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A Systematic Review of Albiflorous Carnations of North Caucasus

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A Systematic Review of Albiflorous Carnations of North Caucasus Advances in Engineering Research, volume 151 International Conference on Smart Solutions for Agriculture (Agro-SMART 2018) A Systematic Review of Albiflorous Carnations of North Caucasus Dudagova A.S. Umaeva A.M. Faculty of Natural Science Faculty of Biology Chechen State Pedagogical University Chechen State University Grozny, Russia Grozny, Russia [email protected] [email protected] Shakhgirieva Z.I. Astamirova M.A-M. Faculty of Biology Faculty of Natural Science Chechen State University Chechen State Pedagogical University Grozny, Russia Grozny, Russia [email protected] [email protected] Baibatirova A.R. Tasueva E.L. Faculty of Natural Science Faculty of Natural Science Chechen State Pedagogical University Chechen State Pedagogical University Grozny, Russia Grozny, Russia [email protected] [email protected] Abumuslimova A.A. Gapaev Ya.S. Department of Biological Research Department of Biological Research Complex Scientific Research Institute named after Complex Scientific Research Institute named after H.I. Ibragimov, Russian Academy of Sciences H.I. Ibragimov, Russian Academy of Sciences Grozny, Russia Grozny, Russia [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— The article provides a systematic review of 8 habitat will allow to obtain and clarify the available data about species of the genus Dianthus L. of North Caucasus, focusing on their range, number and bioecology as well as their potential will their morphology and ecology. Most of the studied species have a help to determine the limits of variability of species. These regional ecology and are found in arid basins. But still their observations will test the reliability of the feature complex that potential ecological capabilities are very broad, as evidenced by contributes to differentiating the species. the results of the semi-desert climate introduction in the Botanical Garden of the Scientific Research Institute, Russian Keywords – Systematics, morphology, albiflorous carnations, Academy of Sciences in Grozny. While the main limiting factor North Caucasus. for expanding these species is apparently their low competitive ability. I. INTRODUCTION There are morphological features that have the most One of the global problems under consideration is the taxonomic meaning for the group of albiflorous carnations: the problem of studying and conserving¬ biodiversity. Therefore, size of the flower cup and capsula, the lamina shape and the study of species of the genus Dianthus L. in the flora of segmentation, the shape and size of bract glumes. North Caucasus is of particular interest within comprehensive All the albiflorous carnations are highly decorative and research and conservation of regional flora. The species of adaptive to the environment to succeed in the introduction. All the species under study need protecting, especially this genus have both economic and decorative meanings. They stenotopic plants: (Dianthus awaricus, D. jaroslavii, D. are rather well studied in the systematic [1-15] aspect. At the eibrusensis) and the species at the boundary of the range (D. same time, the issues of ecology of this genus are arenavirus). insufficiently analysed yet. No relations between anatomical, We consider that it is quite necessary to continue studying the morphological, ecological and physiological features of species on the boundary of their range as they demand protecting adaptive mechanisms of the species have been found. The since they are exposed to the least suitable environment. Only problem of finding relations between different types of direct observations over numerous series of plants in their adaptations to the adverse environmental factors in order to Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 923 Advances in Engineering Research, volume 151 determine the adaptive capacity of the species of the genus The group of albiflorous carnations is represented by 8 Dianthus of North Caucasus is relevant. species in North Caucasus that are divided in two sections: Leiopetali и Plumaria. Most species belonging to these II. METHODS AND MATERIALS sections are endemic Caucasian species. The material for writing the article is herbariums from There are difficulties when identifying the species of the different regions of North Caucasus gathered in the period group under study that lead to confusion sometimes. from 2010 to 2018. The expeditionary research where the Therefore, the key to identify them properly is given below. authors took part covered the territory within the republics of North Caucasus. A. The key to identify the albiflorous carnation species North Caucasus (A.I. Galushko, [8]) The authors gathered more than 200 herbarium samples. In addition, the herbarium collections of the Botanical Institute 1) There are 6-8 pieces of bract glume near the cup named after V.L. Komarov RAS (LE), MSU (MW), ISRI • There are 4 bract glumes RAS, ChSPU, SSU, KBU were reviewed. 2) The petals are deeply cut and dentate or fringed • The main method of research to analyse taxons is the The petals are crenulated or even smooth classical ecological-geographical-morphological method that 3) The cup is 25-30 mm long. The petals are deeply cut includes the comparative-morphological approach (study of and dentate Dianthus fragrans – Carnation fragrant morphological features and their comparative characteristics) • The cup is 20-30 mm long. The petals are fringed and and ecological-geographical approach (identification of dentate D. awaricus – Carnation Avarian environmental relevance and geographical expansion). Most 4) The petals are crenulated. The petal lamina is tapered species were observed in their habitat. In the taxonomic smoothly D. elbrusensis – Carnation Elbrus. studies, we adhered to a moderately polytypical concept of • The petals are pieceless with few dents. The lamina is species when recognizing both the existence of large-scale back triangular and tapered as a claw D. daghestanicus – species consistently retaining their characteristics and Carnation Dagestan geographic races that were formed on the basis of adapting to 5) The petals are smooth-edged or dentate certain environmental conditions. • The petals are deeply fringed and partite. The cup is 22 mm long D. arenarius – Carnation psammophyte III. RESULTS 6) The bract glume covers only 1/4 of the cup. The petals The genus Dianthus belongs to the family from the bottom are brown Caryophyllaceae (Carnations) - one of the largest families • The bract glume is a half of the cup long. D. Caryophyllales. The family includes about 80 genera and cretaceus 2,000 species. The extensive genus of Carnation comprising about 300 species is best known in the family and is widely 7) The cup is 20-30 mm long, cylindrical with triangular represented in Europe, Asia, Tropical and Southern Africa. lanceolar dents D.lanceolatus – Carnation lanceolar. Some species are found in North America. Mediterranean • The cup is 11-16 mm long, egg-shaped and oblong region is the centre of the diversity of the species of this with triangular dents D. jaroslavii – Carnation Oreslava genus. A characteristic feature of the genus is having bract B. The morphological description of the species pointed or spongy-pointed paleate leaves (epicalyx) arranged in pairs (1-4) at the bottom of the cup and pressed against it as The section Leiopetali [1], is characterized by the if forming a second outer cup. The following features are also following features: "The lamina of petals is white, yellowish- characteristic of the genus Dianthus: a tubular cup that can be greenish or pale pink, smooth or dentate at the bottom without cylindrical or oblong with 5 pointed or acuminate and very hairs." rarely blunt-end dents with numerous non-anastomosing Within the section there are two types of related species: nervures. Solitary flowers or in cymose inflorescences, the series Leptopetali Schischk. and Floribundi Schischk sometimes crowded as capitate inflorescences. They are usually androgynous. There are 5 petals with long claws and a The series Leptopetali Schischk. – The bract glume is horizontally spread pink, purple, whitish or yellowish-green obverse broad egg-shaped and covers 1/4-1/5 of the cup; the lamina. The lamina is dentate along the upper edge (rarely petals are whity-yellow. smooth-edged) or fringed-edged. There are 10 stamens and 2 The type of the species: Dianthus leptopetalus Willd. The stiles. The capsule is oblong, sessile or on short carpophore. It North Caucasus species D. lanceolatus and D.jaroslavii is single-numbered and opened at the top with 4 dents; seeds belong to the type. are numerous, usually black, oblate, thyroid and sometimes almost round, elliptical or oblong on the central seed stalk. Dianthus lanceolatus Stev.,[2]; Boiss.,[1]; Grossgame [7]; Monocyclic or permanent grasses, and very rarely shrubs with Shiskin,[5]; Galushko,[8] linear or lanceolate-linear subopposite leaves. There is a single stem or there are several stems, 40-70 cm In North Caucasus, the genus Dianthus L. is represented high, straight or curved sometimes, knotty, simple or branched by 23 species (A.I. Galushko, [8].) belonging to almost all at the top, grey and bare or pubescent at the bottom. Lower sections of the genus. The section Barbulatum is represented leaves are linear, up to 11 cm long, longer than their by the largest number of species. internodes, 2-3 mm wide with 5-7 nervures, lacerate along the 924 Advances in Engineering Research, volume 151 edge, 2-7 mm long, screwed into the axil at the bottom, middle with a pubescent stem as an example of D. lanceolatus f. and upper stem leaves are much shorter. Flowers have long pubescens. The size of the cups varies in different populations stalks, single at the end of stems and branches; the cup is 20- as follows: from 25 to 27 mm (Gelendzhik), 22-30 (32) (the 30 (33) mm long and 4-6 mm. wide; bracts are leathery, mounting pass to Buynaksk). But no geographical dependence whitish, immediately drawn into a green pointed acumination of this feature is observed.
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