11이선민(163~177)(별쇄10부)ok.qxp_원격35-1_2019 2019. 2. 27. 오후 2:08 페이지 163

Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.35, No.1, 2019, pp.163~177 ISSN 1225-6161 ( Print ) https://doi.org/10.7780/kjrs.2019.35.1.11 ISSN 2287-9307 (Online)

Article

A Study on the Inter-Korean Cooperation for Natural Disaster Damage Reduction Using Spatial Information

† 1) , 2) · 3) · 4) Sunmin Lee Taejung Song Moung-Jin Lee

Abstrac t: As inter-Korean relations progress, the issue of natural disasters which could directly affect the lives of the people in both , has not yet been discussed. Considering the current status of inter-Korean relations and the ongoing disaster-related damage in North , it is imperative to establish a technical plan at the pan- governmental level to reduce the damage from natural disasters. The purpose of this study is to secure the Korea Peninsula against natural disasters by organizing ’s science and technologies related to natural disasters in order to reduce the damage, and to evaluate the applicability of said technologies. The situation of natural disasters in for 17 years has been summarized and reclassified based on eight types of natural disasters. Technologies related to natural disasters in South Korea were also investigated and reclassified. Based on the data, a priority evaluation was performed and the prioritization of technology application for each natural disaster type in North Korea was calculated through a quadrant analysis. As a result, the three major categories of high-priority technologies were classified as natural disaster monitoring with remote sensing and spatial information technology, construction of research basis and database based on geographic information system (GIS) and integrated management of complex natural disasters.

Key Word s: Inter-Korean cooperation, natural disasters, spatial information, GIS, remote sensing

1. Introduction inter-Korean issues have been discussed. In this process, North and South Korea have begun to Since the first Inter-Korean Summit on April 27, cooperate to resolve a range of issues, such as the 2018, two additional inter-Korean summit talks have peace-making process on the Korean Peninsula, the been held over a period of five months and various reunion of separated families, cultural exchanges,

Received February 9, 2019; Revised February 14, 2019; Accepted February 22, 2019; Published online February 25, 2019 1) Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Geoinformatics, University of 2) Researcher, Center for Environmental Assessment Monitoring, Korea Environment Institute (KEI) 3) Deputy Director, Disaster and Safety R&D Division, Ministry of the Interior and Safety 4) Research Fellow, Center for Environmental Assessment Monitoring, Korea Environment Institute (KEI)

† Corresponding Author: Moung-Jin Lee ([email protected]) This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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railroad connections and forest greening. However, in Peninsula. these various discussions, the issue of disaster safety, In detail, the situation of natural disasters in North which involves physical and social damage to both Korea for 17 years has been summarized based on data South and North Korea, was not addressed. from the international community and from North Due to the abnormal climate, there has been a rise in Korea. Natural disasters in North Korea were classified natural disasters throughout North Korea and the into eight types considering the definition of natural emergence of new disaster safety problems. In the disasters in South Korea and the status of natural ‘Inform Global Risk Index Results 2018,’ North Korea disaster occurrence in North Korea. Based on this, was given a risk index of 5.1 points, the 41st highest South Korea’s technologies related to natural disasters risk level among 191 countries (andrew et al ., 2018), were investigated. The technologies were also while South Korea had the 166th highest risk level. The reclassified according to the type of natural disaster. occurrence of disasters in the border region between In sequence, steps for priority evaluation were South and North Korea has direct or indirect impacts performed. Evaluations of technological prowess and on South Korea. As an example, six people died due to of importance were conducted through focus group the discharge of the Hwanggang dam in the upstream interviews. Evaluations were performed of the of the Imjin River, and also there were problems such technologies applicable to the natural disaster issue in as streaming, lack of water for agriculture and industrial the whole region of North Korea. The evaluations of use, and salting. It is urgent to set up technical measures South Korea’s natural disaster technology were scored at the government level to reduce natural disasters due based on technological prowess and importance. to the ongoing disaster damage in North Korea. Considering the above evaluation results, the The purpose of this study is to secure the Korean prioritization of technology application for each natural Peninsula against natural disasters by organizing South disaster type in North Korea was calculated through a Korea’s science and technologies in the area of natural quadrant analysis. disasters in order to reduce damages, and to evaluate the applicability of said technologies. Such a plan could lead future responses to natural disasters in a manner 2. Data that reflects the changes in inter-Korean relations. This study examines the possibility of applying South 1) Investigation of Natural Disasters in Korea’s scientific technology related to natural disasters North Korea in North Korea, and establishes priorities and Data of natural disasters in North Korea during the systematic methods for such applicable technologies. last 17 years (2001 ~ 2017) are summarized as follows. To accomplish this, the study was performed as Due to the North Korean government’s isolationist follows: first, the trend of natural disasters in North policy, there is no comprehensive statistical data Korea was analyzed. Second, an investigation of available about the natural disasters occurring in North scientific technology in the field of natural disasters in Korea. Therefore, the data was mainly summarized South Korea was conducted. Third, a prioritization for using newspapers and press releases from North applying scientific technology of South Korea to North Korea’s official media. Furthermore, the reliability of Korea was determined. Through this process, we will the data was improved through a comparative analysis systematically utilize our scientific technology to with information on North Korea from international reduce the impact of natural disasters on the Korean organizations related to disasters. In addition, the North

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Table 1. Source of Natural Disaster Occurrence Investigation in North Korea

Division Data Source VOA: Voice of America; http://www.voakorea.com/ Yonhap News North Korea Portal; http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/nk/index.html The Hankook Ilbo; http://www.hankookilbo.com/ Tongil news; http://www.tongilnews.com/ Korean Resources North Korea Data Center, Ministry of Unification; http://unibook.unikorea.go.kr/ Daily NK; http://www.dailynk.com Radio Free Asia; http://www.rfa.org/korean/ Kinds; http://www.kinds.or.kr/search/totalSearchMain.do Rodong News / Democratic Korea / Chosun Shinbo / Chosun Central Broadcasting / Chosun Central North Korean Materials Communications / Broadcasting UNOCHA: United Nations office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; http://www.unocha.org/ UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme environment for development; http://www.unep.org/ IFRC: International Committee of the Red Cross; http://www.ifrc.org/ International organization CRED: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters; http://cred.be/ and Foreign Institute UNISDR: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction; http://www.unisdr.org/ IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; http://www.ipcc.ch/ OIE: Office International des Epizooties; http://www.oie.int/ WMO: World Meteorological Organization; https://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html

Korean materials published and quoted in South Korea 2) Reclassification of Natural Disaster were reviewed to minimize missed data. Information Types in South and North Korea on natural disaster response and recovery included in As stated previously, South Korea defines the causes interim reports published by the IFRC (International and consequences of disasters. In the Framework Act Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies) on the Management of Disasters and Safety, natural was used to enable additional confirmation of damage disasters are classified into 17 categories: typhoon, that is difficult to identify. Through a cross-examination flood, downpour, strong wind, wind and waves, tidal and cross-comparison analysis of data from various wave, heavy snowfall, cold wave, lightning, drought, sources, at a minimum, the official status of natural heat wave, earthquake, sandy dust, hypertrophied algae, disasters in North Korea were systematically investigated ebb and flow, volcanic activity and crash or collision and summarized (Table 1). The period of investigation of a natural space object such as an asteroid and for the natural disasters in North Korea is from Jan meteoroid. On the other hand, in North Korea, natural 2001 to Dec 2017. Data from 2001 to 2015 have been disasters are classified according to their cause into researched and reclassified through existing data in meteorological and hydrological disasters, geological previous research, while data from the last two years disasters, biological disasters, and other disasters, and have been further investigated (Kang et al ., 2016). into 9 types of detailed disasters: flood, heavy rainfall, Statistics related to North Korea published by typhoon, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic activity, damage international organizations and international institutes to human life, agricultural flooding, and landslide. dated from Jan 2011 to Dec 2017. The definitions of natural disasters used by South Korea and North Korea are fundamentally different in terms of their social background (Table 2). Korea

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Table 2. Differences between South and North Korean Law in Disaster Classification

Law Type ① Typhoon, ② Flood, ③ Downpour, ④ Strong Wind, ⑤ Wind and Waves, ⑥ Tidal Wave, Framework Act on the Management ⑦ Heavy Snowfall, ⑧ Cold Wave, ⑨ Lightning, ⑩ Drought, ⑪ Heat Wave, ⑫ Earthquake, of Disasters and Safety (Article 3) ⑬ Sandy Dust, ⑭ Hypertrephied of Algae, ⑮ Ebb and Flow, ⑯ Volcanic Activity and ⑰ Crash or Collision of a Natural Space Object Disaster Prevention and Structural ① Flood, ② Heavy Rainfall, ③ Typhoon, ④ Tsunami, ⑤ Earthquake, ⑥ Volcanic Activity, Recovery Act (Article 2) ⑦ Damage on Human Life, ⑧ Agricultural Flooding, ⑨ Landslide

defines a natural disaster as a natural phenomenon Korean Summit on April 27. It shows serious level causing damage, while North Korea defines a natural of deforestation in North Korea. Considering the disaster as a natural phenomenon that harms people’s characteristics of damage caused by natural disasters lives and economic activities. The concept of disasters of deforestation in North Korea (Lee et al ., 2016), a used in South Korea is based on cause and effect; the specific type of landslide which has been increasing in concept in North Korea is considered as societal frequency due to deforestation was added. Forest fire damage and technical problems in the military area. In is also one of the serous issues in North Korea which order to understand the different conceptualization of affects the landslides. As a result of the analysis, natural disasters used by South and North Korea, the the scope of the study was defined as eight types of laws related to natural disasters were analyzed; natural disasters including typhoon and strong winds, specifically, the definitions and types of natural downpour, flood, landslide, cold wave and heavy disasters in North Korea were examined through the snowfall, drought and heat wave, sandy dust, and Chosun Encyclopedia. earthquake. In the past 17 years, the most frequent natural 3) Classification of Natural Disasters in disasters in North Korea have been recorded in North Korea earthquakes (114 cases); more than one third of all As such, there is a difference between South and natural disasters are caused by earthquakes. The North Korea in the definition and type of natural number of earthquake occurrences is much higher than disasters; it is thus necessary to establish unified other natural disasters in North Korea, but the damage standards in order to analyze and response to natural is insignificant since the magnitude is relatively small. disasters cooperatively. Therefore, this study Most of the earthquakes that occurred were artificial comprehensively analyzed the types of natural disasters earthquakes with a scale of 2.0 ~ 4.5. On July 13, 2017, defined in South and North Korea. Occurrences of a magnitude 6.3 earthquake occurred exceptionally, natural disasters in North Korea were also considered. necessitating monitoring of earthquakes. In the investigation and comparison analysis of disaster- Typhoon and strong wind, downpour, and flood are related situations, the types of natural disasters were the types of natural disasters that actually cause the reclassified and prepared based on South Korea’s huge losses of both life and property. The cumulative Framework Act on the Management of Disasters and frequency of downpour from 2001 to 2017 in North Safety (Table 3). “Inter-Korean Forest Cooperation” Korea was the second highest after earthquakes. About is the first project of the Panmunjom Declaration 30% (13 cases) of the total number of downpour is Implementation Committee, which was established for from typhoon; and the occurrence of downpour is the realization of the agreement since the first Inter- accompanied by floods, strong winds, landslides, and

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Fig. 1. Damage from Natural Disasters in North Korea (a) flood in 2016 and (b) drought in 2015.

tsunamis which lead to extensive damage. For example, serious damage to agricultural land and economy. between August 29 and September 2, 2016, downpour Residents in Yangkang-do near Baekdu Mountain in Hamgyung-bukdo led to floods so that hundreds of suffered the most from the cold wave in 2012. The deaths and more than 60,000 flood victims were damage caused by cold waves was greater in areas reported by Chosun Central Broadcasting (Fig. 1a). where infrastructure were not equipped properly in Damage from cold wave and heavy snowfall in North Korea such as resident protection facilities and North Korea occurred between December and social safety nets. The drought throughout North Korea February of each year. In the case of heavy snowfall, was occurred mainly from March to June. The number Gangwon-do was damaged in February 2011 causing of drought occurrences was higher in Hwanghae-do

Table 3. Natural disaster occurrence status in North Korea (2001~2017)

Typhoon Cold Wave Drought Total Sandy and Strong Downpour Flood Landslide and Heavy and Heat Earthquake (Co- Dust Wind Snowfall Wave occurrence) 2001 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 14 (5) 2002 5 3 1 1 0 0 3 8 21 (7) 2003 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 (1) 2004 1 5 2 1 1 0 8 6 24 (4) 2005 2 4 1 1 0 0 8 5 21 (6) 2006 1 3 2 2 0 0 1 4 13 (6) 2007 2 2 1 0 0 0 4 8 17 (3) 2008 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 12 17 (3) 2009 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 14 17 (1) 2010 3 4 4 0 2 0 0 10 23 (7) 2011 4 5 2 1 3 1 11 10 37 (8) 2012 3 5 5 2 2 1 0 7 25 (10) 2013 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 7 11 (2) 2014 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 9 11 (0) 2015 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 3 9 (4) 2016 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 9 (4) 2017 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 9 13 (2) Total 26 41 24 18 14 9 38 114 283 (73)

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Table 4. Regional natural disaster occurrence status in North Korea (2001~2017)

Typhoon Cold Wave Drought Total Sandy and Strong Downpour Flood Landslide and Heavy and Heat Earthquake (Co- Dust Wind Snowfall Wave occurrence) Hwanghae-namdo 16 20 10 7 2 5 5 16 81 (35) Hwanghae-bukdo 17 22 13 10 0 5 4 49 120 (40) Gangwon-do 16 22 13 9 3 2 1 8 74 (41) Pyeongyang-si 8 12 5 5 3 2 5 3 43 (18) Nasun-si 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 8 (6) -si 3 3 3 2 0 2 2 2 17 (7) Pyungan-namdo 10 22 13 11 0 2 5 11 74 (37) Pyongan-bukdo 6 12 8 4 0 2 4 1 37 (18) Hamgyong-namdo 7 16 13 9 0 1 2 10 58 (29) Hamgyung-bukdo 5 5 3 4 1 0 1 9 28 (13) Jagang-do 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 1 8 (2) Yanggang-do 2 3 2 2 0 1 3 0 13 (6) Others 0 1 1 0 6 3 30 4 45 (1) Total 94 141 87 64 15 25 66 114 581 (245)

than in other areas. From early March 2015, there was Technology and Information; it includes information a drought throughout North Korea known as one of the on projects, researchers, research facilities, equipment, worst droughts, which continued until June (Fig. 1b). and performance. The projects that have been The results of the investigation of natural disasters performed in the last 10 years (2008 ~ 2017) were in North Korea were reclassified into eight types (Table collected and used as analysis data for a general review. 3). In addition, the natural disaster occurrence status To investigate science and technology related to was arranged by region (Table 4). natural disaster, related projects were selected first. Research and development projects were classified through the primary keyword (natural disaster, disaster, 3. Methodology safety, etc.) and natural disaster type. Finally, 65 natural disaster-related projects were selected and classified by 1) NTIS-based Technology Investigation disaster type. The types of disasters were classified into and Classification 8 types according to the types of basic laws in Korea In this study, the current state of science and and the natural disaster trends in North Korea, as technology related to natural disasters in South Korea mentioned above. was analyzed to set a direction for inter-Korean cooperation with natural disasters. The National 2) Priority Evaluation Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS) The current status of technology research and was used to investigate the status of research and development related to natural disasters in South Korea development projects related to natural disaster was selected and classified through NTIS investigation related technology in South Korea (NTIS, 2019). The based on the eight predefined natural disaster types. A NTIS is a national science and technology knowledge total of 65 technologies related to natural disasters were information portal operated by the Ministry of Science, classified and a maximum of 10 technologies were

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Table 5. Priority Evaluation Standards

Evaluation Standards Criteria Subcriteria Weight 9 7 5 3 1 Monitoring 40% Technological Very Moderate Somewhat Not Infrastructure 40% Relevant Prowess Relevant Relevant Relevant Relevant Integrated Management 20% Effectiveness 60% Very Moderate Somewhat Not Importance Important Urgency 40% Important Important Important Important

selected for each type. To evaluate the priorities of related to natural disasters. Finally, the possibility of applying the selected natural disaster-related technology integrated use was evaluated on a 9-point scale to the entire North Korea area, the technological according to the evaluation standards. prowess and importance of the technology were (2) Evaluation of importance through focus group assessed for each technology. interview The priority evaluation was conducted by calculating The importance of the research and development of the technological prowess and the importance technologies related to natural disasters was evaluated evaluation for the scenario that considered the whole based on the results of focus group interviews. Focus region of North Korea. Evaluation criteria and scales group interviews were conducted with 17 experts in the were defined according to Table 3; three subcriteria field of natural disasters for three weeks starting on of technological prowess and two subcriteria of October 12, 2018. The selection of experts was made importance of the technology were shown. A total of in the process of investigating research papers and five subcriteria were used for the evaluation with related projects on natural disasters in North Korea. quantified values. Finally, based on the results of Also, researchers from the NTIS research project the evaluation of each technology, priorities were described above were selected. Specifically, interviews determined according to the weights (Table 5). were conducted focusing on the application of (1) Evaluation of technological prowess technology considering the characteristics of each An evaluation of technological prowess of technology region. To derive the necessary technology, interview research and development related to natural disasters items were divided and interviews were performed was given on a 9-point scale for the three evaluation based on the scenario of applying technology to the subcriteria: 1) natural disaster monitoring, 2) establishment whole region of North Korea. Based on the results of of research infrastructure such as database construction, the focus group interview, the importance was and 3) integrated management of natural disasters. evaluated quantitively considering two subcriteria: 1) First, the monitoring technology is considered to have effectiveness and 2) urgency. First, the necessity and a high level of importance according to the utilization impact of the current inter-Korean natural disaster of the natural disaster field, which was evaluated on a cooperation was assessed on a 9-point scale to 9-point scale. Second, since infrastructure construction determine the effectiveness, according to the scores is the center of the application of technology, it is measured in the focus group interview. In addition, the considered that the technical power of data is high urgency was assessed on a 9-point scale based on the according to the degree of relevance of basic database opinions presented in the focus group interviews and construction such as construction of spatial information recent occurrences of natural disasters in North Korea.

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4. Results Dust Activity’ and ‘Analysis of GPS Satellite Signal Delay Caused By Asian Dust Storm and Development Considering the current situation of North Korea of Dust Aerosol Observing System Using GPS.’ which lacks sufficient technology related to natural Outcomes of the evaluation of the importance of disasters, the evaluation of technical technological research and development technology for the whole prowess and importance were conducted. Specifically, region of North Korea include ‘Development of an evaluation of technological prowess was carried out System for Vulnerability Analysis of Natural Disaster,’ through three evaluation subcriteria, reflecting the ‘Development of Steep-slope Collapse Judgement possibility of occurrence monitoring, establishment of System based on the GIS,’ ‘Development of software a research infrastructure such as database construction, module in response to drought events based on satellite and the integrated management of natural disasters. imagery in Korea,’ ‘Improvement of understanding and In addition, two evaluation subcriteria, effectiveness prediction capability for high-impact heavy precipitation and urgency, were used to derive the importance of systems over the Korean peninsula’ and ‘Research for the technologies. Finally, based on the results of Typhoon Track Prediction using an End-to-End Deep technological prowess and importance evaluation Learning Technique,’ which were given an importance derived from subcriteria, a quadrant analysis was evaluation score of 7.2. As with the technology prowess performed and classified into three groups according evaluation, ‘Monitoring of Dust Activity over East Asia to the distribution, indicating the priority of the natural and Evaluation for Effects of Atmospheric Dynamical disaster technologies. Circulations and Large-Scale Climate Variables on Dust Activity,’ ‘Analysis of GPS Satellite Signal Delay 1) Evaluation Results of Technological Caused by Asian Dust Storm and Development of Dust Prowess and Importance Aerosol Observing System Using GPS’ were given the As shown in Table 6, the highest score of lowest score, of 3.0. The following cold wave and technological prowess among all research and heavy snowfall type technologies also had a score of development technologies was found in the application 3.0: ‘The Development of Heavy Snowfall Casualty of ‘Implementation of Typhoon Related Disaster Minimization Policies and Optimal Road Snow Information Database Using Remote Sensing Data’ Removal Systems Considering Climate Change,’ (8.4). In addition, ‘Development of System for ‘Estimation of Acute·Chronic Diseases and Mortality Vulnerability Analysis of Natural Disaster’ (8.1), in Extreme Weather (Heat) in Korea,’ ‘Development ‘Development of System for Flood of Stream and Risk of Key-Technologies for Disseminating Earthquake Analysis’ (7.5) were also given high technological Ground-Motion Effects,’ ‘Technical Developments of prowess scores. In the case of South Korea, as well, due Vulnerability Assessments and Adaptation Policies to the high level of damage caused by water hazards for Abnormal Climates’ as well as the drought and among the natural disaster types, it is analyzed that the heat wave technology ‘Development of Assessment technological prowess ranking of water hazards related Techniques for Hydrological Drought Risk Based on technology is high. On the other hand, natural disasters Bayesian Network Model.’ involving dust had the lowest score, with a score of 2.1 given to ‘Monitoring of Dust Activity Over East Asia 2) Priority Evaluation by Quadrant Analysis and Evaluation for Effects of Atmospheric Dynamical In the previous process, total 65 natural disaster- Circulations and Large-Scale Climate Variables on related projects in Table 6 were scored by numerically

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Table 6. Priority of Required Technology in North Korea (Group I)

Natural Technological Importance Quadrant Disaster Class Technology Prowess Score Group (Y) Analysis of Project (X) Development of System for Vulnerability Analysis Flood 8.1 7.2 7.7 1 1 of Natural Disaster Typhoon and Implementation of Typhoon Related Disaster 8.4 6.3 7.4 1 1 Strong Wind Information Database Using Remote Sensing Data Developments of the Steep-Slope Collapse Landslide 7.2 7.2 7.2 1 1 Judgement System by the GIS Base Development of the Software Module in Response Drought and to Drought Events Based on Satellite Imagery in 7.2 7.2 7.2 1 1 Heat Wave Korea Improvement of Understanding and Prediction Downpour Capability for High-Impact Heavy Precipitation 6.9 7.2 7.1 1 1 Systems over the Korean Peninsula Development of System for Flood of Stream and Flood 7.5 6.3 6.9 1 1 Risk Analysis Developing Detection/Prediction Technique for Typhoon and Tropical Cyclone Formation Based on Satellite and 7.2 6.3 6.8 1 1 Strong Wind Numerical Model Typhoon and A Research for Typhoon Track Prediction Using 6.3 7.2 6.8 1 1 Strong Wind End-To-End Deep Learning Technique Monitoring and Investigation of Sediment Yields Landslide 6.9 6.3 6.6 1 1 From Mountainous Areas Development of Flash Flood Damage Prediction Flood 7.2 5.7 6.5 1 2 Method in Mountainous Areas Typhoon and Developing Typhoon Prediction System by Multi- 6.9 5.7 6.3 1 2 Strong Wind Model Ensemble Technique Pilot Development and Operation of Urban Flood Flood 6.0 6.6 6.3 1 2 Forecasting Project Based Radar-Rainfall - Development of the Evaluation Technology for Complex Causes of Inundation Vulnerability and Flood 5.1 7.2 6.2 1 2 the Response Plans in Coastal Urban Areas for Adaptation to Climate Change Development of Flood Forecasting Technology for Flood 6.0 6.3 6.2 1 2 Catching Golden Time Development of a Prediction System for Heavy Downpour Rainfalls Caused by Clusters over the Korean 5.7 6.3 6.0 1 2 Peninsula Improving Prediction of Asian Dust Events Using Sandy Dust 6.3 5.7 6.0 1 2 COMS/Metop-A Dataset Prediction of Medium- and Long-Range Tropical Typhoon and Cyclone Activity Using the Statistical-Dynamical 6.3 5.7 6.0 1 2 Strong Wind Forecast System Typhoon and Study on Methods to Track North-Western Pacific 6.3 5.7 6.0 1 2 Strong Wind Typhoons Paths Using Seismic Array Data Development of a System of Multi-Variable Typhoon and Statistical Models for Operational Seasonal 6.9 4.8 5.9 3 2 Strong Wind Forecasts of Typhoons Landslide Soil Erosion Analysis System Based on Web GIS 6.9 4.8 5.9 3 2 Damage Estimation and Prediction Technology Drought and Considering Direct and Indirect Damages Due to 6.9 4.8 5.9 3 2 Heat Wave Heat and Flood Damage

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Table 6. Continued

Natural Technological Importance Quadrant Disaster Class Technology Prowess Score Group (Y) Analysis of Project (X) Drought and Development of a Drought Monitoring System 6.6 5.1 5.9 1 2 Heat Wave Through Integrated Modeling of Multi-Sensor Data Monitoring of Dust Activity over East Asia and Evaluation for Effects of Atmospheric Dynamical Sandy Dust 6.3 5.1 5.7 1 2 Circulations and Large-Scale Climate Variables on Dust Activity Typhoon and Disastrous Weather/Climate Analysis and Prediction 6.3 5.1 5.7 1 2 Strong Wind Cold Wave and Development of a Prompt Action Technique Using 6.3 5.1 5.7 1 2 Heavy Snowfall Remote Sensing Establishment of City Flood Response System by Flood 5.4 5.7 5.6 1 2 Region Mountain Watershed Soil Abatement Reduction Landslide 5.4 5.7 5.6 1 2 Technology Development of Integrated Slope Management Landslide 5.4 5.7 5.6 1 2 Technology to Prevent Rockfall and Landslide Real-Time Prediction of Landslide Disasters and Landslide 4.8 6.3 5.6 2 2 Development of Source Technology Development of Prediction Technology for Landslide 4.8 6.3 5.6 2 2 Landslide Disaster Sandy Dust Dust Prediction Technology Development 5.1 5.7 5.4 1 2 Urban Flood Analysis and Flood Safety Flood 5.1 5.7 5.4 1 2 Improvement Technology Wide Area Landslide Abatement Technology to Landslide 4.5 6.3 5.4 2 2 Prevent Rockfall and Landslide Earthquake, Tsunami Response System Using Earthquake 5.7 4.8 5.3 3 2 Flood Forecasting Sandy Dust Yellow Sand Observation Technology Development 5.4 5.1 5.3 1 2 Development of Hydrological Model for Decision Flood 5.1 5.1 5.1 1 2 Making to Flood Response Flood Intelligent Flood Prediction and Warning System 5.1 5.1 5.1 1 2 A Study on the Failure Characteristics and Safety Landslide Factors of Steep Slopes Based on the Rainfall 5.4 4.8 5.1 3 2 Infiltration Analysis Numerical Modeling for Earthquake Damage Earthquake 4.2 5.7 5.0 2 2 Estimation Based on Advanced Technology Development of Post-earthquake Rapid Inspection Earthquake 4.8 5.1 5.0 2 3 Technique for Buildings Development of Asian Dust and Haze Monitoring Sandy Dust 4.8 5.1 5.0 2 2 and Prediction Technology Earthquake Real-Time Tsunami Response Technology 5.4 4.2 4.8 3 3 Drought and Development of Strategic Framework for Drought 3.9 5.7 4.8 2 3 Heat Wave Management Drought and Development of Forecasting and Impact Analysis 4.8 4.8 4.8 4 2 Heat Wave Technology on Heat Wave Development of Operational Long-Term Prediction Downpour 4.5 4.8 4.7 4 3 Schemes for East Asian Summertime Precipitation

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Table 6. Continued

Natural Technological Importance Quadrant Disaster Class Technology Prowess Score Group (Y) Analysis of Project (X) Typhoon and Generation Mechanism and Prediction of Windstorm 5.1 4.2 4.7 3 3 Strong Wind in the Mountainous Coast Developments of the Public Facilities’s Safe Earthquake Management Technology Using Seismic Acceleration 4.8 4.2 4.5 4 3 Response Signal Establishment of Regional Long-Term Monitoring Earthquake 5.1 3.9 4.5 3 3 System of Earthquake Development of Realtime Drought Forecasting Drought and Method Based on Statistical-Dynamic Integrated 4.8 4.2 4.5 4 3 Heat Wave Model Cold Wave and Doppler Radar Observations of the Development 4.5 4.2 4.4 4 3 Heavy Snowfall of the Korean Peninsula Development of Continuous Monitoring Technologies Downpour for Torrential Rain, Radio Interference, and Tectonic 3.9 4.2 4.1 4 3 Deformation Based on GPS Cold Wave and Estimation of Acute·Chronic Diseases and Mortality 3.0 5.1 4.1 2 3 Heavy Snowfall in Extreme Weather(Heat) in Korea Drought and Development of Drought Outlook, Response 4.5 3.6 4.1 4 3 Heat Wave Techniques on Korea and East Asia Cold Wave and Technical Developments of Vulnerability Assessments 4.8 3.0 3.9 4 3 Heavy Snowfall and Adaptation Policies for Abnormal Climates Development of Assessment Techniques for Drought and Hydrological Drought Risk Based on Bayesian 4.8 3.0 3.9 4 3 Heat Wave Network Model Typhoon and Development of Wind-Environment models and 3.9 3.6 3.8 4 3 Strong Wind Wind-Resistance Technologies A Development of Major Disaster Response Drought and Scenarios and Standards by Locally - Focused on 3.9 3.6 3.8 4 3 Heat Wave Urban Flooding and Drought Study on Development and Application of Earthquake Earthquake 3.9 3.3 3.6 4 3 Monitoring Techniques The Development of Heavy Snowfall Casualty Cold Wave and Minimization Policies and Optimal Road Snow 4.2 3.0 3.6 4 3 Heavy Snowfall Removal Systems Considering Climate Change Technologies for Assessment of Seismic Sources Earthquake and Response of Seismic Hazards Based on the 2.4 3.9 3.2 4 3 Integrated Seismic Monitoring Infra Drought and Estimation of Acute·Chronic Diseases and 3.3 3.0 3.2 4 3 Heat Wave Mortality in Extreme Weather(Heat) in Korea Seismic Properties of Earthquakes Around the Korean Earthquake 2.4 3.3 2.9 4 3 Peninsula and Analysis of Related Phenomena Development of Key-Technologies for Disseminating Earthquake 2.4 3.0 2.7 4 3 Earthquake Ground-Motion Effects Monitoring of Dust Activity over East Asia and Evaluation for Effects of Atmospheric Dynamical Sandy Dust 2.1 3.0 2.6 4 3 Circulations and Large-Scale Climate Variables on Dust Activity Analysis of GPS Satellite Signal Delay Caused by Sandy Dust Asian Dust Storm and Development of Dust 2.1 3.0 2.6 4 3 Aerosol Observing System Using GPS

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quantifying the technology prowess and importance of research and development in the area of natural each technology. Based on the evaluation results of disasters. technological prowess and importance, an overall priority analysis was performed by quadrant analysis (Fig. 2). 5. Discussion Based on the results of the quadrant analysis, In the result of this study, the natural disaster the priority of the technologies was derived which technologies that need to be applied to the North Korea could be a basic technology in joint research and region were categorized into three groups. As the development; technologies related to natural disasters quality of life in North Korea is low, those that affect were divided into three groups according to their survival and everyday life are given priority. priorities. As a result, three broad categories of high- Technologies related to natural disasters that can cause priority technologies were shown as: natural disaster serious secondary damage such as downpour and monitoring with spatial information technology, typhoons have higher priority. Therefore, regardless of construction of a research basis and database based the frequency of occurrence, earthquake technologies on the geographic information system (GIS) and have a low significance level due to the small amount integrated management of complex natural disasters. of damage. Sandy dust technologies that do not cause The priority construction of research databases from immediate personal injury are relatively low. natural disaster monitoring technology in spatial Due to the development of inter-Korean relations information format for the whole of North Korea could and the ongoing disasters in North Korea, it is necessary be used as a generic technology in the future for joint to prepare technical measures to reduce damage from

Fig. 2. Priority Evaluation Result by Quadrant Analysis.

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disasters at the government level. It is also needed to establishing basic research infrastructure including take measures to strengthen the fundamental capability spatial dataset that has not yet been established in of North Korea’s disaster response. However, due to North Korea. In addition, research and development the closed attitude of North Korea, it is focused on one- technologies with lower priority were reflected in the off support rather than improvement of the underlying priorities required from the medium and long-term environment. Therefore, a system should be built in perspectives. order to realize joint research and development. After With increasing natural disasters, various monitoring that, it will be possible to prepare a scientific response techniques are being developed in South Korea. system related to natural disasters through inter-Korean Especially, a difficult-to-reach area such as North cooperation. Korea, it is necessary to use remote sensing technology. It is also possible to continuously monitor large areas periodically. Typically, monitoring of droughts (Kim 6. Conclusion and Shim, 2017) and geological disasters (Hervás et al ., 2017) such as landslides using optical satellite images Research and technology that have already been has been performed. A flood monitoring study was also performed in South Korea could be applied in North conducted using radar satellite imagery (De Groeve, Korea region (Park et al ., 2018; Lee and Lee, 2017; 2010). Baek et al ., 2017). Among these technologies, when Furthermore, establishment of an integrated research the research and development technologies included in infrastructure is important for natural disaster Group I which has a high priority are developed first, management through cooperation with North Korea. accurate natural disaster information about North Korea Due to the exclusive characteristics of North Korea, will be supported and a long-term support system will construction and management of spatial data for natural be provided. The results show that the three major disaster technologies is difficult. It is necessary to build categories of high-priority technologies are natural an infrastructure based on GIS and manage various disaster monitoring with remote sensing and spatial natural disasters in an integrated way. information technology, construction of a research basis Since recent natural disasters tend to occur more and database based on geographic information system complexly than single disasters, an integrated disaster (GIS) and integrated management of complex natural response system should be established through spatial disasters. distribution monitoring and data accumulation using Specifically, the research and development continuous remote sensing data. technologies included in Group I will be included as a As such, integration and stable exchange of priority, and a plan will be prepared for an integrated information on natural disasters could be enabled response to natural disasters in South and North Korea through joint research and development. The results by integrating the North Korean natural disaster of this analysis of the priorities of technology information base. Prediction of natural disasters development related to natural disasters could lead to through spatial analysis is very important for the an expansion of application of this area of science and reduction measures establishment. Accordingly, it is technology. Furthermore, it will be possible to establish possible to establish inter-Korean cooperation by a plan for a joint response to natural disasters.

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