get selected for execution at sites having small geographical separation. During the operation phase, the working of the diesel generators will affect noise level. In case when a couple of diesel generators start operating in river lift irrigation, low capacity deep tube wells, shallow tube wells in a small geographical area, this might lead to impacts of moderate degree and . there is likelihood of the noise going over the prescribed standard limits particularly during the hours of night for rural areas.

8.3 Mitigation measures

8.3.1 Fall of water table

Sub-projects will get selected through the screening criteria developed for the program. There will be no ground water abstraction in blocks designated as critical as per the findings of the State Water Investigation Directorate. Moreover ground water abstraction is regulated under the provisions of the West Bengal Ground Water Resources (Management, Control and Regulation) Act, 2005. Under the provision of this act each of the sub-project involving ground water abstraction under the program will require prior approval of the SWID. Sub- projects in coastal saline areas also require to look into the likely impact of salt-water intrusion and devise measures to prevent such intrusion.

8.3.2 Rise of water table

Water logging in the CCA can be mitigated through matching of demand and supply of irrigation water thereby increasing irrigation efficiency. Good drainage will reduce the problem of waterlogging locally. Reduction of seepage through lining of canals in highly permeable areas can reduce the impact of waterlogging. Appropriate designing of irrigation infrastructure and operation supported by the awareness of the beneficiaries to demand only the quantum of water to grow different crops will also go a long way in mitigating this problem, The subprojects being generally of small magnitude, this adverse impact can be

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managed through the integrated effort of the implementing organisation and the extension organisation of the Agriculture Department. Irrigation through flooding has to be controlled particularly in areas where the ground water table remains high even during the post monsoon season. Rise of water table can to some extent be mitigated through encouraging ground water extraction in some districts with very favourable status of ground water and having a rather low level of ground water development. 8.3.3 Water Quality

Problems of turbidity can be mitigated through putting in place an erosion and sedimentation control protocol in place during the construction and operation phase. Such protocols may include silt fencing, brushwood barriers, contour bunds /hedges, gully plugging through vegetative and rock-checks etc. The impact of agro-chemical pollution through intensive use of fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides will require mitigation through installation of practices of sustainable agriculture through optimisation of inputs of water, fertiliser and insecticides/pesticides and making the farmers aware of use of a judicious mix of inorganic and organic fertiliser and adoption of good agronomic practices. Awareness development and training on implementation of the IPM & INM will be the deciding factor in alleviating the problem of agro-chemical pollution water.

The problem of degradation of surface and ground water during the construction phase can be largely mitigated through restriction of grubbing and clearing of vegetation minimally, safe and proper storage of excavated soils away for water courses, proper storage of fuel oil and lubricants on paved platform and safe containers and safe disposal of solid waste and waste water from construction camps.

8.3.4 Low flow regime

Low flow regimes under the program may occur only when a number of surface flow schemes or river lift irrigation schemes get executed in a chain using the waters of a particular stream in different stretches not separated by distances. Such tapping of surface waters has to be avoided to ensure that the capacity to transport sediments does not get reduced to the extent of build up of sediments in lower reaches. Flushing of sediment control structures that may cause sediment change balance over a short distance will be avoided. Surface water extraction in such sub-projects has to carefully evaluated by the State Water Investigation Directorate.

8.3.5 Salinity

Reducing the level of salinity can be achieved through ensuring recharge with harvested rain water. But this is likely to be a costly proposition when the volume of abstraction of irrigation water is high. Management strategies like altering irrigation methods and schedules, adoption of improved tillage techniques, incorporating soil ameliorates can be useful in reducing the rate of salinity.

In coastal areas, the upper zones containing brackish /saline water are to be separated out. The deeper zones need be tapped by providing clay/cement sealing. In these areas fresh

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ground water bearing aquifers are overlain by saline aquifer. A thick clay layer separates these two saline and fresh water aquifer. These layers can be separated through the process of cement sealing. This technique places properly mixed cement slurry against the impervious layer between the casing and the wall of the bore hole either by gravity or pump. Practically it fills the openings principally to retain the impervious character to prevent seepage from the top aquifer. After lowering the well assembly in the reamed bore hole, the annular space between the well assembly and the bore hole is to be shrouded with pea gravel upto the middle part of the clay bed occurring on the top of the fresh water bearing aquifer. On the top of the shrouded gravel cement sealing is to be done against the clay bed.

In irrigated agriculture, salinity problems are often associated with or strongly influenced by a shallow water table (within 2 metres of the surface). Salts accumulate in this water table and frequently become an important additional source of salt that moves upward into the crop root zone. Control of an existing shallow water table is thus essential to salinity control and to successful long-term irrigated agriculture. Higher salinity water requires appreciable extra water for leaching, and this adds greatly to a potential water table (drainage) problem and makes long-term irrigated agriculture nearly impossible. Good drainage under these circumstances becomes the decisive mitigating factor in control of salinity.

8.3.6 Arsenic and fluoride contamination

Arsenic and fluoride contamination of ground water is a nationally and internationally recognised problem. As far as drinking water supplies are concerned, the removal or containment of arsenic at safe hygienic limits has been developed. The Nalgonda process has been tried successfully for fluoride removal. But all these processes deal with problem of supply of drinking water at household or community level. Production of safe irrigation water through the processes found effective for supply of drinking water will be cost intensive. As such the best mitigation measure will be avoidance of abstraction of ground water in blocks seriously affected by arsenic and fluoride contamination. In 68 blocks more than 10% of the samples showed presence of Arsenic in ground water beyond the permissive level of 50µg/l. The subprojects selected from these blocks have to be necessarily backed up by physical monitoring of arsenic contamination level of ground water to make sure that this is within the approved permissible limit. Such monitoring has to continue for 2 to 3 years after the commissioning of the same. The exclusion criteria developed for this project is categorical indicating that ground water showing arsenic contamination beyond the permissible level should not be used for irrigation for the safety of human and livestock health.

Central Ground Water Board through ground water exploration at 17 sites in Nadia, Murshidabad and North 24 -Parganas districts have identified arsenic free aquifers in the depth range of 77m and 270m. Such aquifers may be tapped for ground water abstraction on a restricted scale in case surface water source is not available. But this has to be done under a proper monitoring regime of waters of such aquifers for a period of time. CGWB studies have also established that artificial recharge lowers substantially arsenic concentration. In the experimental study at Ashoknagar, Habra II Block arsenic

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concentration was reduced from 0.12mg/l to < 0.005mg/l in 90 days. In one the studies undertaken by the CGWB ,it has also been established that injection of compressed air into an aquifer through a tube well of 55m BAL at Brioche , Nadia for 75 minutes reduced arsenic concentration to 0.001mg/l from 0.02mg/l.

An ‘Orange Sand’ horizon yielding arsenic free ground water has been reported from the arsenic affected areas of West Bengal by a study conducted by the Central Petrological Laboratory of the Geological Survey of India. This study has confirmed the presence of four arsenic free aquifers. The map and diagram reproduced below from the article placed on the web titled ‘ A guide to search for arsenic free ground water in Bengal delta’ by T.Pal & P.K.Mukherjee of CPL show the details of locations and the model showing the occurrence of the six aquifers of which four have been identified as arsenic free.

Locations with filled circles showing the presence of “Orange Sand” aquifer in Bengal delta,West Bengal.

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Six aquifer types in Bengal delta

Model showing depositional environment of the six aquifer types (Type-1 to Type-6) as classified in the Bengal delta indicating their sediment characteristics. Type-1, Type-3, Type- 4, Type-6 are arsenic-free aquifers (marked blue), whereas Type-2, Type-5 are arseniccontaminated aquifers (marked red).

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Physiologically, fluoride is a potent enzyme inhibitor (comparable to lead and to cyanide ion) that accumulates in bones and teeth and is readily transported to sensitive soft tissues. Mottled enamel or dental fluorosis, which results from disturbance of the enamel forming cells by fluoride during the period of tooth formation, is one of the first signs of general chronic fluoride poisoning.

Persons in poor health and those who have allergy, asthma, kidney disease, diabetes, gastric ulcer, low thyroid function, and deficient nutrition are especially susceptible to the toxic effects of fluoride in drinking water.

In view of the possible adverse impacts of fluoride contamination on human health, and going by the precautionary principles, avoidance of ground water abstraction in minor irrigation subprojects having contaminant level above 1.5mg/l will be the best mitigation measure. Exclusion criteria of subprojects have been designed accordingly.

The Habitation survey of the West Bengal Public Health Engineering Department undertaken during 2003 detected the occurrence of fluoride in ground water beyond 1.50 mg/l in 46 Blocks in 8 districts in a rather sporadic manner than following a definite pattern. Therefore for subprojects proposing ground water abstraction in any of these blocks should be backed up by physical monitoring of contamination level of fluoride in ground water at the subproject sites. During the operation phase of such sub-projects, there has to be rigid monitoring of irrigation water quality to ensure that fluoride contamination does not exceed 1.50 mg/l.

8.3.7 Erosion and Sedimentation.

A protocol for soil erosion and sedimentation control plan has to be developed for each subproject taking into account the topographic, soil, and geomorphological features including the magnitude of construction activities and the execution plan.

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During pre construction, construction phase and the operation, the control plan will necessarily include the following:

• Construction activities to be primarily restricted to the dry season.

• Land clearing, grubbing and vegetation removal to be kept at minimal level. • Excavated soil to be placed in embankments and compacted; In case there is a time lag between excavation and construction, excavated soil to be stacked with proper slopes and heights away from water bodies and water courses. • Brushwood barriers may be placed in upper reaches to prevent sediments flowing into the reservoir. • Contour bunds and contour hedges may be created on terraced lands in the catchment area of the reservoir • Provision of geo-textiles on erodible slopes of embankments supported by turfing will help control erosion • Provision of sedimentation traps in the designing phase and silt extruders in the construction phase to trap sediments before entry into the storage reservoir and flushing of sediments during the operation phase

8.3.8 Hinterland effects

These effects are not likely to crop up as all subprojects under surface flow and river lift schemes will generally have CCAs below 50ha. It is possible that such subprojects may get clustered in a spatially restricted area bringing in its wake some hinterland effect resulting from development of associated infrastructures like markets, market links and small settlements. Such effects have to be controlled through the administrative machinery of the local self governments like the Panchayat and the Municipality to check setting up of syndrome of environmental degradation.

8.3.9 Public Health Impacts

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Vector control measures in the reservoir areas created by water detention structure are the most effective method of control of diseases in settlement in the area of influence of subprojects. Awareness development programmes by local panchyat institutions supported by health workers can reduce this impact to acceptable levels. During construction phase the workers involved should be provided with appropriate personnel protective equipment depending on their areas of deployment.

In arsenic and fluoride affected areas, an intensive monitoring of quality of ground water abstracted has to be undertaken to ensure that arsenic and fluoride level does not cross permissible levels in irrigation water.

8.3.10 Impact on flora and fauna

No sensitive areas like protected areas of wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, wetlands with rich biodiversity and reserved and protected forests will be impacted through the operation of the site selection criteria adopted in the Environmental Code of Practice. All trees removed during the process of clearing at site will be more than compensated through plantation with double the number of trees removed under the operative regulatory framework of the State. All embankments associated with subprojects will be enhanced with plantation of site matching trees in consultation with communities. Such tree plantations will be monitored intensively during the first two years after creation to ensure survival of at least 80% of the number planted.

8.3.11 Impact on air quality

During the construction phase the air quality impact may be only felt in the construction area because of operation of the plant and machinery and the movement of vehicles transporting construction materials. The mitigation measures will include ensuring that all such equipments carry valid pollution under control certificates and the transportation fleet avoids travel through congested routes during busy hours. All haulage roads will require to be kept

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wet through sprinkling of water at required intervals. All construction materials like earth, sand, stone aggregates etc will be transported properly covered to avoid littering and dust dispersion. Operation phase of the projects has to ensure that DG sets used to operate irrigation installations conform to CPCB/SPCB standards and the pump house is located at least 250m away from settlements.

8.3.12 Impact on noise level

Almost all subprojects will be sited in a rural or a semi-urban environment and the noise level in such surrounds will be impacted during the construction phase though the working of construction plant and machineries and plying of the transport fleet. Construction sites in the case of surface flow and river lift schemes will generally be away from settlements and sensitive receptors. The working hours need be limited between 7am and 7 pm and all sensitive receptors coming within 100m of the construction site will be provided with an improvised portable sound barrier. All equipments must conform to CPCB standards set for noise level and provided with mufflers. During the operation phase diesel generators properly muffled and conforming to CPCB standards may be housed in a sound proof room.

8.4 Environmental Code of Practice

Environmental Code of Practice for execution of subprojects has been drawn up and furnished at Annexure VIII. The code also provides the Rapid Environmental Check List to be filled up for each subproject and has also the Generic Environment Management Plan suggesting mitigation measures for impacts associated with execution of such subprojects both at the construction and the operation phase. Environmental Monitoring Plan defining the parameters, sites, responsibilities for implementation has also been included in the Document.

8.5 Terms of Reference for Limited EA

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Screening criteria have been developed for selection of subprojects to be taken up for execution under the program. Scoring of subprojects on the scales prescribed against each criterion may classify some subprojects as medium impact category. Such subprojects will require limited Environmental Assessment and terms of reference have been developed for such EA keeping in view the guidelines of the World Bank. Environmental Management Plan and Environment Monitoring Plan will also be developed following the guidelines in the TOR. The TOR for limited EA is furnished at Annexure IX. EMP master table at Annexure XIV identifies issues relevant for the project, measures by the project and the monitoring mechanism.

8.6 Enhancement Measures: 8.6.1 Enhancement of cultural properties:

During the course of execution of a few sub-projects, some cultural properties may require relocation. These may include religious shrines of different communities. Such structures shall obviously require to be relocated in consultation with local communities to a suitable sit and rebuilt aesthetically – the architectural design having the approval of the user communities. New sites will require to be enhanced through peripheral hedges, tree planting along the boundaries and planting of flowering and foliage shrubs. Species to be planted may be decided in consultation with communities and necessary technical guidance as necessary need be obtained from the local Forest Range Office or the Divisional Forest Office. Cultural properties not requiring relocation but being located close to the site of MIS may also be enhanced through fencing, renovation and smallscale landscaping. This will help winning beneficaries’ confidence.

8.6.2 Enhancement of waterbodies:

Waterbodies used for provision of irrigation water through lift irrigation should ideally be enhanced as places of rural recreation. Outer embankment slopes after turfing with grass sods should be planted with flowering and fruit trees in consultation with the local communities. The user communities may also provide small rest shades, sitting arrangements to facilitate the use of such recreational plots by the user communities. Ghats may be constructed in case of waterbodies used by local communities for bathing and washing.

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Natural fish recruitment and production of small waterbodies are usually low to support any substantial fishery. Fisheries development in such waterbodies therefore needs to be done with a regular stock improvement programme with the required technical input from the local Fisheries Development Officer. Local Communities may also be organized into Co- operatives to be entrusted with pisciculture. This will be only necessary for waterbodies not covered by the pisciculture component of the programme. The benefits as enlisted below are likely to follow from such practice.

• Provide an affordable source of animal protein to rural community. • Contribute to rural household and farmer income • Encourage non-competitive and multiple use of a primary resource - water with little foreseeable negative influence on traditional use of the resource by the community.

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CHAPTER 9

Energy Use in Minor Irrigation, Irrigation Water Management, Capacity Building

9.1 Energy use in minor irrigation

Agriculture is emery intensive sector as it uses mechanical and other forms of energy at different stages of the production of crops. Fertiliser, a necessary input for intensive agriculture is itself an energy intensive product. Irrigation in all forms requires the support of power be it mechanical or electrical. The increasing use of ground water abstraction to irrigate crops during the decades commencing from seventies has fuelled up the demand of energy in this sector manifolds. The demand for energy goes up substantially during the boro season in particular as the requirement of irrigation water peaks during this season primarily in districts having large areas under boro cultivation.

A study by Dr. Aditi Mukherjee of International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka, reveals that of the 262 blocks studied as many as 113 blocks with high ground water potential have low tube well densities. The status of tube well densities based on author’s calculation on the basis of 3rd MI census is reproduced below:

Net groundwater available for irrigation (MCM/1000 ha of cultivable land) versus density of tube wells (No. of tubewells/100 ha of net cultivable land) in 2001: A block level cross tabulation

Sr. No Category Number of blocks Percentage 1. High groundwater potential l High tube well density 68 26.0 2. High groundwater potential Low tube well density 113 43.1 3. Low groundwater potential High tube well density 3 1.1 4. Low groundwater potential Low tube well density 78 29.8 5. Total 262 100.0

Source: Author’s calculation based on 3 rd MI census (GOI 2001) High groundwater potential: > 5MCM of net groundwater/1000 ha of cultivable land Low groundwater potential: < 5 MCM of net groundwater/1000 ha of cultivable land High tube well density: > 20 tubewells/100 ha of net cultivable land Low tube well density: < 20 tubewells/100 ha of net cultivable land This situation is likely to change with the implementation of the minor irrigation subprojects under the proposed program. This will obviously raise the level of demand of energy substantially. Stakeholder consultations in sample blocks have clearly indicated that they

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would always prefer to have electrical power for energisation of the pumps particularly for RLI schemes. It will also be beneficial for them if electrical power is made available for subprojects on cluster of tube wells in a restricted geographical area.

Abundance of ground water, high electricity tariff, difficulty in getting new electrical connection has led the ground water abstraction to be largely diesel dependent. This is in sharp contrast with other Indian States like Punjab, Haryana, Gujerat and Tamilnadu In these states, in spite of a precarious situation of ground water conditions, farmers get concessions from the state in terms of electrical subsidies and ground water abstraction in these states is mostly supported by electrical power. In West Bengal, it has been estimated that approximately 12.5% of irrigation pumps are electrified and the balance pumps are diesel operated. This is because of rather low level of outreach of the rural electrification program during the period there was substantial extension of minor irrigation programme.

The table below brings out the picture of energy consumption in agriculture in West Bengal compared to other few states of India:

Statewise energy consumption (2003-2004), tariff for Agriculture

Per capita Total agriculture % Average consumption consumption(Gwh) consumption tariff for Gross for of agriculture Sl State generation agriculture agriculture (Rs/kWh) ( Gwh) (kWh) to total consumption 1 Haryana 19533.790 249.090 5513.856 28.2 0.48 2 Punjab 31424.050 247.760 6242.809 19.9 No tariff 3 Rajasthan 29175.550 71.680 4274.207 14.7 0.46 Uttar 4 45274.710 28.250 4951.406 10.9 1.19 Pradesh 5 Gujerat 50367.450 271.740 4360.644 28.5 0.62 6 Maharastra 83672.260 105.020 10572.363 12.6 0.82 7 Tamilnadu 49801.460 147.170 9381.940 18.8 0.01 8 West Bengal 31994.340 9.450 785.437 2.5 0.92 Source: Report of the Expert Group, Planning Commission, Govt. India (September,2007

The figures point out the low level of energy consumption in agriculture at 2.5% of the total generation compared to other states. Average tariff rate is high barring the exception of Uttar Pradesh.

West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company Limited have published tariff order dated 30.09.2008 of the West Bengal Electricity Regulatory Commission. The rates for irrigation pumping have been revised as below:

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ELECTRICITY TARIFF RATE FOR IRRIGATION IN WEST BENGAL

Sl.no Item Applicable Tariff Scheme d n e e i n n g a o r r m n n e i H y y a e o m m l r i / h d h s e m t h o H W c e c e t d u p A g / s x g n s K y e i W s r V m f t o n g r e k a f F a u r o i K e g h s c M / r e r p c C s n a n a o T R h E c c 1 Irrigation pumping Rate Normal 0.50-70.00 hrs. All Rs 10.00 for c(t) units Agriculture(Metered)

2 23.0hrs- All Rs74.00 o.60hrs units Rate Normal All Rs 150.00 a(t) units

3 Irrigation pumping Rate c Normal STW in NB Rs for agriculture (b) 6750/con/annu (unmetered) m STW in Other Rs districts 8800/con/annu m Submersible in Rs.8000/con NB /annum Submersible in Rs other districts 10800/con/ann um

This needs to be examined as to whether such rates would be conducive to transfer of management of irrigation subprojects to the beneficiary committes or water user

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associations. Some sort of incentive schemes in the form of special rebates may require to be designed at least for two years after commissioning of sub- project This may attract the user associations or beneficiary committees to take over the operation and maintenance of such projects as productivity in CCAs of the subprojects is likely to achieve the optimal level through input of services of the Agriculture Department in the matter of supply of other inputs like seeds, fertiliser both organic and inorganic and improved agronomic practices. Metered rates are favourable during odd hours of the day and this has been done to manage demand during peak hours.

The Director, Distribution of the Company during consultation has confirmed that as on this date only about 5% of the villages are yet to be electrified. No priority is given for providing energy for pumping irrigation water. However, if there is a demand for the beneficiaries and the same is supported by the selection committee at the district level, power may be supplied in case grid distribution lines are located close to irrigation installations. Proposals will have to originate form the concerned department. Regarding preferential sectoral allocation of power, a change in policy will be required. He mentioned that in the current scenario the peak demand during Boro season does not exceed 7-8% of the generation.

9.2 Alternative energy sources for water pumping in minor Irrigation schemes

Erratic supply of conventional sources of energy and concern for the environment and sustainable development has provided renewed thrust to the development and dissemination of renewable energy-driven pump sets. Renewable energy options for water pumping include solar photovoltaic (SPV) pumps, windmill pumps and dual-fuel engine pumps using biogas or producer gas. Out of the four renewable energy technologies for irrigation water pumping, SPV theoretically has an advantage in meeting the needs of remote communities because of the high distribution costs of grid-power to this market and the competitive position with respect to diesel has improved with the recent oil shock.

9.2.1 Pumping water with solar photovoltaics

A surface pump powered with a 1.8 kWp1 PV array can deliver about 140,000 litres of water on a clear sunny day from a total head of 10 meters. This quantity of water drawn has been found to meet the irrigation requirement of 2.5 to 3.0 ha of land by using improved techniques for water distribution (MNES, 2004)

A SPV water pumping system consists of a photovoltaic array, motor-pump and a power conditioning equipment (optional). Provision for storage of electricity is not provided in these systems. Instead, if desired, a provision can be made for water storage, which may be more cost effective than having a storage battery. The power conditioning equipment is used to stabilize the fluctuating electrical energy output of the array. Depending upon the total dynamic head and the required flow rate of water, the pumping system can be surface or submersible type and the motor can be either AC or DC. For AC pumping systems an inverter is also required.

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The key barrier to the large-scale dissemination of SPV water pumps is the high capital cost of these systems to the farmers compared to the conventional pumps. As farmers do not face the real costs of operating the conventional pumps, their incentive to switch to SPV pumps is minimal. While for solar pumping system being promoted through IREDA a package of capital and interest subsidy is available to the user, only a capital subsidy (at slightly higher rate) but no interest subsidy is made available for solar pumps being promoted through State Nodal Agencies. As in the year 2003-04, the Ministry initially provided a subsidy to users of SPV water pumping systems of Rs.110/- per watt of the PV array used with the water pumping system until a maximum of Rs.0.25 million per system; later reduced to Rs. 75/0.2 million respectively. Soft loans at 5% per annum for the users directly from IREDA and 2.5% from the financial intermediaries were also made available. Under the programme administered by the State agencies, the subsidy was Rs.135/- per 4 watt of PV array used, later reduced to Rs. 100. The subsidy reductions anticipated a substantial decrease in the cost of SPV pumps, which was based on the cost details given by the SNAs

SPVs have considerable CDM potential in the country but their installations are not financially attractive at the current scenario of diesel prices and payments against CERs (Certified Emission Reduction)

Pallav Purohit and Axel Michaelowa of Hamburg Institute of International Economics in their paper titled “ CDM potential of SPV pumps in India “ (2005) have brought out the features of financial attractivenes of installation of SPV pumps and the same is reproduced below:

Financial attractiveness an investment on 1.8 kW SPV pumps in India depending on diesel price and subsidy rates and CER revenues

Indicators Unit Diesel Price and Subsidies Price of diesel Price of diesel Price of diesel (Rs.32/- per ltr.) (Rs.32/- + 10% (Rs.45/- per ltr.) subsidy) Simple payback period Years 9.38 8.50 6.78

Benefit to cost ratio 0.91 1.00 1.26

Net present value (NPV) Rs. -27166 0 75765

Cost per CER 24 ------

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As far as West Bengal Is concerned, SPVs have so far not been used for pumping irrigation water. As brought out this will not be an economic proposition in the present scenario of cost of diesel and the cost of CER s in the international market.

9.2.2 Biomass gasification technology for power generation to energise water pumps:

Biomass gasifiers convert the solid biomass (basically wood waste, agricultural residues etc.) into a combustible gas mixture normally called as producer gas. The conversion efficiency of the gasification process is in the range of 60%–70%. The producer gas consists of mainly carbon-monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen gas and methane, and has a lower calorific 3 value (1000–1200 kcal/Nm ) Gasification of biomass and using it in place of conventional direct burning devices will result in savings of atleast 50% in fuel consumption. The gas has been found suitable for combustion in the internal combustion engines for the production of power.

Using biomass gas, it is possible to operate a diesel engine on dual fuel mode-part diesel and part biomass gas. Diesel substitution of the order of 75 to 80% can be obtained at nominal loads. The mechanical energy thus derived can be used either for energizing a water pump set for irrigational purpose or for coupling with an alternator for electrical power generation - 3.5 KW - 10 MW.

Among the biomass gasification technologies in the world, the open top, twin air entry, re- burn gasifier developed at Combustion, Gasification and Propulsion Laboratory (CGPL) of Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is unique in terms of generating superior quality producer gas. There are more than 40 plants that are successfully operating in India and overseas for heat and power applications. The biomass gasification technology package consists of a fuel and ash handling system, gasification system - reactor, gas cooling and cleaning system.

The temperature of gas exiting the reactor is about 600 – 900 K, and is laden with contaminants in form of particulate matter (1000 mg/Nm3) and tar (150 mg/Nm3). The hot dust laden gas is further processed in the gas cooling and cleaning system in order to condition the gas to a level that is acceptable for engine operations. Typical composition of the gas after cooling to ambient temperature is about 18-20% H2, 18-20% CO, 2-3% CH4, 12% CO2, 2.5% H2O and rest, N2. The lower calorific value of the gas ranges is about 4.7 – 5.0 MJ/Nm3, with a stoichiometry requirement of 1.2 to 1.4 kg of air for every kg of producer gas.

IISC model has the following special features :

• Open top twin entry system ensures a better thermal environment compared conventional closed top model- relatively higher thorough put for the same reactor size and also better gas quality

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• Available in modules upwards of 5 kg/hr to 1100 kg/hr (5 kWe to 1.2 MWe)

• Multi-fuel capability – forest & plantation residue, agro residue etc with a maximum moisture content of 15%

• High gasification efficiency > 80%

• Low cost of electricity generation

• Environmentally sound – low NOx in the engine exhaust

• Value addition products ~ activated carbon, along with energy

This biogasifier technology can be installed in specified areas of blocks where there is demand for subprojects but does not have access to electricity. Some areas in Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur having a good density of rice-husking machines and sawmils will be good candidate sites for biogassifier plants. There will also be opportunity to feed surplus power from these plants into the existing grid. The project proponent may consider preparing a proposal in consultation with the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Corporation and the West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company. The proposal has to prepared after selection of the candidate site and a proper survey of the biomass resources availability in the catchment of the project and the examination of the aspects of financial viability and sustainability.

9.2.3 Windmill pumping of irrigation water

Water pumping windmills and wind-solar hybrid systems have been found to be useful for meeting water pumping and small power requirements in a decentralised mode in rural and remote windy areas. The Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources is implementing a programme on “ Small Wind Energy and Hybrid Systems” to promote utilisation of water pumping windmills, and water solar hybrid systems for water pumping and power generation.

A water-pumping windmill pumps water from wells, ponds and bore wells for minor irrigation. Available windmills are of two types namely direct drive and gear type.. The most commonly used windmill has a horizontal axis rotor of3-5.5m dia with 12-24 blades mounted on top of a 10-20m high mild steel tower. The rotor is coupled with a reciprocating pump of 50-100mm dia through a connecting rod. Such windmills start lifting water when the wind speed is 8 to 10km per hr. normally a windmill is capable of pumping in the range of 1000 to 8000 litres per hour depending on the wind speed, the depth of water table and the type of windmill. Windmills are capable of pumping water from a depth of 60m. Water pumping windmills have an advantage in that no fuel is required for their operation and they can be installed in remote windy areas where the conventional means of water pumping are not feasible.

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The MNES provides a subsidy of up to 50% of the EX-works cost of water pumping windmills subject to a ceiling of Rs.20000/-, Rs.30000/- and Rs.45000/- in case of direct drive, gear type and Auroville models respectively. For non-electrified islands, subsidy of up to 90% of the ex-works cost is provided subject to a ceiling of Rs.30000/-, Rs. 45000/- and Rs. 80000/- respectively.

The state has windy sites along the coastal belt and also non-electrified islands in the Sunderbans. In view of this, the possibility of water pumping using windmills may be explored in consultation with the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Corporation taking advantage of the scheme of subsidy of the MNES of GOI.

9.3 Irrigation water management issues

Water is one of the most important inputs essential for the production of crops. Plants need it continuously during their life and in substantial quantities. It profoundly influences photosynthesis, respiration, absorption, translocation and utilisation of mineral nutrients, and cell division besides some other processes. Both its shortage and excess affects the growth and development of a plant directly and consequently, its yield and quality. The excess water not only hampers the growth of the crop plants due to water logging condition but is also responsible for leaching of plant nutrients in the subsurface layer and production of surface water run off. The loss of nutrients is an economic loss affecting the productivity of soil.. Leaching loss may raise nitrate level of underground water and nutrient rich runoff water may facilitate eutrophication in water bodies receiving such run off.. Besides excess humidity due to over watering sometimes promote breeding of insects and pathogens affecting crop plants. Rainfall is the cheapest source of natural water-supply for crop plants. Rainfall varies from year to year and season to season.. Its distribution and quantum may often be not in accordance with the needs of the crops. Artificial water-supply through irrigation on one occasion, and removal of excess water through drainage on another occasion, therefore, become imperative, if the crops are to be raised successfully. Water management in India, thus, comprises irrigation or drainage or both, depending considerably on environmental conditions, soil, crops , and climate.

Water affects the performance of crops not only directly but also indirectly by influencing the availability of other nutrients, the timing of cultural operations, etc. Water and other production inputs interact with one another. In proper combinations, the crop yields can be boosted manifold under irrigated agriculture.

Water is a costly input when canals supply it. The misuse of water leads to the problems of water-logging, salt-imbalance, etc., thus rendering agricultural lands unproductive. Hence a proper appreciation of the relationship among soils, crops, climate and water resources is essential for maximising crop production.

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9.3.1 Findings of the study

During the study the issue of irrigation water management was discussed with secondary stakeholders like Professors and Scientists of Agriculture Universities, Field level Agriculturists and Water Management Specialists of the Department of Agriculture and some points emerged on demand management of irrigation water;

• The state is fortunate of having adequate rainfall but method of irrigation, cultivation of water loving crops like rice especially boro –summer paddy without any regard for using water efficiently creates excess demand of water. Prof.Zaman Head of Agronomy, BCKV a well known expert of water management mentioned that about 40-45 percent water is lost from its travel from source to field. Further the practice of levying water charge on per acre basis of crop not on quantity of water used is not conducive to adoption of the concept of water use efficiency. The farmers in general do not regulate the water to be applied to the field on the contrary allow the water to flood the crop field for irrigation overnight to save his labour. As a result large quantity of water is wasted , and soil nutrients and finer soil particles are lost through runoff .The silt of runoff water cause problem of siltation of channels, canals etc.

Dr.Patra Jt Director, Water Management mentioned that the availability of irrigation water in the state is quite high and is enough to grow two successive crops one in rabi and another in pre-kharif season, provided the cropping programme is compatible with regard to water availability.

• Need for proper apportionment of cultivated land in CCA amongst crops on the basis of their irrigation requirements. Crops such as rice demand excessive irrigation water whereas other crops like wheat, potato, vegetables etc do require medium quantum of irrigation water. Mustard, sunflower, sesame, gram, lentil, khesari etc are low to very low irrigation requiring crops.

• Farmers in the state are fascinated to grow boro rice, which requires excessive irrigation. Low land and heavy soils is good for boro rice and requires less irrigation, but in reality it is observed that medium upland with light textured soil (sandy loam) are also under boro cultivation where water requirement is extremely high. In the last decade the area under boro cultivation increased several times resulting in increased demand for irrigation water.Popularisation SRI technique in boro rice cultivation may lead to substantial water saving as in this system water use is regulated in all stages. This has to be established by demonstration plots in each agro-climatic zone and a regime of intense awareness campaign amongst the farmer communities. Farmers Field Schools may significantly add to the adoption of this system.

• Agronomists like Prof.Zaman, Dr Patra and field level Agriculturists are of opinion with the expansion of irrigation facilities; boro rice occupies most of the irrigated areas and this practice tends to replace other crops even in dry districts like Purulia, Bankura, Paschim Medinipur, and Birbhum. Boro requires 850 mm irrigation water, which consume more than

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80 percent water said Dr.Patra water management expert and he went on to add that to meet increasing requirement of water, there is tendency of tapping ground water indiscriminately. The extraction of ground water to provide additional water already created problem of lowering ground water table in certain areas, and has worsened the problem lowering water quality like problem of arsenic, fluoride contamination of ground water.

9.3.2 Conclusion

Based on discussions with agricultural scientists and water management specialists following conclusions have been drawn for demand management of irrigation water:

• There is need for judicious water management with the existing available irrigation water and avoid over drawal of ground water to accommodate water loving crops. Efforts need be stepped up simultaneously to increase intensity of cropping through crop diversification as an environmentally sustainable practice.

• Need micro level water budgeting in collaboration with Agriculture, SWID and Department of Water Resources Development along with drawal of crop plan for the CCA. Water User Associations, Beneficiary Committees and above all the local Gram Panchayat should participate in preparation of the crop plan and the irrigation water budget.

• There is need for reducing water leakage from its travel from its source to field and also enforce control against use of excess water for irrigation without any basis.

• To increase water efficiency BCKV is conducting trial on various IW/CPE ratios under different dates of planting based on long term experiments that could be recommended for the alluvial zone and could be implemented to get higher water productivity and higher water use efficiency of the crops. Similar calendar for other zones may be developed and recommended.

• The summer rice which is traditionally cultivated with continuous submergence needs excess amount of water. However Water Use Efficiency (WUE) can be increased with lesser number of irrigation when irrigation is given 3 days after disappearance of pounded water (AICRP on Water Management, BCKV). Trial on SRI technology for boro is the on going programme which has shown promise in initial trial.

• Micro irrigation (drip and sprinkler) along with fertigation for different crops and technology may be suitably adopted in dry land and drought prone areas for which State Agriculture Universities (SAU) are carrying on trials.

9.4 Capacity Building and Training

9.4.1 The need for capacity building

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The project proponent is an organised department of the State Government with a well defined division of functions and line hierarchy. They have been responsible for execution and maintenance of such schemes. But under the present program, the functionaries will require to work under the guidelines of the Environmental Management Framework developed for execution of subprojects. This is an area of new experience. Minor irrigation schemes executed earlier did not have such framework as these schemes did not attract the provisions of the EIA guidelines of the State Government. The present program will be executed under the operational policies and guidelines of the funding agency namely the World Bank and subprojects selected for execution under the program need to conform to the provisions of the EMF right from the stage of screening . The construction and operation phase of the subprojects will also be guided by the relevant provisions of the EMF. In this context the officers and staff of the Department of Water Resources Department along with the associated contractors and the local beneficiaries need be sensitised to ensure sustainability, optimal operational efficiency, as also minimise areas of conflict. Stakeholders in beneficiary committees and water user associations will also require to be sensitised to implement IPM and INM as well as the concept of increasing water efficiency.

9.4.2 Target groups

Training and education will be primary component of the capacity building exercise, The exercise has to take care of all the levels of the institution of the project proponent. Otherwise there may be differences in attitudinal orientation at different hierarchical levels resulting in communication gap impacting the pace of execution of the program on ground. But the mode and module of training has to be different keeping in view the specific objectives of such training program. In this context, the following hierarchical levels have been identified:

• Execution Level: Executive Engineer, Assistant Engineer, Sub-assistant engineer • Supervisory .level: Superintending Engineer • Higher supervisory and policy making level: Chief Engineer, Joint Secretaries and above of the Administrative Department • Contractors • Stakeholders in Beneficiary Committees and Water User Associations

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9.4.3 Training mode and module

The mode, module and duration of such training are indicated in the table below:

Target groups Module Mode Duration 1. Policy making i. Sensitisation on Lecture 90 minutes and Higher environmental issues of supervisory level the program and the features of the Environmental Management Framework ii. Exposure and interaction with organisations implementing similar Visits to Indian projects in India and states and abroad countries where 7-10 days such projects are under execution Supervisory level i. Policy and legal Regional I day in two sessions framework of Execution of workshops of 2 hrs each; one subprojects under the workshop in each program region

ii. Environmental assessment procedures including Environmental Code of Practice and Generic Environment Management Plan 2. Execution Level A. i. Environmental Code Site visit, and Two days; one day for functionaries like of practice and screening lectures; site visit and rapid Executive of sub-projects reconnaissance and Engineers, ii. Rapid Reconnaissance the second day for Assistant and filling up of Rapid lecture sessions Engineers and Sub Environmental Checklist. –assistant iii. Implementation of Engineers Generic Environment Management Plan and Environment Monitoring Plan iv. Preparation of limited EA for medium impact

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Target groups Module Mode Duration category projects B. Short term training course in identified institutes

Two weeks Site visits and lectures 3.Contractor and i. Procedures for obtaining Lecture One day in two his supervisory permission on different sessions of two and staff at site issues for execution of half hours each to be subprojects organised by ii. Generic Environment Executing Divisions Management Plan for Low impact category subprojects and EMP for medium impact category subprojects . .i. Generic Environmental Lecture One day ; two 4.Beneficiaries in Management Plan and sessions of 120 CCA and local Environment Monitoring minutes each; to be NGOs Plan organised by ii. Integrated Pest executing divisions in Management and INM, collaboration with water use efficiency and Agriculture crop diversification Development Officer . 3-7days in different agro-climatic zones of Field visits of the State ; Visits to selected other Indian states beneficiary groups where there is of 25 to 30 inside ongoing program of and outside the implementation of state to have first minor irrigation hand information schemes. on the best practices on IPM &INM

Training on environmental modules may be organised by hiring competent environmental professionals form Consulting Organisation, Professional Institutes or Universities teaching environmental management. For training in IPM, INM, Water use efficiency and crop

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diversification, professionals from the Department of Agriculture or Agriculture Universities may be drawn.

The proposed trips abroad for first hand experience and exchange of ideas may be organised in countries like Mexico and Turkey where such programmes on irrigation are under execution. As far as site visits within the country are concerned, the States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Maharastra and Orissa need be kept in view as all these States have ongoing externally-aided programmes under execution. Such visits will enable the visiting teams to have insight into the environmental and social issues associated with implementation of a variety of subprojects under the programme and how these are being taken care of by the implementing agencies.

For the functionaries at the execution level short term training programmes may be organised in some of the identified institutes of the country. Such institutes may be requested to design a course covering technical, social and environmental issues The following Institutes may be approached for this purpose.

• Water Resources Engineering and Management , Vadodara, Gujerat • Irrigation Management training Institute, Trichy, Tamilnadu • National Environmental Engineering Research Institute,Nagpur • Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal • Water and Land Management Institute, Dharwad , Karnataka

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CHAPTER 10

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10.1 Introduction

The programme is an ambitious one and subprojects will have a large geographical spread all over the state. The execution has to be completed within the timeframe fixed. There will also be a need for coordination amongst a number of allied departments of the state government. This obviously necessitates installation of a proper implementation arrangement to assure timely sorting out of problems local, regional, socio-political and above all techno-economic.

10.2 Steering Committees

State Level Project Steering Committee

At the highest level of the State Government a State level Steering Committee has been set up and is chaired by the Chief Secretary of the State. Secretaries of departments like Water Resources Investigation & Development Department, Department of Agriculture, and Departments of Agriculture Marketing, Finance, Fisheries, Animal Resources, Horticulture, Panchayat and Rural Development and Irrigation and Waterways. The Project Director, Accelerated development of Minor Irrigation is the Member Secretary and Convener of the Committee.

District Level Project Steering Committee

This Committee is chaired by the District Magistrate. Karmadhakshya, Krishi & Sech Sthayee Samity of the Zilla Parishad is a member of this committee. The Executive Engineer, Agri-Irrigation of the district acts as the member- convener. Other members represented on the committee are the Principal Agriculture Officer, Assistant Director, Agriculture Marketing, Deputy Director, Animal resources Department, Assistant Director of Fisheries, District Panchayat & Rural Development Officer, District Horticulture Officer and Divisional Engineer, Distribution of the West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company Ltd. This committee will guide and monitor the execution of the programme at the district level.

10.2.1 Project Preparation Team

A State Level Project Preparatiom team is functional at the state HQ and this is headed by the Project Director. Other serving officers have been drawn from different wings of the WRIDD. Additional Director, SWID, Superintending Engr., Agri-Irrigation of Project

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Cordination Unit, Executive Engr. Agri-Irrigation, Statistical Cell,, Excutive Engr.Agri- Mechanical, AIP, Farm Implementation Unit and an Asstt. Engineer, Agri-Mechanical of the Project Coordination Unit are represented on this team. An Agronomist of the Department of Agriculture also has been included in this team.

10.2.2 Project Preparation Units at HQ and Districts

In consideration of the variety of subprojects included under the programme, the manpower of the Department of Water Resources Investigation and Development at the implementation level will require appropriate and timely guidance on technical, social, agronomic practices, procurement, administrative and financial matters. To meet this end State level and District level project units will be set up. The Project Preparation Unit at the HQ will be manned two senior engineers of the rank of Chief Engineers specialising in ground water and surface water, Other specialists of the team will include Procurement Specialist, Agriculture Specialist, Economist, Financial Management Specialist and an Accounts Officer. This team will be supported by accounts assistants, office assistants, sub- assistant engineers.

The District Level Project Unit will primarily comprise of Subject Matter Specialists in the fields of technical, social, human resources development and administrative and finance. This unit will also be supported by accounts and office assitants.

10.2.3 District Site Selection Committee

This committee is already functional in all the districts, where subprojects will be taken up for execution. This committee approves the sites of all minor irrigation projects after scrutiny of the application of the beneficiaries, the feasibility and techno-feasibility reports prepared by agric-irrigation/ agric-mechanical wings and the Executive Engineer of the SWID at the district level.

Sabhadhipati, Zilla Parishad chairs this committee. Other members on the committee include two Executive Engineers (Agri- irrigation, Agri-mech.), Principal Agriculture Officer, District Engineer, Minor Irrigation, Divisional Engineer, Distribution of the WBSEDC Ltd., and Geologist & Executive Engineer of SWID . Karmadaksya, Krishi and Sthayee Samity is also represented on the committee.

The beneficiaries initially have to make an application through the local Panchayat to the concerned Executive Engineer of the district. The Executive Engineer will get it examined and prepare a feasibity report to place the proposal before the DSSC for approval. After approval by the DSSC a techno-feasibility report has to be prepared by the Division of the SWID located at district HQ before the subproject can be taken up for execution.

Large number of subprojects will be taken up in each district for execution under the programme and all such projects will require the stamp of approval of this DSSC. The Implementing Agency at the district level with the help of the District Level Project Unit has

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to garner all resources to have their projects approved by this committee before they are proposed for adoption under the programme It will therefore be necessary to have such projects examined with reference to the screening criteria of subprojects of the Environmental Management Framework before these are put up before the committee for approval.

10.3 Implementation

The Project Director, an officer of the rank of the Chief Engineer will be in charge of the implementation of the program. All the officers at the regional, district, subdivision will be allocated responsibilities for implementation of subprojects selected for implementation within their jurisdiction. River lift and tube well schemes will be the responsibility of the Agri- mechanical Division while Agri-Irrigation Divisions will implement all other types of subprojects.

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State Level Project Steering Committee (Chaired by the Chief Secretary)

Project Preparation Project Implementation

State Level Project Project Director, ADMI Preparation Unit SPMU

Superintending Engineers at Regional Level

District Level Project Steering Committee (Chaired by the District Magistrate)

District District Level Project Site Executive Engineers at Preparation Unit Selection District Level Committee DPMU (Chaired MM by the Sabhadhip ati, Zilla Parishad) Assistant Engineers and Sub- assistant Engineers at the Subdivisional and Block Level

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10.3.1 Existing Implementation organisational infrastructure

WRIDD has a good coverage of the districts as far as implementation mechanism is concerned. Project Director, ADMI will head this structure on ground in the matter of implementation of the program. There are 8 Circles – 4 Agri-mechanical and 4 Agri- irrigation and each of these is headed by an officer of the rank of Superintending Engineer. Agri-mechanical circles are located at Barddhaman, Medinipur, Berhampur and Siliguri. Agri-irrigation circles are located at Kolkata, Bankura, Krishnanagar and Raigunge.

All the Districts have Executive Engineers of Agri-mechanical and Agri-irrigation wing excepting the district of Darjeeling which has only one Agri-irrigation Executive Engineer. Districts like Murshidabad have 2 Agri-mechanical and 2 Agri-irrigation divisions whereas Maldah and Nadia have 2 Agri-mechanical and 2 Agri-irrigation divisions respectively. Executive Engineer Agri-mechanical, Howrah looks after both the districts of Howrah and South 24-Parganas.Each Executive Engineer is assisted by three to six Assistant Engineers at the subdivisional level

During discussion with the client, it was clear that this organisation will require some reinforcement at the subdivisional level through induction of incremental Assistant Engineers and Sub-Assistant Engineers in many of the existing divisions for implementation of the program as the existing strength will not be able to cope up with the demands of execution because of the existing workload of project execution under other schemes and maintenance of old schemes.

A few of the districts may also require strengthening at the district level. The actual picture on requirement for incremental staff at different levels will be worked out by the WRIDD in consultation with funding agency.

For smooth implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Programme and implementation of the GEMP, and the Environmental Code of Practice, it will be necessary to induct One Assistant Engineer (Environment) and one Environment Specialist at each of 18 DPMUs. A senior Environmental Engineer may be attached to the Project Director to supervise the works of the Environmental Engineers/ Environment Specialists and to assist the Project Director in overall environmeatal monitoring of the programme An Officer of the rank of Supertending Engineer of WRIDD may be designated to coordinate the works of Environmental Wing of the DPMU and the Senior Environmental Engineer. Senior Environmental Engineer and Environmental Engineers/Environmental Specialists will guide the implementing field level officers in drawing up limited EA for sub-projects categorised as medium impact category. The Environmental Wings of DPMUs will also be responsible for the monitoring f the GEMP for low impact category projects and the EMP prepared for medium impact category projects.

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10.4 Water Quality and Water Level Monitoring

10.4.1 Introduction

Water is a precious resource. This has to be managed on sound principles of sustainability to ensure food security for the population, to provide potable water for domestic consumption and to meet industrial and environmental demands. Water quality is of paramount importance in sectors of domestic consumption and agriculture to avoid adverse impacts on human and livestock health through use of contaminated water, In this context, monitoring of water level and water quality obviously will be a primary task of the Implementing agency of this ambitious programme.

10.4.2 Agencies responsible for monitoring i. State water Investigation Directorate

State Water Investigation Directorate under WRIDD is responsible for monitoring of water level and water quality for management of water resources of minor irrigation in the agriculture sector. Water level monitoring is done through 2022 monitoring stations located all over the State. Such monitoring is done through piezometry, dugwells and Mark II/Mark III tube wells during the months of January, April/May, August and November. District-wise distribution of SWID hydrograph stations is reflected in the following table:

SWID HYDRO-GRAPH STATIONS

Sl.No District Total no of No of No of tube No of dug HS Piezometry wells wells tube 1 Coochbehar 42 29 0 13 2 Jalpaiguri 68 41 0 27 3 Darjeeling 42 0 0 42 4 Uttar Dinajpur 42 42 0 0 5 Dakshin Dinajpur 35 35 0 0 6 Maldah 39 37 0 2 7 Murshidabad 114 96 11 7 8 Nadia 191 191 0 0 9 North 24- 107 107 0 0 Parganas 10 South 24- 79 79 0 0 Parganas 11 Greater Kolkata 55 10 45 0

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Sl.No District Total no of No of No of tube No of dug HS Piezometry wells wells tube 12 Howrah 81 36 45 0 13 Hoogly 117 117 0 0 14 Barddhaman 179 152 0 27 15 Birbhum 82 45 0 37 16 Bankura 160 5 0 155 17 Purulia 132 0 0 132 18 Paschim 231 15 82 134 Medinipur 19 Purba Medinipur 226 30 196 0 Total 2022 1067 379 576

Water quality monitoring is undertaken during pre-monsoon and post- monsoon. Parameters monitored are pH, conductivity, carbonate, bicarbonate, total hardness, As, total dissolved solids and Fe. Fl is monitored only on request. Such monitoring is conducted through the existing network of departmental laboratories located in the districts of Jalpaiguri, Maldah, Barddhaman, Kolkata, Berhampur and Medinipur. Each district caters to the requirement of one or more districts in the manner as detailed below:

• Jalpaiguri Lab.: Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling, Coochbehar, Uttar Dinajpur and Dakshin Dinajpur • Barddhaman Lab: Barddhaman and Birbhum • Maldah Lab: Maldah • Kolkata Lab: Kolkata, Howrah, Hoogly, 24-Parganas (South) , 24-Parganas (North), Nadia • Berhampore Lab : Murshidabad • Medinipur Lab.: Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur, Bankura, Purulia

It is apparent that there is a lot of pressure on the existing laboratories at Jalpaiguri, Kolkata and Medinipur. The demand for water quality monitoring is going to rise appreciably on implementation of the subprojects under the ADMI programme. Obviously there is need for expansion of the existing infrastructure of laboratories to undertake monitoring of water quality both during implementation and operation of the subprojects under the programme. SWID has some proposals for such expansion. ii. WBPHED and others

West Bengal Public Health Engineering Department in collaboration with NGOs runs a network of laboratories for monitoring drinking water quality. There are 83 such laboratories spread over 19 districts of West Bengal. The distribution of Laboratories in different districts is as follows :

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Sl District Number Number Total No. run by run by PHED NGOs 1 Bankura 2 1 3 2 Barddhaman 2 2 4 3 Birbhum 2 - 2 4 Dakshin Dinajpur 2 - 2 5 Darjeeling 3 - 3 6 Howrah 1 1 2 7 Hoogly 1 1 2 8 Jalpaiguri 1 2 3 9 Coochbehar 1 3 4 10 Kolkata 1 - 1 11 Maldah 1 4 5 12 Murshidabad 2 4 6 13 Nadia 1 4 5 14 24-Parganas (North) 3 5 8 15 Paschim Medinipur 4 7 11 16 Purba Medinipur 2 7 9 17 Purulia 2 - 2 18 24-Parganas ( South ) 4 5 9 19 Uttar Dinajpur 1 1 2 Total 36 47 83

83 water quality laboratories are functional in the State- 36 through West Bengal Public Health Engineering Department and 47 with NGO assistance and UNICEF’s technical and financial support. PH, hardness, iron, residual chlorine, arsenic fluoride, salinity and bacteriological contamination are monitored through these laboratories.

Based on this infrastructure the State Government has decided to utilize the network to test all drinking water resources for clinical and bacteriological parameters once in a year under the National Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme. Department of Panchayat and Rural Development have issued guidelines in this regard wherein Gram Panchayats have been given the responsibility of water quality surveillance. iii. Central Ground Water Board (Eastern Region)

Central Ground Water Board regularly monitors ground water four times a year (January, April, August and November) through ground water monitorng wells tapping both water tables as well as unconfined aquifers. Such monitoring shows that the depth of water table varies from less than 2m to more than 20m bgl in the premonsoon period and from less than

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1m to 20m bgl in the postmonsoon period. The distribution of ground water monitoring wells in the districts is provided in the following table.

District Total No. of Types of wells monitoring wells Dugwells Piezometers/Tube wells Dakshin Dinajpur 21 12 9 Uttar Dinajpur 16 12 4 Malda 42 26 16 Nadia 59 15 44 Barddhaman 94 42 52 Howrah 15 6 9 Hoogly 47 12 35 North 24-Parganas 39 5 34 South 24-Parganas 58 8 50 Paschim Medinipur 57 30 27 Purba Medinipur 37 1 36 Purulia 62 62 - Source: CGWB, ER (District Information Brochure on Ground Water) iv. West Bengal State Pollution Control Board

WBPCB monitors the quality of both surface and ground water on a regular basis through a statewide network. Under the National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP), the WBPCB monitors the river quality through eight stations on River Hoogly, Four on River Damodar, one station each on river Barakar and river Rupnarayan, and one station after the confluence of river Rupnarayan to river Hoogly. Parameters like PH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), ammonia, Nitrite, nitrate, Total Kjeldal Nitrogen (TKN ), salinity, Total Coliform (TC), Fecal Coliform (FC). Heavy metal concentrations like copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, mercury etc are also monitored from time to time.

WBPCB conducted ground water quality monitoring analysis by following a specific monitoring schedule at selected stations like Durgapur, Asansol , Haldia, Kalyani, Barasat, Dankuni, Howrah (Domjur) and Kolkata (Tangra, Topsia, Garia, Dhapa, and Behala). General and bacteriological parameters were checked twice a year and specific parameters like trace metals etc. were checked once a year. 10.5 Recommendations on monitoring and dissemination

There is a reasonable infrastructure on ground on water quality monitoring in the state. With a proper coordinating mechanism amongst the agencies a clear picture of water quality can emerge for different agro-climatic regions of the State in general and rural areas in particular. There is some mechanism for dissemination of water quality for drinking water

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through the guidelines of the Panchayat and Rural Development Department. Similar guidelines will have to be put in place as far as irrigation water quality is concerned. In this context following recommendations are made :

• Reinforcement of the existing infrastructure of laboratories under SWID and development of fee structure for tests to recover operation and maintenance costs.

• Composition of Water Quality Surveillance Groups from amongst the members of Beneficiary Committees and Water User Associations and train them as lab technicians and sample collectors and allow them to operate within a defined geographical area. Building up cost-effective premises from where these groups will operate and providing them with Water Sample Analysis field Kits through earmarking some funds against subprojects under the programme and allowing such groups to charge some fees against conducting required tests will help such groups to be self sustaining. Such field kits have been developed by Development Alternatives -an NGO and tested in the field. This is branded as Jal-Tara Kit and physical (turbidity, temperature) and chemical (pH, iron, chloride, residual chlorine, nitrate, hardness) and bacteriological parameters can be analysed through this kit. This also has been customised for fluoride and arsenic. Peoples’ Science Institute, Dehradun have also developed a kit and they have also undertaken succesfully training communities on different aspects of monitoring of water quality. These NGOs may initially be used to train some Surveillance Groups in different agro-climatic zones who in their turn can train Surveillance Groups in their zone. CPCB has also developed a simple kit for water quality monitoring. It will be convenient to have a mix of water kits from different organizations. Results from these kits need be cross-checked with results obtained from SWID-operated laboratories to decide on the accuracy level of such kits.

• Performance of Water Quality Surveillance groups can be monitored by a Committee constituted .at Block level comprising of Members of Panchayat Samity, Sub-assistant Engineer of the Water Resource Department and the Agriculture Development Officer or his representative.This Committee will also be responsible for dissemination of the water quality of relevant mouzas amongst the beneficiaries. For dissemination of such information at the block level a quarterly news letter in local language may be published by the district level officers of WRIDD for circulation amongst the beneficiaries/ member of water user associations. In case some newsletters are published by the Agriculture Development Officer, the subject of irrigation water quality may be introduced in such newsletters.

• Farmers Field Schools in different regions may also be used as focal points for dissemination of information on irrigation water quality.

• In the long run it wiil be useful to have a Web Portal of the Department which will have the details of irrigation water quality for different mouzas, Compilation of such information form different agencies and the surveillance groups should be the responsibility of a Cell at the HQ and the Cell should continuously update the portal with such information. This can be accessed by the District level offices to download irrigation water quality information for

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dissemination from their end amongst stakeholders. The connectivity can be developed using the State Wide Area Network.

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Dam Safety

Chapter 11 Dam Safety Plan 11.1 Introduction:

Dam safety is an area of concern particularly in case of major or medium irrigation where dams irrigate an area of more than 2000ha and heights are more than 10m. WB policies however, do have concern for dams of smaller heights also as failure of such dams affect adversely the program objective of minor irrigation and the benefits estimated to accrue from the project at the project formulation stage. Such failures may also lead to loss of life and property though on a much smaller scale than failures of dams more than 10m in height. Safe minor irrigation dams /embankments have a role to instill confidence amongst the beneficiaries in water user associations ensuring better upkeep by them for the assessed longevity of such structures.

11.2 Types proposed under ADMI:

The programme envisages construction of dams, abutment and earthen embankments in schemes of surface flow and water detention structures. Surface flow storage structures under the programme will have target CCAs of 30ha, 40 ha and 50ha whereas each water detention structure is proposed to have a target CCA of 5ha. The storage behind 3 types of surface flow structures will vary between 6.5ham and 12ham. Embankments generally will be less than 500m in length but in a few sites depending on the configuration of the ground may be more than 500m The Maximum CCA in case of surface flow structure has been kept at 50ha to avoid acquisition of private land for water storage, as this is a very sensitive issue in different agro-climatic regions of the state. WRIDD proposes to take up approximately 510 such schemes of surface flow structures under the programme. These will primarily be confined to the districts of Birbhum, Bankura, Burdwan, Maldah, Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling. The proposed distribution of such structures is furnished in the table below:

Sl. District Surface flow MI schemes Total No 30ha 40ha 50ha 1 Birbhum 70 0 10 80 2 Bankura 0 75 0 75 3 Darjeeling 0 0 14 14 4 Burdwan 25 0 10 35 5 W. 0 0 20 20 Midnapore 6 Purulia 0 0 50 50

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Dam Safety

7 Jalpaiguri 0 0 10 10 Total 95 75 114 284 Source: WRIDD

11.3 Classification of dams and embankments by height classes

All dams proposed under the programme will belong to two height classes namely 4-6m and 6-8m. Embankments will also be placed in these two height classes.249 of these embankments in 4m-6m height class will have lengths greater than 400m. Similarly 35 embankments in 6m-8m height class will have embankments grater than 400m in length. Tables below depict the distribution of dams and embankment in different height/Length classes

Classification of Dams by height classes

District CCA 4m-6m 6m-8m

Types Total Av. Types Total Av. Stone Mass nos Reservoir Stone Mass nos Reservoir boulder concrete area boulder concrete area BDN 30ha 0 25 25 3ha nil nil nil nil 50ha 0 5 5 5ha 0 5 5 4ha

BIRB 30ha 70 70 70 3ha nil nil nil nil 50ha 10 10 10 5ha nil nil nil nil

BNKR 40ha 10 65 75 4ha nil nil nil nil

DARJ 50ha 14 0 14 5ha nil nil nil nil

JAL 50ha 0 14 10 5ha nil nil nil nil

W-MED 50ha 10 5 15 5ha 0 5 5 4ha

PURU 50ha 25 0 25 5ha 25 0 25 4ha

Classification of embankments by height/ length classes

2-4m 4-6m 6-8m >8m <200m 201- >400m <200m 201- >400m <200m 201- >400m <400m 201- >400

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Dam Safety

400m 400m 400m 400m m Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 249 Nil Nil 35 Nil Nil Nil

Source: WRIDD

11.4 Safety considerations in design of mass concrete/stone boulder dams:

Safe design of dams particularly those above 3m in height and below 10 metres must necessarily focus on the following issues;

• Safety against hydraulic failures due to overtopping, wave action and tail water.

• Safety against structural instability

• Safety against seepage failures due to internal erosion and development of pore pressure due to insufficient drainage

• Special design requirements depending on specific conditions

Safety of dams proposed under subprojects of surface flow minor irrigation schemes has been checked against the following items:

• Safety against tension • Safety against overturning • Safety against sliding- safety factor 1.5 is adopted • Safety against crushing

While computing the high flood discharge, four different methods are used and these are Run off coefficient method, Rational method, Dicken’s formula and Ryve’s method. The maximum of these values is used in designing spillway capacities of the dam. Total floor length and depth of cut-off wall is decided in the light of exit gradient theory. Hydraulic jump and Cistern methods also have been used in some specific cases Thickness of floor is estimated by Khosla’s theory.

Suitability of dam foundations will be determined through visual inspection or by density or gradation tests. Geological investigations, as necessary, have been carried out in case of some dams and embankments where sites have already been selected in subprojects of different districts in house by the Geology wing under the Directorate. Rock foundations

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have been investigated to determine their permeability. If erosive leakage, excessive uplift pressure or high water loss occur through joints, fissures, crevices, permeable strata or any fault plane, grouting of foundations have been suggested.

11.5 Design of Earthen Embankment:

The basic principle of designing an embankment is to produce a safe and functional structure through all phase of construction and operation. To achieve this, following criteria have to be met.

• The embankment must be safe against overtopping during extreme flooding

• Slopes of embankments must be stable under all conditions of reservoir operation including rapid draw down of the reservoir

• The embankment has to be so designed as not to impose excessive stresses on the foundation

• Seepage through embankment, foundation and abutments has to be controlled to ensure prevention of sloughing of the slopes. Design has also to take care to prevent piping and excessive pore pressure.

• The upstream slope of the embankment has to be protected against wave action and the downstream slope protected against wind and rain erosion.

Safety check of earthen embankments proposed in subprojects under the programme comprise of the following;

• Phreatic line check

• Check against sliding: Safety factor of 2 is adopted.

• Slip circle check- for determination of outer and inner slopes of embankment.

Compaction of cohesive soils like clayey sand, silty sand, clayey gravel, silty gravel and clayey soils etc. shall be done to 95% proctor density. In respect of other less cohesive soils like sandy soils, sandy gravelly soil compaction shall be done to 65% relative density with addition of moisture. While designing dams / embankments the following guidelines and criteria have always kept in view:

• Criteria for design of Solid Gravity Dams: IS 6512-1984

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• Guidelines for fixing Spillway capacity: : IS 11223 - 1985 • Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design: IS 1893 • Code of Practice for Stability Analysis of Earth Dams: IS 7894 - 1975 • Guidelines for determination of effects of sedimentation in planning & performance of reservoir. IS 12182-1987 • Construction of Spillways and similar overflow structures – Code of practice: IS 11155 –1994 • IS: 10635-1993: free board requirement in embankment-dam Guidelines • IS: 8414-1977- Guidelines for under seepage control measures for earth and rockfill dams • IS 6066:1994 Pressure grouting of rock foundations • IS12169:1987 Criteria for design of small embankments • IS 8237: Code of practice for protection of sloes of embankments

11.6 Designing and Checks:

All such structures are designed by an Engineer in the rank of an Assistant/ Executive Engineer on the basis of the data furnished by the Sub-assistant Engineer/Assistant Engineer. Such data include findings of the geological investigation where necessary. The Executive Engineers of the divisions approve such designs. This procedure may be considered adequate for dams less than 3m in height and for earthen embankments less than 3m in height and 250 m in length. For all dams and embankments above these specifications, the assistance of a competent graduate design engineer at the HQ is advisable. Such an Engineer may be inducted in the Project Director’s office by hiring the services of a qualified retired Engineer having retired from the Irrigation and Waterways Department and good experience in designing medium and minor irrigation dams. All designs by in house competent Engineers will require to be independently checked by the hired Specialist Design Engineer for subsequent approval by the Project Director. Execution will necessarily be undertaken by the Implemennting Division only on receipt of such approval. All records of design and approval will be properly preserved both in the office of the Project Director and the Implementing Division for reference by superior inspecting officers in the rank of the Super in tending and the Chief Engineer.

Purpose of the design check will focus on the following issues:

A. Establishment of the structure design basis: This will include;

• Description of the existing situation preferably in drawings • Geometry of the structure ( lay out , cross-sections and detailed drawings) • Characteristics of construction material

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• Characteristics of the foundation ( soil layering, and properties). • Design Codes and Standards

B. B. Calculation of the structure stability (safety factors):

• Structure loading including all forces expected to affect the structure like external water pressure, internal water pressure( pore pressure and Uplift) in the dam and foundation, silt pressure, seimicity, weight of the structure and forces of appurtenances of the structure etc will be determined • Consideration of structure stability considering failure mechanisms like overturning, sliding and over stressing • Calculation of the embankment stability considering sliding, settlement, pore pressures and liquefaction, erosion because of wave action, overtopping and piping and slope protection.

C. Recommendations for structure strengthening ,if required:

• Suggest structure strengthening in case safety factor adopted is low. Recommend soil investigations , investigations on foundations etc 11.7 Quality Control in Construction Stage

Quality control on procurement of materials like cement, steel, pipes etc shall be as per procurement policy approved for the project. Specifications of such materials will also properly get reflected in tender conditions.. Tender notice is also a part of the contract document. The Site Engineer in the rank of Sub Assistant Engineer/ Assistant Engineer will allow use of such materials in construction after satisfying himself about the quality of material. In case of any deficiency, he brings it to the notice of the supervising Assistant Engineer/ Executive Engineer.

A. Earthen Embankments: i. The site for construction of embankment has to be stripped to a depth of 15 to 20cm and all vegetation including trees, shrubs and their roots will require to be removed from such site. ii. Soils required for embankment, as far as possible, shall be collected from the borrow areas within the submersion zone subject to suitability of such materials for embankment construction. iii. Density tests for borrow area soil will be conducted with varying moisture content to find out Maximum Dry Bulk density and the Optimum Moisture Content. iv. Earth should be placed in layers of 20cm to 22.5cm when Standard Power Roller is used for compaction. During placement of layers clods & stones > 7.4cm should be handpicked and removed. v. In case the layer is dry water should sprinkled uniformly over the layer. Rapid Moisture Meter may be used to determine the moisture content of each layer.

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vi. Standard Proctor Density tests shall be conducted once in the borrow area. Such density tests will also be done in each layer and or one test for every 150.0 cu m earthwork placed and compacted. This should specially be done for all embankments higher than 3m. vii. Turfing shall preferably be done to prevent formation of rain cut and gulleys; slope on the waterside shall preferably be revetted with stones; outer slope of embankments may suitably turfed with grass sods and planting of site specific shrubs. viii. Compaction of cohesive soils like clayey sand, silty sand, clayey gravel, silty gravel and clayey soils etc. shall be done to 95% proctor density. In respect of other less cohesive soils like sandy soils, sandy gravelly soils compaction shall be done to 65% relative density with addition of moisture.

B. Stone Masonry Works:

i. Quality of Stones; Stones shall be unweathered hard variety free from signs of decay, flaws and cracks. 75% of such stones shall be of dimensions not less than 15cm in any direction and should preferably weigh more than 25kg. Some sample stones should be tested for water absorption. All quarry sites for collection of stones should be approved by the Site Engineer ii. Sand: Sand should be washed and screened and free from organic impurities as well as silt and clay. Maximum size of particles of sand should not exceed 4.5mm and silt and clay content necessarily has to be limited to 3% by weight.

iii. Cement: Cement shall be grade 40 or more and procured from reputed manufactures or their authorised dealers.. A certificate should be obtained from the manufacturer of such bands on essential properties like initial setting time, final setting time, fineness, 28 day compressive strength, consistency etc.

iv. Water: Water used for making mortar shall have a value between 6 and 8.5. It should be free from objectionable quantities of silt, organic matter and other impurities.

v. Construction procedure for quality assurance: • Cement mortar with cement and sand shall be prepared in conformity with specifications mentioned in drawings and bill of quantities. . A mechanical mixer should be used when mortar preparation is in substantial volume. • Consistency of mortar shall be in the range of water cement ration of 0.6. • A large quantum of mortar should not be made ready in one go. Only such quantum as could be used in masonry works within 30 minutes of mixing should be made ready. The first batch of mortar shall be made richer by mixing 10% more cement over and above that required for the particular mix. • Test for comprehensive strength of mortar shall be carried out for 28 days strength. A minimum of 3 test specimens shall be made for each type/class of mortar

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• Masonry work has to progress course by course and a maximum of 0.60 m high masonry may be raised in a day. And each such course should be checked for verticality. The top surface of each course shall be wire brushed to remove excess mortar to make the surface rough enough to ensure good bonding between courses. • Curing of masonry is to be taken up after about 4 to 6 hours of construction and water should be softly sprayed. All exposed surfaces of stone masonry need be kept wet for a minimum period of 14 days.

C. Concrete Works : i. Aggregates- Fine and Coarse: Sand shall be well graded with fineness modules of 2.2 to 2.8. No sand particle shall be more than 4.75 mm. Grading and fineness modulus shall be carried through sieve analysis.. Such fine aggregate has to be necessarily be free from silt, clay and other impurities. Coarse aggregate comprises of all aggregate particles of more than 4.75-mm size. Preferably aggregates having sizes between 40 mm and 20mm are to be used for mass concrete. Such coarse aggregate should be hard and well graded to produce concrete of the desired strength and consistency. Coarse aggregates shall be tested for gradation, water absorption and also impact and abrasion values in case of availability of equipments. As in the case of fine aggregates, coarse aggregates shall be free from silt, clay, dust and other impurities. ii. Water for Concrete: Water used for cement concrete shall have a pH value preferably between 6 and 8.5 and should be free from oils, salts, acids and organic impurities. Suitability for use water for concrete may be determined through determination of average 28 days compressive strength of at least three 15cm concrete cubes prepared with water proposed to be used and such compressive strength should not be less than 90% of the average strength of 3 similar concrete cubes prepared with distilled water. iii. Concrete Mix • Proportioning of concrete mix shall be done in batches keeping in view the volume of the work to be done in a day. • The consistency of concrete will be such that concrete can be easily placed and compacted without segregation of materials. The consistency of concrete is to be determined through slump test and it should lie within the range of50mm to 75mm . • Concrete except for small jobs shall be mixed in a mechanical mixer. The mixer always should be clean and free from set concrete. • The site must be cleared of all debris, loose material and vegetation before placement of concrete. • Concrete shall be placed in layers of 30cm to 45cm and in quick succession to prevent any separation of layers. • Adequate curing of concrete is a necessity to enhance its durability and keem its permeability at optimal level.

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• Concrete shall not be thrown from a height of more than1.5m. When concrete is to be placed below ground level chutes should be used and such chute should be kept moist with water prior to delivery of concrete. • The class of concrete or the grade of concrete shall be as shown in the drawings. Concrete may be classified on the basis of 28 days compressive strength in the manner as below:

Concrete Class / Grade Cube strength at 28 days ( Mix Proportion kg/cm2 ) M 25 250 1:1:2 M20 200 1:1.5:3 M15 150 1:2:4 M10 100 1:3:6

• No of samples to be taken from each grade of concrete shall be broadly as given in the table below; Quantity of concrete in No of samples to be tested the work( m3) ! - 5 1 6-15 2 16-30 3 31-50 4 >51 4+ 1 additional sample for each 50 cum or part thereof 3 test specimens shall be cast from each sample for testing at 28 days. The test result will be the average of three test specimens.

11.8 Responsibility for quality control during construction Phase:

Responsibility for quality control during the construction phase shall primarily devolve on the officers and staff of the line hierarchy like Sub-assistant Engineer, Assistant Engineer and the Executive Engineer. For all dams of heights 3m or more and embankments of heights 3m or more and length 250 metres or more have to be necessarily inspected by higher supervisory officers of the rank of Superintending Engineer/ Chief Engineer. It would however be advisable to create Quality Control Cell in Bankura, Bardhaman and Jalpaiguri and such Cell may comprise of an Executive Engineer and an Assistant Engineer selected by the Project Director from amongst the Officers serving in the region. Such Cell shall have the authority to visit any site of

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construction of dams and embankments and check up whether guidelines for quality control have been enforced at site. They will be under obligation to diagnose deviations if any to the concerned Executive Engineer and copies of such inspection note shall be sent to the Superintending Engineer and the Project Director through FAX or E-mail. These Cells should have a mobile van and the requisite equipments required for quality control. These three Cells may have defined jurisdiction as below:

i. Cell at Bankura: Bankura, Purulia and West Midanapore

ii. Cell at Bardhaman: Bardhaman and Birbhum

iii. Cell at Jalpaiguri; Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling Local Panchyat institutions have the right to access drawings, estimates and tender notices and these institutions also keep a vigil on the quality of constructions and the material procured for the purpose. In the present programme beneficiary committees of Water User associations may also be encouraged to participate to assure quality control of procured material and construction.

11.9 Certification for payments and submission of Completion Certificate:

Measurements are recorded by the Sub-assistant engineer at the site and such measurements are certified by the Assistant Engineer before payments are released by the Executive Engineer who is also responsible for submission of the completion report. Assistant Engineers and above are generally graduate engineers.. A few of them are holders of Master’s degree. Sub-assistant engineers are largely Diploma Engineers while many of them are also graduate engineers.

11.10 Inspection of dams and checklist for Inspection report

All dams with appurtenances require regular inspection under normal operating conditions and immediately following unusual event such as first filling, a flood, or any seismic activity in the region. The schedule of inspection under normal operating conditions with reference to specific sites and potential problems may be conveniently followed particularly for all dams and its associated structures to ensure diagnosis of any problem. Such inspection should be made compulsory for all dams along with its appurtenances having a height of more than 4m and/or reservoir capacity of 1mcm. Routine inspection should be undertaken by officers of the rank of AEs/ EEs. This inspection may be conducted monthly /quarterly/ half yearly depending on the hazard category of the dam. Reviews of such inspection need be enforced by higher supervisory levels of SEs/ CEs on half yearly/ yearly basis.

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SUGGESTED INSPECTION SCHEDULE

Location Potential problem Time for inspection Upstream Slope Slope failure After rapid drawdown of reservoir Crest Settlement After heavy rains Tree and shrub growth Year round Downstream Seepage Du ring and after high reservoir slope levels Slope failure During and after high reservoir levels Tree and shrub growth Year round

Downstream toe Seepage During and after high reservoir Bulging indicative of slope levels failure During and after high reservoir levels Spillway Debris blocking spillway Periodically throughout the year After heavy rains Erosion Low level outlet Piping During and after high reservoir levels

A simple format for inspection report is suggested below:

Dam Inspection Report

i. Location of the dam (Block, Mouza, JL no.) :

ii. Type of dam: ( Dam height, reservoir area, top width, crest length , material used in construction may be mentioned)

iii. Date of commissioning:

iv. Designed by:

v. Date of Inspection

vi. Inspecting Officer with designation

Particulars with reference to Dam:

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i. Upstream Slope Vegetation Condition

ii. Upstream protection Type of protection Condition

iii. Downstream slope Vegetation Condition

Seepage Condition Outlets/Inlets a Pipe Condition i. Location: ii. Type: iii. Size ;

Spillway Condition i. Location: ii. Type: iii. Capacity

D. Abutments Erosion Condition

Seepage Condition

E. Reservoir Condition

i. Capacity ii. Level iii. Source of supply iv. Drainage

F. Conditions Downstrem of dam Condition i. Channel: ii. Vegetation: iii. Structures

G. Repairs recommended

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H. Documentation through photographs / sketches

Signature of the Inspecting Officer with date

K. Review by Supervisory level Officers like SEs/CEs

Comments on items of inspection by the Inspecting Officer:

Signature of the Reviewing Officer with date

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Projects on International Waterways

CHAPTER 12

PROJECTS ON INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS

12.1 Introduction:

West Bengal has a large number of waterways coming under the meaning of International Waterways as defined under the Operational Policy of the World Bank. Most of such waterways however occur in the northern part of the State. These waterways are located in river sub-basins like Sankosh, Raidak, Torsa, Jaldhaka, Tista, Punarbhaba and Attreye.

The Teesta, Torsha, Jaldhaka, Raidak, Sankosh originating from Bhutan and Sikkim flow through the districts of Jalpaiguri & Coochbehar and finally flow down to Bangladesh- the neighboring country to the Brahmaputra at different locations. The Torsha has tributaries like Kaljani, Sil Torsa, Char Torsa, Sanjai, Holong, Ghargaria, Garam, Dima, Pana, Jainti and Gabar-Basra. The Great Rangit, Rammam, Rongpo, Relli, Lish, Ghish, Chel, Mal, Neora and Karala are tributaries of the Teesta. Raidak has tributaries in Raidak I, Raidak-II, and Turturi. Jaldhaka has tributaries like Mujnai, Murti, Diana, Sulanga, Dolong, Dharla, Ghatia, Kumlai, Gilandi, Duduga.

Attreyee, Jamuna Punarbhaba & Tangon of Dakshin Dinajpur originate from Bangladesh. Of these Attreyee & Jamuna flow back to Bangladesh. Tangon after merger with Punarbhaba meet the river Mahananda in Maldah district. Mahananda having its tributaries in Mechi, Balason, Dauk, Kulik, Chiranali, and Tangon joins Ganga-Padma system downstream of Farakka barrage in Bangladesh.

Mathabhanga-Churni-Ichhamati system of rivers originate at Mathabhanga off-taking from Ganga- Padma downstream of Farakka Barrage in Bangladesh. Reaching West Bengal at Majhedia in Nadia dt. This bifurcates into two – the Churni flowing in south-westerly direction meets the Bhagirathi at Ranaghat whereas the other branch flowing in south-easterly direction meets the Bay of Bengal through Raimangal of 24-Parganas (South)

The discussion amply brings out that a very large number rivers with their tributaries in West Bengal will come under the meaning of international waterways as defined under the WB policy of Projects of International waterways. Such waterways are primarily confined within the boundaries of districts like Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda and Murshidabad.

2.2 Details of projects proposed under ADMI:

WRIDD under the ADMI- programme has proposed 2395 surface water schemes covering CCA of 63555 ha and 2265 ground water schemes covering CCA of 75346ha.

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Proposed Surface Water Schemes

i t l f o S & s r I c a A M o t N e t t a N S u D L s r C c D I o i o r h l W M t R u n C W T S D S s M

1 Coochbehar 262 0 0 262 5880 2 Jalpaiguri 328 50 10 388 7390 3 Birbhum 96 0 80 176 5320 4 Bankura 98 0 75 173 5960 5 N- 24- 43 0 0 43 1260 Parganas 6 Darjeeling 46 7 14 67 1655 7 N-Dinajpur 86 0 0 86 2240 8 S- Dinajpur 119 0 0 119 3580 9 Malda 175 0 0 175 5000 10 Murshidabad 64 0 0 64 2160 11 Nadia 169 0 0 169 3960 12 Burdwan 126 60 35 211 4650 13 Hoogly 92 0 0 92 2320 14 S-24- 56 0 0 56 1320 Parganas 15 Howrah 15 0 0 15 400 16 E-Medinipur 23 0 0 23 920 17 W-Medinipur 116 0 20 136 5340 18 Purulia 80 0 50 130 4200 Total 1994 117 284 2395 63555 Source: WRIDD

Ground Water Schemes

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s 6 0 l e t d l 3 3 ) . r l c ( e e ( t W o i a a W ) a A ) u s p . r W w t a t T h h N t a T a . t u C c g o s t h 0 0 l T l s m h h D D i s u u 2 3 u C S T S u C l ( r u L D M l D t P C s c

1 Coochbehar 50 0 400 9 459 15670 2 Jalpaiguri 30 0 550 62 642 22260 3 Birbhum 21 70 0 0 91 2940 4 Bankura 24 61 0 0 61 2676 5 N- 24- 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parganas 6 Darjeeling 0 0 36 4 40 1416 7 N-Dinajpur 18 85 182 0 285 9972 8 S- Dinajpur 4 8 0 0 12 368 9 Malda 30 66 141 0 237 8052 10 Murshidaba 0 16 0 0 16 576 d 11 Nadia 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Burdwan 40 87 0 0 127 3932 13 Hoogly 18 56 0 0 74 2376 14 S-24- 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parganas 15 Howrah 16 0 0 0 16 320 16 E- 48 47 0 0 95 2652 Medinipur 17 W- 60 26 0 0 86 2136 Medinipur 18 Purulia 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 359 522 1309 75 2265 75346 Source: WRIDD

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12.3 Surface water availability in basins /sub-basins having international waterways Brahamaputra basin has sub-basins like Sankosh, Raidak, Torsa, Jaldhaka, Teesta with a very large no of tributaries coming under the definition of international waterways, Ganga- Bhagirathi has Mahananda, Punarbhaba and Attreye and these sub-basins also have tributaries coming under the definition of international waterways. These sub-basins coming under the two major basins account for annual resources of surface water of 79583 mcm. The table below gives the detailed break-up of sub-basin wise availability of surface water. Disaggregated figures for tributaries are not available. This may also be noted that all international waterways are confined within the civil jurisdiction of Coochbehar, Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda , Nadia and Murshidabad.

Estimate of annual surface water availability in river basins having International waterways:

Basin Sub-basin District Rivers, tributaries & Annual Utilisation Utilisation sub-tributaries water resources Existing Proposed (mcm) Med/ Minor Med/ Minor Maj. Maj. Brahamaputra Sankosh Jalpaiguri& Sankosh, 1365 Coochbehar Chiklajhora& Raidak II

Raidak ---Do --- Raidak , Raidak II 6666 Turturi

Torsa ----Do---- Raidak I, 11908 Gadadhar, Kharkhari, Dima Torsa, Kaljani, Siltorsa, Char Torsa,Sanjai Hollong, Ghargharia, - Garam, Pana, Jainti, Gabur Basra Jaldhaka --Do------12665 Jaldhaka, Buri Torsa, Jiti, Mujnai, Indong, Murti, Diana,Sutanga, Dolong,Dharla,, Ghatia, Kumlai, Gilandi, Duua, Kalikhola

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Basin Sub-basin District Rivers, tributaries & Annual Utilisation Utilisation sub-tributaries water resources Existing Proposed (mcm) Med/ Minor Med/ Minor Maj. Maj. Teesta Darjeeling, 32124 3810 1535 Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar

Ganga- Mahananda Darjeeling, Mahananda, 13334 Bhagirathi Uttar Mechi, Dinajpur & MaldaSwarnamati, Bataria, Boon, Chenga, Manja, Lachka, Rohini, Balason, Buri Balason, Dauk, Nagar, Kulik Kanki, Gamari, Chiramati, Tangon,Kalindi, Phulhar, Barsoi, Punarbhaba

Punarbhaba

Punarbhaba ---Do----- 1034 Attreye

Atreye Dakshin Dinajpur 487

Source: Hydrological assessment of ADMI- project by WAPCOS (March, 2010)

12. 4 Water requirement for Proposed Surface Water Schemes in different districts:

WRIDD has estimated the total requirement of surface and ground water for each individual scheme to successfully operate these schemes. The requirement has been assessed as given below:

• Medium RLI : 43.72 ham • Minor RLI : 21.86ham • SFMIS 30ha: 11.07ham • SFMIS 40ha: 14.76ham • SFMIS 50ha: 18.45ham • WDS : 2.3ham

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On the basis of these figures, the total requirement of surface water has been calculated and the same is reflected in the following table.

Surface water requirement for proposed subprojects

Water Sl.No District Surface water Schemes requirement ham RLI SFMIS Med Min WDS 30ha 40ha 50ha 40ha 20ha 1 Coochbehar 32 230 0 0 0 0 6339.40 2 Jalpaiguri 4 324 50 0 0 10 7345.76 3 Darjeeling 0 46 7 0 0 14 1279.96 4 Uttar Dinajpur 26 60 0 0 0 0 2448.32 5 Dakshin Dinajpur 60 59 0 0 0 0 3912.94 6 Malda 75 100 0 0 0 0 5465.00 7 Murshidabad 44 20 0 0 0 0 2357.88 8 Nadia 29 140 0 0 0 0 4328.28 9 Burdwan 29 97 60 25 0 10 3987.55 10 Hoogly 24 68 0 0 0 0 2535.76 11 S- 24 Pgs 10 46 0 0 0 0 1442.76 12 N- 24Pgs 20 43 0 0 0 0 1084.00 13 Howrah 5 10 0 0 0 0 437.20 14 Birbhum 40 56 0 70 0 10 4687.66 15 Bankura 50 48 0 0 75 0 4342.20 16 W. Midnapore 101 15 0 0 0 20 5112.62 17 E.Midnapore 23 0 0 0 0 0 1005.56 18 Purulia 5 75 0 0 0 50 1797.50

Total 577 1417 117 95 75 114 59910.35

The figures in the table eloquently point out that the surface water requirements in the districts of Coochbehar, Darjeeling, Malda, and Bankura are on the higher side. Howrah has a small requirement. Other districts have requirements ranging between 1000ham and 6000 ham.

12.5 Assessment of requirement of ground water WRIDD has assessed the requirement of groundwater for each of ground water schemes proposed under the programme. Requirements have been assessed as hereunder:

• MDTW; 21.67ham • LDTW: 6.50ham

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• STW: 6.50ham • PDW: : 5.42ham

On the basis of these figures the total requirement of ground water for proposed schemes has been calculated district wise and the same is furnished in the table below.

Ground water requirement for proposed sub-projects

Sl no District MDTW LDTW STW Pumped Water 20ha clusters clusters dugwell requirement 36ha 36ha clusters ham 30 ha 1 Coochbehar 50 0 400 9 I6973.18 2 Jalpaiguri 30 0 550 62 24106.34 3 Darjeeling 0 0 36 4 1404.00 4 Uttar Dinajpur 18 85 182 0 10842.06 5 Dakshin Dinajpur 4 8 0 0 398.68 6 Malda 30 66 141 0 8723.10 7 Murshidabad 0 16 0 0 624.00 8 Nadia 0 0 0 0 0.00 9 Burdwan 40 87 0 0 4259.80 10 Hoogly 18 56 0 0 2574.00 11 S- 24 Pgs 0 0 0 0 0.00 12 N- 24Pgs 0 0 0 0 0.00 13 Howrah 16 0 0 0 346.72 14 Birbhum 21 70 0 0 3185.07 15 Bankura 24 61 0 0 2899.08 16 W. Midnapore 60 26 0 0 1300.20 17 E.Midnapore 48 47 0 0 2873.16 18 Purulia 0 0 0 0 0.00 Total 359 522 1309 75 80509.39

The figures indicate that the requirement of groundwater in the districts of Coochbehar, Jalpaiguri, Uttar Dinajpur and Malda are on the higher side. Nadia, South –24 Pgs, North- 24Pgs and Purulia do not have any requirement of ground water under this programme.The requirement of Howrah, Hoogly,Murshidabad and Dakshin Dinajpur are on the low side.

12.6 Status of ground water in the State of West Bengal and scope for future development beyond March, 2010:

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Net ground water availability beyond March,2004 for irrigation has been assessed district wise. On the basis of this WAPCOS- the Hydrology Consultant has assessed equivalent nos. of STW/LDTWs, MDTWS and HDTWs and the figures are furnished in the table below.

District Net ground Equivalent nos. of possible ground water structures water beyond March,2004 availability for STW/LDTW MDTW HDTW irrigation beyond March, 2004(ha m) Darjeeling 43539 62199 15832 7916 Jalpaiguri 224667 320953 81697 40849 Coochbehar 172412 246303 52246 26123 Uttar Dinajpur 79221 52814 7545 3772 Dakshin Dinajpur 44556 29704 4243 2122 Malda 51613 34409 4916 2458 Murshidabad 16842 8421 1604 802 Nadia 19513 13009 1858 929 24-Parganas (N) 36951 26394 3519 1760 Howrah 25813 16133 2458 1229 Hoogly 91175 45588 8683 4342 Burdwan 167429 83715 15946 7973 Bankura 131453 82158 15917 7598 Purulia 59207 37004 - 5317 Birbhum 111651 69782 10633 2563 Purba Medinipur 44342 27714 5126 12581 Paschim 217654 136034 25162 Medinipur Source: SWID & WAPCOS Hydrological Assessment of ADMI ( March,2010)

12.7 Requirement vis-a vis availability: Surface water availability figures have not been updated since the assessment in 1987. The figure for availability West Bengal stands at 13.29mhm of which 5.31 m ham has been designated as utilizable. The total requirement of surface water for proposed sub-projects under the present programme has been estimated at 59910 ham which is only 1.13% of utilizable volume

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CGWB and SWID in their March, 2004 assessment have projected the availability of ground water at 2.746mham. Ground water requirement for subprojects under the programme has been assessed at 80509 ham. Therefore this requirement is only 2.93% of the projected availability.

12.8 Observations of the World Bank on abstraction of surface water from International Waterways

World Bank in their communication dated 23.09.2010 to His Excellency Abul Maal Abdul Muhith, Hon’ble Minister of Finance, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh brings out the following points:

• Rivers namely the Teesta, Torsa, Jaldhaka, Raidak, Sankosh, Punarbhaba and Attrai in the northern part of West Bengal originate from Sikkim and Bhutan and are tributaries of the Brahmaputra river of Bangladesh –the downstream riparian country. Similarly the river system of 24-Parganas in southern part of West Bengal form the border with Bangladesh and flow into the Bay of Bengal.

• The study has calculated the total monthly river flow with a probability of occurrence of 75%(i,e guaranteed in 3 yrs out of an average of 4 yrs.) and the total monthly irrigation volume as a percentage of the total monthly river flow.

• The total incremental abstraction as percentage of the total annual river flow at 75% dependability is low ranging from 0.06% for the Teesta River Basin to 1.96% for the Atrai river basin. The maximum percentage abstraction rate occurs during the lean season flow of rivers and during a month when irrigation requirements are highest. Even then but for two rivers of Atrai and Sankosh, the rate of abstraction does not exceed 4.5%. The abstraction rate of Atrai & Sankosh for the proposed sub-projects stands as high as 20.44% and 14.59% respectively. The table below reflects the situation adequately:

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River Incremental Water Abstraction Range as Total System % 0f total available flow in the River increme System ntal water abstract ion Maximum % Minimum% (July) (February) Teesta 0.01 0.60 0.06 Sankosh 0.30 14.59 1.40 Raidak 0.02 1.09 0.10 Torsa 0.09 4.50 0.43 Jaldhaka 0.09 4.54 0.44 Punarbha 0.03 1.29 0.12 Atrai 0.42 20.44 1.96 24-Parganas 0.06 3.05 0.29

12.9 Suggested Mitigation Measures

To avoid negative impact arising out of abstraction of surface water on the river flows of International Waterways the following measures need be adopted by the Govt. of West Bengal during execution of the minor irrigation schemes under ADMI.

• No new scheme shall be taken up on any river, rivulet or stream directly flowing into Bangladesh. • Abstraction of surface water from Atrai and Sankosh has to be kept below 5% during peak month. This can partly be achieved through bringing in changes in cropping pattern in CCAs of the proposed sub-projects relying more on watersaving crop in the season and discouraging cultivation of boro paddy. During the phase of implementation, it may be necessary to divert some of the sub-projects to adjoining sub-basins. • As far as abstraction of ground water is concerned, no subprojects of Shallow, LDTW and MDTW will be installed within 600m of the border with Bangladesh.

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Chapter- 13

Pesticide Management

13.1 Introduction

Agriculture practices which include pests and disease control methods, application of plant nutrients, choice of crops play a very important role in environment management especially for healthy maintenance of agro ecosystem for sustainability and to avoid problem of pollution through insecticide/pesticides which can directly enter human system through crops and indirectly through the route of animal products like fish, meat etc. Similarly the use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers without adequate organic matter application results in leaching of nitrates which affect water quality. Further, in eastern India in general and in West Bengal in particular summer paddy (Boro) cultivation is taken up as the usual practice whenever water is available. This is done in most cases without any consideration of economics, markets of possible other crops even high yielding cash crops like vegetables. This large scale monoculture of Boro without consideration of type of soil, quantum of available water, leads to excessive use of water ( Boro cultivation is even taken up in sandy soil when irrigation facility is available) which results into conflicts among farmers for water use and promote tapping even from arsenic affected areas, saline areas.

Prof. Watson, Chief Scientists, World Bank, Director International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science, and Technology for Development stresses the need for combining local traditional knowledge with the knowledge of modern agriculture in his statement “We have got to make sure that footprint of agriculture on climate is lessened; we have to make sure we do no degrade soil, we do not degrade water, and we do not have adverse effects on biodiversity. There are some major challenges, but we believe that combining local and traditional knowledge with formal knowledge challenges can be met.”

13.2 Project area for study

West Bengal having total geographical area of 8.8 million hectares 5.2 million ha of net cropped area and out of this net irrigated area 3.63 million ha (68.73%) has 180.04% cropping intensity. Nearly 50 million people live in rural area in 37,910 villages. A large number of towns out of total 379 towns are agriculture-based. A little more than 50% of state’s income is from Agriculture. It produces 13.8% of the total production of rice in the country and is one of the principal rice growing states in India. Other important crops are potato, jute, and oilseeds etc.

Boosting agricultural production and reducing rural poverty are high on the agenda of the state. There is little scope for increasing cultivated area. Hence agricultural intensification through development of minor irrigation is the main pillar of strategy which aims at increasing cropping intensity in targeted area to more than 200%.The intensification of agriculture may result in increasing use of fertilizer and pesticide which may create problem of the environment. So, the study has been carried with the following objectives.

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13.3 Objective of study

Objectives are outlined below: • Study the trend of fertilizer and pesticide use in various districts of the state over a decade, • Checking the list of registered of pesticides in use in the state to assess about the use of banned pesticide (WHO class1A/1B and class II) pesticides based on secondary data. • Plant protection system of the state at present and future plan and program, constraints faced for implementation • To devise strategies for Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in short and medium term for prevention of water and soil pollution that may be triggered because of increased use of fertilizer and pesticides /insecticides in CCAs of the subprojects selected for implementation under the program of ADMI project.

13.4 Methodology

Methodology included analysis of the secondary data and reports available on fertilizer and pesticides use from the State Agriculture Department and holding consultations with State Government officials and Agriculture experts of State Agriculture Universities (SAUs). Discussion with Agriculture Scientists, Plant Protection Experts and officials, focus group discussion and interview with farmers during stake holder consultations were also included in such methodology.

13.5 Observation and Analysis of data

13.5.1 Trend of Fertilizer use The trend of fertilizer and pesticide use in different districts are based on data of Agriculture Dept. There are 18 districts of the state, out of which 11 districts have average cropping intensity of 220 and remaining 7 districts have cropping intensity varying between 150 and 218.

The consumption of fertilizer varies from district to district irrespective of cropping intensity which may be dependent on type of crops grown in the area. Trend of fertilizer and pesticide use are provided in tables and graphical presentations below: The consumption pattern was classified into three classes based on actual consumption of fertilizer in the districts in 2008-2009.

Highest rate of fertilizer 220-270kg per ha. was applied in Hoogly, Malda and Bardhaman, while the districts of Murshidabad, East Medinipur , Birbhum, Bankura, North 24-Parganas applied dose of 150-220kg per ha and the remaining districts used less than 150 kg per ha(The rate of consumption is below recommended doze of chemical fertilizer which is 450kg per ha.). Further the ratio of NPK in the fertilizer in use by the farmer’s districts is balanced (2.26:1.32:1).

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Graphical presentation of Year Wise And District Wise Rate Of Chemical Fertiliser Consumption (Kg/Ha) From 1998 To 2009

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1234567891011

JALPAIGURI

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300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1234567891011

NA DIA NORTH-24 PA RGA NA S HOOGHLY BARDHAMAN 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF20 Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar 0 1234567891011 PURULIA BANKURA Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Page 5 of10 Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR Date: December, 2011

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500 400 300

200 100 0 1234567891011 SOUTH-24 PA RGA NA S HOWRA H

The trend of fertilizer use in 2007-2008 and 2008 -2009 is not consistent; it varies from district to district. In Jalpaiguri the increase of use from 76kg per ha to 149 kg resulting increase of 96.05% Nadia increase was 49.06%. Howrah, Purulia and South 24-Parganas reported 31.78%, 20.59% and 17.65 respectively. In other districts increased use varied from 0.77 - 14.07%.There was decreasing trend in use in Darjeeling (Siliguri), Birbhum and East Midnapore. Since the use of fertilizers in the districts is much below the recommended dose (highest rate of fertilizer application amongst districts is in Hoogly which is 270kg /ha. as against the recommended dose of 450kg/ha .The trend study did reveal any danger from excessive use of fertilizers.

Use of organic manure remained extremely inadequate as ascertained during discussions with experts as well as farmers. There was general opinion among all including farmers that there is need for concerted efforts for wider use of organic manure and manufacture of organic fertiliser in view of falling fertility of soil. Vermiculture may positively help in increasing soil fertility and a village based campaign could be launched was the opinion of most of the experts.

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13.5.2 Pesticide use in the districts The trend of pesticide consumption is given in table I of Attachment II and graphical presentation below:

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF YEAR WISE AND DISTRICT WISE RATE OF PESTICIDE CONSUMPTION (g/ha) FROM 1999 TO 2009

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 12345678910JALPAIGURI

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500

400

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0 12345678910 DA RJEELING COOCHBEHA R MA LDA MURSHIDA BA D SOUTH-DINA JPUR BIRBHUM

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1,000

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NA DIA NORTH-24 PA RGA NA S HOOGHLY BARDHAMAN

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1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 12345678910SOUTH-24 PARGANAS HOWRAH

The bar charts and figures (in table I of Attachment II) indicate that districts of Malda(455gms),Nadia(617gm),Uttar24Parganas(812gm),Howrah(1264gm),Hoogly(649gms) and Purba Medinipur consume pesticide more than state average of 424gms and National average of 500 gms. But in other districts the rate of consumption is below average rate of consumption of the state. As per report of 2008-09 of Department of Agriculture, no banned pesticides could be found with any dealer. The use of these pesticides is 15% in Kharif, 60%in Rabi and 25% in pre Kharif and other crops indicating that pesticides (85%) are mostly used in irrigated cultivation of crops.

The Dept has introduced organic pesticides in many cases and IPM is also practiced in limited area. The list of registered Bio pesticides and their formulation for use in the country is given in table 4 of the Attachment.

It was revealed during stake holder consultation that the trend of use of non bio-degradable pesticides, both chlorinated hydrocarbon and organo-phosphate, continues in some measure and there is lack of awareness about pesticides , their appropriate handling and absence of strategies for reduction of chemical pesticides and increasing use of organic pesticides. It was further learned from focus group discussion that farmers depend on Dealers for the choice of pesticides which are generally supplied on credit and the price recovered after harvest of the produce. Most of the pesticides are costly; even the price of branded Neem pesticides is higher than Endosulphan and Dimethanete.Regarding the problem of pest and diseases as learned from the farmers as well as scientists that various crops like brinjal suffer from root shoot borer, leaf curl virus in tomato, anthacnose and mite in chilli, downy mildew in bitter guard and cucumber, rootrot nematodes in various vegetables etc. Farmers in many cases use pesticide without any consideration. The total cost of pesticides per crop varies from 20%-

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30%of total cost. Krishi Projukti Sahakyas (KVS) interviewed are of opinion that they are burdened with various schemes, so it is not possible to provide focused attention in the area of pest management. However they appreciated need of awareness about organic pesticides and IPM. Department of Agriculture in their report suggested training and engagement of NGOs as service providers to popularize organic and eco-friendly pesticides and IPM in the area of irrigated agriculture. 13.6 Chemical Pesticides used in the State The pesticides used in the State are registered under Sec 9/3of Insecticide Act of 1968.Two hundred twenty one of pesticides are registered under the act, out of which 49 falls under category of W H O‘s classification (10 in 1B and 39 in II).The list of registered pesticides showing the W H O banned class is in Table I of Attachment I. Survey of the dealers dealing in pesticides by Inspectors engaged by Agriculture Department, revealed that no banned pesticides by the state are being sold by them. Besides they do not have pesticides banned in India (The list of banned pesticides is table II of the Attachment I. and the list of pesticides whose uses are restricted are in table III of the Attachment I.

13.6.1 Pesticide monitoring

Primary monitoring of ground and surface water quality during study evaluated pesticide parameters like alpha-BHC, gama-BHC and Endosulphan. In almost all the cases values of such parameters were below detection limit. Secondary data of WBPCB as furnished in Annexure XII both for ground and surface waters reflect values of aldrin, dieldrin, endosulphan and DDT mostly below detection limit. Residues of pesticides in agricultural crops also have serious implications on human health. In view of this West Bengal State Pollution Control Board had undertaken a continuous ground water monitoring program in association with the Central Pollution Control Board at selected stations in the districts of Bardhaman, Howrah, North and South 24-Parganas, Nadia, & Maldah, Purba Medinipur, Paschim Medinipur and Kolkata at 22 stations. Monitored pesticides are BHC, DDT, Endosulfan, Aldrin, Malathion, Methyl Parathion, Chlorpyriphos and Anilophos. The analysis of 22 samples resulted in detection of -BHC only in four samples and DDT in 2 samples . Malathion was present only in one sample. Aldrin has been detected in a few samples but this was well below the quantification of the analytical set up. Chlorpyriphos and Anilophos were not detected. The study instituted by the Department of Environment, Govt. of West Bengal and undertaken by the Institute of Environmental Studies and Wetland Management in Jalpaiguri district on pesticide residues in agricultural products observed as follows; • The soils of the tea gardens in the Terai region showed the highest degree of contamination with respect to chloropyriphos, ethion, heptachlor, dicofol, beta- endosulphan, endosulphan sulphate and cypermethrin. • None of the irrigating water samples sampled from the vegetable and fruit fields in the area responded to the presence of pesticides. • Among the pesticides studied chloropyriphos, dicofol, heptachlor and ethion were detected in the rivers and canals surrounding the tea gardens of the Terai and Dooars region. 13.7 Additional area under ADMI project

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The proposed area additional CCA to be covered under I ADMI project is 1633621 ha distributed in 18 districts. All the districts are using chemical fertilizer much below the all India average recommended dose. But the districts of Malda, Nadia, North24 Parganas, Howrah, Hoogly and East Midnapore are using high dose of pesticides which is above state and National average.

District wise proposed additional CCA with SW under WB_ADMIP are as below:

Proposed Addl. Addl. Addl. CCA CCA Dist. Dist. Dist. CCA by by SW by SW SW (ha) (ha) (ha) COB 5880 MSD 2,160 BDN 4650 JAL 7390 NDA 3960 BIRB 5320 DARJ (SLG) 1655 N- 1260 E-MED 920 24PGS ND 2240 S- 1,320 W-MED 5340 24PGS SD 3580 HOW 400 BANKR 5960 MLD 5000 HOOGH 2320 PURU 4200 Source: WRIDD 13.8 Pesticide management programme including IPM of the State Agriculture Department The Joint Director of Plant Protection under the Director of Agriculture is the authorised officer under the Insecticide act of 1968 who carry out activity as per provision of the act. He is also responsible for issue of licences for setting up manufacturing unit after obtaining clearance under Environmental Protection Act; 1986.There is one testing laboratory at Midnapore for testing insecticide samples. The facility is considered inadequate considering requirement. No laboratory for testing bio pesticides has been set up in the state. At least two such laboratories are needed said Joint Director, Plant Protection. He mentioned that overall consumption of technical grade pesticide in the state is 0.424kg per ha. This is below national average. Studies on Integrated Control Measure in the state reflect that use of insect tolerant crop varieties, cultural management including use of balanced dose of fertilizers, need based application of insecticides and biological control of the pest are considered most appropriate practice.

13.8.1 Plant protection Strategy proposed of Agriculture Department (2007-12)

The strategy riveted on the following programmes: • Popularisation of Bio pesticides • Popularisation of Botanical pesticides • State level plant protection training meeting • District level plant protection training meeting

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The Agriculture Deptt.Government of West Bengal adopted the policy to promote the use of botanical and bio pesticides for its cost -effectivity and to encourage IPM for deriving comprehensive benefits. State level and district level plant protection training meetings, are also organised from time to time.

13.8.2 Plant protection system

The plant protection system of the state has the following components: • Registration of pesticides as per Insecticide Act, 1968 and survey of a credible sample of sellers/distributors of pesticides is done by 450 (four hundred fifty) insecticide inspectors in 18 (eighteen) districts. • Classification of pesticides done by Department of Agriculture based on active ingredients (ai) and marked with bright red, bright yellow, bright blue and bright green triangle to be used for specified crop/s;

Lethal dose (LD) 50 mg/Kg body weight of Colour of test animals identification Classification Medium LD by the Medium LD by the band on the oral route (acute dermal route (dermal label toxicity) toxicity) 1. Extremely toxic 1-50 1-200 Bright red 2. Highly toxic 51-500 201-2,000 Bright yellow 3. Moderately 501-5,000 2001-20,000 Bright blue toxic 4.Slightly toxic More than 5,000 More than 20,000 Bright green

Source: Report of Deptt. of Agriculture

• Survey and surveillance: There are state, range, district, subdivision and block level monitoring committee for monitoring pest, disease and weed situation. • IPM training programme: Training of Block Level Extension Workers was organized during 10th plan, where 30 officers were trained on rice IPM besides training of 40SMS. • Training of man power and demonstration: Training of officers and farmers were imparted through Farmers Field School in Rice, Oilseeds, Pulses, Sugarcane, Cotton and Vegetables during 1997-98 and 2005-06. All extension personnel and 809,950 farmers have been trained. • Five regional plant protection training programme were conducted for extension workers where 150 number of extension workers were trained by University Professors and Research Scientists.

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• 23,430 field demonstrations were taken up during 10th plan for rice, pulses, oilseed, cotton, sugarcane, mango and vegetables. • Training and awareness programme of man power by CIPMC: Central Integrated Pest Management Centre organizes training of Farmers, Krishi Prajukti Sahayak, Agriculture Extension Worker, NGOs in collaboration with state government. They are at present undertaking training and awareness programme for IPM of paddy, mango and vegetables. A wide publicity of the programme is arranged in the form of rally with poster and charts and banners for general awareness among public. • Selection and training of Farmer’s Field School (FFS): Two hundred FFSs will be set up in 17 districts in the blocks selected by Principal Agricultural Officer (PAO).Under this programme the farmers will be enlightened on judicious use of pesticides and at the same time identification of pests and diseases and beneficial insects with calculation of pest and defender ratio management. There is planting programme of trees for ecological balance. The programme will be conducted in the field with at least 35-40 farmers in 40ha land. • Arrangement for treatment of crop seeds with the partnership of private companies. • Bio Village Programme

State Agriculture Department has a Bio village programme for sustainable agriculture. In this programme, farmers are taught use of Bio/Botanical pesticides including training on use of microbial pesticides and use of predators and parasites (on vegetable crops for disposing as bio produce) with the emphasis on result demonstration in selected model villages under the supervision of AO, D.P.PO, SMS, ADO, KPS of the respective district, subdivision and block, involving Panchayats, Officers of Agriculture Marketing, Horticulture, Food Processing, Mycologist, Entomologist of the district, Farmers including Women farmers belonging to Self Help Groups and reputed NGOs.

Already 75 BVs have been set up across the state since launching in 2004-05.In these villages farmers are trained on the appropriate use of (i) Bio/Botanical pesticides and use of Bio microbes and parasites, (ii)use of Bio fertilizers, (iii)adopting System of Rice Intensification (SRI) for boro rice cultivation. Another 118 (84 from State fund and 34 from Rastrya Bikash Yojona) are proposed to be executed by June, 2010.

13.8.3 Future programme for Plant Protection

The programme for 2010-11 to 2014-15 includes:

• Training for FFS to train up farmers for 16 weeks period for a particular crop; Farmers are to be trained to identify friendly and harmful insect and their ratio throughout the cropping season. • Master Trainer Farmers Training: Some educated farmers and interested farmers amongst bio village and FFS are to be trained for master trainer so that they can train farmers of the locality.

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• Continuous training and updating: To update with new technology or innovations among officers, field staff, farmers, input dealers provisions has been kept for training. It is proposed to hold meeting at 5 tiers viz (a) Range level Plant Protection training with 150 officers for three days, (b) District level Plant Protection training for 50 officers for three days, (c) District level Plant Protection training for 100 farmers and dealers (d) Subdivision wise KPS training on Plant Protection and Organic farming system and (e) Master farmers training programme in 51 subdivision with 100 KPS at the rate of 3 in each district. • Setting of Bio village: The object is to grow consciousness amongst 40-50 farmers of the particular village with 10-15 ha land. The farmers are to be trained to adopt judicious use of chemical fertilizer with organic manure and adoption of concept of IPM which includes bio/botanical pesticides. The entire activity will be carried out on the principle of ‘doing is believing’. • 100%seed treatment: To prevent against future disease attack, seed treatment will be carried out which will prevent 80% of disease incidence. There will be provision for subsidized price of seed treatment chemical. The present coverage under treated seed is 41% which was 23% before campaign. • Plant Health Clinic and Diagnostic Laboratory: The farmer faces various problems while cultivating crops and among the problems about 70 to 80% are related to plant protection. In most cases they obtain advice from input dealers who may not have proper knowledge. In view of the problem, state government proposes to open Plant Health Clinic and Diagnostic laboratory at least one in each subdivision and two in bigger subdivision. The laboratory may be run by the staff of the Department or by NGO with the support of the Department.

13.8.4 Analysis of Pesticide Management program of the State

While analyzing the “State Pesticide Management Programs (SPMP)” and reviewing the draft IPM strategy and the effectiveness of its current strategy it may be seen that Agriculture Dept. has several field programme in the areas of plant protection including IPM and supply of quality pesticides, diagnostic centres besides programme of bio-village, crop diversification and various other demonstrations to promote sustainable agriculture. The available infrastructure and man power falls short because of very large geographical expanse of the area to be covered.

There is only one pesticide testing laboratory having capacity to analyze 650 samples. There is no laboratory for testing Bio pesticides. So it is impossible to cover the large number of samples generated by the state from one testing laboratory and testing of bio-pesticides is not possible under the existing set up.

IPM has already been established in the State since 1988 and now it covers all the crops but so far only 40% implementation could be made due to inadequacy of departmental field staff/workers. As a solution, to supplement the need NGOs may be trained and engaged as service providers for this purpose with a view to popularize and adopt the measures on

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regular basis with the farming community to take it as a major tool of effectiveness in irrigated agriculture;

13.9 Strategies, Action plan and Recommendations for ADMI project • Building awareness amongst the farming community for judicious pest management with special emphasis on predisposing factors for occurrence of pest and diseases, and disseminate information about banned pesticides, effect of indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides, safety measures for handling pesticides, use of bio-pesticides etc. This can be achieved through: o Mass campaign; o Publicity through print & electronic media; and o Holding awareness meetings at least 5-10 in nos. with the farmers in each of ADMI project blocks; blocks where pesticide use is likely to go up above the state average need be selected preferentially for such meetings o Knowledge building amongst selected farmers for counting Economic Threshold Level (ETL); identification of predators, assessment of pest defender ratio etc to take decision for spraying pesticide. o Intensification of bio pesticide production and testing in collaboration with identified reputed organisations having infrastructural facilities and competent qualified professionals.

(Pest & Defender ratio i.e. if one finds one pest and two defenders, ratio is 1:2, farmer need not have to go for pesticide management.)

The used defenders are of 2 (two) types one “Predator” (i.e. friendly insects) and the other is “Parasite”. The predominant predators available in West Bengal are Concede Beetle, 8 (eight) varieties of spiders, Mirid bug, Long horn grasshoppers, Cricket and Ophioria. The predominant useful parasites available in the State are Cotasia, Xynphopimpla and Carrops.

13.9.1 Preparation of project specific Pest management plan for all project Districts The District Project Management Unit may provide guidelines for preparation and implementation of pesticide management plan in the CCAs of ADMI project blocks.

The plan will include awareness generation especially against banned pesticides, restriction on use of class IA/IB and class II pesticides, capacity building for decision making for undertaking pesticide spray, demonstration for use of Bio and Botanical pesticides, and monitoring and evaluation. The DPMU will facilitate selection of NGOs for awareness generation, capacity building and monitoring.

Arrangement for orientation and training of the selected NGOs may be organized by the DPMU with the help of State Agriculture Universities.

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WRIDD may initiate a dialogue with Department Of Agriculture, GoWB regarding the issue of deregistration of Class 1A/1B pesticides from the list of registered pesticides. Department of Agriculture may undertake a survey of pesticide use in the manner as suggested below and decide on the course of action to phase out use of Class II pesticides.

Survey by Inspectors of the Department should be carried on regular basis in ADMI project blocks. This survey may be carried out through multi-stage sampling: • The districts where pesticide use is anticipated to go up because of implementation of the ADMI-program need be selected. • Then a convenient sample of blocks may be selected from the identified districts • A random sample of dealers /distributors may be interviewed or a questionnaire survey undertaken to know about the pesticides they sell and reasons thereof. • A random sample of villages may be taken up from the selected blocks at another level • From the sample villages, farmers/planters/ plantation workers may be identified for holding focus group discussion. Concerned Agriculture Extension Workers may be interviewed to understand the use of ClassIA/IB and Class II pesticides. Such a survey will help to draw up a plan for prevention/restriction of use of such pesticides. Such a survey should be supervised and monitored by the DPMU.

13.9.2 Setting up of Bio Villages as Result Demonstration unit

Biovillage program will have the components of (I) awareness generation of beneficiaries & their capacity building for organic farming, (ii) production of organic manure and bio pesticides and (iii) supply of bio-inputs.

Demonstration area of 20 ha (preferably in compact blocks) in each of 100 blocks selected preferentially from 6 districts using high dose of pesticides will be organised. Such selection will be done by DPMUs with the assistance of PPP (Project Program Promoters appointed by the Deptt. of Agriculture. Implementation of the bio-village program has the basic requirements as follows:

• Crops / cropping sequence: i. multipurpose legume tree for fodder, green leaf manuring, ii. Green manure/covercrops like dhaincha, sun hemp, and green gram iii. Trees and herbs for botanical pesticides like drumstick, neem, turmeric, calotropis etc and iv. Leguminous crops like pulses as intercrop or mix crop with non-legume crops • Nutrient sources: i. Vermi-compost/ Enriched compost (Phosphocompost) ii. Farmyard manure iii. Oil cakes iv. Biofertiliser (Rhizobium, Azotobactor, Azospirillium and PSB) v. Azolla vi. Crop residues, vii.Rock phosphate and Liquid manure ( Cowdung slurry, Cow urine )

The bio-village program implementation requires judicious selection of compact blocks of 15 to 20 has distributed amongst different categories of farmers having a fair representation of

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small and marginal farmers. Different cropping pattern has to be drawn up depending on the situation of the land. Uplands should be allocated for orchard of fruits like mango, guava, papaya, lime and vegetables while low lands need go for aman rice- khesari/ rapeseed. Medium lands may have combination of aman rice with a variety of vegetables.

It will be useful to have on or more small bio-gas plant developed within the bio-village program having a minimum of 6-12 milch cows through distribution of such cows amongst the members of SHGS. This will help production of organic manure including cowdung slurry and cow urine.

The bio-village program for an average area of 20 ha will cost approximately Rs. 4.38 lacs. There will be variation depending on the cropping pattern, targeted production of vermicompost, biopesticides and requirement of development of small animal farms through SHGS of the beneficiaries in the program. The approximate estimated break up of such cost may be as follows:

a. Awareness meetings: RS.50000.00 b. Augmentation of production facilities, production and supply of inputs like BT, NPV, biopesticides, biofertilisers etc; Rs 1,50,000.00 c. Subsidy for establishment of cattle farms through subsidy; Rs. 1,00,000.00 d. Subsidy for adoption of suggested cropping pattern; Rs75000.00 e. Contingencies including measurement of residual toxicity; Rs 63000.00

Impact of bio-village program may be monitored from 3rd. year onwards from adoption using the following indicators • Assessment of pesticide residues in the crop through residual analysis • Reduction in the quantum of use of inorganic fertiliser and pesticides and • Reduction in the frequency of irrigation under adopted cropping patterns

13.9.3 Expected Benefits that can be derived by adopting BV program are:

• Improvement in soil health due to incorporation of micro-organism in the soil, • Reducing the cost of cultivation by replacing 15-20% chemical fertilizers with Bio-fertilizer, vermicompost, greenmanure and farm yard manure; • Introduction of one pulse crop in the cropping sequence which indirectly build soil nutrient status as well as supply of pulses for consumption; • Reducing 55-65% of the cost against their chemical pesticides which will build awareness for use of organic and biodegradable substances; • Generate awareness about predator, pest insects, disease identification skills etc. to guide others; • Production of better quality and safe food without degrading environment

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CHAPTER 14

ENVIRONMENTAL BUDGET

14.1 INTRODUCTION:

Subprojects under the programme will be executed all over the state with the exclusion of Kolkata. As the bulk of the projects will be of low impact category, impacts will be managed through the provisions of the Environmental Code of Practice, which has a format for Rapid Environmental Checklist, the Generic Environment Management Plan and the Environment Monitoring Plan. This Generic Environment Management Plan along with the Environment Monitoring Plan will be a part of the contract document and therefore implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring plan will be binding on the appointed contractors. A very small number of projects that might require cover of limited Environmental Assessment prepared on the basis of terms of reference provided, specific Environmental Management Plan with suggested mitigation measures and a Environment Monitoring Plan will have to be prepared. In such cases of subprojects, environmental budget has to be prepared separately.

14.2 COST ESTIMATES:

The present budget therefore provides for the following components:

• Training component for different target groups proposed for capacity building

• Requirement for infrastructure for expansion of irrigation water quality testing facilities

• Organisation of water quality surveillance groups, their training and provision of of water quality kits

• Dissemination of irrigation water quality information at the block level

• Sponsoring studies on contamination of food crops grown in arsenic contaminated and fluorotic areas and bioaccumulation by SAUs and other reputed Institutions

• Incremental staff for for District Project Management Units & State Project Management Unit

• Induction of a Dam Safety Expert at Project Hq for designing dams and embankments and checking of such designs done by the field level engineers and their certification

• Quality control during construction of dams and embankment- provision of mobile vans and equipments

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• Strengthening of pesticide management programme through a set of actions like awareness development through workshops and seminars, execution of bio-vilage programme in specified blocks

• Cost of relocation of cultural /religious properties and enhancement thereof.

• Enhancement of selected waterbodies to cater to rural recreation and supporting livelihood of people associated with such water bodies.

The detailed cost estimate is provided in the table below:

Sl Components Units of Unit Total Provision no measurem cost (Rs. in (Rs. in ents In lacs lacs ) Environmental capacity A Building A1. Training Programme Regional Workshops Nos 3.00 5 15.00 In country Nos 1.00 24 24.00 TRAINING ON ECOPS Training on rapid Nos 1.50 6 9.0 reconnaissance Nos 1.50 30 45.00 TRAINING ON PREPARATION OF EMP

Exposure visit in country outside Nos 2.50 7 17.50 the state Exposure visit –Foreign( Group of Nos 9.00 3 27.00 3 officers) State level- Apex level Training of Nos 3.00 5 15.00 WRIDD engineers Subtotal 152.50 A2. Workshops, seminars & consultancies Workshops State level apex level workshops Stakeholders workshop Nos 5.00 2 10.00 District level/intermediate level workshops Nos 0.50 36 18.00 Awareness generation among Nos 3.00 48 144.00 contractors

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Sl Components Units of Unit Total Provision no measurem cost (Rs. in (Rs. in ents In lacs lacs ) Awareness generation amongst Nos 1.00 60 60.00 beneficiaries Training of water quality Nos 0.50 20 10.00 surveillance groups Dissemination of WQ data and Per annum 15.00 5yrs 75.00 brochures As/F study for contamination of LS 100.00 crops Awareness programme for Blocks 0.50 150 75.00 Pesticide management Project coordination meeting Nos 0.10 12 1.20 Subtotal 493.20 B.

B1. Monitoring & Evaluation

Concurrent Monitoring Environmental audit Per annum 10.00 5 50.00 Evaluation and outcomes of impacts Evaluation of EMP implementation LS 40.00 Subtotal 90.00 C C1.Communication

Bio-village publicity campaign LS 30.00 Dissemination/publication LS 25.00 55.00 Subtotal

D Physical

D1. Grants /Assistance Intensification of bio-pesticide LS 100.00 production through reputed institutions/organisations D2. Works Bio-village programme Per ha 0.219 4000 876.00 implementation Relocation and restoration of Nos 1.00 80 80.00 cultural properties N0s 1.50 100 150.00 ENHANCEMENT OF WATERBODIES

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Sl Components Units of Unit Total Provision no measurem cost (Rs. in (Rs. in ents In lacs lacs ) D3. Goods & Equipment Water quality testing kits Nos 0.20 150 30.00 Dam safety Testing Mobile Van Nos 10.00 2 20.00 Water quality Laboratories under Nos 100.00 4 400.00 SWID 980.00 SUBTOTAL

E Institutional cost E1. Investment cost and LS 1.35 maintenance Office equipment and 25.60 maintenance Vehicles operation and 30.00 maintenance 56.95 Subtotal

E2. Operational cost Manpower for DPMUs and SPMU 555.60 Office operationg cost 97.00 652.60 Subtotal

3156.25 Grand total

Detailed break –up and annual phasing is provided in the Attachment to this chapter. The Attachment also provides for the the details of manpower.

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ATTACHMENT-II

Table-I: YEAR WISE AND DISTRICT WISE RATE OF CHEMICAL FERTILISER AND PESTICIDE CONSUMPTION FROM 1998 TO 2009

DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 COOCHB GROSS CROPPED 497,584 498,569 508,435 496,697 474,909 484,207 494,282 512,378 486,873 547,108 551,876 EHAR AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 53,459 61,459 58,034 64,559 65,196 62,867 72,623 73,272 35,189 38,378 45,736 FERT. USED 107 123 114 130 137 130 147 143 72 70 83 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 105 110 115 125 115 125 175 175 180 180 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 211 216 232 263 238 253 342 359 329 326 USE(g/ha)

DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 JALPAIG GROSS CROPPED 493,991 510,923 560,742 552,962 577,640 549,570 563,756 561,803 550,464 564,375 550,759 URI AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 48,335 55,775 53,768 58,311 59,191 56,707 66,533 67,041 43,870 42,910 81,836 FERT. USED 98 109 96 105 102 103 118 119 80 76 149 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 100 115 110 120 110 120 170 160 175 175 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 196 205 199 208 200 213 303 291 310 318 USE(g/ha)

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DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 DARJEEL GROSS CROPPED 178,125 173,672 186,337 175,453 176,708 176,243 176,197 239,773 192,458 195,832 194,119 ING AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 29,079 34,690 32,223 34,444 35,526 32,549 37,985 36,750 42,435 48,919 22,951 FERT. USED 163 200 173 196 201 185 216 153 220 250 118 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. ------USE(MT) PESTICIDE. ------USE(g/ha)

DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 NORTH- GROSS CROPPED 467,240 486,432 501,042 512,100 513,781 532,930 501,964 497,341 470,490 496,684 508,263 DINAJPU AREA (ha) R FERT. USED (MT) - - - - 38,361 35,938 40,608 40,150 59,100 54,433 83,277 FERT. USED - - - - 75 67 81 81 126 110 164 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 80 95 90 100 90 100 105 105 115 130 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 164 190 176 195 169 199 211 223 232 256 USE(g/ha)

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DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 SOUTH- GROSS CROPPED 290,403 298,258 299,159 300,178 298,498 308,281 311,468 299,867 303,018 322,276 326,675 DINAJPU AREA (ha) R FERT. USED (MT) - - - - 30,318 29,503 46,426 45,587 36,426 36,631 40,912 FERT. USED 102 96 149 152 120 114 125 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 85 90 95 105 95 105 100 105 115 125 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 285 301 316 352 308 337 333 347 357 383 USE(g/ha)

DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 MALDA GROSS CROPPED 437,285 440,127 459,556 444,394 445,687 449,409 456,659 439,819 396,827 391,126 450,766 AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 52,553 59,448 43,284 49,164 49,712 47,482 60,150 61,649 94,161 78,734 101,383 FERT. USED 120 135 94 111 112 106 132 140 237 201 225 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 110 135 120 130 120 130 195 185 195 205 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 250 294 270 292 267 285 443 466 499 455 USE(g/ha)

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DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 MURSHI GROSS CROPPED 840,503 879,055 754,937 914,586 927,370 972,035 958,222 937,782 946,786 976,247 937,768 DABAD AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 68,111 78,601 51,623 58,848 59,264 56,251 63,737 66,853 ##### ##### 144,638 FERT. USED 81 89 68 64 64 58 67 71 145 135 154 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 125 120 135 145 135 145 205 195 205 215 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 142 159 148 156 139 151 219 206 210 229 USE(g/ha)

DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 NADIA GROSS CROPPED 731,364 769,126 721,627 851,759 858,397 820,449 758,133 730,461 701,345 697,744 697,229 AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 70,027 78,723 51,091 58,978 59,477 56,390 65,950 68,673 90,898 86,237 98,869 FERT. USED 96 102 71 69 69 69 87 94 130 124 142 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 315 319 325 335 325 335 400 410 420 430 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 410 442 382 390 396 442 548 585 602 617 USE(g/ha)

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DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 NORTH- GROSS CROPPED 545,945 548,090 513,692 579,227 506,801 481,854 471,766 495,911 516,214 520,413 510,901 24 AREA (ha) PARGAN AS FERT. USED (MT) 68,383 78,474 63,698 74,195 73,469 68,562 83,291 81,536 67,601 74,192 82,719 FERT. USED 125 143 124 128 145 142 177 164 131 143 162 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 310 325 319 329 310 320 395 395 405 415 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 566 633 551 649 643 678 797 765 778 812 USE(g/ha)

DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 SOUTH- GROSS CROPPED 549,515 571,845 538,791 543,016 539,759 562,734 505,302 507,604 539,085 531,258 539,916 24 AREA (ha) PARGAN AS FERT. USED (MT) 56,841 66,203 63,142 68,213 68,410 66,039 72,532 71,017 33,288 45,144 53,846 FERT. USED 103 116 117 126 127 117 144 140 62 85 100 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 145 135 155 165 155 165 195 185 195 205 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 254 251 285 306 275 327 384 343 367 380 USE(g/ha)

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DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 HOWRAH GROSS CROPPED 170,862 181,660 165,339 167,408 176,502 190,043 182,789 170,994 164,019 162,860 158,264 AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 53,512 62,899 57,902 66,120 66,124 62,488 66,329 63,700 20,203 17,433 22,375 FERT. USED 313 346 350 395 375 329 363 373 123 107 141 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 135 155 135 145 135 145 190 180 190 200 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 743 937 806 822 710 793 1,111 1,097 1,167 1,264 USE(g/ha)

DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 HOOGHL GROSS CROPPED 489,729 495,856 396,385 518,916 517,585 524,153 520,655 528,672 535,781 540,588 554,606 Y AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 98,656 110,816 102,312 ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 147,402 FERT. USED 201 223 258 206 206 200 219 198 272 265 266 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 265 290 271 280 270 280 355 340 350 360 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 534 732 522 541 515 538 671 635 647 649 USE(g/ha)

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Page 7 of10 Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR Date: December, 2011

Projects on International Waterways

DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 BARDHA GROSS CROPPED 882,626 872,844 788,677 874,757 859,770 865,078 837,135 825,028 852,176 832,176 861,894 MAN AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 119,606 132,868 118,086 ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### ##### 193,689 FERT. USED 136 152 150 142 144 138 154 153 205 219 225 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 290 271 290 290 280 290 365 345 345 355 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 332 344 332 337 324 346 442 405 415 412 USE(g/ha)

DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 BIRBHU GROSS CROPPED 514,319 515,514 458,666 533,884 537,277 516,705 532,994 514,494 549,725 560,771 568,120 M AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 65,162 74,215 64,603 68,559 67,773 65,076 67,741 63,960 81,184 89,480 87,924 FERT. USED 127 144 141 128 126 126 127 124 148 160 155 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 155 155 160 160 150 160 200 180 180 190 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 301 338 300 298 290 300 389 327 321 334 USE(g/ha)

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Page 8 of10 Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR Date: December, 2011

Projects on International Waterways

DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 EAST- GROSS CROPPED 631,367 626,731 664,987 639,565 486,060 515,122 513,900 515,303 552,564 522,481 519,922 MEDINIP AREA (ha) UR FERT. USED (MT) 70,229 80,154 80,321 84,279 83,805 79,675 85,466 85,804 93,747 88,228 86,687 FERT. USED 111 128 121 132 172 155 166 167 170 169 167 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 195 195 200 200 190 190 260 240 240 250 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 311 293 313 411 369 370 505 434 459 481 USE(g/ha)

DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 WEST GROSS CROPPED 738,124 792,259 773,563 778,645 900,844 914,208 922,571 931,881 966,714 938,644 982,084 MEDINIP AREA (ha) UR FERT. USED (MT) 71,697 81,665 82,625 86,163 81,271 78,225 86,379 84,475 ##### ##### 129,003 FERT. USED 97 103 107 111 90 86 94 91 124 130 131 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 295 295 300 300 290 290 370 350 350 365 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 372 381 385 333 317 314 397 362 373 372 USE(g/ha)

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Page 9 of10 Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR Date: December, 2011

Projects on International Waterways

DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 BANKUR GROSS CROPPED 500,644 523,165 499,239 539,233 427,465 441,203 460,514 493,854 551,043 565,767 514,447 A AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 49,018 55,748 54,555 57,470 53,750 51,806 56,844 54,752 75,715 80,884 80,730 FERT. USED 98 107 109 107 126 117 123 111 137 143 157 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 170 170 175 175 165 165 210 190 190 200 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 325 341 325 409 374 358 425 345 336 389 USE(g/ha)

DIST COMPONENTS YEAR WISE USE OF FETILIZER & PESTICIDE IN MT ’98-’99 ’99-’00 ’00-’01 ’01-’02 ’02-’03 ’03-’04 ’04-’05 ’05-’06 06-’07 ’07-’08 ’08-’09 PURULIA GROSS CROPPED 350,017 361,237 325,423 356,235 285,370 357,101 354,623 329,642 358,953 385,158 373,907 AREA (ha) FERT. USED (MT) 43,466 51,338 46,948 49,587 45,520 42,367 45,682 43,230 13,634 12,983 15,333 FERT. USED 124 142 144 139 160 119 129 131 38 34 41 (Kg/ha) PESTICIDE. - 110 110 115 115 105 105 110 90 90 100 USE(MT) PESTICIDE. - 305 338 323 403 294 296 334 251 234 267 USE(g/ha)

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Page 10 of10 Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR Date: December, 2011

Projects on International Waterways

Table-II DISTRICT WISE FUTURE PROJECTION OF FERTILIZER USE RATE AND PESTICIDE CONSUMPTION RATES

SL # Dist. Addl. CCA CI ADDL.P RATE PESTICIDE FERTILISER USE RATE PESTICIDE CONSUMP. by SW RJ. FERTILIZER CONSUMP. RATE GCA USE RATE 07-’08 08-’09 07-’08 08-’09 GROWTH EXPDT. FERT GROWTH EXPDT. VELOCITY USE RATE VELOCITY PESTICIDE CONSUMP. RATE ha % ha Kg./ha Kg/ha g/ha g/ha % Kg./ha % g./ha 1 COB 9,044 220 19,897 70 83 329 326 18.57% 98 -0.91% 323 2 JAL 13,610 218 29,670 76 149 310 318 96.05% 292 2.58% 326 3 DARJ(SLG) 2,595 204 5,294 250 118 - - -52.80% 56 - - 4 ND 3,560 220 7,832 110 164 232 256 49.09% 245 10.34% 282 5 SD 5,400 220 11,880 114 125 357 383 9.65% 137 7.28% 411 6 MLD 11,000 220 24,200 201 225 499 455 11.94% 252 -8.82% 415 7 MSD 2,160 220 4,752 135 154 210 229 14.07% 176 9.05% 250 8 NDA 4,760 220 10,472 124 142 602 617 14.52% 163 2.49% 632 9 N-24PGS 3,030 220 6,666 143 162 778 812 13.29% 184 4.37% 847 10 S-24PGS 1,320 220 2,904 85 100 367 380 17.65% 118 3.54% 393 11 HOW 400 220 880 107 141 1,167 1,264 31.78% 186 8.31% 1,369 12 HOOGH 2,380 220 5,236 265 266 647 649 0.38% 267 0.31% 651 13 BDN 5,356 202 10,819 219 225 415 412 2.74% 231 -0.72% 409 14 BIRB 7,755 194 15,045 160 155 321 334 -3.13% 150 4.05% 348 15 E-MED 920 220 2,024 169 167 459 481 -1.18% 165 4.79% 504 16 W-MED 6,165 204 12,577 130 131 373 372 0.77% 132 -0.27% 371 17 BANKR 15,216 174 26,476 143 157 336 389 9.79% 172 15.77% 450 18 PURU 8,950 160 14,320 34 41 234 267 20.59% 49 14.10% 305

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar Project: Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Page 11 of10 Document: 2008084/ENV&ECOFR Date: December, 2011

Projects on International Waterways

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY D:\Adobe\Acrobat 4.0\PDF Output\E27670v10EA0Ma1Box0358368B01PUBLIC1.doc>PC-017-011-abhi/ar