Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society

7h Council of flu L ancasﬁire and Cheshire A ntiquarian S ociety desire it to be known that Me Author: alone are responsible for any statement:

' or opinion: contained in their contﬁ bulzm to the T ransactions of Me

me s di d b M r l ’ ﬁ e re e volu i e . h r ﬂ p s nt te y C a es . O I C E R F R FF S O 1 390.

prestbcnt. mWI L L I N I FFE BR S AM C U L O O Bu m M P. P . S . A . KS , , . ,

mice 9 r stb ts p e cn . W T m R G H o n . E AR F C R A F R D A N D BA ARR I HT TH E L O O LC ES ,

F. S . A .

T c R G H o n E O D RT F T T F A . m . L R N T A N . . I HT TH EGE O O O , S W PRO FES SO R . BO Y D D A WKI N S , F. S . A .

WI LLI AM E . A . A XO N ,

' PR N P A W R D L D . C W. D e r. L . I I AL . A ,

O rthe Gounctl.

T EN -B EM N R BER G N T . . L A N T O C . ALL T AT A O T ,

r e n F A v F M A W A C a m . R . E a m . . . . , . S . e . . L ,

WA KE R M . A F. A D r. H . a v M R P E A R S . C o C . J . . , . A H

mum C . E . A BER N C O S O xc r. E s N G no , L T I H L .

F H E C H N M A B RENC . . O M N l O L S O . . GIL ERT J . H J L ,

RR N E RG E Pu ns n WILLIAM H A IS O . G O o .

w n . R I N G M . A. N s o v . S T A N N N ATHA o e . J H . ,

R ES W N U . C HA L . S T TO

C reasurer.

MA L E H E R BR W T H O S T O .

b onorarg S ecretary.

R . Y A T E S F. S . A . GEO GE C ,

E XC A VA T I O N S I N BO K E R L Y A N D WA N S D N N Y K E , A D T H E I R B E A R I N G O T H E R M A N I F I A I N O O C C U PA T O N O B R T .

- - BY I RA P R I VE R F. . A N I T T S S . L EU T . GE E L ,

N two copi o usly- illustrated and privately- printed quarto

s s that volume , I have described the excavation I have

the o f s made in neighbourhood Ru hmore, Wilts , during the

s f o f s two last ten year , the chie part which relate to the

R - r s s o f R o therle omano B iti h village Woodcuts and y, just

o s fo un outside the park . They were proved by the c in d in

o f R o mn o them to be the a age, though probably ccupied c hieﬂ o s c o ins y by Brit ns, one or two Briti h having been f n o s o u d with the R o man ones in both villages . B th village f were alike in their general arrangement, and their chie

f in f s s 6 . lo . f o f t. eature con i ted pits, 3 to t in diameter and ﬁll i f . d ft. 6 n . t e 3 to 9 deep, up to the top with earth and

f o f c o ul o n s rf d . re use, so that no trace them be seen the u ace O f these as many as ninety- ﬁve were fo und in Wo odcuts

- h and ninety two in R o t e rley. The area occupied by the

i lso ﬁll f S t. a e was s t. d pits drained by deep trenche 3 to deep,

to f s in s up to the p with earth and re u e, and laid out uch a manner as to carry the water down hill ; the different drains B S E z E XC A VA T I ON S I N B O KE R L Y A N D WAN D YK . branching out o f each other like the tributaries o f a stream

s o f o s or river, the main stream which, in b th village , ran along the two sides o f a road leading from the village

w s o w o ne o f f to ard l er ground , and showing that the chie concerns o f the inhabitants in those days w as to carry o ff

h o f o f s s the eavy rain, the prevalence which certain pas age

s in the ancient writing appear to hint, and geological and o s s c o n ﬁ rm r ss o ther re earche appear to the imp e i n , that there must have been a much larger supply o f water in early times

f t - no w. 1 88 t. w as so e than A well deep al excavated , and

fo o the Roman bucket und at the bott m , but no water, sho wing that the water line must have laid somewhat higher

o s is s s in the hill in f rmer day than the ca e at pre ent.

s o o o f it w as s Woodcut , or rather a p rti n , urrounded by

o f s f o f an entrenchment light relie , the ditch which drained

o - o R o the rle into the r ad drain above menti ned , and at y a portio n o f the village was separated fro m the res t by a

s n o s v circular urroundi g ditch, similar to ther which ha e

s s s s been everal time noticed in Briti h villages el ewhere, and which have been rather rashly assumed to be sacred

s c o nﬁ rmatio n o f s w as ro circle , but no thi p duced by the

s o n the to excavation ; the circle, contrary, appeared have

been occupied in the same manner as the rest o f the village .

s o s o f - s In Woodcut , three hyp cau ts T haped plan were

f r s o o f o ound, which were probably B iti h imitati ns R man

h o s f r rs yp cau ts o warming ro o ms by ﬂues beneath the ﬂo o .

s s is s o use c an Thi , at lea t, the mo t pr bable to which they

ss s s o ne f s be a igned . A preci ely imilar will a terward be

s o f o s s s poken at Wo dyate . The hou es mu t have been built

o f s o f so o f f s dab and wattle, and by mean me the ragment

o f s ﬁ re pla ter which had been hardened by , and upon which

ss o f w s w as the impre ion the t igs had been pre erved , it possible to ascertain the exact thickness o f the walls and

the o f - s construction the wattle work. Timber was al o used A T KE R Y D E E XC VA I ON S 1 I V B O L A N WANS D YK . 3

s o f s s as f o in the con truction the hou e , appears probable r m the large number o f iron nails o f a siz e suitable fo r fasten

o f an d s f o f s o f ing beams wood, al o rom a number clamp

f s r r s s s fo r . the kind now u ed , a tening timbe togethe Be ide

- ho s s ro the dab and wattle work u e , which were p bably

o s s ﬂat r und , some other hou es mu t have been made with

f o s s s s s . s ss o ide , pla tered and painted The e better cla h u e

s f o were peculiar to one quarter in Woodcut , which, r m the

o f o s f in it s to quality the other bject ound , appear likely have

s o s o been a rich quarter. The pit were pr bably u ed to c ntain

f s f ﬁ lle d sub se re u e , and , a ter being up to the top, were

s fo r o f quently u ed the interment the dead . The dead

n o t s s s were interred in the e pits only, but al o in the drain ,

f ﬁlled to a ter they had been up to the p with earth, a

if c o nﬁ ned to s s has practice which, not thi di trict, at any rate not been found elsewhere to such an extent as to lead

f - s s to the in erence that it was a widely spread Briti h cu tom . It was a custom that is highly favo urable to anthro polo gical

s as s s s m re earch, the keletons are by thi mean ore clearly id e ntiﬁed with the relics o f the every - day life o f the inhab i tants than when they are interred in cemeteries o r tumuli

s f o s as at a di tance r m the place where they lived , and a co nsequence it is mo re easy to determine the exact period

s o s in to which the kelet n belonged . They were buried bo th

s o s o o o crouched and extended po iti n , and with ut rientati n ,

s f n n the bodie acing or extending in different directio s. I

s s d u other ca es special grave were g , but without orientation

s in either ca e . The peo ple suffered fro m rheumatoid

o t f s arthritis . Three u o ixteen skeleto ns in R o the rley were

f ffl hs s s s o f ound to have been a icted with t i di ea e , the cau e

s o o o o so which appear to be a mo t p int in path l gy, me surgeo ns attributing it to expo sure and others to hereditary

s s . r so s di ea e Thei teeth were in me ca es much decayed .

s o f s z Their horse , oxen , and sheep were mall si e, the horse ' 4 E XC A VA T I ON S I N B O KE R L Y A N D WA A S D Y KE .

rare e cee n the z o f o ur x m n viz I I ly x di g si e E oor po y, , hands

in z . T he n rese m e o ur err c o w in z o ur % oxe bl d K y si e, but shorthorn in the form o f its ho rn s ; and the shee p w ere o f a l n s - ee i o f is fo o g lender legged br d, the l ke which only to be und at e h in e . pres nt in the island o f S t. Kilda t Atlantic The

as is w s f b e case e ee s t pig, al ay ound to the in arly br d hat were e m e f o m the w a w as o f a but slightly r ov d r ild bo r, l rge s z e n an la u r e f o i , with lo g legs d rge t sks. The dog va i d r m

' he s z e f mas iﬁ h the e t i o a t to that o f a terrier. T ey ate hors and e c hie ﬂ o n i e a few liv d y domest cat d nimals, but remains o f ee n f u in t fu s f i deer having b o nd heir re se pit , rom wh ch, and f o f f rom the absence weapons generally, we may in er

w s t a t e f that they ere not hunter , but h t hey liv d a peace ul, f a n t and . gricultural li e, surrou ded by heir ﬂocks herds

e o r Their tools wer iron axes, knives, and saws, only one two - h fo n small spear heads aving been und . They spu

e s thr ad, and wove it on the spot, and ewed with iron nee s o dles. They grew wheat in small enclo ures surr unding

e s th ir villages, and ground it upon tone querns, and by me o f fo asuring the number ears to the cubic inch, it was und w if f that their heat was little, at all, in erior to ours grown at the s s ame levels . They shod their horse with iron , and

ﬁ re — produced with iron strike lights and ﬂint. They cut

o o to their corn with small ir n sickles, pr bably close the c ar f s , and stored it in small barns, raised upon our po ts to

f o r f preserve it rom vermin . Their p tte y was o various qualities, some harder and better baked than others, some

f f o f s vessels per orated as colanders, some in the orm aucers

- s with small handles, some basin shaped , other pitcher

o f o f f shaped , others in the shape jars and vases grace ul f o f o s f orm ; and , judging by the number p t per orated with

r s o r o s fo r la ge holes on the bottom sides, and having l op

s s r su pen ion on the upper part , with la ge open mouths , it would appear probable that they made use o f honey largely E X V N C A A T I O S I N B O KE R L Y A N D WANS D YKE . 5

fo s ss s fo r in their od , and that the e ve el were employed

o s f o o o draining it int other ves els r m the h neyc mb. The , number o f skeletons o f new- born children w as sufﬁ c ie nt to

s o f f no t o create a uspicion , at least, in anticide, though en ugh to s prove that uch a practice prevailed . Judging by the slight trace o f their habitations that re

n z o f mai ed , and the small si e them , and the apparently

s r o ne carele s way in which they bu ied their dead , might suppo se that they lived in a poo r way and died unregretted

f s o by their riend ; but, on the ther hand , there were indica

n s o f f o f re ﬁ n n tio com ort and even e me t. There were fo und fragments o f red S amian ware o f the ﬁ ne st quality and highly

was ornamented , which at that time probably equivalent to

few f s o f r our china, and a ragment potte y with green and

z was o f e s yellow gla e, which xtreme rarity among t the

n s s s o f s Roma . They had che t drawer , in which they kept

o s w ro z o s their g od , which were decorated ith b n e b s es, and ornamented with tastefully- designed handles o f the same

ss s o f s s metal . They had ve el gla s, which implie a certain

o f s z s fo r n o degree luxury. They u ed twee er extracti g th rns,

fo r o f s o z s or plucking the hair their beard , br n e earpick , and even implements designed expressly fo r cleaning their ﬁ nger

nu n b e r o f n s o f s. ail , and they played games draught A r iron

r styli showed that they were able to ead and write, and one deco rated tablet o f Kimmeridge shale appeared to be o f the

s fo r n s s s o f kind u ed writi g upon with the tylu , by mean a

o f s i o o f s s coating wax pread over t. S me their hou e were

s r ﬂues f r painted on the in ide and wa med with , a te the

Ro man style . They were perhaps co vered with the Ro man

te ule r s o f s o f g and imb ices, and other were ro ed with tile

- f o z ﬁ n . o e r Purbeck shale They wore well rmed br n e g rings,

set s ﬁ n e rs o f s with stone or enamelled , and their g were mall

f z z . s o s si e They used bangle bron e and Kimmeridge hale,

s was o f ﬁ ne st o s and one brooch di covered the m saic, uch as 6 E XC A VA T I ON S 1 47 B O K E R L Y A N D WA N S D Y KE .

I fo und upon enquiry c ould no t b e easily surpas se d even in

the ese so e le ooc s I taly at pr nt time ; al gilt and namel d br he ,

e o f w we e in the f m o f ls e used so m hich r or s anima . Th y b o nz e w te e al s o o and the e o f r and hi m t p ns, numb r highly o rnate bro nz e and white metal ﬁb ula: s how ed that such tast e fully-d eco rated fas tenings fo r the ir dresse s mus t have

N o r are we f in o o been in c o mmo n use . le t d ubt as t the e x ac these ﬁb ula we w fo r t t way in which re orn , one skele on — was fo und with two o f them a bro nz e one on the right

ne o n i A s w sho e and o . e w uld r, an iron the r ght hip kno that in the time o f Agrico la the Britons ado pted the Roman cos e f ese e e f tum , we may eel sure that th w re employ d , a ter

he fas o f the men f en s o r v t hion , to ast the amictu a plaid o er

he u un t right shoulder, and probably a skirt or t nic ro d the l e ate te s w h co n i s a oins. Th y oys r , hic , sider ng the di t nce f o s es ce a re o f t r m the coa t, impli a rt in deg e luxury, hough it is possible that the shells may have been use d as utens ils fo r

e s o f te s s so m purpo es . One the most in resting di coverie co nnected with these people was the small sta ture o f both male s and females ; but this is a subject that I shall refer to again when speaking o f my disc overies at Woodyates . The probability is that both villages were inhabited by different c lasse e o s, and not improbably they may have b en the h mes ' f co f o Roman lonists, surrounded by their amilies and a

v f T he a o o s . o be y laves p ssibly Roman ch racteristics, rec g

is i in - ea s n ed by anthropolog sts one round h ded keleton , may perhaps b e regarded as favouring this view ; but the long head s o f the majority see m to indicate with great probability that the bulk o f the inhabitants were o f British origin more

a h b e f th n t at it would unsa e to say. The coins prove that the es e e c the d villag w r o cupied up to Constantine perio , and

s i D . e m o f M a ne nt us A . Woodcut c rtainly up to the ti e g ,

- 350 3530

T ese e s o f a h r sult , the details which are given in t bles,

N K Y D S 8 B K GA VA T I O S I N B O E R L A N WAN D YKE.

b rin s o f s o u . a g tribe They imply a low t te civili ation , befo re the inhabitants o f any large district had attained to

such organisatio n as was necessary fo r combined defence. When the peo ple advanced to a higher state o f civilisa

s s tion, and everal tribe united in their warlike operations ,

r s o and when la ge armie began to be empl yed , it was not so

a f s o s much by det ched ort as by continu u entrenchments,

Bo kerl f e o f such as y and Wansdyke, that the de enc terri

s s is r as f torie was ecured ; and although it t ue, has o ten been said in support o f the Opinion that these long

s f s o s t entrenchment could not be de en ive w rk , hat they o d ifﬁ c ult o r to f n s w uld be impossible de e d at all point ,

o as f s s yet we kn w a act that this was the y tem adopted,

and o it no t o f that the R mans used , only in the north

s o as s o f Britain, where the entrenchment kn wn the wall Hadrian and Antoninus were thro wn up against the Picts

S s the o f o f and cots, but al o in m re extended de ence their

f o f f e German rontier by means the P ahlgrab n , joining the

h D h s o n o s R ine and anube. W en the e c tinu u barriers were

e fo f h rected , the hill rts within the areas de ended by t em f f no o o use . s o s were l nger any The inhabitant the di trict, secured in the peaceable occupation o f their villages by the

f f s s o f f rontier de ence , had no longer any occa i n to orti y their

N o . w s s e o homes the village that I have de crib d, alth ugh some o f them might have been su rrounded by slight banks and sto ckades as a precaution against wo lves or against casual

m s n s arauder , were to all inte ts and purposes open village . They were the habitations o f people who felt secure in their

s fo r position , and I think that, this reason , we might expect on a priori grounds to ﬁ nd that such villages wo uld be asso

c iated o f o s in point date with the continu u entre nchmen ts.

D r - o . Guest, in his well kn wn paper on what he terms The D ” f Belgic itches, appears to me to be per ectly right in assuming that these continuous entrenchments must ne c e s E X A VA T I O N S I N B KE R L Y Y K E C O A N D WA N S D . 9

sarily have bee n the wo rk o f a people in a higher co ndition

o f s n e t r the e civili atio , to s cure heir territo y against depr da

f r o f f B s o f an n o o . ut tion i e i r pe ple, in a lower condition li e ,

su t s o the B ae h in pposing hese uperi r people to be elg , I t ink

as r f b e e e a . gr atly exce ded his evidence, we sh ll see he ea ter

a o was ﬁ rst to B o ke rl D h My ttenti n given y yke, w ich is

an n o f f o s s o f s e trenchment high relie , c n i ting a ingle bank,

ru o - and - o a nning in a n rth west south east directi n , with

d s w as f t the itch on the east, howing that it rom hat quarter

is f s e was . o t nemy expected It about ur mile in leng h , and

s f i e xtend rom Martin Wood, wh ch was originally continuous

s - to o with the New Forest on the outh east, a p int which,

r o f r e within the memo y man , was occupied by C anborn

- f . s to n Chase on the north west In act, it eems have bee

s o e thrown acros the Gwent, or open downland , between th s

f the two great orests , and to have been intended to check

o f f S s r advance an enemy coming rom ali bu y, and endea vo uring to pass westward along the o pen co untry between

s s s these two fore t di trict . The Roman ro ad from Old S arum (S o rb iod unum) to B ad b ury Rings cuts the entrenchment at

s i s the village o f Woodyate near t centre.

fo r so I was me time in doubt where to begin . The only way o f obtaining evidence o f the date o f an entrenchment o f this kind is by ﬁ nd ing objects o f kno wn date on the old

r f surface line beneath the rampa t. The old sur ace line is

r s s o always ve y well marked in chalk di trict , and any bject found lying on it beneath the rampart must necessarily have been placed there before the rampart was thro wn o ver

f f o f o f it. I a coin, or a ragment pottery, any known period , it determines the earliest date to which the entrenchment

Bu o f w r can be assigned . t in such a long line earth o k the

’ o nly c hanc e o f ﬁ nd ing objects in the rampart is to excavate in a place where it cuts through some older settlement that f f was on the ground be ore, the relics rom which would be N E E XC A VA T I O N S I N B OKE R L Y A N D WA S DYK . found thro wn up into the rampart with the earth during its

B u s s n formation . t no uch pot to all exter al appearance

s f o f Bo ke rl D an d pre ented itsel along the whole line y yke, it was only by accident that the pro per spo t fo r making the

o f r o excavati n was hit upon . A arme , in digging int the

fo r s fo r ss his dyke material top dre ing land , happened to

ﬁ n d s o o s . S ome R man c in , which were brought to me eeing

fo r f that it was a likely place urther discoveries, I cut a f f o t. section 3 wide through the ditch and rampart , and ound f 6 o o o A . D . a number R man c ins, extending to Valens, 3 4

8 r o f 37 , together with Roman potte y, including a number

f s o f s sf o r ragment S amian ware . This ati act ily proved the

o o f insufﬁ c ient Roman rigin the dyke, but was to determine

o o o f s its exact date . S I had another secti n cut the ame

i ft I d s . and v z o . o width, . 3 , about s y to the north, on the

f s o other side o the Roman road . Thi proved even m re

ro lifi c o f s first as fi ve p coin than the , as many hundred and

- f c hieﬂ o f s d thirty our, y the Con tantine perio , having been

f o f o ld ound in the body the rampart, and ditch , and on the

f o o f s f o . sur ace line, including a c in Honoriu and one Arcadius

ﬁ nd in o f s two s o ld s f The g the e coin , well down on the ur ace

six f s o f a line, and eet beneath the cre t the r mpart, proved

o r s o f it conclusively that the dyke, at any rate thi part , was erected at the time or subsequently to the departure o f

f n o fo r the Romans ro m Britain . This was longer a matter

s conjecture ; it was a proved fact. In this ection a human

f f ram skeleton was ound , which had been buried be ore the

w as it o f f part thrown over , the mark the old sur ace line

n f i fe o the s o f bei g ound above t. The et extended ver cre t

s o the e carp, and the Roman w rkmen in digging the ditch

s o removed the hin b nes, and threw them up into the

f s f o w a . rampart, where one them ound It was evident ,

f o f there ore, that a settlement some kind had existed on

f s the spot be ore the dyke was made, and that burial had E XC A VA T I O N S 1 I V B O KE R L Y A N D S E u WAN D YK .

i r t o s o . taken place in , as in the villages previ u ly expl ed But no trace o f such a settlement could be seen on the

f o f o sur ace the gr und , which had been under cultivation fo r and f o f o s years, scarcely any ragments p ttery were een o n the top o f the plough land to mark the site o f any habi tatio n s satisﬁed o . Feeling , however, that s me such village

o f s s s or collection habitations mu t have exi ted , I cau ed the who le o f the ground in fro nt o f the dyke fo r a space o f abo ut

s s o o f eight acres to be trenched , which re ulted in the di c very

s s ﬁ re s an d s o f o drain , pit , hearth , other sign habitati n, similar to tho se that we were already familiar with else

s w as f was where . In one place a hypocau t ound , which a f o f s s s acsimile the one di covered at Woodcut , and the ides

ﬂi w as o f revetted w ith nt and mortar. The pottery the

as s b ut o s f same quality in the other village , the vari u orms o f ff o s ss o f ss it were in di erent pr portion . Thus the cla ve el

o o o s fo r s s s w with an open m uth and l p u pen ion , hich had

e f two o s w as b en ound abundantly in the ther village , here found rarely amo ngst the fragments turned up by the f . o o ss w was spade An ther kind ve el , with a bead rim , hich

s s . common in the villages , was al o rare in thi place These particular forms o f vessels are commo n to the co untry to

o f am s the westward the region I de cribing, and appear to

f s n be derived rom potteries in the western di trict. O the

f s o f o fo s o f o other hand, ragment p ttery and rm rnamenta

id e ntiﬁed f o r s tion , which can be as coming r m the potte ie at

G N e w s rockle, in the Fore t, were more abundant here than

s fr s in the villages to the we tward . S everal agment were id e n tiﬁed as facsimiles o f ornamental patterns on po ttery

s B s recently found in the excavation s at Silche ter. y uch comparisons it will become po ssible hereafter to trace the distribution o f the different fo rm s and patterns from the

s f w o c o n localitie in which they were abricated , which ill thr w f sid erab le light on the trade routes requented at that time . N B O E R L Y A N D S E E XC A VA T I O S I N K WAN DYK .

S keleto ns were found buried in the d rains and pits at Woo dyates in the same manner as at Woo dcuts and

R h rle O ne s o t e y. had a bone comb on the right brea t and

f o s f an earthenware pitcher at the eet, and s me had coin ound

h s with t em . The majority were here extended, but ome

s o s are o f f cro uched . The e skelet n great interest in orming

s f s B a co mpariso n with tho e ound in the other village . y a co mputation o f the stature fro m the bo nes in the manner

D o s s s r. pre cribed by T pinard , it has been pos ible to a certain with so me precision the physical peculiarities o f the inhab i

f n s o f s s . was as tant thi di trict in Roman times It ou d that,

f r A s o . as a rule, they were people very sho t stature many

f r - f s s o f f o ty two per ect keleton this period were ound in all .

s ﬁ rst s Taking the male , it was a certained that their medium

R h rl f ' i ° . f i was : ot e e t. I n o o t. n height in y, 5 5 ; in W dcuts, 5 4 7 . ;

° f z in - and o o t. . o o in W dyates, 5 4 ; whilst in an Angl Sax n

s Win kleb ur cemetery which I explored ome time ago, at y,

b o f f 6 ° in c t . lose y, the medium height the males was 5 9 , or

f n s f i . s t. nearly 5 7 , howing a marked in eriority in the tature o f o f - B o f the men the Romano ritish peri d . The emales

f s in ollowed suit with the male , their medium height being

R rle f ° in o s o o he . f . o t t . t y, 4 9 9 ; in Wo dcut , 5 ; and in W dyates,

° f i - 6 n . 4 t. 9 ; whilst in the Anglo S axon cemetery at Winkle

f ° in s ﬁ ures o f w as t. z . bury it 5 3 In the e g , I take the stature

w s fo r w the middle man or oman as the tandard the hole,

r f s s in p e erence to the average, which is in ome case too

f s much affected by individuals o exceptio nal iz e.

s f was f f fo - In kull orm , it ound rom the rty three instances

o o f in which the cephalic index c uld be taken, that, the

fo s f skulls und in the three village , our were brachycephalic o r round headed , nineteen mesaticephalic or medium headed,

o o f h e rd o lic ho sixteen d lich cephalic or long headed , our yp c ephalic or very lo ng headed .

M r o h s . B yd D awkins a described three races inhabiting V E 1 E XC A VA T I O N S 1 I B O KE R L Y A N D WAN S D YK . 3

i s s s o f o v z . the Briti h I le at the time the Roman occupati n, ,

the small , dark Iberian , the tall Celtic, and the Scandinavian .

D r. s Gar on , lecturer on comparative anatomy at Charing

o f sk ele Cr ss Hospital , who has care ully examined all the

s has o ss ss ton , come to the conclusion that they p e the characteristics o f a cross between the Ro man and Iberic

f s o f S s orm head , and that the Celtic and candinavian element d o not appear to have entered into the mixture o f the blo od f o the population o f this district to any great extent . The peo ple o f R otherley he considers to represent the Iberic

s o f to type in the comparatively greate t degree purity, next

o s o f s s which c me tho e Woodcut , and , lastly, the inhabitant o f the settlement at Woodyates are the most mi x ed o f the

three. This is only what might be expected , as the abori gines would be more likely to mix their blood with the Ro mans at stations situated on the main roads than in the

s s s to remoter villages. The same re ult may be aid charac

te rise to s f s. , a great extent, the relic ound in the three village

o f r s as s s s Some the potte y, uch the va e with the bead rim

s fo r s o o f and with the loop uspensi n , were very rude and

fo s s ss o f ss s un early rm, whil t the uperior cla ve el were

f s s o f o f o . doubtedly Roman type The va e late Celtic type, which a number have lately been fo und in a cemetery at

sf n Ayle ord , in Kent, do not appear to any great exte t here “ s few f s o f o and although ome ragment the cordoned p ttery,

s o f has so s r M r the hi tory which been well de c ibed by .

s A rcfzwolo ia fo Arthur Evan lately in the g , have been und ,

s s o f s s the pecimen it are extremely rare , only three in tance o f f s s o it having occurred amongst all the ragment di c vered . The coins fo und in the settlement at Wo odyates belo ng c hie ﬂ s as far as G ra y to the Con tantine period , and extend

— i s s o s s i 8 . s t anus A . D . , 375 3 3 There rea on to upp e that thi

f in o la ia c o r settlement represents the true site o V d g d . It

s s f o o rb io d unum re ponds exactly to the di tance r m S , men I 4 E XC A VA T I O N S 1 I V B O KE R L Y A N D WANS D YKE .

i f o t o ne d I tinerar o viz . in the y Antoninus, , twelve R man

s G ss o s mile ; whereas the remains at u age, hitherto supp ed

s s so id e ntiﬁed S ir to repre ent that tation , and by Richard

f o o is s . s o H are, ixteen Roman miles It is al o worthy n tice that the Roman road runs in a straight line from S arum to

s s o r s its ﬁrst o thi p t, and he e make and nly turn, running f m s r B ad b ur s ro thence in a t aight line to y, which prove that it must have been considered the principal station on the

o s line at the time the r ad was con tructed .

n o w to s - w I turn Wan dyke, the well kno n Wiltshire and

o rs s s o r S me et hire entrenchment, which run , did probably

o ne fr s run at time, om the Severn at Porti head , by Bath,

ss n o o f D z s to s pa i g to the n rth evi e Savernake Fore t, and on

C hisb ur s s s w to y , where it turn and run outh ard in the

ir o o f has f s d ecti n Andover. It been requently de cribed ,

n his a d o A . . by n ne better than by the Rev. C S mith in

’ ' ' ’ ' A n ztz s o z t z is o f ff f in hga e f W l sfz re. It very di erent relie f r s i f e . s s di e nt place In part it little more than a road, and

’ ’ o s s o n o s S s o in ther , e pecially M rgan Hill and hepherd Sh re,

D z s o fo r e x c a near evi e , which was the l cality selected my

is s f B o k r z o e l . vation , it equal in si e to the highe t part y

is s to n o s was The ditch alway the rth, howing that it thrown

s s up again t a northern enemy. It is about sixty mile in

s f o f r length. Thi is exactly the length o the wall Had ian

w N s bet een ewcastle and Carlisle, which work Wan dyke greatly resembles in the general principles o f its co nstrue

i vi f s z . o . s t ti n It is trengthened by our camps along line , ,

M ae skno wl S o B h C hisb ur , tant nbury, at ampton, and y, which correspo nd in po sitio n and use to those on the No rthumb e r

o o f land wall, th ugh, unlike them , built only earth , and f ﬁ rst t. . o w as irregular in their outline My section , 3 wide,

’ s o f S S o 1 88 r s cut to the we t hepherd s h re in 9, which e ulted

s o o f f f in the di c very an iron kni e and an iron nail , eet

f f f is f f beneath the sur ace o the rampart. The kni e o a orm

I 6 E XC A VA T I O N S I 1 V B O KE R L Y A N D S WAN D YKE .

perhaps the most interesting discovery in this section w as

o f fo s f ° ft that an iron cleat, und on the old ur ace line, 7o .

beneath the crest. Precisely similar cleats were found in

o s I 2 o f Bo kerl D secti n and y yke. Their use had been previously ascertained by ﬁ nd ing them at R otherley at the

f o f eet an extended skeleton , accompanied by iron ho b

s s n f m f nail , and howi g that they or ed part o the leather

f s fastenings o sandal . We have therefore clear evidence

s s fas that andals, having the e tenings attached to them , were in co mmo n use previo usly to the construction o f both

B o ke rl s is o s y and Wan dyke, and it only reas nable to uppose that these two periods could not be very remote fro m o ne

o the an ther. With regard to origin and evidence affo rded

f s o f S o by ragment amian p ttery, that important subject

m sufﬁ c e fo r o f s ight very well a lecture it elf. There can be

re d o o f s no t r no doubt that p ttery a omewhat, though enti ely, similar character to that usually known in this country by

o f S w as s the name amian , con tructed at Samos in very early

s s w as time , and Pliny ays that it widely exported both by

o ss f f f f se a . o o and land The p ibility, there ore, a ragment it being found in this country am o ngst pre - Ro man remains

o has cann t be denied , but, practically, I believe it never

ss w s been disco vered in a ociation ith late Celtic ites . A t

Mount Caburn, near Lewes, a late Celtic camp which I

so o f is explo red me time ago, an account which given in the

A rc/zwolo ia no t f o f w as fo o g , a ragment it und , th ugh it

o n s s o turned up frequently am g t Roman remain cl se b y. In

f n o no the late Celtic cemetery at Ayles ord , rece tly expl red ,

f o f s o a s fo ragment thi p ttery appe r to have been und , and

s to H unsb ur the same applie the late Celtic camp at y, near

s s s no t ss ss N orthampto n . The Briti h Mu eum doe po e a single specimen o f this ware from S amos . The subject has

ss o ssrs . o n been discu ed lately on the C ntinent by Me Fill ,

rmans G M o rtille t o f S c hue , and abriel de , all whom appear S I N B K R L Y N E XC A VA T I O N O E A D WANS D YKE. 1 7

’ the the m it to agree that red ware, with akers names to , was not introduced and fabricated in France until the time

h n f f e . S o t Empire The amia , with ornamentation in relie ,

n c hue rmans o f accordi g to S , was not made until the time — f A D 8 1 I . U o Trajan , . . 9 7 p to the end the third century

A D o f was . . this pottery was made a bright red colour, and

ﬁ ne z f covered with a gla e, but in the ourth century it

s o f o degenerated and was con tructed a duller red c lour.

r M o rtillet o f M . de terms the superior ware the earlier ” period L ugd unie nne from its connection with the town “ ” o f C ham d o lienne f its Lyons, and the later p rom being frequently found in the French cemeteries with interments ” - D o lants . o f by inhumation , called Champs Pottery both periods have been found in the villages and entrenchments o f D f s s Wilts and orset. The ragment in \Van dyke were o f

if o f a quality superior to the imitation Samian , not the best quality. For this reason we are unable to ﬁ x the date o f Wansdyke

o f B o ke rl u with the same certainty as that y, altho gh its Roman or post - Roman origin has been satisfactorily determined .

few s o It only remains, in conclusion, to say a word ab ut the historical periods to which these works may, with any

o f r s degree likelihood , be att ibuted . The upposition that

s s as n they were Belgic may now, I think, be di mis ed , co trary

D r. to the evidence derived from the excavations. Guest

s s s was so de ervedly e teemed as a classical cholar, and he

s has done so much by his researches into the ancient author , that his topography has been accepted with too much re ad i

B o ke rl ness . The y entrenchment, dating beyond doubt as

as o f s f a late the departure the Roman rom Britain , c nnot

e A D . 20 have been rected much earlier than the year 5 , when

C nric f the West Saxons, under Cerdic and y , a ter having

S o rb iod unum f taken , advanced westwards to the capture o XC VA T I O N S I N B KE R L Y A N D WA N 1 8 E A O S D Y KE .

Bad onic us e r D . G Mons , suppos d , but not proved, by uest to

b e Bad b ur o f s nd M . a r. y Speaking thi district period ,

M akin o E n land : Green , in his g f g , says How roughly the march o f the West Saxons was checked at this point by the

d f f o ense orests, we see by the act that these wo dlands

e fo r n s r mained in British hands more tha a hundred year , and the signiﬁ c an t name o f Mere preserves fo r us the memory o f the border- bound which the G ewissas were fo rced to draw along the western steep o f their new con ” quest. There are many spots in the neighbourhood which ” o ri r e s ginally te minated in mer . My own house, Ru hmore,

was ll B rid mo re s b origina y spelt Rushmere, and , clo e y,

f B rid mere o f ormerly written , was no doubt the boundary

the s f n S s r Britons in the ame way that Brit ord , ear ali bu y,

r f f I f is ecognised as the ord o the Britons . anyone will read ’

all o f M r. s s that part Green hi tory, keeping in view the

e o f f o f Bo ke rl xistence this de ensive work y, I think he will see how importan t a part it might have played in inﬂuenc ing

the course taken by the Saxons at this time.

the As regards Wansdyke, evidence leaves open a wider

ﬁe ld fo r ﬁ rst s conjecture. The period to which it can rea on ably be assigned is that which followed the expedition o f

A nnals A .D . . Aulus Plautius in 43 Tacitus ( xii . in

o f O sto rius describing the action his successor, Scapula, “ s d etrahere sus ec tis c unc ta ue c astris A nto n am ays, arma p q ” et S ab rinamﬂuvio s c ohib ere o f parat, the latter portion “ which the Bisho p o f Salisbury translates thus : he makes preparatio ns to keep in check the whole o f the country o n this side o f the rivers Anton and Severn by the construction ” o f o f camps . The direction given to this line camps has

s s s s been much di cus ed by clas ical scholars, but the exi tence o f u f the river Anton or Teste, r nning rom Andover into the d Solent, appears to have been overlooked , and the wor

Anton has by some been arbitrarily converted into Avon . E XC VA T I O N S 1 I V B O KE R L Y A D ’ A N WA N S D Y A E . 1 9

the Although now quite a small river, it is probable that estuary o f the Solent may have extended fo r some distance

o f o up it at the time the Roman c nquest, even perhaps as far f fo r as Andover itsel , and it may thus have served as a mi ab le fo r ﬂank o f o f to s d barrier the the line camps re t upon .

s i i s v z . It possible also that the camps on the Wan dyke, ,

M aesknowl r C hisb ur , Stantonbu y, Bathampton , and y, may have been erected at that time independently, and may have been joined by the continuous entrenchment o f the

Wansdyke subsequently. The only objection that I can

o f f see to the supposition, that the line camps re erred

o f is to in this passage lay in the direction Wansdyke, that the Roman frontier at that time was far in advance o f this position . Camulodunum had been taken by the

s f Emperor Claudius him el , and Gloucester was in the

f s hands o the Romans. We mu t also not altogether overlook the po ssibility o f such an entrenchment having

the o s o f 208 been thrown up during tr uble the year , when the far o nec essi Caledonians penetrated into S uth Britain , tating the presence o f the Empero r Severus himself to put a s the top to their inroads . We must consider also possibility o f the Wansdyke having been constructed by the Romanised

f the o f f Britons, a ter departure the Romans, as a de ence against the Picts and Scots when they were driven into the

hw r o f r Bo kerl sout est co ner the count y ; whilst y, at a some ff i what di erent t me, may have served to protect them against

h o t e . Saxons The two w rks are not continuous, the Wans dyke overlapping the left ﬂank o f the Bo ke rly entrench ment by many miles, but they may nevertheless represent successive effo rts o f the Britons during the same troubled

o the n period . The Brit ns must doubtless have learnt Roma

o f n f methods castrametatio and de ence, and the resemblance of the Wansdyke in the general principle o f its construction to the walls o f Hadrian and Antoninus should not be over R WA N Y 20 E XC A VA T I O I VS 1 I V B O KE L Y A N D S D KE .

is o looked . Lastly, we must bear in mind that there n thing in our evidence to disprove the supposition that both these S D wo rks may have been thrown up by the axons . uring the seventh and eighth centuries the wars between the West Saxons and the Mercians were continued up to the time o f

ff o o the f o f O a . The great w rk drawn al ng rontier Wales,

o o f r to keep the pe ple that count y in check, is attributed to

O ff no t o a, and it is imp ssible that the Wansdyke may, in t the like manner, have been hrown up by West Saxons as a f t defence against him . The rontier be ween Wessex and

s f Mercia appears constantly to have been hi ting, but the

o f the s s r line Wansdyke repre ents, more or le s, the ordina y

he s boundary that existed between t two tribe . It is true that no thing Saxon has as yet been discovered to support

f o f . o it this hypothesis But our evidence, r m the nature ,

ﬁ x es o only the earliest, and not the latest, peri d at which

o these works may have been constructed . I have no d ubt f that urther excavations, which will be renewed in the

o spring, will serve to throw m re light upon the subject.

Meanwhile, I hope I have been able to show how much really valuable info rmation may be brought to light by the f e xamination o these and similar entrenchments. This kind o f investigation has hitherto been much neglected in

s o the fo r England, whil t m ney has been lavished in search

no o antiquities abroad . Antiquaries d ubt generally expect to be repaid fo r their expenditure by enriching their co llee tio ns with objects o f greater value than are to be found in f f d . o ykes and ditches But in my judgment, a ragment

if t o r o f r pottery, it throws ligh on the hist y our own count y

o f sc ientiﬁ c and people, is more interest to the collector o f evidence in England than even a work o f art and merit that is associated o nly with races that we are remotely h connected wit . W T C H A R O N U R C H .

BY WI I A L L M O . R O PE R .

ROM Lancaster I rode over Lune toward Warton , a

f r o M . s vi miles , where Kit on was borne . A ii mile from L anc astre the C unte ri began to be sto ney and a litle

to mo untani us wax o . Half a mile from Warto n I passid Keir River cumming

o ut o f far o f ﬂo win Hilles not , and ther ebbing and g and

o ab ut Lune Sandes going into the Salt Water. f Warton is a preti streat o r a village. The ground beyond Warton and about is veri Hilly and R kk o v o f. marvelous y on to Bytham, a miles In the ” R o kkes s o f o tes I saw Herde G .

f s o o f Such was the brie de cripti n Warton given by Leland ,

o f r o f I who visited this part the count y in the days Henry VI I . “ o s And the descripti n is till in great part true. The Herdes ” “ o f G o te s o fo r have gone, but Wart n remains the preti streat a village that it appeared to the antiquary o f the sixteenth

i s . t century Above the village towers Warton Crag, with

o f ramparts limestone ranged one above another, and at the

f o o f in o f o t the crag, the centre the village, stands Warton

C hurch . In 1 374 the advo wson o f the church o f Warton w as the

o f f property Thomas de Tweng, a priest, and rom him it 22 WA R T 01V C H U R C H

o f passed to the descendants his sisters, who presented

s to alternately. Then it eems have got into the hands o f

the f o f s t . Laurence amily, A h on Hall Their patronage was,

the o f s d e however, disputed by representatives Thoma

e o n Tweng. The crown int rposed and als ominated a vicar,

1 1 o o f o f and in 45 Ge rge Neville, son Richard Earl Salisbury

o f of fo r and brother Richard Earl Warwick, was instituted the second time to the living. Seven years after he becam e f f o f o . Bishop Exeter, and a terwards Archbishop York Then the Laurences presented again ; but in 1 547 the

. advo wson was co nveyed by the Crown to the D ean and

ho o f w . Chapter Worcester, still present to the living

the f ﬁnd Turning to church itsel , we that more than a century and a half ago its history was written by one f o the . we e John Lucas, a native parish But when inquir

ﬁnd r where this history is, we ourselves in a ve y singular difficulty.

’ The ﬁrst mention o f this history occurs in Whitaker s where it is described as compiled by Robert

f - fo o D . r Lucas, and orming two closely written lio v lumes . Whitaker says : This indefatigable man appears to have devo ted fo r many years all the leisure ho urs which could be spared from a fatiguing occupation to this o ne favourite

s c object. The re ult was pre isely what might have been

s ffo e xpected . His native good ense is almost su cated by pedantry his local intelligence buried in quotation and

D r o o But where . Whitaker g t the v lumes f f no t . rom , or where he le t them, he does say

’ H zlrtor L ancashz re f o Then Baines, in his y qf , quotes r m

Lucas . 1 But it is no t quite clear whether he saw both v no t olumes or only one, or even whether he was merely e f o f xtracting rom a copy one.

’ ‘

i hm .cl R c ond ure vol. n . . 286 L ancasl ure vol. iv. . 0 , , p . 1 , , p 57 .

R 24 WA R T O N C H U C H .

who evidently an extract made by the Rev. John Watson ,

he as s c ollected the M S . in t Bodleian known the Wat on

o f is . MSS . , which this one f M T R . . o M S . o o r. Next I c me to another , the pr perty M G illo w o f o . S . , Leighton Hall, near Wart n This has been

o f b und up in book orm , has no title page, and solely relates f f to Leighton Hall . But rom its style and rom its recounting verbatim a circumstance in connection with the pedigree f f o f o D r. the Middleton amily, Leighton Hall, quoted by ’ in L uc as s H istor o Warton Whitaker as appearing y f , I f gather that it is extracted rom the missing history. This

he n : f M S . has a note at t e d The oregoing account o f

sso f M Leighton Hall and its posse rs is extracted rom a S .

s o o f o E s A . P . S . . B in pos essi n Mathew Gregs n, q , y Will

r Latham , Nov ,

s m is La tly, there is the volu e which produced here, by the

f f o s o o . T . H . permis ion the vicar Wart n , the Rev . Pain The “ o title page reads : Natali S lo S acrum . A Topo graphical

D o f a s o f o escription the P ri h Warton and s me parts adjacent,

t o f s D o f in the Coun y Palatine Lanca ter and iocese Chester.

s s o f s s f o s Inter per ed with great variety ob ervation r m Hi tory,

s a N f Eccle iastic l , Civil, and atural , extracted rom original

s s &c . n records, manu cript , pedigrees , , and ma y rare, antient,

o s. B o s s and modern printed B ok y J hn Luca , Schoolma ter. Begun about A n° 1 71 0 and ended in This vo lume

f f fo o is care ully written, with elaborate re erences in tnotes,

s but no index . It was sent anonymou ly to the vicar o f

26thN 1 8 s o Warton on the ovember, 79, but as it extend to nly

o ﬁft - six o f s me y pages, it can hardly be a copy the original

fo s M S . in two lio volume , with over nine hundred pages .

o f s s M To sum up our knowledge the e variou S S . w e

ﬁ nd

1 s f . John Lucas writing a hi tory o Warton between 1 71 0

and 1 743. WA R T ON C H U R C H . 25

s o f 1 62 2 M . s . . This S in the pos e sion Richard Lucas in 7

D r 1 8 2 f s f 3. . Whitaker, in 3, making very ull extract rom it in his and describing it as in two f olio volumes .

A n o f t w 4. extract in the hands Mat he Gregson , the com “ f e s 1 2 o th 8 . piler Fragment , in 3

5. A longer extract in the Bodleian Library.

f s f 6 . A much uller extract sent anonymou ly to the vicar o t 1 War on in 879.

’

D r. s And it is to be noted that, while Whitaker s extract

f s f to o f are generally the ulle t, and re er parts and events in

. d o the parish which the other M S S not mention , the lan guage in his extracts differs materially fro m the quotatio ns f . s rom the other MSS , and that in ome cases these latter

. f D r MSS contain acts which are omitted by . Whitaker. The only conclusion to be clearly drawn from these facts

1 8 no M o f s that we have t yet recovered the o riginal S . thi

o o f o s o mysteri us history Warton , and that all the vari u d cu

ments before us are only extracts from the original . W e

s f o the mu t there ore be c ntent with extracts, and endeavour to obtain from them the material fo r the history which the title pages o f the M S S . lead us to expect .

o s e Take the an nymously ent M S . and you are at once abl

’ f D r s . o o o s s to veri y Whitaker opini n , that the native g d en e o f the writer is almost suffocated by pedantry ; his local “ n intelligence buried in quotation and circumlocutio . All ” n o s manki d , he c mmence , are endowed with a Natural and unavo idable Inclination D utifully and with Pleasure to ” ﬁ rs remember those Places where they t drew Breath .

so ﬁrst o o f And on through the page, at the bott m which

B o s one sees a reference to the parish . ef re I begin to peak

o f s to sa this Pari h in particular, it may be convenient y ” something o f parishes in general . This occupies the whole f o the next page. 2 6 WA R T O N C H U R C E

Page 3 commenc es : The primary Inhabitants o f the the o f n o W o rld were directed by Light and Law Nature, t fo r D e only to Build and set apart Places ivin Worship, but

in to appoint Persons to Minister Holy Things, and also to ” pro vide fo r them a c ompetent maintenance. This gives

an Lucas his opportunity, and away he rushes into account

o f e tithes, commencing with Abraham and Melchis dec, down s f n to Saxon times . This occupie our pages, appropriatio

o is e 0 ccupies another three, and it not until pag 3 that we

get to Warton Church .

o f n e i The Church Warton , he says, was co secrated or d d ‘ c ate o f d to the Honour and pious Memory King Oswald , and the Feast o f D edication being removed from the 5 August is now annually observed on the Sunday nearest to the First o f

of D D August, and the vain custom ancing, excessive rinking,

. f h & c . D a or t e , on that y being many years laid aside, Inhabitants and Strangers duly spend the D ay in attending

o f h the Service the Church, and preparing good Cheer wit in f the the rules o Sobriety in private H ouses. They spend

D a in o f D the f of next y several kinds iversions, chie est

R ushb earin f which is a g , which is per ormed on this manner f u They Cut hard Rushes rom the Marsh, which they make p

D t ﬁne into long Bundles, and then ress hem in Linen ,

R ib ns c f o & . a e , Silk, Flowers, ; terwards the Young Wom n takes the Burdens upon their heads and begins the Pro c es sion (precedence being always given to the Churchwardens

o f Bundle), which is attended with a great multitude People, w D D n ith Musick, rums , Ringing the Bells, and all other emo stratio ns o f o j y they are able to express. When they arrive at the Church they go in at the West End (the only publick use saw eir that ever I that door put to), and setting down th

’ ' L ewis s T opograpl ncal D ictionary (1 82 1 ) says dedicated to H oly ” T rinit . ro a l S . O a on y P b b y t sw ld is an older invocati . R WA R T O N C H U C H . 27

the o f o Bundles in Church they strip them their rnaments,

l v c o he ea ing rowns or garlands placed ver t Cancelli . Then

n c hearfull o f l n they return to the Tow , and y partake a p e

f for t s ti ul Collation provided hat purpo e, and spend the rest o f the D ay and evening in D ancing abo ut a May Pole

a w r &c . o r se dorned ith Greens, Flowe s, , el in some other ” c onvenient Place. Though this ceremony has now for some time been dis

c f o ontinued, the abric was, until the recent restorati n , very f f much the abric with which Lucas was amiliar. The long n w t c ave, ith nor h and south aisles, the short hancel , the w — th o f s estern tower, all , with e exception the chancel , tood as - it looked to Lucas, a grey, weather beaten pile, hardly to b e distinguished at a distance from the grey limestone ram

o f a parts Warton Crag. The rchitecture is perpendicular, and the greater part o f the structure seems to have been

f t r rebuilt on an older oundation early in the sixteen h centu y .

' T he o f windows and pillars the south aisle, and probably the

t s o . ower, are nearly a century older. The chancel is h rt

o w The east window is a modern insertion , as als is the windo

the r on no th side, but that on the south retains its original f f headstone and mullion . The chancel is now ree rom seats,

’ L uc as s e but in time there wer two long pews, one on each

s f f s . ide, where the scholars rom the ree school u ed to sit

s o ne Within the communion rails there were two stone ,

e . b aring a cross, the other a cross and sword These have long disappeared . Between the chancel and the bo dy o f the church there ’ “ w L uc as s f ere in time, about three yards rom the ground , ’ c urv d o f w f pieces Timber on each side, hich have ormerly been ceiled with Boards and curiously painted, making as it

two - the were semi arches, one respecting the Chancel and the the o f the other Nave the Church, reaching whole breadth o f that part which is between the two Rows o f Pillars : most 28 WA R T O N C H U R C H

o f the e Panels are now broken down . In that ov r Sir ’ n George Middleton s are these arms Quarterly Middleto , f it Burton , Cro t, Betham ; and below , Parti per pale Mid d leto n f o f and Cro t. The rest the painting is almost quite ’ f s s de aced . In the panel over Sir Robert Bind lo s Pew may yet be discerned the picture o f the Virgin Mary and others ; and f o f re rese n below them our persons, one which is the p

i n f tat o o e &c . a Bishop in his Rob s, Mitre, ; and the others seem to be in the habits o f Monks kneeling in a devout

’ posture and receiving the Bishop s blessing ; but the 1 nsc r1 p tions belonging to each o f them are so obliterated that ” t o f o f s no hing can be made them . Not a vestige thi screen now remains . Turning into the north aisle we ﬁ nd the windows plain f and eatureless ; a porch near the west end , with a niche

fo r ﬁ ure — z above it a g , and over the niche a shield lo engy

f s doubtless the Cro t arm . The whole aisle, however, seems cold and o ut o f harmony with the rest o f the church . But ’ in L uc as s day the vestry stood at the east end o f the n o rth “ — a n s —and aisle tolerably ha d ome one, according to him “ o w as f ab ve it the rood lo t, to which, he says, they ascend by

s B f o f Stone Stair . y some ragments Ceiling and painting f yet to be seen , it seems to have been a very beauti ul place.

ss ﬁn d in Cro ing the south aisle, we the earliest windows A t A t . the church . the east end stood the chantry chapel

o o f o f . the time f the visit the Commissioners Edward VI , the stipendiary to celebrate there at the Altar o f o ur Ladie ” fo r - ﬁve o f ever was William Ireland , thirty years age , and enjoying an income o f forty-seven shillings and S ixpence a “ ” ho uselin e year. The g people were then two hundred in

o number. The chantry altar stood under the east wind w,

o f . which is three lights, with some early perpendicular tracery

Two well - proportioned windo ws o n the south side o f the f r chapel are each o two lights, with a little trace y in the

WA R T O C H R C 30 N U H .

ff f o f e r . so n marriage Geo r y Middleton and Alice C o t Their ,

o f Robert Middleton , married Anna, daughter and heiress

t o f . Roger Be ham , Betham

o f us the r o f o r Acc rdingly, the ourth shield gives a ms R be t

— t wt th 2nd rd Middleton quar erly and 4 Middleton , and 3

f 1 8 1: th th ﬂeurs d e Cro t, impaling and 4 Betham , argent, ree

z 2nd rd lys a ure ; and 3 Burton , argent, a chevron indented

z a ure.

e the They had a son , Thomas, whos arms appear on next

— on f t H e shield quarterly, Middlet , Cro t, Be ham , Burton .

o f o f S iz er h married Jane, daughter Sir Thomas Strickland , g .

his s— e Accordingly, the next shield bears arm quart rly,

o f 1 51: th Middlet n , Cro t, Betham , and Burton , impaling and 4 ’ S 2 nd rd D A in trickland, sable, three escallops argent and 3

—s f s court, able, a e s dancette between eleven billets ff o . Thomas and Jane Middlet n had two sons Geo rey , the

s o elder, died without is ue . Gervas, the y unger, married

B f n twice. y his second wi e he had a so George. George mar

ﬁ rst o f of ried Anne, daughter Sir Marmaduke Tunstall,

n We f . r Thurla d Castle , the e ore, have next his arms f quarterly Middleton , Cro t, Betham , and Burton, impaling

h s o f s — . B e t o e Tun tall, sable, 3 combs argent y this marriag

s George Middleton had only two daughter .

H e r of mar ied secondly, Margaret, daughter Sir Christo M lf f ed c a e . pher The next shield , there ore, bears his arms, f Middleton , Cro t, Betham, and Burton , impaling quarterly

I st th t fo r M ed c alfe and 4 argent, hree calves passant sable, ; z ud r o r s fo r d . and 3 , three hammers able , Hammerton B y this marriage he had a son, Thomas Middleton , who 1 6 1 t erected the pew in the year 4, and who married Ca he

o f o o f n rine, granddaughter Sir Richard H ghton , Hoghto

f o f n. Tower, and his wi e, the daughter Sir Thomas Ashto

f a — The centre shield , there ore, bears his rms Middleton,

f o f f — ar Cro t, Betham, and Burton, impaling those his wi e, qu WA R T ON H R C U C H . 3:

erl I st and th e r fo r o z u t y 4 sabl , three bars a gent, Hoght n ; d

r a n for s and 3 d rge t, a mullet sable, Ashton . Thi shield see ms at o ne time to have been over the door o f the pew

n the 1 662 but whe pew was restored, in , it appears to have

e n to s e b e moved its present po ition by Sir Georg Middleton ,

the o f who placed near it his initials and year the alteration,

1 e the so n o f h 662 . This Sir G orge Middleton was t e

l n Thomas Midd eto who erected the pew. The register says “ o f him : Note this 1 602 George Midleton sonn o f Thomas Midleton o f Leighton Esquire was borne the eight daye o f April]at the Launde being then the T hursd aye in Easter ’ 1 2 e weeke and S t. Albert s daye Anno dom 60 t anno ’ ” e eleaven o f the c lo c ke th afo reno o ne Regina 44 about in .

H ar n e a d s I . was an dent Royalist, was knighted by Charle ,

D the 2 tho f 1 6 2 at urham, on s June, 4 , and created a baronet

f H e fﬁc e o f by patent dated the ollowing day. served the o

ff o f f high sheri Lancashire soon a ter the Restoration , and 1 H e f died in 673. was buried under the old amily pew in O u Warton Church. the pillar adjoining the pew is a small brass be aring the inscription

“ Here lies the body o f S r George Midleton o f Leighton K t and Bart who died ye 27 o f Feb? in ye yeare o f our Lord God 1 673 and in ” are o f the 74 ye his age .

“ ’ The register states that D nus Georgius de Middleton d e

M ar ii Leighton Miles et Barr : Sepult. est t sexto die 1 67

dd e n . B ﬁ rst f Sir George Mi l to was twice married y his wi e,

so n ff o Frances Rigg, he had a Geo rey, who died with ut issue,

B fe and a daughter Mary. y his second wi , Anne, daughter

f o f o George Preston , Holker, he had one son , Thomas, who

f T he ar d ied in in ancy. daughter M y, who eventually W N 32 A R T O C H UR C H .

o f became sole heiress the Leighton property, married l f f f O ld ﬁe d o . Somer ord , Somer ord , in Cheshire Their son ,

ld ﬁeld o f his r G eorge Middleton O , on the death g and

1 0 at mother, Lady Middleton, in April , 7 5, came to reside

his . the so n Leighton Hall In same year he lost only ,

r f O ld ﬁeld f e Hen y George Somer ord , and died shortly a t r,

e s leaving two daughters . The L ighton estates pas ed to the f who a o . e lder these daughters, m rried Albert Hodgson Albert Hodgson joined the Rising o f 1 71 5 at L an ’ h o f o vemb er H e c t . aster, on the 7 N received a captain s

w the c ommission , and was ith army at its surrender at

n Preston less than a week later, though his ame does not

f . in e o M r. appear th list that reverend traitor, Peter Patten

a fo r a Hod gson seems to have rem ined in prison several ye rs,

n ﬁsc a n c o ted . a d his estates were As, however, they were

f s w h included in a settlement, only his li e e tate was dealt it ,

f M r n . a d this was purchased by a riend , who restored it to

H e f Hodgson . le t two daughters, Anne and Mary ; the latter

f H e m o . arried Ralph Standish, Standish and Borwick had

o f 1 1 also joined the Rising 7 5 at Preston , and was taken

s . pri oner to London For six months he remained in durance , 1 6 1 1 6 but on the th June, 7 , he was tried , convicted , and sen

e nc e d w t to death, ith all the horrible details accompanying ’ r f a sentence fo high treason . A ter another year s imprison ment he was liberated so that both the father and the future husband o f the representative o f the Middletons spent no

o f if slight portion their lives in London prisons, one not both under sentence o f death. It was after the Rising o f 1 71 5 that the pedigree o f

s the Middletons narrowly escaped destruction . Luca gives the following account o f this now missing pedigree The soldiers in their return from Preston (when the

s 1 Rebel delivered up themselves Prisoners, Nov. 3,

at o f was plundering the house here [ Leighton], one them WA R T O N C H R C U H . 33

s s ﬂame s ju t going to commit thi Pedigree to the , when John

o f s Burrow, Warton , a Tailor, being in the Kitchen, earne tly begged o f him not to burn a thing so prettily painted as it w as fo r his , but rather give it to him children to play with ,

s was o f it so which, he aid , all the notion he then had ; by

s s f s thi great importunity he aved rom de truction , and had it

his s 1 20 M r. in posses ion June 9, 7 , when Law took a

s s M r. s tran cript, and he promised to re tore it to Hodg on on his was return to Leighton , which then expected to happen

s is soon . Thi curious Pedigree drawn upon a Parchment

f in 8f . 2 . . t t s &c . Roll, long and 5 broad , with Charter , , in

s s z vacant place , and the Arms curiou ly bla oned to every m s atch, both in the principal and collateral branche ; and at

s the bottom, in one e cutcheon , adorned with a neat com

artmen t s— f s p , the arm Middleton , Cro t, Conyer Yealand ,

s Fi z r D t R o e s . Avranche , Betham , Burton , g , un tan Such is the history o f the Middleton pew in Warton — Church a pew which its heraldic decoratio n renders unique “ ” N s s o in orth Lanca hire, and which the propo ed rest ration

s s f o threaten to weep away r m Warton Church altogether. Passing to the other side o f the nave we ﬁ nd two other

s s o f Bind lo sses o f pew , tho e the , Borwick Hall, in the parish

f s o Warton . One pew bear the initials

X B 1 571

s o f s s f o f probably the initial Chri topher Bindlo s, the ounder

Borwick . The adjoining pew bears the initials B R M 1 6 1 2

1 n1 tials s o f s his f the being tho e Sir Robert Bindlo s and wi e,

D o c kw a Bind l s s s r . o s e s Alice y The were Royali t , and the

s o f f s la t male the amily entertained Charle I I . at Borwick

his s 1 6 1 . s on way to Worce ter, in 5 Ralph Standi h, who D H R 34 WA R T O N C U C H .

’ e s e s i marri d Sir Robert heiress , was , as we hav een , out n the but the Borwick estates remained in the possession

f is f f o h amily. The Standish amily terminated in an heiress

o f who married William Townley, Townley, and the estates

a s s eventu lly pas ed to their grand on , Thomas Strickland ,

s e o f by who e grandson they were sold to Georg Marton ,

C a ernw ra f o f . O p y, the ather the present owner ver this pew there used to be a panel bearing a representation o f the f f . h Virgin Mary, with our monks kneeling be ore her T e

’ s inscription in L uc as s time were not legible .

A t o f s s the s w the west end the church tand ma sive to er,

s s with staged buttresses at the we tern angle . The arch between the tower and the church is at present blocked by

a r o f f the organ g lle y, one the eatures which a judicious re sto ratio n is so as will , it hoped , sweep away, to open out the

s s f s nave to the we tern ide o the tower. The bell are three

: 1 s o 1 1 in number one bears date 577, the ec nd 73 , and the third 1 78 2 . But the most interesting feature o f the tower is the shield o f arms on the north side o f what w as the

. e 1 1 0 1 he west door When Lucas wrot , between 7 and 743, “ stated : O u the North side o f the Steeple door is the Arm s o f s f m Washington (argent two bars gule , in chie three ullets o f fo r ff i the second, with a crescent di erence) well cut n stone, which shews this Family (yet credible in this Town) to have been mostly concerned in the founding o f this ” o f s Church . For many years no trace thi shield could b e

s f f discovered . The we tern ace o the tower was covered

- o f with rough cast, and no trace a shield was visible ; but some four or ﬁve years ago a small portion o f this rough

f o ff - s . s ca t ell , disclosing the long lost Washington shield Thi is the shield which has been so often referred to as one link connecting the family o f the ﬁrst President o f the f United S tates with the village o Warton . The pedigree o f the Washingtons has fo r many years been

H R H 36 WA R T O N C U C .

and 1 6 0 o f . 7 , thus disposing him The John still remains, I have not been able to ascertain anything o f him beyond that

ﬁ nd he was the son o f Laurence . But I cannot that this

if he John ever had a brother Laurence, and he had not,

r o f . s was not the emig ant that name True, a book publi hed by the late Albert Welles gives a John and a Laurence as

o f 1 62 1 62 . sons Leonard, and baptised at Warton in 5 and 7

s But, as Colonel Chester pointed out, their name do not

o f appear in the parish registers baptisms, and they are pro

’ o f s bably creatures the compiler imagination , invented to f meet the requirements o his pedigree .

n the 1 1 f O other hand , Garter, in 79 , ound these names — John and Laurence in the Visitation o f N orthamptonshire

f H e in 1 6 1 8 o o f . as sons Laurence Washington , Sulgrave a ssumed their personal identity with the emigrants, and accordingly this John appears in his pedigree as the ancestor f o . the president But Colonel Chester, some years ago ,

o f s S ir o f proved that the elder the e was John Washington , f 1 6 8 Thrapston , and died be ore 7 ; and that Laurence became

o f rector Purleigh, in Essex ; and he showed on various

s s . ground that they could not be the emigrant Again , f there ore, the pedigree hunters were at sea.

M r F s o . f But a recent investigation by Henry . Water ,

s Bo ton , has shown it to be extremely probable that the emi

s o f N ﬁ n grant were the orthampton branch . Thus he d s

t o f Laurence Washing on , Virginia, the emigrant and the

o f f o f s brother the great grand ather the president, de cribed as formerly o f Luton ; and he ﬁnd s a Laurence was baptised 1 6 at Tring, near Luton , in 35, just about the time Laurence,

A s ﬁ nd s the emigrant, would be born . l o, he that Laurence

s f o f w as Wa hington, the ather the child baptised at Tring,

o f a clergyman and M . A. , and suggests he was the rector

Purleigh .

e o f True we are not certain that th Laurence, Virginia WA R T O N C H U R C H : 37

is 1 6 and Luton , the same Laurence baptised at Tring in 35, or that the reverend father o f the infant was the Laurence f t o . Washington , rec or Purleigh But the strong probability

r s s so is that M . Water has solved the my tery long hanging

r over the Washington ancest y. But whether the emigrants came from Sulgrave or from

s Warton , the latter pari h can undoubtedly claim to be the ancient home o f the family from which the ﬁrst President o f the United S tates was descended .

T H E REVO L U T I O NARY PE RI O D O F T H E E U R O PE A EIGHTEENTH CENTURY IN , S D BY A N D D ILLUSTRATE COINS ME ALS .

BY D A N E L F . H W R I O O T H , F. S . A . S C O T .

H AV E no intention o f troubling you with anything like an historical sketch o f the French Revolution and ﬁrst republic beyond what will b e n ecessary in connection * with the coins and medals which are placed upon the table .

s s To study the cause, to trace the cour e, and to e timate the results o f the great outburst will always be most in teresting to the student o f history or to the po litician ; to

f s no intelligent man, indeed , can the subject ail to pre ent

o f . phases deep interest It will be advisable, however, to

the o f o f s s recall dates some the event which, happening ju t a c o mmemo century ago, have led to the recent centennial rations in Paris . In France the relations between rulers and ruled had been steadily becoming more and more strained fo r so me years

f s 1 8 o . previous to 7 9, owing to a variety cau es In May,

1 8 the o f s f 7 9, Assembly the State General was held , a ter an interval o f one hundred and seventy- ﬁve years ; in June it became the National Assembly ; July witnessed the fall o f

A large number o f the coins and medals mentioned in this paper was i n a rea o the mm r o f he oc iet exhib ted o the evening when it w s d t e be s t S y. E I GH T E E N T H C E N T U R Y C O I N S A N D M E D A L S . the Bastille ; and a few weeks after that there followed the abolition o f monopolies and privileges . In O ctober the “ ” s o f it in urrection women (as Carlyle calls ) occurred , its immediate result being the advent o f king and Assembly to f Paris . The changes which rapidly ollowed , together with

s important contemporary event , will be noticed as the coins ,

&c . . , come under review My ﬁ rst numismatic illustrations o f the revolutionary i f v z . o XV . period are introductory, , coins Louis , who died in 1 f o f f selﬁshn e ss 774, a ter a long reign airly complete . These coins are shown in order that the early coins o f the f ollowing reign may be compared with them , when the same style and type will be noticed . In the earlier coin s o f

’ o f f - f Louis XV. the king s head is that a air, open aced boy ;

o f s - in the latter ones, a rather tern looking man . The name “

are o s XV . and title given in Latin, ann uncing Loui , by the f ” o f o . Grace God , King France and Navarre The reverse side bears the armorial bearings o f the Bourbon kings of “ ” - - . o f avarr France, the three ﬂeurs de lis The title King N e

f o f was used by French kings rom the time Henry IV. “ ” ’ 1 8 - 1 6 1 0 o f o f s ( 5 9 , the Henry Navarre Macaulay s tirring

o f r f his ballad Iv y), who inherited the kingdom rom mother, ’ d A lb ret Jeanne , and added it to the French crown on his being called to the throne after the assassination o f the last

f s o the Valois kings . The coins here hown are the so u

f f- so u (value about one hal penny), the hal , and quarter.

o f . The early coins Louis XVI , who commenced at the age o f twenty years the reign which terminated so tragically in 1 793, are similar in style and legend to the preceding.

’ The king s head is shown as that o f a benevolent- looking

s man , harmoni ing well with the amiable character which he

e bore. The coinag continued without alteration until the o f 1 1 f earlier months the year 79 , a ter which important

. f a changes were made Be ore proceeding to notice these, D A L E I GH T E E N T H C E N T U R Y C O I N S A N M E D S . 41

u 1 0 series o f coins struck in Br ssels in 79 claim our attention .

i- A revolution , ant revolutionary in character, took place in

1 as Brab an o nne R evo lu Belgium in 789. It is known the g ti the on ; when , under one Van der Noot, people rose in arms to resist the salutary but too- far-sighted reforms which

s ff s the Emperor Joseph II . wi hed to e ect in the Au trian “ N etherlands) For a few months the Belgic Republic f e o f s . o xisted , but on the death Jo eph I I and accession

s . s Leopold I I . the country was re tored to Austrian rule Thi ﬁ ne series o f coins is preceded by a medal struck by order “ o f f the Con ederates, with an inscription stating that the

the f o f o f Austrian yoke was broken , reedom religion and ” the 1 8 — o country vindicated, 7 9 to God only be the hon ur ; followed by one which bears an inscription stating that

1 1 . Belgic security was c o nﬁrmed by Leopold I I . in 79

1 1 Early in September, 79 , the French National Assembly, “ ” called the Constituent Assembly because its business was

f o o to rame a constitution , rep rted to the king the terminati n

Passionately desirous of elevating every c lass of his subj ec ts at the same time that b e i nor all their ha i s and wishes ose h attem te to g ed b t , J p p d transfo rm the motley and priest-rid d en c ollec tion of nations over whomhe rule into a sin le homo eneo us od or anise after the mo el o f Franc e and d g g b y, g d d russia worshi in in the s irit o f a tolerant and enli htene C hristianit P , pp g p g d y, animated in its relations of class to class by the humane philosophy o f the ei hteenth c entur E i t ll e e ic t issolvin monasteries g y. d c fo ow d d , d g , for i in churchfestivals and il rima es securin the e ual ro tec tion of b dd g p g g , g q p the S tate to ever formo h i n orshi a olishin the ex em tion from y f C rist a w p, b g p lan tax and the mn i o the no ilit transform d o opoly of publ c o fﬁ ces enj yed by b y, ing the universities fromdens o f monkish ignorance into schoo ls o f secular learnin li eratin h r he C hurch c onvertin the g, b g t e p ess fro mthe c enso rship of t , g ’ easant s erso nal service into a ren t char e and ivin himin the O fﬁ c er of p p g , g g th rmr or e C rown a protec tor an d arbiter in all his dealings withhis fo e l d . N o le and enli htene in his aims ose h li e ever other reformer of the b g d , J p , k y ei hteenthcentur un erra h f i h as exerts over the resent g y, d ted t e orce whc the p t p he c ould see no thing b ut prejud ic e and unreason in the attachment to provinc ial customor time-honoured O pinion ; he knew nothing o f that moral law which limits th hem What e success of revolutions by the conditio ns whichprecede t . was worst unite f rms —A H istor d withwhat was best in resistanc e to his re o . y

' o M d ern E ur - o o e C A . F ﬁ M . A . vol. i. . 22 . f p , . y e, , , pp 3 E C E R Y C O I N M E D A L S 42 E I GH TE N T H N T U S A N D .

h f . t e o their labours In his message to the Assembly, on

1 the : o f 3th September, the king used words The wish the peo ple is no longer dubious to me ; I accept the C o n stitu ” tion - words which are found on the reverse o f the medal next shown ; while its obverse represents the king taking the oath to observe the new Constitution by placing his “ C o nstitutio right hand upon a tablet bearing the word , and repeating the words which surround the group : I swear to f ” be aithful to the nation and to the law. Figures em b le matic al o f Libe rty and Equality are represented with h t e king. The momentous changes in the government were soon reﬂec ted e upon the coins . The National Assembly appoint d a committee to consider and report upon the condition o f the c f o f oinage ; a ter the receipt their report, designs were soli

fo s s cited r a new series o f coins from six selected arti t . The

sf D o f his e M . e succes ul comp titor was upr , and the result

is o f o f 1 1 work shown in the coins the latter part the year 79 , f o 1 2 o f ﬁ rst few o f 1 . e 79 , and the months 793 The chang s

i n ﬁc n are at once striking and s g i a t. The Latin language is

s di placed by the French and Louis XVI . is no longer king

o f o f o f the by the Grace God , nor King France, but

f o f French, implying that the old eudal idea the king owning

s o f lord hip the land was dissipated , and that he held his

position as ﬁ rst in the nation by the choice o f his subjects . O n the reverse o f the coin the Bourbon arms give place to emblems o f freedom ; the legend places the nation and the

o f n ew o f law in precedence the king, and a era, that liberty ,

f . o f is ound The material, too, which the coins are made, is

i n i f s ﬁc ant. o g The church property had been , by vote the

s c o nﬁscated s e A sembly, ; and the church plate supplied ilv r, while the church bells supplemented the withdrawn copper

- o f previous issues for a much needed supply o f small change . O ne o f the most remarkable circumstances o f the time

E l c ﬂ m C E N T U R Y C O L T S L T D ﬂ D A L S .

I t was pro bab ly ab out this time that the sous in use

T he atte ntio n o f the home go vemme nt m too muc h oc c upied withothe r matters to allo w pro visio n to b e mad e full to meet the lac k o f small c han e a ments in lar e r y g , p y g amo un t b e ing provided fo r by the ass ig nats who se value was for a time at lms oertiﬁed b the se c nrit o f the , h y y

s Fo r small c ha n e ho w ever h n s d c hurc h lan d . t e co fi cate g , , need w as met to so me e x ten t b y the issue o f to kens by b ankers and rivate fi rms ust as was d o ne to a re at p , j g ex tent in o ur o wn co untry fo r the same ms o r1 at the same time and ver la e also in o ur ustra lian c olo nies unti , y rg ly A l so me twen - fi e ears a T he mo s c o m o n o f t e e ty v y go . t m h s Fren ch promisso ry piec es w ere issued by a b ankin g fi rmin

ris es r M o nnero n r ﬁ n w - r e es . are a e l t Pa , M s s. F r They , e l s uck series o f tw o al es ﬁve and two so us and alth the v u , , ough

es r D u e o f the aris i t it is di we e cut by pr , P M n , very probable that the large iss ues o f them were all struck at h B t e o o am. S h Mint, irmingh

O n las ns o f o s e ra o f the t coi L ui XVI . a new , that ” b ert was c I ts use was c r b . e e Li y, noti ed d e d y the Legis

the 2 nd n ar 1 2 it c lative Assembly on Ja u y, 79 ; ommenced f the 1 st ar 1 8 . rom Janu y, 7 9 Another era took its place by dec ree o f the National

th Pan 2 i a ovemb e r Convention on the 4 Frimaire, ( , N

2 th s t the r 4 , when a law was pas ed hat epublican era s e its hould be adopt d, and that commencement should date f S 2 2n 1 2 e ra d . rom midnight, eptember , 79 This continued the &c . in use on all Government papers, , and on coins

’ u 1 1 1 i ar I s ntil th Nivose, l an 3 ( a , Janu y t. when the ordinary Christian era was readopted .

I n 1 f n February, 793, a decree o the National Co vention I H T E E N T H C E N T U R Y C O I N S A N D M E D E G A L S . 45

fo r provided that new designs should be prepared the coins, a lthough, as we have already seen , the decree was not enforced fo r some months . The coins which were the

o f t f result his law continued the ormer monetary system . In the silver issues the design o f the reverse was almost identical with the last used ; in the copper, however, a c w as omplete change made in design . Upon metal o f v its s aried hue, showing motley ource, there appear the distinctive types o f ( 1 ) the balance in equilibrio adorned

o f 2 o f with the cap liberty ; and ( ) the table the constitution , ” the fo with motto Men are equal be re the law .

f o f 1 Be ore the close 793, in accordance with a decree dated

1 2th ﬁ rst the September , the attempt at introduction o f a i . s s o decimal system appeared Thi a remarkable c in or token ,

fo r which was no t accepted general circulation . Its value is

ﬁve ﬁve e nc e its s decimes, say about p ; intrin ic worth being

its is only about one decime, and design pagan in character. The year 1 795 found the great war in progress which was

1 O ne o f w as expected in 793. incident the war another siege on the German frontier ; but in this case the French

o f were the assailants, and Marshal Bender, at the head the

s s Austrian garri on , held Luxemburg ome eight months

s against their attack . This important imperial fortress

D o c . s s s apitulated in June uring the iege, s u were ca t, not

fo r s o f n s struck, use in the city they bear the initial Fra ci I I . ,

s who had succeeded Leopold I I . on the Au trian throne .

the n In same year the dauphin died in priso , in the

o f o s s o f eleventh year his age, not with ut u picion being

o poisoned . Medals commem rating the sad event were

n his f struck in Germany, tenderly alludi g to release rom

n z was s captivity. A bro e medal truck at later date, but

’ referring to the boy s death ; its reverse gracefully typiﬁ es his short c areer by a lily whose stalk is broken and a legend “ h f n e e . in Lati , which says that ell like a ﬂow r E I GH T E E N T H C E N T R Y C O I N S A N D M E 46 U D A L S .

While the war w as raging on the banks o f the Rhine

o f s between France and Germany, many the maller German

ff s f o f r states su ered great privation in the de ence their count y.

o s So n their trea uries were exhausted , yet their unusually numerous co ntingen ts to the imperial army claimed sub si

r o dies. Extraordina y means had to be ad pted to provide

was r supplies, and amongst them the volunta y surrender o f

s s silver plate by churches, corporation , and individual , in many cases the prin ces being amo ngst the ﬁ rst to sac riﬁc e

o f their private services plate. S ome o f the moneys struck

f s s —b o f s rom the e ources y the states Bamberg, Eich tadt,

f - o n - e z Frank ort Maine, Fulda, Mayence, Tr ves, and Wur

— s burg bear a di tinctive motto, as in the specimen shown, a “ ” o f Pro D eo et coin Fulda, which bears the legend , Patria. Great numbe rs o f cheap political medalets found pur

s r chaser during the revolutiona y years in France. They

o s were pr bably little esteemed at the time, but are intere ting

s relic o f a stormy period . Probably the distribution o f such little political messengers is more general in France than in other co untries ; on many occasions since they have been

s to s o f u ed erve the purpose imperial, monarchical , or repub

lican adventurers . In addition to these there were also issued medals o f

s s much uperior art, commemorating event or the men by whom the events had often been inﬂuenc ed or con

1 o f s ro ﬁle o f trolled . ( ) That Rou seau bears the p an author whose writings had largely prepared the way fo r

t o f the s the revolution in France, by heir advocacy right o f the people when such rights were almost entirely f m ignored . The medal bears on the reverse a sentence ro

s us h his writings which seems a simple trui m to , but whic startled France by its boldness when Rousseau penned it :

the The legislative power belongs to people, and can belong ” 2 o f f s us o f a to none else. ( ) The medal La ayette remind E I GH T E E N T H C E N T U R Y c ams A N D M D A L E S . 47

French nobleman who had taken part in the revolt o f the

American colonies, and returned to his native country with ideas o f freedom and constitutional government to which he

n n s ho estly and steadily adhered , under all circumsta ce ,

f . i n during a long li e Forced to take a leading posit o , he used it to the utmost o f his ability to procure constitutio nal

ef i o r orm by const tutional meth ds, and he looked with so rro w o n the excesses into which France was betrayed by less conscientious leaders. The revolutionary movement in France produced in B f Geneva feelings o f great excitement . e ore the city an d surrounding canton were fo r a time annexed to the French f Republic, actions were advocating such a course ; and a

n 1 s o coin here shown , issued by Ge eva in 794, appear t

. few s indicate these leanings towards France A year later,

1 80 1 s in , the Genevese mint was i suing the ordinary coins of R s the French epublic, di tinguishable only by the min t ” m G . ark , , which they bear In the interval between 1 793 and 1 796 the issues o f assignats supplied the need fo r circulating media until they

b e w as became so depreciated as to almost worthless. A law therefore passed in 1 795 ordering immediate attention to the

e e o f the r f its n r quirem nts count y in re erence to curre cy, followed by another law establishing the decimal system and appointing the various coins which were to be prepared . In the earlier years o f its adoption the decimal system w as

o f represented principally by coins the baser metal only, as gold and silver had disappeared to a great extent during n ﬁ rst r the use o f the assig ats . The copper rep esentatives of the new system were a series o f two and one decimes and

ﬁve n f t ce times, bearing on the obverse a emale head ypical

of . ﬁ rs Liberty, on the reverse simply the value This t a e ss as ttempt mad in the year 4 was not a succe , the c c o nﬁd e nc e o f oins did not command the the people, owing 4s E I GB T E E N I B m a y cams m m m:

' s o f ir W to the smallnes the siz e . hen the gove mment r& lised the und o ubte d faﬂure of the e x pe rimenhimmediate

' ste s were taken to r the rec z ll o f sue has had b e en issned p , and d teir reissue at a value mo re neariy re late d to the ir

w M ac hin es we re re are for r intrinsic o rth. p p d g ind in g o ut

d ec imes and

“ ” stam in the wo rd U n 3 0 3 3 to mak e the d o uble in to a p g ,

i tht s wa e r rmk at the ne w valn n single d ec me. O e est q a d the fo rmer d e ime s were also res tme k as ﬁv e c enﬁ mes while g ,

l cen were d emo T he c o in s thus the o d ﬁve times ne tised . rev sed withthe ad d itio n o f o ne cen time were su lied fro m i , , pp

min o f h ear i z 1 1 the vario us ts the mmtr unﬁ l t e 80 . y y g ,

1 6 N a o le o n Bo na arte a o inted to the c o mmand In 79 p p , pp o f the renc h arm in tal had alread en tere o n that F y I y, y d career which he afterward s con ve rted en tirely to his o wn co mes within the sc ope o f this paper ; an d allusion must he e be mad e to the medal struc k b ord er o f the c o nv n r , y e t n to c e e brate the victories o ver the ust ian arms io , l A r at

D e T he i mo n tese were nex t attac ed es o and o . ed Mill im g P k ,

arm r er T he ec ess ti and then the y p oc ee ded furth so uth. n i es “ ” o f the time co mpe lled N apo leo n to make war pay fo r war. R equis itions were made b y himupo n c ities and districts to re len s his mi ar treasure c hes T h cause d d e le p i h lit y t. is a p

n o f o re ec i us meta and led to the use o f tio the m pr o ls,

er ns a a m ec co pp co i t uch apprec iate d value fo r a time. S p i mens of e are s a r a val s ﬁ ve to thes hown , b ing nomin l ue ten t s t ea lu s e the wn o f i a ime heir r l va e, is u d by to s Civ t

er uli no e S an S r Vecchia, F mo, F g , P rugia, Rome, eve ino,

l o in e 1 6 1 Terni , Tivo i, and Viterb th years 79 and 797, and

R n ne 1 A l f o ciglio in 799. l these cities are in the ormer

a al a es P p St t . T he d efeat by Napoleon o f the older govern ments was followed in Northern Italy by the establishment o f republics Y I A M E D A L S E 1 GE T E E N T E C E N T U R C O N S N D . 49

o f r f o fo r ve y brie existence . The Cispadane (with Bol gna capital) and the Transpadane (with Milan) were afterwards

s amalgamated into a Ci alpine Republic, which included a

f its o i o z fo r . p rt on Swit erland , and had Milan capital Furthe r north-west the Piedmontese Republic (with Turin fo r capital) was founded ; it afterwards merged into the

a les fo r S ubalpine. In Southern Italy N p was a time the c o f s apital a Parthenopean Republic, which compri ed the c n o f o f S ic ilie s ontine tal portion the Kingdom the Two , while the island portion remained true to the king under the

inﬂue nc e o f e as . the British navy, with Lord N lson admiral I n Central Italy the Papal S tates were converted into the ‘ R . oman or Tiberine Republic, with Rome as its capital This state o f matters could n o t be viewed with co mpla c enc s s s y by the dispo ses ed monarchs. Austria, e pecially, w as affected by it and it is interesting to ﬁ nd that the

ssf o f 1 s ucce ul Austrian siege Mantua, in 799, is marked by the s o f s - so n is ue coins by the be ieged Franco Italian garri , o n e o f which indicates by its rude workmanship that it w as

o t s s . n truck, but cast by rather un killed workmen

’ O n Napo leo n s return from Italy the D irectory gave him c o f s n n harge the war again t E gland . This led to the Fre ch o o f as o ccupation Egypt, a counter move to the gr wing

s o s Engli h power in India . With ut tracing his step there, it will be sufﬁ c ient to draw attentio n to the medals c o mme mo

ative o f r the successes in Lower and Upper Egypt . The

el iumand H ollan the R hine ro vinces the C isal ine the R o man and B g d, P , p , the artheno ean R e u lics had all rece ive un er whatever c irc umstan c e of P p p b d , d wron at lea t he f rm ular v r i n T he realit of o wer ma s t o s o f o o t . g, p p s e e g y y p y have elon e to French enerals and c ommissio ners b ut however insinc erel b g d g ; , y uttered the call to fre o m x cite ho es and as irations which were no t , ed e d p p nsinc ere themselves T he I talian festivals o f emanci ation the trees o f li ert i . p , b y, the rheto ric of atrio tic assemlies had etra ed little enou hof the instinc t o f p b , b y g self-go ve rnment ; b ut they marked a se paration fro mthe past ; and the perio d between the years 1 796 and 1 799 w as in fac t the birth-time o f tho se hope s whic h — ‘ ave sin e d m nit o fI l . F ﬁe vo l. i. . 20 . h c been realised in the free o and u y ta y y , , p 3 E L 50 E I GH T E E N T H C E N T U R Y cams A N D M E D A S .

’ a fo o f med l ll wing these tells o Napoleo n s return to France,

ﬂee t eluding the British which was seeking his capture, and his landing at Frejus in

' S o me o f the changes e ﬂec ted in S wiss geo graphy have

e . d already been not d They were not ma e, however, without

the o o f the z who o s exciting strong oppositi n S wit ers, r e in

f o f e the o f de ence their ancient lib rties. But stronger might Ifrance compelled Switz erland to accept a new con stitution o f o h s s w as . the and a new name Like all t er new name , thi

a f o o f r w as t ken r m the Latin designation the count y, and it as the Helvetic R epublic that S witz erland was fo r a time known.

O u the - f n o f e north eastern ro tier France, Belgium had b en abso rbed into its great n eighbo ur ; and the old Republic o f the United Provinces was compelled to accept at the hands o f f France a new constitution , and again a new name rom

s s was o the the ame old source. For ome years it kn wn as

n its n Batavian Republic. O wi g to compulsory allia ce with D ff f o France , the important utch colonies su ered much r m the attacks o f the English ﬂee t ; and to this perio d are due

s o n o f o o the important English acqui iti s Ceylon , Cape C l ny,

B s D . and riti h Guiana, all originally colonised by the utch The on ly coins illustrative o f the Batavian Republic are

those struck fo r colonial use in their East Indian po ssessions.

n 1 80 Fra ce remained nominally a republic until 9, when ” s the words Empire Francais ﬁ rst appear on its co in . The

o f a o leo n o f s o head N p had , however, l ng be ore thi bec me familiar to the people through the current silver and gold

ﬁrst money. Examples are here shown bearing ( ) the title

o f s o s 1 s o f Fir t C n ul , 799 ; and ( econd) bearing the title Empero r Allusion has already been made to the issue by private

‘ f Fro m the mo ment that Bonaparte landed at Ft ej us he was master o — ' ﬂ vo . n . F e l i 1 . Fra ce y , . 93

2 E 1 011 T E N T E E N R N S N M L S 5 E C T U Y C O I A D E D A .

s o f s mea ure su pending the Habeas Corpus Act. Thirteen

f f fo r members o re orming societies were indicted treason,

and o f these three were brought to trial . These were

o r o f Th mas Hardy, secreta y the Corresponding Society, John

o fo r H rne Tooke, and John Thelwall . Much credit their

ff o f s acquittal is due to the splendid e orts their coun el , but

e f s . o M r. f s specially Thomas Erskine, a terward Lord Er kine

s o f n s The bust Hardy, Hor e Tooke , and Er kine, and the

o f as o f f names others, well as the acquitting jurors, are ound

o n the tokens now under notice.

O ne s s o the mall English medalet, truck to c mmemorate signature o f the preliminaries o f peace between England

1 80 1 s s . and France, in , brings thi eries to a conclusion The

o f e f Treaty Ami ns, signed in the ollowing year, brought a “ o f sat w peace which it has been said, Peace like do n upon ” - fo r i s t. the thistle top, a disturbing breath oon scattered Here we leave the subject at the threshold o f ano ther

if n o t s — series, equal in magnitude, probably, in intere t the

s n o f serie , amely, the Bonapartes ; remarking only on the value and importance to all historical students o f the con tempo rary testimony borne by such o bjects as coins and

m s edal . W I L M S L O W C H U R C H A N D I T S

M O N U M E N T S .

B Y . H L M E H L N M . A . J O N I C O S O ,

R t W lmsl on t mb r 201k 1 . ( ead a z ow S ep e e , 890

H E s o f s o is an s pari h Wilm l w exten ive one, embracing

s o f o c c o ulshaw the township P wnall F , B llin Fee, F ,

and o f Chorley, Wilmslow . But there is no mention it in the D o mesday Survey and in the earliest reco rds we have o f the district the name o f Wilmslo w seems to have been applied to the church alone and its surro unding grave

s o f yard , whil t the greater part the area embraced in the

s f s o f F ls h present pari h bore the title o the Lord hip u c a.

s o s s 1 200 Thi l rd hip was granted omewhere about the year ,

F lsc ir F t n K n u ha S o t. by one Robert de , to Richard y , The

n o t o fo r lordship or manor, however, did l ng remain intact,

o f o f s the son the grantee , and the ame name, granted a

f o f o o f his s to s o S t. o s porti n land the Knight J hn Jeru alem , and the portio n so alienated became fo r ever afterwards the

o f ulshaw s o w as manor F , whil t the remaining porti n retained by the Fitto ns and their successo rs under the name o f the

o f . s s manor Bolyn We hall , I think , better under tand the associations connected with the church if we glance rapidly

i s s over the history o f the manor o f Bolyn and t lord . W M O W H R H A N I T S M N AI N 54 I L S L C U C D O U E T S .

o s n o f The Fitt n , who came in at the begi ning the thirteenth

c o h s n entury, c ntinued t rough eight generation , whe the

d o irect line ended in an only daughter, J an Fitton , who

o f 1 68 ss became , on the death her brother in 3 without i ue,

ss s o s ss the heire to the great e tate. She carried her p s e ions

r to s o f by ma riage Richard de Venable , a younger son the

o f s fo s o n Baron Kinderton , and thu unded the ec nd li e , the

f n s s fo r s o . Venable , Boly Thi line, however, urvived but

s fo r 1 02 f three hort generations, in the year 4 the youth ul

o s o f w as o l rd , only eight year age , dr wned by accident in the

o n his tw o f s river B llin , near Ri gway. Thereupon in ant si ters,

f s D D Alice Venables, aged our year , and ulcia or ouce

s tw o s o s s ss . Venable , aged year , became his c heire e Thi event

n i ue n s f s had importa t nﬂ c e on the uture hi to ry o f the manor.

f s f s n A ter providing her el with another hu ba d , it became the d uty o f the mother o f these two girls to ﬁ nd desirable hus

n s fo r s was no d ifﬁ c ult ba d them . Being amply dowered thi

s rd o f 1 0 s s o f ta k , and on the 3 May, 4 9 , the e child bride , the

s s o f an d n age re pectively eleven ine, were united in marriage

s ff in Eccle Church, Alice, the elder, to Edmund de Tra ord,

an d D o B o uthe o s o f ouce to R bert del , sci n the important

s f s o f ffo s o f ffo o o o f Lanca hire amilie Tra rd , Tra rd , and B th ,

o s s o Bart n . When the younger i ter attained her maj rity, in

1 2 1 o o f s s o s o f 4 , a partiti n the e tate to k place , and the pari h Wilmslow became divided into two separate and di stinct

s s s o f manors . Roughly peaking, the land on the south ide

o o o o the river B llin (Chorley, the H ugh, M rley , t gether

s o f f o f with the advow on Wilmslow Church, ell to the lot

ffo s o n o s the Tra rds, whil t those the n rth ide, Styal and

D s s o f s ean Row, with other land beyond the pari h Wilm low,

f 1 8 ell to the Booths. And so we have had until the year 57 two dominant families exercising t errito rial rights over the

viz ff s o s o f district, . , the Tra ord and the B oth in the person

s o f S f n their de cendant, the Earl tam ord and Warri gton . In WI L M S L O W CH UR CH A N D I T S M O N U M E N T S . 55 the year before mentioned the greater portion o f the Booth

e s . C . state , with the manorial rights, were sold to the late J

s s no w . Prescott, in whose repre entative they are vested It is unnecessary to enter much further into the hi sto ry

o f T raﬁ o rd s s the manor and its lords. The were u ually

no n - s - re ident, but they had a manor house, where their

c ourts would be held , now standing and known as The

f s o White Hall, about hal way on the road between Wilm l w

and s m o f Alderley. The Fittons, Venables, and o e the

n n earlier Booths, seem to have had a closer perso al con ec

t o f s ion with the parish, and the remains their re idence, B ollin Hall , were in existence until they were taken down to make way fo r the railway viaduct and its embankment

' a s f T raﬁ o r s b e o . d cros the valley the Bollin The , having

c o f s no o . ome Roman Cath lic in the reign Charle II , were longer able to present their no minees to the recto ry o f

. s f so Wilmslow The next pre entation has, there ore, been ld f m on each resh incu bency, and the connection between the

is fo o f patron and the church , there re, now but a matter

b argain and sale . In looking through the church we shall ﬁ nd some thin gs to remind us o f some o ther families o f importance in the

a s s ma s b rieﬂ p ri h besides its manorial lord , and I y perhap y

allude to them . The chief o f these were the possessors o f the lands o f

f o as Pownall . A amily bearing the l cal name is met with

o f D e early as the thirteenth century. The heiress the

o o f s Po unales married in 1 32 8 a y unger son the Fitton ,

o f s o f o lords Bolyn . The Fitton , P wnall, continued until

1 w two s 507, hen the estates were divided between daughter f s o f and coheiresses . Pownall Hall ell to the hare the

o f o f elder these, who married Newton , Newton , in the

s fo r parish o f Prestbury . The Newtons held the e tate

s one hundred and forty year , when the direct line ended 6 WI L M S L O W H R H A N D I T S M O N U M E N T S 5 C U C .

in f who s e in our coheiresses , e m to have held the estate

c . u s s r oparceny Event ally, the e tate passed by ale into othe

hands .

f H are tho rn H a Another property, ormerly called and y ” m n o n s tho e, now known as Hawthor e, which stand a

- o quaint and many gabled old hall, which will be well w rth a

s f if the hort visit this a ternoon , time permit, was included in

e Fulscha F o n N grant from Rob rt de to Richard yt . o thing much is known about this estate until it is foun d to be in the

o f f o f the o f possession a amily name Pownall , presumably

n f rs o f desce ded rom their neighbou the Pownalls , Pownall . They continued the descent lon g after the main branch had

become extinct. From the Pownalls Hawthorne passed by

o f and s sale successively to Lathams, Irlam , Leigh , the latter

s f e s o f s probably de cended rom the L igh , We t Hall , in High

s 1 6 Leigh . John Leigh became the purcha er in 95, and soon

f w s o ld its a ter ards he built the picture que hall, which in

f M r outward eatures remains unaltered . . Leigh died without

1 1 - 20 the s ss issue in February, 7 9 , and e tate pa ed through

o f o s 1 800 was s the hands c llateral relative until , when it old

M r o f s s s s to . Bower, Wilm low, in who e descendant it is till

vested .

its o s We may now turn to the church and m nument . The ﬁ rst mention o f a church here is in the I nquisition post morte m

n f 1 2 m l av o f S ir F to o 6. ust e e Richard y , Bollin , taken in 4 I it to more experienced judges than myself to say whether there are any traces in the present building o f this thirteenth

is n . ce tury church There evidence, I believe, that the church

w as s if s in a great mea ure, not entirely, rebuilt toward the

o f ﬁftee nth r few s sa end the centu y and a year onward , y

f o 1 1 2 2 s s to r m 490 to 5 . The tower eem be older than the

f o f o o f . o s s s o b dy the church The latter c n i t a l ty nave , separated on each side from its side aisles by ﬁ ve pointed h arches supported by four slender octagonal pillars. T e WI L M S L O W C H UR CH A N D I T S M O N U M E N T S . 57

- c lerestory contains ﬁve fo ur light windows o n each side. A

f h s ss f o lo ty arch, with semicircular ead , give acce r m the nave

o o o o through the t wer to the western d r, pened out in recent

i s t me . There are do o rs o f entrance in bo th the north and

s s is s f o n south ai le . The chancel eparated r m the ave by a

f to s f o lo ty, modern chancel arch , which the pectator r m the n is s ss o f lo w ﬂat ave unplea antly cut acro by the line the ,

f f n s roo o the cha cel . Acros the lower part o f the arch is a

f o ak o s o o f beauti ul ro d creen , a go d deal it original work ,

s s r but re tored where it had become neces a y . The chancel

s s f o f is ﬂanked by ide chapel , rom each which it is separated by two pointed arches supported by a plain octagonal pillar.

l s The lower portio ns o f the arches are ﬁl ed with screen . The chapel on the north side w as fo rmerly called the Jesus chapel

s s ff s or Jesu ai le, now the Tra ord chapel ; that on the outh

fo s o . side the Booth or Stam rd chapel , now the Pre c tt chapel

r E arwak r s as h M . e w thinks that thi the c antry chapel , in

r which stood the altar dedicated to the Blessed S t. Ma y. A t the east end o f the south aisle a small tran sept chapel projects from the main building into the churchyard . This

“ T he site o f the c hantr cha el withits altar d e icated to the lesse y p , d B d ” r Wilme l nd whic a o r in t ak r was existin as Ma of s o we a h c c o M r. E arw e y , , d g , g M r Finne lac e it rl A . D 1 2 v en satisfa t . ea as . 80 has ne e r e c to ril se t le . y , b y d y p d hr th H th r H w h n e an M rwaker thin s that the w e e a ne a or w st d s . r E a e y o ( t ) p . k “ ’ H awthorn ew oc c u ies the site o f R le s C ha ell and that the c ha el o n p p y pp , p ’ r W d th h u h o an e wa i n l. M e e M r h e . a t e so t si e f the c h c l s o r i all t. a s c a d g y S y p , ’ resent curate a o ts neither o f these c onc lusions b ut loc ates S t. M ar s p d p , y ha l in the c r t u d e n a hth hi this su c e n r e t e east nd o f the chanc el. I t n p yp , e k g

io n is no t an u re a l f l r d ate est n so na e o ne . T he c r t which I thin is o o e g b yp , , k , d han he an t t ch c el must have een intend e fo r d ivine se rvic e o f so me in . I t , b d k d was too small for u lic worshi b ut uite lar e no u hfo r an altar a riest p b p , q g e g , p ,

and an ac ol te and its use was o nl fo r rivate masses whichre uired no wot . y , y p q shi ers and few atte nd ants T h r mo valo f h s d ilia to the c r t woul seem pp . e e t e e yp d to oint to the latter ein a c onsec rate lac e and the d ia onal roo ves o n the p b g d p , g g si es of the mi d l s il - I t d d e ed e look as if they w ere meant to support a book re st. may have been that praye rs co n tinued to b e offered here to the Blessed Virgin in private after the public servic es in the churchabo ve had been co nformed to the rotes nt stand ard P ta . 8 H A N I T S M M N T S 5 WI L M S L O W CH UR C D O N U E . is l 1 00 cal ed the Hawthorn chapel , and was built in 7 by

o s o f s J hn Leigh , the purcha er Hawthorn Hall, and who e crest and arms may be seen in the south window o f the little

s o s o f chapel . Thi chapel ccupies the ite an earlier chantry

n r chapel fo unded in 1 520 by He y Ryle. The saint to whom

is s the Ryle chapel was dedicated not known . O ppo ite to

r f s the Hawtho n chapel , and projecting rom the north ai le , is

z o f a transept chapel o f similar si e but modern d ate . It contains a gallery intended fo r the o ccupation o f the school children . A still more recent building has been added on the n orth

r s s o f side o f the building fo a ve try . The ea t window the

is o f ﬁ ve s ﬁlle d s s s church light , with tained gla s , repre enting

o o f s s o f t the adorati n the hepherd and the story S . Bar

tho lo mew was . , to whom the church dedicated It was

8 . W 1 8 . placed there in 5 by the Rev Brownlow , the then

f his n to r o . rector, the memo y only daughter In the orth wall o f the church is an aumbry fo r the reception o f the

s s o o f s is to s sacred ves el . N trace a pi cina be een , but there wo uld probably be one in the so uth wall before the alteration w as made which o pened out the Booth chapel to the c s - n o f is hancel . In the outh east a gle the chancel a

- u o w to ad blocked p d or ay, which led a staircase giving mittanc e s s f to a mall crypt, mea uring about twenty eet by

ﬁftee n f o w is d ifﬁ c ult eet, lying immediately bel the altar. It to sa r n r y what this c ypt was originally i tended fo . It may have

s o f o s o f s been a acrarium or place dep it some aintly relics,

h s f s o n t e object o pecial devotio n (see n o te on p. It c tains n o thing now except the sedilia o f three recessed and arched s s f an d eat , probably removed rom the chancel above, what

s to - s appear have been a chimney ﬂue in the north we t corner. In the back o f o n e o f the sedilia is the fragment o f a grave

o f ﬂo riated s o cover with a portion a cros , which I sh uld think wo uld be o f thirteenth or early fo urteenth century

60 WI L M S L O W CH UR CH A N D I T S M O N U M E N T S .

s f ton ton Phiton to ent the three amilies, New , Mil , and ,

” ’ s f o r which I amheir. The wheat hea garb under the lady s

is f f f o o o s . head taken r m the arms her amily, the Fitt n (3) B ut mo re interesting than these to mbs are the remai ns o f a ﬁ ne brass inserted in a slab o f D erbyshire marble o r

s o r E arwak r s M . e lime t ne in the chancel , which tates is the

” ’ nest s f is ﬁ red arwak r s ﬁ bra s le t in Cheshire . It gu in E e

' E as t C /zesizzre has o f , and an excellent rubbing been taken

has o f r r M r. E s o o u it by daile , who kindly br ught it here

s o s o 1 2 w as in pecti n . When een by Randle H lme, in 57 , it

f o f it is s quite per ect, and he made a rude sketch , which till

s . B pre erved amo ng the Harleian MSS in the ritish Museum .

s S ir o B his f D o It repre ents R bert del othe and wi e, uce Vena

s o as o s s ble , wh m we may remember the y unger i ter and

ss o f o f s o o f o b o coheire the last the Venable , l rd B lyn , the y

w as o w o s f o f the who dr ned in the river B llin, and her el one child brides who were married in Eccles Church four hundred

- S ir o the and eighty one years ago . R bert is represented in f o o f ﬁfte e nth ull plate arm ur worn in the middle the century, his s his f head uncovered, the hair hort cut, eet spurred and

s o n o f his s o ss re ting the back a greyhound , and word lying acr

is o H is r s ss his o h b dy. ight hand is tretched acro b dy and

s s o f his f is - ﬁttin gra p that wi e, who habited in a tightly g

ss s o is f s o ss dre een beneath a l ng mantle, which a tened acr

s two o s o ﬂo win s s the brea t by bro che . Her l ng, g hair pread

o o s o s o is o o ss fo l ely ver her h ulders, and b und acr the rehead

ﬁllet s as if et by a narrow repre ented jewelled . Her little p dog lies o n the fo lds o f her mantle at her feet. O ver each

ﬁ re as u w o f s n s . g a rich gothic canopy, one which till remai

s o f s o f s s A hield arm was in each corner the lab, di playing

s o f B o s s ss s the arms re pectively the oth , Fitton , Ma ey , and

o f s s f Th rntons . A border ran ro und the o ur ide o the

s o f fo is slab , with the Latin in cription which the llowing a “ s : o o f S ir o B o uthe tran lation Here lie the b dy R bert del , WI L M S L O W CH UR CH A N D I T S M O N U M E N T S . 61

f D Knt. o o r o f o T ho rneto n , rmerly L d B lyn , , and unham , who f s f o f o S t. died in the ea t Edith, the Virgin , in the year

O ur o 1 60 o o f D o f o f s L rd 4 , and the b dy uce, wi e the aid

o n who o n o o o f f s o f Robert del B the, died the m rr w the ea t

S t. o f O ur o 1 o n Tecla, the Virgin , in the year L rd 453 ;

o s s f n f ro wh e ouls may G o d be merci ul . Ame . A act (p i o o v z . bably unique in hist ry) may here be menti ned , , that two brothers o f S ir Ro bert del B o uthe became successively

s o o f —W 1 2 - 1 6 Archbi h p York illiam , 45 4 4, and Lawrence,

1 6- 1 n f s s as o 47 480 . O e o them held al o the great eal L rd

o Chancell r . A large altar tomb formerly sto od in the Bo o th chapel to the o o f o f D ss mem ry George Booth, unham Ma ey and

o his f E s . who 1 z B llin Hall, q , died in 543, and Eli abeth, wi e, the f ir ff o f ffo su o S E . daughter dmund Tra ord , Tra rd It p

n o e fﬁ ie s o n ported g and contained no inscripti , except the

s o f s s s initial the decea ed with their arm and quartering ,

’ s o fo r o among t the latter the H ward coat, the lady s m ther

o f o w as was a daughter L rd Edmund Howard , and she ,

fo to - f there re, niece the Lady Catherine Howard , the ill ated

f o f r to ﬁfth wi e Hen y VII I . It is much be regretted that this to mb was destro yed at the resto ration o f the church

- in 1 86 1 3. The church was at o ne time exceedingly rich in stained

ss ﬁ ures o f f s o f gla , with kneeling g the great amilie the

o o o s s neighb urh d , and their arms and quartering . The e

o n fo were all rec rded by Ra dle Holme, and will be und in

’ ' E arw ake r s E as t C kes/zz re f s o f re , but mere ragment them

main . Time will not permit me to do more than name o ne or

two interesting graves in the churchyard . Here are two o f

s - o an ixteenth century date, a very rare ccurrence in y

O n e o n s is to churchyard . the north ide inscribed the

m o r o f two o f D w as s o r em y children John ale, who mini ter 62 WI L M S L O W CH UR CH A N D I T S M O N U M E N T S .

f r s T h o who 1 626 . e curate here many year , and died in

is 1 6 o s o stone to the children dated 59 . An ther t ne , bearing

s s s o f h. c o n the ame date, lie at the ea t end the churc It

s tains initial only . Reared against the north aisle is a

o f s o o f o ss the portion a grave tone, c ntaining part a cr , with

e o s f th sacr d m nogram at the ide . It was taken up rom e

ﬂo o r o f r ffo o f the T a rd chapel, and covered the grave Henry

s B s o Knight, the priest serving in the Jesu chapel at i h p

’ s s fo s 1 8 . o n Bird vi itation in 54 It rmerly bore an in cripti ,

i n which s o w go ne . There are about twenty seventeenth

n r s s f ce tu y in criptio n . A little stone at the east end o the

s o o so n o f o o north ai le rec rds that J hn , R bert and Penel pe

w as ﬁ rst S s o th Hunt, killed by the bell on unday, Augu t 3 ,

1 . o 1 767. Aged 3 The p or boy had wandered into the

- o f s bell l t, and had been caught by the winging bell and

A n is killed . altar to mb on the south o f the Bo oth chapel

s to o r o f o rai ed the mem y Captain John W rrall , who died in

60 o f s - s 1 . 7 , at the age eventy seven It states that he erved

’ 0 s his s o f s 5 year in Majestie Regiment Carbineer , and carried and bro ught o ff with hono ur the standard at the ” o o f s c o m mem rable battle Malplaquet. With thi gallant

s o f s o s o o rade in arm the illu tri u Marlb r ugh, I bring to an f o . end these, I ear, too tedious n tes R E M A R KS O N “ A N O BS C U R E F U N E R A L

C U ST O M .

E Y MA R C H M . D . BY H . C O L L ,

’ Y a valuable paper published in o ur T ransactzons fo r “ ” 1 888 A n O s s o M r , entitled b cure Funeral Cu t m , . Ro bert Langton has drawn attention to the Hints and po tsherd s that are often fo und asso ciated with ancien t in ter

o f has s o o o s ments the dead , and a ked how the ass ciati n ar e . “ s it is s o h H e say (p. 58) quite certain that thi cann t ave been ” s c o n accidental , and he inclines to the view that it mu t be nec ted with an immemorial practice to which S hakspere

’ i o f probably alludes in hs account O phelia s burial . I pur

o s s f s p se to consider thi que tion in the brie est pos ible manner, but in such wise as to deal with the fo llo wing po i nts

1 s o f s s ﬂints o f o r o f o fo . The ca e hard and , either b th und

o s o f o r in c ntact with the bone an interment, in the f s s . urn , ci t, or chamber it el

f o 2 . The case o f tho se o und in the earth f the tumulus or h in t e so il ro und abo ut it.

s o s o o n s 3. The ca e o f th e that were pr bably placed purpo e

where they are fo und .

s o f s n e 4. The ca e tho e that certai ly got there by accid nt. It is unnecessary to di scuss the funerary presence o f per fe e s o f f ﬂint s e t vase and per ect implement , wh ther in the 64 A N OBSCUR E F U N E R A L C U S T O M

s o v r s as to s ci t or in the erlying ea th , becau e , these, no que tion

s n o w n . arise with which we are concer ed But, with respect to o s s s has r br ken ves el and weapon , it been ecorded by Major “ R e ort B ss 1 1 2 r o f o rit A 88 . P well ( p . , 4, p 9 ) that many t ibes N A orth merica, who have not yet been long in contact with

t no fo r whi e men , aver that, there being owner the property, its s o n to s dispo iti might lead controver y, and hence it is

s o s s o o f o de tr yed . S ub equently [this de tructi n pr perty]has ” s n it religious anctio ns thro w abo ut .

z A develo pment o f the practice is mentio ned by M r. Fra er

‘ “ u lz o n 1 h s : A r I st . o o r. m 8 w . 8 (y p , 5, p say Rather than

o f the an er o use the property the dead, and thereby incur g f

' Izzs st s i o o f ko o t. g , men de tr yed The idea that the s uls the things thus destroyed are despatched to the spirit - land is ” s o le s simple and pr bably later.

s o f f in f Thi later evolution the belie a uture state, to

M r. z f s is r s o r o f which Fra er re er , well seen in the G eek t y

ss who o she w as the dead Meli a, c mplained that naked and

o s r no t c ld , because the garment bu ied with her had been

. o s s burnt Indeed, the gh st became at la t a orely trouble

f r o o o r as M r. z s s me pers nality, , Fra e state p. the

S S o s o r f outh lav nian and the B hemians, eturning rom the

o s o f s s s grave, pelted the gh t their decea ed relative with tick , s o s ho t s t ne , and coals ; whilst the Jewish mi siles were pot ” s s fo s f herd be re and clod a ter the burial .

r s Without doubt such practices are coe cive mea ures . The ghost must be frightened into quietness that it may cho o se i B s ts . ut o f s s s o f s to re t in grave all gho t , tho e per ons who

s s o f s die a violent death are the mo t unea y ; and all death ,

h o f is o s t at a suicide the m t unnatural . The gho st o f one w ho has s f- s o n o committed el de tructi n can t be still . It will wander if not pelted with stones ; it will walk if no t trans

ﬁ x ed if no t r by a stake ; and , it be bewilde ed by the cro ss ro ad s that radiate from the pl ace whe re the corpse is 6 A N OB S CUR E F UN E R A L C US T O M . 5

e a n a a interr d , so th t it can ot tell which p th to t ke, it will

ﬁnd its o f way back, in the glimpses the moon , and sadly r - f e enter the amily home . The restless propensity o f an ordinary ghost was regarded

o f f f s f as a much eebler kind , and aded by degree rom popular

’ thoughts ; but that o f a suicide s ghost w as long dreaded

and f a and resisted , was not even quite orgotten by the pl y

s fo r goer whom S hakspere wrote . In those times when the

s o f o s cu tom coercing gh st was general , how natural the idea

s s s o f mu t have seemed that mi sile , to be any use against the

o f man s had t/zemselves spirit a dead , mu t be things that lost

f f o f a connection with human li e, such as ragments a broken

s s s o ves el, discarded ﬂint ﬂakes, or pebble that erved no l nger

s o f o — r s the purpo e hammer or p under the ve y object , indeed , that were always accumulating aroun d the human dwelling

’ is s s debrzls' o f f place . And it preci ely thi domestic li e that

’ answers to A kerman s description o f the potsherd s found in ’

f S P a an S ax ond om . the Fair ord axon cemetery ( g , p xviii),

s are no quo ted by M r. Langton the hards evidently t

- r broken on the spot by mourners, but way worn or wate

’ worn fragments and it answers no less to Keller s observa

’ '

o o T eu Y ears zn s . ti n , by Bateman ( n g g , p that ‘qu ted the potsherds found in sepulchres where there are no urns ” s s f n o f ff ss s n are almo t alway ragme ts di erent ve el , meani g,

as it f n s s s . I take , that the ragme t are altogether promi cuou I have already suggested the ﬁ rst o f two facts on which I

s f o desire particularly to insi t, the act that all around ne lithic

w - s s o f d elling place there lay, as there lie till , a multitude

s ﬂints s—o r - o o f shard and and pebble , in pre p ttery times,

ﬂints h and pebbles only. But it was there that neolit ic

fo r o f tombs were placed, the earliest receptacle the dead

o f if s is o f was the abode the living. And , thi true a settled

so o f people, it is equally wandering tribes, who buried their dead in the spot they most resorted to ; as may be seen by F 66 A N OB S CUR E F U N E R A L C US T O M

’ the following quotation fro m Roths account o f the Tas manians o n , a n madic people who were absolutely ig orant o f he f s P r n - t o é o 26 2 . 1 0 use metal ( , xiii . 5 73 ; Roth, p 3 ) The tomb which I had just been o bserving was situated in

o f E s ff that part a tern Bay, which alone could have a orded us f s o s the s - ﬁ sh resh water ; at this ame p int al o large hell , f ’ o s f . which ormed the ab rigine daily ood , was more abundant This presumption with regard to the deliberate choice o f the position o f the tomb was strengthened by an observation I

fo B a made on the llowing day in Oyster y, regarding a similar structure which was also placed on an eminence at

f o f f s - s o the oot which ran a re h water tream , the nly one we had been able to discover along the whole stretch o f the bay. That the neolithic ﬂo o r is covered with the remains o f

is s neolithic workmanship well known and is ea ily proved .

s B I produce examples that I dug out thi summer in rittany.

s o f S s o f o Many portion ali bury Plain , the haunt a ne lithic

u ﬁ s race, are now being ploughed p, and wrought int may be fo s o f s und there in great abundance, and sample the e are f so o . o n al pr duced Let a uneral pile, then, be built any

o ne lithic ﬂoor, and the probability is great that when the ashes o f the dead are gathered together fo r inurnment they

f s o f s will be accompanied by ragment burnt ﬂint ﬂake , and ,

s s s s o f r f in ome ca e , by piece burnt potte y. We requently read o f the ﬁ nd ing o f a piece o f burnt ﬂint in a cinerary

B i 1 Mid . 0 c o n urn ; and we may note that ateman ( , p 9 ) “ sid e red that portions o f earthen vessels were sometimes

o s s f s burnt al ng with human bodie , becau e the ragment had ” s s ince their racture o been ubmitted to a great heat f , th ugh w e may now give to this fact a different interpretatio n from

’ ' o his . But the d mestic d ebrzs that lay concealed in the soil o f the neo lithic ﬂo or must o f necessity be found throughout

o f and the earth any tumulus there erected , this would serve

R V R 68 A H OBS CU E F M E A L GU S T O AY . ultimately S axon settlers c hose the same spot as a site fo r i te men s hen the e f the l te va ers in r e r n r t . W , r ore, at r in d , o d to co truct a b arr w ocee e to ra e the so il t t w ns o , pr d d is , ha hich was nearest to the surfac e and which c ontained Roman r mai w ﬁrst b e a e e wh e h e ns ould he p d over the d ad , er as t at

r o f the e h ee er w po tion art which lay d p , and hich held

i w c f rmthe v r o f neolith c relics, ould ome to o e y summit the funeral mound .

T he t se c r n a T umiac is grea pul hre in B itta y, c lled , well

is t fe h f e known . It six y et igh and three hundred e t in cir

c i is s o f s c umferen e at ts base. It compo ed mainly a andy s e o f e r f n oil, and has a cov ring or cap larg g anite ragme ts, and both materials were obtained from the immediate

1 8 n u . eighbo rhood When it was examined , in 53, a chamber

f the o f was discovered , twenty eet above level the surrounding

t - s country, which contained thir y two stone hatchet , twelve h t e s . o f which were broken . They are now in Vannes Mu eum

o f r s o f m Some them are ve y large, and mo t the are highly

o f a é o f o - e polished . Nine are j d ite and six chl ro m lanite , a

o f é ﬁfteen o f ﬁb ro lithe s s s of variety jad ite are , a iliciou tone,

fou B o f a milky colour, nd in rittany ; and two aphanite, a

o f o r kind diorite . There were discovered als three la ge

o f e and o f necklaces turquoise b ads, , in the vase the tumulus,

o f u is objects r sted iron . It evident that the barrow belongs

o f to the close the European stone age. It was opened by

a it so t digging trench into , hat two sections were exposed and can still be inspected . I f the face o f the cutting is care f s o f n o ut ully searched , piece ﬂi t and pottery may be picked f is Here are some ound by myself. It pretty certain that the ’ A kerman s o f shards are, to use expression , an earlier

a period they are very rude and badly b ked . Undoubtedly they were lying in the earth long before the tumulus was

- . a fo r raised I will mention simple test badly baked pottery. I f a fragment o f it is soaked in water fo r a day or two it B S E F S A N O CUR U N E R A L C U T O M . 69

entirely loses its ring when thrown upon a modern plate ;

it falls like a piece o f leather.

O n Salisbury Plain , some years ago, I noticed , what I have

e w s s f — s o lse here noticed ince, this very curiou act the ec nd o f the two facts on which I desire particularly to insist

t o f to hat the tops tumuli , when they happen be denuded

ffi fo r s o f o ﬂints su ciently ob ervati n , o ten reveal w rked some what different in appearance from those that are scattered

about in the surro unding so il . Familiar with the aspect o f a

ﬂo o r o s its w as true neolithic , I rec gni ed presence there, and convinced that the cores and ﬂak e s I beheld were produced

’ 17st t/ze were actual sittin on Me summz by men y ly g t.

N o I have lately met, in Old rse literature, with an inte

o f s resting corroboration this conclu ion . It is well known

o f o that the Scandinavian h we, the uneral m und that the

w was s o Saxons called a barro , u ually in the neighbourh od

f f i - W s o the am ly dwelling place . hether ituated on high

o o r f o f s o f r gr und not, it was itsel a l ty tructure ea th, and

f h s N w o t e . o commanded a view urrounding country , it is ’ “ related in H allfred s saga that T ho rlaf was accusto med to

fo r o o o ut o no t far f sit l ng t gether n the howe, rom the homestead ; and another saga speaks o f the giant T hrym ” o s s fo r his s sitting on a h we, plaiting golden lea he hound f l his f o f o n o f o lowing av urite handicra t the top a tumulus. It is true that O ld N orse literature canno t be said to

s o s s ff r belong to the t ne age, but the pa sage quoted a o d a

c o n ﬁ rmatio n o f f striking an Opinion , independently ormed ,

fr s o f r o that neolithic men equented the ummit their ba r ws, and s there employed them elves in making ﬂint implements . And what would happen when the earth o f such a tumulus was gradually weathered away ? Many French arc hae o lo

' s o f M o rtille t is s w A ntz gist , whom the be t kno n g.

’ de I H omme . s , p believe that all dolmen were originally c o f s overed by a mound earth, though perhap the majority 70 A N OB S CUR E F U N E R A L C US T O M

f s n has d isa o dolmen are now e tirely bare . The earth p “ ” ar d s pe e by ubaerial denudation . As the rain gradually washed away the soil from such a barro w as we have been

o s s ﬂints s c n idering, any hards or that were originally cat te red it ﬂak es s through , and those that had been truck on

s s s the ummit, would in ome mea ure get mixed together,

o f o and the greater part them would come, at last, to lie ver or upo n the central grave. 1 1 Thus it was noticed by Bateman (p. 9 ) that in pagan

s o f ﬂints fo o f place burial, are und in all parts the tumulus,

f r s M . but chie ly over the skeleton ; and by Adam , in an

s o f account already quoted in part, that bit pottery were f o o o f o s f ound in every p rti n the barrow, but m t plenti ully ” u ﬁ no t f nderneath the ints . May we in er that the shards were originally in the earth o f the tumulus as domestic and that the overlying ﬁints had been subsequently “ left o n the top by men who had frequented it ? Let a ” o o o rs s f m und be wr ught by the warri , aid Beowul , on a

s o o n fo r headland over the sea, that hall t wer high a remem

so f f f o f brance to my people, that herea ter sea arers r m a ar,

’ f - s s that drive their oam child ren (ship ) over ocean s mist , may

’ f in . N o f call it Beowul s barrow ear Peel , the Isle Man , is such a mo und on such a site ; but not wrought by S candi n ian f av s. The rains o many hundred winters have washed

o f f fo r it much it away ; and sea arers have no name . But

f o n it far here are the flakes and cores that were le t , in the o ff who sat o n neolithic days, by men the summit, above ’ s s s flakin ocean mists, and bu ied them elves with g the flint

s to f s pebble that their children brought them rom the hore,

z where Nature had strewn the material they pri ed .

: w as w To conclude we have recalled , what already kno n , that broken vases and weapons were in troduced into a grave fo r o f f o : 1 one or other the ollowing reas ns . That there m n s ight be no dispute, amo g the survivor , about the pro A H R F N L OBSCU E U E R A C U S T O M . 71

o f f 2 . the perty the dead man . That anger o the ghost

o f might not be incurred by any distribution his possessions .

. s s s 3 Because property is pirituali ed by being de troyed, and

s h o f can then pa s wit the dead into the land shadows .

And 4. Because objects that had once had a connection

f it s as o debris with human li e and had lost , uch the comm n of - —s s H s human dwelling places hard and int and pebbles , — the bones and teeth o f o x or go at were regarded as suit able things to be taken up and cast o n a grave to check the

o f s s roving pr clivity o a restles gho t. And then I have en d eavo ured to show how shard s and ﬂin ts and pebbles can

s f come by accident , mu t o ten come in great numbers by f o : 1 . B accident, into the precinct the tomb y being taken up fro m the ground alo ng with the ashes o f an incinerated

2 . f body . Through the act that they already abounded in the

o f was soil which a tumulus built . And 3. A point hitherto

n s o f s un oticed, becau e the men old habitually practi ed their f o f o n to f av urite handicra ts while sitting the p o a barrow. I take this opportunity o f referring to the fo llo wing sen ” N e w o o f o - T ransactions tence in my The ry St ne circles ( , “ if vi. . vol . , p A circular wall , especially crowned by a ence o t/zoms z r o f f like a a iba, would do much to pr tect bodies within it from the depredations o f carnivo rous ” s ﬁ n n 6 . d s x x x animal I now it tated v . 4 5) “ ” thurnic - s n o o ld S that the halle , me ti ned in the alic laws ,

- s - were tumuli planted with thorn bushe ; that thorn trees,

s s to s s among the ancient German , were acred epulchre ; and that Swedish tumuli bear indifferently the names Bal h6 e n T o rnho e n o o f o f g and g , or the H mes Burning and the

is n Thorn . The explanation given that the Germa ic tribes

o n f s o f o s s if burned their dead agot th rn ; but thi , even true,

s su es would itself require to be explained . Perhap the gg tion made in the theo ry o f stone - circles may afford a better

clue to the association o f thorns with tumuli . L - T W I T L K I P T H E P AC E NAM ES S E , S , N D A R H A G .

BY H . C O L L E Y MA R C H , M . D .

W T L E . I . T I S

H E R E are some Early English words that seem to

si niﬁ ed ff r f s o f have g , indi e ently, both the u ion two things into one and the divisio n o f one thing into two ;

o s s s s th ugh both meaning have not, in all ca e , urvived .

fo r Twine, example, which now denotes a doubled thread, o r two s o ne s s to i thing made into , u ed al o mean the bipart

f o f o n l o e two . T ee tion a whole, the making thing into In

L ove o erns A . D . 1 0 x x i v . f f , 43 we read , “ Lo ke thou thin herte fro him no t twyn ne ; and we may “ s s ﬁe ld o ff f m s till hear thi is twinned ro that by a tream . S o that we are a little uncertain as to the precise n ature o f the

s o f T winham s o f S twinnes in Hant and Twineham in ussex . “ ” Words capable o f expressing two ness are less numerous

o f o f . e o ne s than they were old The riv r Tweed , the mo t

o o important dividing lines in the kingd m, has lost the riginal si niﬁ c anc e o f its s r g name, which hardly u vives even in the T wed estrand o f Germany ; an d the Anglo- S axon term fo r “ “ ” twilic f has s f duplex , , or its later orm tuili , vani hed rom

use w w the common , though t eed and t ill both linger in

o f f nomenclature textile abrics . A M FL A C E N E S . 73

“ “ A twi r id eao f afo rke d g conveys no longe theold branch, “ ” though its early connotation o f two-ness can be discerned “ ” - l i m d é od . D z T w b ut e C v . 86 in g (two bottom) ( } , ) and in “ ” f D i . T wi o rd C od . g ( p , iii Here, however, an important

f s o f s act emerge , and gives a clue to the use similar word

f e f the act, namely, that a t rm which once denoted a bi urca tio n has come to mean a sing le small brand : f roma main

s so stem. And thi was especially with the diminutives “ ” “ twic en twic el s s f and , de ignation which o ten attached themselves ehc lusive ly to the smaller division o f bifurcating

boundaries or ways or streams.

ﬁ rst - n Taking the diminutive in , it may be noticed that

E lfric his o f s . o s , in list roads and path (Wright, p gl ses ’ ” “ ” ambz tus twice n o d iver by , meaning pr bably a short cut, ' “ ” as - tw iflun tzeulum . (p 55) being given equivalent to weg g ,

o r it vice O u f , as Lye has , to a re erence to old ” sm l ic h n i r ﬁnd 6a a an tw e na C od . D . cha ters we on ( p , iii “ 2 0 A nd lan stre mes 06 G o fesd ene S n 6e re 4 ) g , an en to twic he n en o f 6ere twic he ne on Wilb urg e imare on 6ane

— s G o fesd e ne to grene wei Along the tream to , thence the

’ ” Wilb r D w f o to u s r A . 8 t itchen , r m the twitchen g bounda y ( . 9 4 “ D i {Saa twic e ne and lan twic e n e od . C p , iii To re , g on h f D z . e s e n A . D . d . weah 6. C o v ( 95 } ,

- l is f r D The diminutive in ound in a cha ter dated A . . “ 1 00 — O u 066a twic e lan and lan b roc e s o n 5 badelan broc , g

te o ha s a d . D z B far s t C . o a l d ( ) , iii by adel Bro k as the

o to . twitchel, al ng the stream the slade

ar s There e many place still called Twitchen and Twitching .

’ is s x K e eharms There Twickenham , in Middle e p Lane, in

f K e eharms T w c he n M r. s Ox ord , used to be called p y ; Boa e “ ” “ ” observes that twitten and twitchel are used in some place s to denote a narrow alley ; and a writer in N otes and “

i s . s s uer e vu. 2 s f Q (vii eries, 75) ays the ollowing word are painted on a small board attached to a house in a narrow 74 FL A C E N A M E S .

f o f f s t alley leading rom the street Shillington, Bed ord hire, o “ the church : All persons passing by this Twitchell are

o &c . requested to g up and down directly without loitering,

sufﬁ x - st s a state s s s r The indicate , and sugge t some mea u e

o f m - . st s per anency For example, blast blow wri t “ ” writS- st - st - st ; trust true ; and in the same way twist twig . “ ” This is why the word twist connoted originally the bipar

o f its s n o tw o tition a thing, or even complete eparation i t

’ s s f h parts. To twi t a bird neck is to tear the head rom t e

s K in o/ m . . S s st body hak pere says ( g j , iv 3) the malle thread that ever spider twisted from her womb will serve to ” ' “ A nbzte o I ntuit s : H tw s e strangle thee. The ye f give y y t p

w lne o f f o f o e rhalf ine tuo huanne he y p one hal to god , and p ” e to b wordle xxiii . The idea o f absolute separation can be seen in the O ld “ N kvista s orse , which mean not only to branch out like a

’ kw ste tree, but, in common with the modern S candinavian , “ ” kvis i r hrav itir to cut down or lop o ff. Thus ta menn n li sem

K arla- ma més S a a s ( g g ) , to cut men down like sapling and ” peir kvistutiu par b al mikit ( E yréygg/hS ag a) they lo pped o ff ﬁ r there [wood]fo r a big e .

’ o ff f o s But to cut was o ten to destroy, and this was the w rd

s fo . meaning in Gothic, especially in its inten ive rms Thus, “ ’ ” “ N i sai al m H e no qam w o mqzsgfc (Luke ix . came t ” “ to destroy souls ; Ith o geith mais thana magand an jah ” a ' x s iwalai jah leika f q lstj cm in gaiain nan (Matt. . “ But fear more him having- power both soul and body to

” ’ ' destroy in hell ; the intensitives f ra - gzstj an and as - qzlryzm

meaning to cut o ff altogether. Bifurcation includes the idea o f a permanent separateness “ ” o f s so two thing , and the noun twist metimes meant a

f - s ork . This can be shown by well known example . In

’ ' ’ ’ T o B a ea 1 f s r zea rzt m A D . 60 Heywood , . 9, occurs the ollowing passage

- PL A C E N A M E S . 75,

T hon ma es la hove catcht him the twist yp k p y, J by , H v f d in h arms he rin him ea es himalo t, an is e b gs

T o a hi hroc e and in the sea he flin s him. g k , g

In the C anterbury T ales the term signiﬁes the fork o f a ’ o f tree, by means which Chaucer makes the merchant s wife climb up

H e s ou eth own and on his ac she stood t p d , b k , h h u hir a twist and u s e ot . A nd ca ght e by , p g - 1 T Y R WI I I T T , .

” The German z wist is a dispute or separation between two s A n s r o f per ons . implement con t ucted two parts, such

as a air o f s a air o f s w . p sci sors, p pincer , was called a t ist

- s o f s ff s A candel twi t was a pair nu er . ’ In ZE lfric s vocabulary concerning a ship and its parts

es s m - W . arastat ae st . ( right, p p is glo sed by twist Professor Skeat considers that this word means a rope for “ E lfric s s s i staying the mast. But , in the same li t, u e l ne and rap to gloss all the terms which require the sense o f

” “ r a w r of‘ is 01 s o b U t rope . It is true that p ms a stay upp rt ; ” a s - s s s o f it may well be that a m t twi t was a par, a tay

o fo r its s r as s w od, attached to the mast upport, eithe a plice or as one may now see a boatman , in a squall, prop the mast with an oar instead o f lowering the sail . The sufﬁ x -1 has both a diminutive and a frequentative ” s is s f sense : to do a thing by little u ually to do it o ten . “ ” “ As twist is a separation so twistle is a continual act “ ” o f is - separating. To twistle to keep on two ing, as to

- is o n kneel is to keep on knee ing, and to sparkle to keep “ ” s f sparking. Hence a twi tle is a ork . But when the

iv z d aricating parts were very unequal in si e, the word ” twistle, having as it were a latent diminutive meaning, was apt to become the designation o f the smaller branch o f “ f r o r s a bi urcating road or bounda y tream .

ia r S ee d g amC . FL A ! A M 76 C E N E S .

n z s si niﬁ es as as The Germa wie el g a twig, well a " bough with two parts .

’ ld N s kvisl was r o f r e a The O or e the b anch a t e , stag s

- - k i l - f . v s f horn , a dung ork Hey was a hay ork ; but, ’ r s as if s w as cu iou ly enough, the word meaning getting “ s tvi- kvislatir fo r a - n indi tinct, was the name two pro ged

- k i l f - f . K n v s w as e a ork y a amily tre or line ge, and the “ ” ” r i s a . s ve b kv sl was to branch As regard river , the word

s the o f f a was used to de ignate not point bi urc tion, but the “ divaricating streams themselves : Hann hélt upp e ftir inni — ” e ystri k visl H e held up next into the eastern twistle

Formamza S a a miﬁ- kvisl ( g ), and meant the middle ” s w as o o s tream . Moreover, the term l ely applied to

s a s : N u kvislir ﬁ o k s e i i tre m in general eru eiri , kal g

ﬁ ski for i e inni kv isl—N o w twistles n banna are there ple ty, ” and a ﬁshing jou rney shall not be fo rbidden in any t wistle ” I celand ic L aw s E lfar- kvislir o r E lf- twistle s s u ( ), and , ig i

ﬁe d o o f E lb o f G s no w the m uths the the aut , the river

Go ta . I n modern N orwegian kv isle means a branch either o f

a r o r o f r D s o has s t ee a rive , but in ani h the w rd di appeared, ”

o s s s s. th ugh kvi t, a twig, urvive in both language In early “ ” and E s s s f o f o middle ngli h twi tle occur in the orm n un,

r f is s verb, and adjective. The ve bal orm highly in tructive.

ﬁ n o D . C d . i d In a boundary charter, undated ( p , iii we

o fo rii o n ho c te lﬂod an w e stan u s D nne ne weg to y , be m le — c umbe ﬁé r 5a wegas tw isligatS Then along the ro ad to

’ ’ K et ls s o f s o y water, we t Mule coomb, to where the r ads ”

s d . D w . z l st 1 C o i t i tle In a charter dated July, 93 ( p , “ o : o o f a e o n v . both verb and noun ccur D nne 6 mm re

ﬂan tise 6a tw isliati h o f 826m twislan lace r brocas , anne on ' — maarb e o rh Then fro m the bo undary to the lake where

s s f o s r the brook twi tle, then r m the twi tle to the bounda y ” o ss is barrow. In b th quotations the expre ion noteworthy . PL A C E N A M E S . 77

“ e o ne s tw o It is not wher road or one stream divide into , but whe re two roads or two streams join into o ne ; not ” the twistles where brook , but where the brooks twistle.

s o f sa This inver ion thought, so to y, was due to a prevailing

o f s h s ﬂowe d habit mind which, eeing t at stream to their co n ﬂuenc e s o s no , considered that road als ran toward and t f f h o . A . D . 0 1 rom t eir point junction In a charter dated 7 ,

“ ‘ we read and lang I c enan oer C e nd efe r and I c e ne c umab

o ae r o z l t d e e C d . D v . o to c u anfe n ne g ( ) , in an ther,

ie c w rnb urna mearc e lla sc eo taB to ae d e re d D i C o . p r y and g ( p ,

. A . D . ose Fisc esb urna A lab urna iii again in 944, r and

o ze d re sc otats D t od . i v . C 00 A . D . 60 g ( p , 3 ) and , lastly, in 9 ,

S é r 8a tolic a D i ts od . C . twegen wegas g ( p , vi and

oo no n westan Fec c e s oaer 5a s to eore be wudu, wege g ie a D N l od . i o C v . o g ( p , t only do the various bro oks

o r s o come together, or sh ot togethe , but the two road als

join together into one . It is never one that bifurcates into

two .

s That the word did not mean , in thi country, what we understand by a fork may be inferred from the fact that ” no is a rm o s s in vocabulary the term f gl sed by twi tle.

’ {E lfric s o f Thus , in glossary, the tenth century , the Latin ' “ urezlla - f s is f , a pitch ork with two tine , translated litel

” ’ ’ forca ; and in a glossary o f the ﬁ ftee nth century lzoe &zaem “ Izee lz a lzee a rm is rendered a mattok zg , a pyk and f , ” ’ f {E lfric s H omilies o f a ork . Moreover, in , the same date ” his ar ﬁnd f 6 d o n as gloss y, we mid heora orcum hine y ,

s they stabbed him with their forks . The Latin word eems

to s have upplanted its Teutonic rival in this country, and it

was f s in early competition with the Scandinavian orm , ince “ f fo rkr is met with in Icelandic o the tenth century. ” It is probable that twistle was sometimes used in the

o f two o f sense a division betwixt , a mark or line sepa 6 A . D . e s . ration be tw en two e tates In a charter dated 9 7, we 78 PL A C E N A M E S .

o f S c teres ﬁ hrisc mere o f 5am e h n read y odan on , mer on o e tw isled an a o f 6amtwisled an a c eo rla o f be m , be me on geat, c eo rla e ate o n B ze t H é ob ur e and lan g one hagan g dene, g mearc e o n 6a twisled an ac o f Ma c aéc and lan , r g dene on a ” D “ ’ i . C od . Coggan be m ( p , iii From Shooter s water to

s f twistled f the ru h mere, rom the mere to the tree, rom

’ twistled s f m tree to the occupation road, the churl gate , ro

o H eathb o ro u h the occupati n road to the hedge at g dene,

o twistle d f al ng the boundary to the oak, rom the oak along

’

to C o s . A . D . the dene gg tree Again , in a charter dated 943, “ fi nd D f t? e fi se oamtw sled an o we onne or be to y hamme , onne oonan east to oaére read an fiodan o f {Samgeate forts be ’ ” “ 6ae t sle an ae i d c od . D v n w C . hagan to re y ( p , The by

o twistle d o s the the b rder to the encl sure, thence eastward to red - water from the ro ad along by the fence to the

w is l t t e d oak .

s In the e examples it would seem , not that the tree and

o ak twistle d the and the enclosure were themselves , but that “ ” they were situated o n the mark or fence or hedge that

' c o s t vi n s s n tituted he d i di g or t ktlzng line. In thi ca e the “ phrase twysled an hamme would mean the tw istling or “ s iﬁhtan dividing enclo ure, and would resemble stoc , to the “ ” - o S o rnehtan o ivy c vered stump ; and dune, to the th rny “ ” do wn ; whilst and lang meurce on 6a tw isled an ac would be “ ’ ss o aér m r n ze c i ?S e ée a C od . D much the same expre i n as to ( p , ” iii . to the oak on the boundary .

s t ﬂo ral Twi tle is met wi h in or botanical nomenclature.

f z A G D . 1 6 The ollowing stan a is by eorge Turberville, 5 7

A s fro ma tree we sund rie times espie ’ w l r ature s su tile mi ht A t isse l g o w by N b g , A nd b eein two fo rc ause the ro w so nie , g , y g i h Fo r one are tane and so appeare in s g t.

’ [ E lfric s N In vocabulary, under the heading omina tritici “ ” seandula twisld . sunt, occurs glossed by corn The term FL A C E N A M E S . 79

nd ula e h ft sca is cl arly somet ing cle or divided into two, like

- o évSvA a a o f the Greek x , pair pincers ; and there can be no

h the o s d oubt t at oat is meant, with its curi u ly s ﬂo ret h o f plit , because, in anot er vocabulary the “ ” c avena is s e leventh entury, rendered wi tle,

f r which is a worn form o twistle. Twitch o quitch

ra b s the g ss elong to same natural order, the gra minac eae o , and the name has probably a similar rigin ; indeed “ “ ” u twic ene is el- i Bo sworth c o ples and p t tw ge . ’ E lfric s gloss ary also contains a list o f personal appella

i A stro lo us o t ons, such as Aruspex , g , Puerpera, Virag , and

’

c inod ens. a t w S The last word , cognate with the Greek x g , to ” - c e e s s o oc . l av , separate, divide, is tran lated twi el t This d o es not refer to the pair o f canines with which carnivorous

fo r - animals rend their prey, since human eye teeth the ” A - n s tux as fo r nglo Saxo term was manne , and grinders , ” “ ” ﬁ r tive - u a s . wang teS . The word had a g sen e A twisel to tSe was a o f f s backbiter, a separater riends , a man who ho wed

s o hi teeth now in a smile and an n in a snarl . A remarkable circumstance enables us to ﬁ x the time

’ f s f when the word twistle ell into di use. Wycli s transla tion o f the Vulg ate w as ﬁ rst given to the world in the

E s v 1 6- e 1 80 . . 1 y ar 3 In that work , cclesiasticu 7 is thus re : B e no t c le id twisil- lif ndered thou p a tunge in thi , and

no t c o nfo n i F r b e thou take in thi tunge and u d d . o so the up on a thee f is c o nfusio nn and peyne taking and werst ” repref on the twisel tunge .

’ f s f s In a version by John Purvey, Wycli riend and di ciple,

1 has s published about the year 395, the word di appeared , and the rendering is : B e tho u not c lepid a preuy yuc l s e kere li f o no t p in thy j , and be th u takun in thi tunge and

cha e e naun e i b e asc hamed . S m and p c s on a thee f and

sc hensc hi is o f worst p on a man double tunge .

o f - s In proceeding to the consideration place name , it may 80 FL A C E N A M E S .

o r o f o ld s o f be bserved that a majo ity the citie Europe,

is f wherever water plenti ul , are situated either at the

o f se a c o nﬂue nc e o f two junction a river with the , or at the streams ; and that most o f the towns in E ngland are within

fe f f is a w urlongs o f such a bi urcation . It obvious that a site o f this kind would afford an excellent natural boundary

n and protection . O the other hand, it seems certain that “ ” some places with twistle names are not situated within

i fo s s o f r ver rk , but are related to ome dividing line rocks,

o f o r o f r iﬁ i l s a t c a f . tree , encing

- w i l i A s r is o r a . K v s o s a place name, the wo d rare in N y

c o nﬂux o f s H o lselv o ne o f se at the the U ta and the , and the

r s K visb e r K isd alssoe re n rive valleys i called Kvisle . g and v te

' ’ f H ezmskrzn la is are probably abraded orms . In the g a

K viststa ir place called o .

O n o f s o f is a granite bl ck, ound in the i land Gotland , the personal name R upuisl cut in runes ; and a modern D anish

is R vist Z witte l so d . per nal name y q In Austria, , and in

Z Z wiese le n Z wie selan Bohe imz wie se l Germany wiesel , , , and ,

s o n r o f as Z wisila o f are ituated the b anch a river, as well

no w s . the tenth century, called Wie elburg There is an interesting place in Austrian Tyro l called

Z wiselste in s so f f , aid to be named rom the act that a great

o f o f s tongue rock runs b ldly out rom the mountain , and “ th constitutes a dividing line between two valleys . To e

D r z has s learned . Fran Gwercher, who publi hed a work on

o f fo r s f the typography the district, I wrote preci e in orma “ o his f — o ti n , and courteous reply contains what ollows Fr m

i s e in r Z w se l t runs an unbroken mountain range southwa ds, which divides the principal valley into the two parallel

Z s valleys Gurgl and Vent. wisel is synonymou with

s s o dividing, and thi divi ion being occasioned by the m un

S ee diagramA .

FL A C E N A M E S . 8 1

f so fo r s tain range is, there ore, caused by stone, and , thi

r s has reason , the exact spot where the sepa ating rock begin ” i in s b Z w se lste . e received the name However thi may , the fact remains that this place is situated on the junction o f the two rivers Gurgl and Vent ; and as Falc o nste in is a mountain that gets its designation from the birds that

f it f o f o f requent , or Granstein rom the nature the rock

s so Z s f which it is compo ed , wiesel tein may be named rom

s s the circumstance that two tream there twistle . The ’ d s c hw s l ue lle octor book also mentions a place called S e e q . In Oberkirchen are the abraded fo rms W e isselb e rg and

W is ls i e se te n .

t s And here I venture to sugges that the Vi tula, called by

the S s Wisle r axon , and by the Ge mans Weichsel , a river “ ” h f is s f o f visl t at alls into the Baltic, al o a worn orm q or “ ” ' f s is s o f ros w . h O zus Be t istle Al red ays, in tran lation ,

e astan - Wisle - e astan ae Maroara londe is lond , and be p m

D a e in e —T o s o f sind atia, p b w ron Gotan the ea t Moravia

is Wisle - s o f D s land , and to the ea t them are the acian who

f s Wisle - w as f were ormerly Goth . land in the ork which

s the Bug makes with the Vi tula. Return ing now to our own country we ﬁ nd the D amB ee

r o f n w ecording that the manor Massan , o Masham , in the

o b e rewic ks o f T uisle b ro c N rth Riding, contained the , three c s S uinto n s f S ud to n arucate , , three carucate and a hal , and ,

o ne s . s carucate, and that all these were then wa te Twi tle b o o B ld n B ake o f 1 1 . 8 r k has disappeared In o o , the year 3,

ﬁ nd s s o f s we two names that till exi t and are much intere t. The river Tweed takes a pretty straight course from west to e s as r ast, and erved at one time an international bounda y. The river Till comes up from the south and ﬂows into it

s c o nﬂue nc e so almost at right angle and at the is a town , al

S ee diagramD . 82 PL A C E N A M E S .

ake T ilmo u h B ld n B t . n mentioned in o o , called We may lear from the sto ry o f the battle o f Flodden that the Till also

o f must once have been a dividing line no little importance .

I ts has f - S til n name been derived rom Anglo axon , Germa

' e z l b s e . se , a limit For a considera le di tance along the cour o f s f o r s o f ﬁ nd thi river, itsel a branch twi t the Tweed , we f places called Twistle . The hamlet o this name is ﬁ ve fur

s f c o nﬂuenc e z f s long rom the , Twi el Castle is seven urlong ,

s f s f s Twi el Bridge eight urlong , Twisel Mill ten urlong , and

T w z e ll f - f f ﬁve f y Ford is orty our urlongs away, or and a hal

is miles in a straight line . One tempted to s uppo se that all these places were named from the dividing stream on which

s f s f they re t rather than rom a di tant bi urcation , though it sho uld be noticed that a s mallstream run s into the Till both

s T w z ll o r at Twi el Mill and at y e F d .

’ o o f B ritan nia In a map attached to the editi n Camden s ,

s 1 6 s - s has publi hed in 95, this twi tle di trict the abraded name

s o f the o o f twisld - o We sel, reminding one c rruption corn int

s o f Z wisila s o f Z s o wi tle, into Wie elburg, wiesel tein int

’ W iss l in f f - e e ste o . , and even King Al red s Wistle land

f o B ld n B ake o f 1 1 8 is The other name r m o o , 3, Villa de ’ T ui el s f T wi ill l s a. o s O e It is el ewhere spoken as juxta gg ,

h l is and in 1 368 it is called t e manor o f T wiz e Parva. It s o f s ituated on the north bank the river Blyth, and it doe

s - f afﬂue nts o f s not occupy any tream ork , because all the thi

f s f . O ne o O river ﬂow into it rom the south the e, the gle,

f s o f f s f z all in at a distance two urlong rom Twi el , and

the o f f s . another, March Burn , at a distance seven urlong

o w o f N , the word March means a boundary, and a line

demarcation actually runs along this brook, turns to the

s z north upon the Blyth, and so pa ses through Twi el , sepa

s s o f . rating the pari he Morpeth and Ponteland Moreover,

a r S ee di g amB .

A PL A C E N M E S . 83

e o f the h S c hotto n on th south side Blyt is a place called ,

o f . and in the time Henry I II a deed , conveying lands in “ ” i is I s c ho tto n T w st . f S , mentions two acres in thi may be

a a o f o f T wiz le t ken s a disclosure the old site Magna, then we have these two manors divided by the river Blyth . A

d e T w sill Kib b leswo rth N D third manor y , in , orth urham , is ’ H a eld s S urve o f 1 8 fur t 0. mentioned in ﬁ y, 3 It is twenty longs from the junction o f Cong Burn and S tanley Burn ;

s f but it lie on a small stream that alls into the latter, and ” that is now called Twi z ell Burn . ’ The most notable septum in this country is Hadrian s lofty stone vallum that extends from N ewcastle to Carlisle .

— - The Haltwhistle or H autwysel Burn the S tone twistle or

- — the Lofty twistle stream ﬂow s under this wall on its way

s is to the S outh Tyne . The adjacent Haltwhi tle Castle twelve furlongs south o f the wall and four furlongs north o f

ﬂ nc the c o n ue e . The C oue/zer B ook of W/zalley supplies a good many o f

o f o f these names. Most them occur in a charter delimita

T wis le o n s A D 1 2 6. t t tion bearing date . . 9 , now repre ented l f f by Twiston Mill, is on y three urlongs rom the meeting point o f two streams and it is o n the boundary which run s “ d e R m n d en T wistleto n - e t per aquam y y g usque in broc, ” M id ho Ie C ro ked ho k sic per divisas de p usque , separating

f o Twi ston Moor rom Rimington Mo r.

c o nﬂue nc e O swald estw se l There is no special near y , which

s s s s runs up to the town hip boundary, whil t O waldtwi tle Moor and Haslingden Moor are divided by an arbitrary

o B ri s line. And there appears t be no stream near d d e tw se l s y , which rests against the boundary de cribed in the

’ w H e nnetwisel charter. Entwistle, ritten in King John s

f f c o nﬂuenc e o f time, is ten urlongs rom the Broadhead

ee ia ramC S d g . 84 FL A C E N A M E S .

Brook and Bradshaw Brook , and a township boundary

s borders the e tate. E x twysel Hall is eleven and a half furlongs from a r f f f s f o iver ork, and thirteen and a hal urlong r m the township limits ; whilst the neighbouring Twist Castle,

is f f s f which stands on Twist Hill , ourteen urlong rom the f f “ bi urcation o a stream . But Whitaker justly observes : I t is remarkable that the two deep cloughs which limit this d r o omain have, till some very late dep edations, ab unded

ﬁ ne o f with trees the species to which it owes its name, to wit the oak .

B rktw s ll s In y y y , Yorkshire, and in Birtwi tle the birch c an Wi twiz le o be recognised ; and in g the m untain ash .

s o Tintwi tle, in Cheshire, may have some connecti n with “ the f o f D amB ee in encing trees, since the says Tenges ” tvisie e st iii leuvis e t i silva j longa j lata . Twiss Green is a bifurcating road - side comm o n near f o . s o was T w selto n Kenyon Juncti n Twi t n ormerly y , and

o f was 1 2 T is e n the hall that name built in 3 7. w d and

w f l s s E as l T s e d . ttwist e s y are imilar contraction , in We t

o M ethw uiste l o D i C d . morland , may be c mpared with ( p ,

- s s . f iv. which probably mean middle twi tle The act that D wisle od . i 6 was is s H o c et C . 1 g ( p , iv 3 ) a dene uggestive

o f s S o s ho f wine, though the ax n borrowed the word g rom

D i sl f s . io we e l alle C ouefzer B ook is the Celt , rom the y ,

o o ss . D io twe sle bscure and d ubtle corrupt It may be p ,

- d eep twistle .

T anc uestel C od . D i . 1 6 r ( p , iv 3 ) is a ve y remarkable name, “ ” f fo vlsl as a solitary instance o the N orse rm q . All the other examples are Teutonic ; and it may be pointed o ut

O swald estw sel s is more particularly, in y , that O wald an

s and B rid d estw sel Engli h rather than a Norse name ; in y ,

b id is o s that , or bird, unknown in Scandinavian t ngue , f a ] . whose equivalent term would be f g , or owl

86 FL A C E N A M E S .

- t f personal place name, indicating a valley wi h a well in it or

s f S o 1 26 S he e - watering heep, is ound in p tland in 5 ; p hey at Whalley in 1 564 ; S heapb ank at Hollingworth in 1 626 ;

S hi leb o tham - - s s o f pp , or sheep lea bottom, in Lanca hire Will

1 6 8 s 3 ; and Sheep Hill at the present time, near Gar tang.

A s s s s regard Yorkshire the word , in thi sense, occur in

D oomsd a B ook s : S c e to ne S c i e ne S c i e le ia y everal times p ; p ; p , no w c i ed en S kib ed e n S c hi to ne Shipley ; S p , now ; p , now

o c hi ewic S . Skipt n ; and S p , now kipwith In Anglo- S axon charters relating to estates in the South “ ” f : O n sc e e f o D o f C d . i England the word is requent p cli ( p , “ ” f i n o D i sc e e C d . o n . o sc iii p lea ( p , iii ypa ” “ - - c umle o C od . D i 1 1 1 . M n , to sheep co mb lea ( p , and sc i wealan afo le esett - p to g g , a sheep well subject to toll D C od . i . ( p , iii

A s o f f an example pit alls to be avoided , one may take

o s c s in D omB ee as ib ro c S hipbro k , in Che hire, whi h appear S ; o r he b e rswell ss the place called S p , in Su ex , which is cor l rec t y spelt S ibertswold . “ “ O ld S fo r s w as i a fae The candinavian name heep j r or r, “ ” in and D s faar. s a re ar the ani h is The Faroe , F y g , are F i ﬁ l “ the sheep island s . a r e d is thought to be fze rfeld or

’ - o K id sna e s heep fell . T gether with p we have Fair S nape

is S o Fell , which near the heep Hill already menti ned . And

airec lo u h it is tempting to suggest, in this connection , F g i B . . oc . . n W zalle C . S O ( y , Chet , p the other hand , Fair

is f Fri r s o d a e . I le, in the Shetlands, a corruption y “ s s o f s Ship is the econd eparate meaning the term kip .

o - It is common to Angl Saxon and Scandinavian , and , c f S KA P to s oming rom the Teutonic base , dig, point to the

s o f o f r days when boat were dug out the trunks t ees . Skip pool on the Wyre w as doubtless a place fo r ships O ld Norse “ ” r po ll . “ A third meaning o f skip I now venture to point out fo r FL A C E N A ME S . 87

ﬁ rst the time, as occurring in two cases, Inskip in Lanca

s . t hire, and Minskip in the West Riding I understand hat one o f our associates considers Inskip to be the Old Norse “ ” K au an r - to p g , or market place, joined a personal name l - - I ns - ike Ingi . As Copen hagen is the market haven , kip is ’ - Ingi s market place. There are two objections to this view.

1 I n s e f - . thi country the initial is usually so t in place names “ ” d f - a erived rom the Anglo S axon ce p, a bargain or sale ; as W inc hea - o f in Chepstow, and in the p or wine market

o f Canterbury, the probable origin the personal name

k o f Winship . Moreover, the initial the Norse word “ f kau an r . p g is also usually so t, as in Chipping Norton 2 . The other objection is that the words really answering “ ” to kaupangr are not so much ko p and kip as copen and c hipping. Indeed, there is a place called Chipping, within a few m o f s o u ﬁ rst iles Inskip . Pas ing , I suggest that the “ s o f N en ar o ur yllable Inskip is the Old orse gj , ing, a “ s fo r meadow . It easily corrupt into ink as in Inkpen ,

I n e en o ld o f merly g p , in Berkshire . In an map Lancashire,

I nkeski f of Inskip occurs as p, and one orm the modern

n ki pe rsonal name is I ks p. “ In Old Norse times the engi - d omr was a local court to I f adjudicate on the disputed possession o f a meadow. the d quarrel was among neighbours about a divided mea ow, “ ” e e n iski tis-b ui s ach person was called an g p , an in kip “ - o d omr. neighb ur, one who has to appear in an engi “ ” ki i fs S t s . p designates a divi ion or sharing Thus , ar ” ” ski ti o f sko ar-ski ti p is a sharing inheritance ; g p , a division “ ” “ ” o f -ski ti o f -ski ti a wood hey p , a sharing hay ; and engi p ,

s f - a divi ion o meadow land . “ ” “ S ki ti as reﬁ x ski ti-tiund p appears also a p . Thus, p is a name fo r the tithe because o f its division into fo ur —f o r s . parts the church, the bi hop, the priest, and the poor

' ’ In the H ezmskrzng la occurs this passage : They went 88 FL A C E N A M E S .

in a boat along Rands lake and landed at a ness called ” n f s ki tisa d . f ﬁ t S p This is on the Rands j ord , y mile

o f due north Christiania, where a headland divides the

shore.

s I nsc i D oomsd a B oole In kip is spelled p in y , and is men tio ned as consisting o f two carucates o f land belonging to

o f . s Earl Tosti, Preston The place is considerably rai ed

o ab ve the surrounding country , with a subsoil, containing

o f s s s o n fo f s large roots tree , which re t ssili erous marine bed f o f f . s o recent ormation The rai ing these beds, the growth

o f ss o f s o f gra , the springing up tree , their attainment large

z o f s si e, the gradual attraction moisture to their root whereby the development o f peat mosses was made po s

s o f s sible, the re ulting destruction the trees themselve , the

s o f o to o con equent disappearance the m sses , and a return — to conditions favourable to grass all these things show

' that Inskip was no place fo r s/zzps during the perio d o f its

Scandinavian settlement. The present suggestion is that during that perio d the meado w land of the neighbourhood had been divided o r s o o f s s hared am ng two or more the urrounding inhabitant ,

E n iski i o r n and hence was called g pt I skip.

Minskip is in the West Riding. In D oomsd ay B ook it is “ S M inesc i is pelt p, and it recorded that here Gamel and

lzad f to Orme our carucates that were taxed , land two

f s villan ploughs, orty shilling ; there are now there three e s ” t ﬁve s fo wi h two ploughs, they pay hillings and ur pence . ” s s El ewhere it states that the king claims eight carucate .

S s s Gamel and Orme are candinavian name , and the e two

n s fo me eem to have shared their ur carucates . In Old “ ” s M ine sc i Nor e minni is minor, and on this basis p would B u mean the small division o f lan d . t neither ship nor sheep

ss fo r o f fo r is po ible ; the one want water, the other lack o f

- Anglo Saxons.

- 99 PL A C E N A M E S .

a lso an idol . It is frequent in literature . Thus in Exodus i “ — x x x v. 1 eea med a hear a 5, and g p phira g and worship their ” “ s 1 N e e c o hear a ne idol ; in Leviticus xxvi . , irc g g — p p agrafene godas Y e shall make yo u no altars nor graven ” “ 0 ic t0 ur e c b g ods ; in Leviticus xxvi . 3 , And p o re eagan —p p getimb ru and c opre hearga ic tob re ce I will upset your high timberings and break your altars ; and in Psalm “ x tie wuld riats . Ps esc end e 8a . 6 cvii 7(Vesp . 9 , Sien g alle in — ” b ergum b eara confounded be all they that serve their idols . In elaborating the theory it has been pointed out that “ ” ho f si n iﬁes f while the Old Norse g a temple with a roo , “ ” hor r o f s sac riﬁ c ial n . g means an altar tones, a cair In the “ o f H el i and 5 2 7 10 : i 1 H of saga g 2 ( . 44) the Wise Bird says, — mun ek kiosa horga marga I will choose temples and

” ' ’ “ - n ill cairns many ; and in G rzmmir mal (i. Manna pe g ’ - - — e nn meins vani hé timb ro tSo mhorga roehr Man s blameless ” - helper rules at a high built altar. In the last example it is ” r o f o wo thy notice that the w rd to timber, to construct, w f s to an o . ould seem to be applied erection tone Similarly, “ olo- i is in V S . in the pd ( it said that the beginning, after the most high Gods had given names to the N ight and t o s s o n - - es the New Moons, the An e met Ida plain and beir

o o k ho f hé timb ro d o— u s h rg timbered , or built p, altar and

s temple . “ “ s s ho r r ho f h As regard these word g and , it appears t at “ ” “ ” w hor r is s ho f orship on a g older than wor hip in a , and that although it was in after times retained along with

was s fo r temple worship , it then re erved especially the ” o f s i ir is d s . cult the goddesse , the This , doubtless, “ ” - hor r the reason why, in Scandinavian place names, g is f “ h ” “ f ” o f. ho not as requent as Moreover, has not only s o ld H o f- artSr H o f- f has urvived in such names has g and ell , it

s and pa sed into Christian use, in Norway there are places c M ariehof K ristineho f O n alled and . the other hand, FL A C E N A M E S . 91

b orgt seems to be entirely c o nﬁ ned to ancient nomen

’ f h B z l t e é . c lature . It is absent rom Icelandic e In the passages that correspond to those already quoted from the

n - O ld T estament o f j E lfric A glo Saxon , quite other terms are e mployed even where a pagan word would have made

e f as th intended meaning the more orcible, in Leviticus “ ” - is v . 0 s s xx i 3 , where I will de troy your high place rendered “ il ” E g upprikkia yd rumb oetum.

' M r s r The objections to . Atkinson theo y may now be set

is f . o d own 1 . The statement that argh a survival the “ ” o f s hor r o f a locative plural the Old Nor e g , that is, dative a s s s s bsolute, without a preposition , lack a sub tantial ba i .

2 . us Besides, the theory would require to believe that sometimes there were a number o f sac riﬁc ial cairns not if only in one place but owned by one man . 3. Even the e s tymology were right, the conclu ion would not necessarily “ f in o s o - ollow, because provincial N r e a d me shaped hill is ” lz r c a o . lled a g (Cleasby, p. 4 Although pagan Scan d inavian s s o o f ettlement took place in vari us parts England ,

- o n fi n the place names in question are c ed to one area. “ ” - a n hear 5. Although the Anglo S xo g lingered very late and S was fo r fi nd c o m axondom pagan a long time, we no “ ” f he ar s o 6. pound g with a S axon per onal name . Although “ in Scandinavia ho f is more commo n in place - names than “ ” hor r f g , the ormer is extremely rare in England, and when ” it as H o fland fie ld o f ff occurs, in , or the Ho e, near Appleby,

s if no t it may be a sociated , it be a personal name, with “ ” “ ” the hof f ld s ho f German , a arm , or with the O Nor e , a ﬁ n court. 7 I can d no example in Norway and Iceland “ o f ho r r sufﬁ x o s 8 t . it g as a a per onal name . The letter , “ ” o f hor r is s s the initial aspirate g , well known to pos es a great vitality and persistence ; but it does not occur in a

f - s o s . ingle example place names like Grim argh . 9 In a very large proportion o f these place-names a terminal l: FL E - 92 A C N A M E S .

o f f is f appears, which the usual unction to denote a so t “ ” guttural o r to indicate t/ze aspirated g ; whereas horgr

s u fo r r s o f end with a hard g ttural, the is merely the ign

. is s 1 0. the nominative ca e There , moreover, in the vowel

o s s . 1 1 . s und , not quite the required corre pondence And f f ’ s a o r M r. s la tly, the theory ils to account Atkinson own

s ir h l E r holm s A o m ee a N o s . 2 2 example y and y ( T ble, 3, 5, and

N o w s , there is a pas age in the Orkney S aga that seems

s s to upply a suitable etymology . The hi torian , having told ho w the earls o f Orkney came from Norway and ho w they f n s o ld reque tly vi ited the country, goes on to say that every s ss o ummer they cro ed ver to Caithness to hunt the reindeer. This remarkable statement has been c o nﬁ rmed by the dis c o very o f a large number o f the bones o f tho se animals o f a

ufﬁ i n l n s c e t . s y rece t date It appear , however, according to

s T ho rb iorn the tory, that a Norseman , called , outlawed by

R o nvald f of earl g , had taken re uge on the mainland in one

s the ettlements o f his co untrymen . I n the summer o f 1 1 59 the earl s R o gnvald and Harald

as s came over to hunt u ual and landed at Thurso, when, having heard that T ho rb iorn and his friends intended to

o attack them , they called t gether a hundred men , twenty “ o f s I n them on horseback and the re t on foot . the evening

a er they went up into the d le where was a certain g which, “ s S w e call a swter— d alinn ar se m say the aga, upp um p var ” er s r er no kkut at o v et . g , p k llu ’ Next day the earls little army attacked the farm where

T ho rb iorn in c o nﬂict s was living, and, the that en ued , earl f R o nvald . O g was killed A ter this, the rkney men moved

o af d alsa o f down the valley al ng K l a , the burn Calder which

’

ﬂank. falls into Thurso water, in order to turn the enemy s Whereupon T ho rb iorn and his kinsmen retreated to some ’ — deserted shielings called A sy lms wrg zn til autSna selia

F C N M 94 L A E A E S .

as it ﬂowed round the Gaelic coast till it pe ne trated into

i r s . ﬁ ne A s r ms ze and Lancashire and York hire In , g g Grimsargh are jointly the very type o f the argh place

s o f name in our own country , which consist this term in combination with a Norse personal name in the possessive

case . “ i M r. Beamont reminds us that the Berewick was maner um

s ad minu majus pertinens , in which stood the thatched home steads o f the people and about them grew their crops o f here

r o r ba ley.

A s rlm In earlier days , colonists like Grim and g lived at

b us o s their or gar , and the hut on their upland or moorland farm were called Grimsargh and A sgrlms e rg ; but the

to f s M r. latter, at the time which Beamont re ers , may ea ily

w mane rium s e have become a bere ick or minu , and hav

ae r a been cultivated by the plough , when the g or rgin ,

s fo r E r hamo r E r inham enclo ed this purpose, became g g

ir hol or A y m.

F E X P E TABLE O AM L S .

m ri n arl or . esc tio E y F D p .

rimesar e D m Boc . T wo arucat s. reston 1 . G g o c e P ,

A mound emess. C rimr N orse er f: G , p m sonal na e .

m n . n 2 ansar he D o Boc . O e carucate resto G oosnar h . G us g P , g .

A mound ess. n nd ern Cf . G e serich a S aefu el T eutonic ersonal names g , p ; the powerful goosander o f northern lati tu es the lac e -name G uslund N o r d ; p , wa and the D utch ersonal name y, p

G oos.

mB . n r . Man r e D o oc M a o . A mound ern M s M r h. 3 z se g ess. an anse g

r h L an . Wills e g , e , 1 573. Cf: M ans ri s Furness Man ersonal name gg , ; , p , and M anesto r local name D m p, , o Boc ’ and M ini laf s son rk . a a , O , O S g . FL A C E - N A M E S . 95

l rm. Ear y Fo Desc ription .

m m B r i . S trateser u D o oc . e ew c . O ne carucate 4 g B k .

- C rave n . C : S traeti N orse a f , place n rne .

n l mo z i e a . C T ur b localnam D K d x , e, om

Boc.

msarch 1 2 K lmers r 6. Kel er e . e b e 1 200. he F l T e. llamr g 53 g, y d Ke a gh. C : Kollr and G o rmr N orse r f , pe sonal names ; C o lgrim and G rimchetel G rimchel erso nal names D omB , p , oc . et l contrac ts into ill and K K y K el, as G rimkell and is sometim , es a preﬁx as

Ketilb orn I c e . ersonal nam j , p e, and Kell ren mo ern ersonal n m g , d p a e .

ms r he R ichmon Wills 1 6 . S kel e e . C . S chel elmer al 7 g d , 5 7 f S k sd e . meresdele D o m B oc S celmertor , ; p, D om Boc S hele mersl ; ow ; S kolmr, N orse ersonal name p .

hmon Wills 1 68 R ic . C : S i i N orse S iz er hH all d , 5 f g , g . r m pe sonal na e .

mu u l C . S i n O u O rk . S a a and A n l z ark f g d g , g ; g e . I le ng by.

’ 1 0. A nlez ark 1 2 1 1 . Kuerd en s M S S . C : A ulat T e t A l r f , u . n ez a gh. m = l f ersonal na e O a N orse . p ,

* M anor. L ev n h d hl dla r D omBoc . i e a a f a k r G u g esa c G ol e . m rucate. T here a b e half a lou h ca y p g .

mBoc I l ert c laims half a u a o D o . car c te G udlacesarg b . Fumess C o ucher o o 6 2 G udleik B k. 7 , rso nal name N orse pe .

her o F Fumess C ouc B ok . C/I ech and Fe erso nal names and Fez b i local g, p , , me D om Boc and axi N na , ; F , orse m personal na e .

dl r h L anc aster Wills no ate . A mounderness. 1 3. Me a g , d - t Possibly M iddle ac g .

Wi l rsonal name 2 ar 1 B re r h L ancaster l s. e . 1 6 . Brett h. 4. tte g P 3 g Bretlan N orse name for Wales Cf: d, == (vid jarla tva Brez ka withtwo British k a a and chiefs, 0r . S g ) B reteb i omBoc retone B Bretton.

n Pa n ll Y hi v mBawd wen H ooto e or s re. 1 80 . R e . Willia , g , k 9 PL A C E N A M E S .

esc ri tion D p .

mu r m . ix carucates A o nd e D o Boc S .

n A r m L an r ess. Cf: ghol e, caste Wills,

1 61 6.

A a G o ric had two r and rchesei D o mBoc . d ca ucates ix x an s T h ma u h s o . ere b e t o g g y w plo g s. l “ est R iding . m ‘lr mB M anor. C la an had n k A rched ene D o oc . o e caru A r end ale .

a L an to half a l u h. W c te . d p o g est i in R d g .

m a m r n n B M nor. G a elhad ﬁ u A rghe d e e D o oc . ve ca A rkendale 8c ’ L o t tes L an to t lou h d half. es ca . wo s an a L o fth u d p g o se. est R i in W d g .

’ E r m M an r. A l r aru E r un D o Boc . o e had two c ham g d d g . c ates L an to o ne lou h T he in . d p g . k g l m o ru t i c ai tw ca ca es. N o n s rthR id g.

’ E r n mBo . erewi arl d one E r ham o e D o c c . C e ha g B k g . T he in lai carucate. k g c ms one caru

cat E ast R i in . e. d g

’ m rewic ix . E D o Boc . e . S carucates r ham B k g . G illin s West R i in g . d g.

’ A r n hi hd o r u D mB . M no r T or l a ne c u E r ham g o oc a . c a g . ma on l h n a e T here b e e ou . O e c t . y p g mile lon and three uarent ns roa g q e b d . T h r h isho c laims on carucate e a c b p e . hR i in N ort d g . N ear Whitby A bbey

N ear G rin ale N o rthR i in d , d g

I n G illin N orthR i in g, d g

I n H ovin ham N o rthR i in g , d g

E rgham I n H old emess

al f L un ronounce A rram V e o e . P d

n mr r r nal I n i t re . C I N o se e so K y / O r , p m na e.

’ ri ae in O r ne S a a A skar n ms rg k y g y.

l Y or shir 1 R ev WilliamBawdwen H oo ton a nel e . 80 . . , P g , k 9

R ev C A t inson D an Y or shire. 1 882 . . J . . k , by, k

N I N B R 9s H A G G I D GE .

f fo r ully one hundred and ﬁfty years . Only three times d uring the present century have any portio ns o f this old

m s - o f a onry been seen , except by candle light in the cellars

h o us f t e h es standing on each side o the bridge . A reference to the accompanying map shows an area said

to s s be about twelve acre in extent, bounded on the we t by

has the o . river Irwell, and on the n rth by the Irk It been c st o f onjectured that, at some early period in the hi ory

w as o n s Manchester, when permanent settlement made thi

fo r o f f f ss particular site, purposes de ence a o e or ditch was excavated so as to divert a portion o f the waters o f the

I rk ﬂo w o n s s s o f s to the ea t and outh side thi area, and

ﬁ nall o o f y j in the Irwell on the west, near to the site the

s n r ff s he . s a t pre e t Victoria Bridge Opinion , howeve , di er to t s ne w ﬁ rst s ime when thi channel was cut. The earlie t s uggested date fo r the work is that o f the Roman occupa “ t o o f D v A . . 68 i n Manchester, which may be gi en as to

- middle o f the fourth century 1 whilst the latest period s uggested fo r the cutting o f the fosse or ditch is that of

S s ﬁft f o f axon time , say about y years be ore the coming the

s s C o nqueror. 1 The lap e between the e two perio d s may be

i s f ro ughly stated as s x hundred year . O documentary

e n is no f no vide ce there t a ragment . It is k wn that du ring the earlier years o f the parliamentary civil war many his t o ric al documen ts co ncerning Manchester were carried away

t o in London , and these are said to have been destroyed the

ﬁ r f 1 666 e o .

Against the probability o f a Roman occupation o f this

t s f f ss o r is o f par icular ite, and there ore that the o e ditch not

R o has o n man origin , it been mainly urged that no R ma

r s f s emain have at any time been ound within thi area . ! It

W i a r ht ke . T he R oman entren hment at C am ﬁeld ein within hese d at c p b g t es. ‘ : H i ert-War H i - War and T ho m n Wa i e. ert e so g bb é bb p tk n. FRO M G R E E N ’S M A P O F M A N C H E S T E R

( R E D U C E D )

S A I D T O H A V E B E E N

T A KEN B Y A C T U A L S U R V E Y I N T H E Y E A R S

1 8 7 7 t o 1 79 4 .

1 00 H A N GI N G B R I D GE .

Whatever may be said about a Roman oc cupation o f this

s is u f particular ite, there no do bt that the settlement le t by the Ro mans at C astle ﬁe ld failed to preserve its claim as

n f s o s the ce tre o f industrial li e . The Pict and Sc t and the early S axons harassed the craftsman and the trader whom

s s s if the the Roman had encouraged and even ub equently,

o f his s f o f story Tarquin and ca tle be true, the oundations

so far f Manchester, as manu actures and buying and selling

us fo r s are concerned , m t be looked elsewhere than at Ca tle

o f D oomsda fi eld . The condition Manchester as reported in y D f . 1 B ook (A . 080) is evidence that a century or two be ore that date the neighbourhood o f Hanging Bridge and o f Hanging D itch had become the real centre o f Manchester activity . Historic data more immediately concerning the Hanging Bridge begin only in the first half o f the fifte enth century (abo ut when the land on both sides o f the fosse o r

s u s I n ditch had been parcelled out among t many occ pier .

o f s r s s some the parchment deed reco ding the e transaction , “ ” f s is s le H an nd c he the o se or ditch tyled de gy y . Mean

s su a time , other change had taken place within this in lated are . A church had been erected and was gradually being replaced

o by a larger and more c nvenient building. The fo rtiﬁed

’ home o f the S axon the ig n had become the baron s yard o f the

- o fﬁ c ial s e Norman appointed lord , and ultimately the re id nce o f the warden and fellows o f the then newly- c o lle giated A . t 1 church the north end the ditch had already, in 434, begun to disappear. Long Millgate and Fe n ne l Street were both in existence. The stone brid ge over the Irwell to

S f its use al ord , with little chapel thereon , had then been in fo r ﬁft s A n r f more than y year . ea ly mention o Hanging

f th e Bridge by name is ound in e Manor Rental, under dat 1 o f 473, time Edward IV For one burgage land near

o n s 1 2d fo r f a the Hanging Bridge, the east ide, ; and hal H A N GI N G B R I D GE . 1 0 1

d ” 6 . s s f a burgage, The e manu cript re erences serve m inly to show that both ditch and bridge were at that time o bjects so well known and permanent as to stand for boun

n n daric s fo r the occupa cy o f la d . One hundred and seventy years before this manuscript

o f s mention Hanging Bridge, the burgesse who had resident or business holdings on the south and east sides o f the ditch had asserted their rights as against the claim s o f the ruling

f o ﬁ rst s baron , and had extorted r m him the Manche ter c —a s s harter notable document, with privilege and re ponsi b ilities fo r local self-government so clearly d e ﬁ ned that it remained in force until the last decade o f the eighteenth

o f ﬁve n century, a period hundred and ninety years, whe a n ew charter to the burgesses o f Manchester was granted

by the Imperial Parliament. “ 1 8 o f s : s In 53 , Leland said Manche ter Ther be diver

o f s o stone bridges in the toune, but the best iii arche is ver

r l b ri is irk I we . The next is the d g that over the H

n s s river. Without the tou e yet be een the dike

n f f s s o f a d oundations o Old Man Ca tel . The stone the ruines o f this castel wer translated toward making o f bridges ” s o f fo r the toune . The two arche the present Hanging “ B ridge would certainly be one o f the divers stone bridges

o s een by Leland . The only ther Manchester bridge o f stone in existence in 1 538 would probably be the o ne over

’ the Irk leading to Red Bank . Leland s remark about the s f C astle ﬁeld if s tones rom , true, might apply to all the e

bridges . The earliest mention o f Manchester shops is probably in

1 1 1 8 o f the Chantry Records, 54 to 55 , time Henry VI I I “ Alexander Newton holding o n e burgage lienge in H angynge

x vii s d iﬂm é ii . W E . s ther v rige , j Ryen Ogden one hopp , i j

’ H arland s M ameertre. 1 02 H A N GI N G B R I D GE .

n e s ii d ll v v . Wo este nc ro ft o n Biro one shopp th r, j j John e

s d d s v vii . vii hopp, j j John Eastwood one shopp, i j . ” s R o wsteho rn s e ii s iii d Lauren one hopp ther , j j .

1 2 are In 55 begin the Court Leet Records , in which there

n f ﬁ rs n i ma y re erences to Hanging Bridge . The t e try s

1 1 thD 1 : ur e o under date ecember, 554 It[em]the J y d th

r f t R c 8: n c ho las B e x k l o d y y . Awen y wy e sha b e o ffyc e rs to t so [se e]y no hors [horse]nor mare co w no r oxe shall go o vr the hanginge b ryd ge thorow the c hurche yard Also yt J o hn pendleton R yc Hugh smyth Ells C o stf d yne R ye ” c hamb rs t e shalb e o ff c e rs fo r s thomas y y the ame.

o 1 51; e 1 6 1 t s An ther entry, Octob r, 5 Item y y ordered that no maner person or persons what so ever they he shall not fro m he nsfurthe cast any D onge ffylthe or mucke vpo n o r over the hanging e bridge anenst the taverne o f Anne Traves

' wid o e sub pena fo r every tyme S o o ﬂend ing iiijd And also that n o maner pso n or pso ns shall in no wise he rafte r ride ouer B yther passe or repasse ouer 8: vpo n the S ame bridge

' withe Horse or suche like S ub pena fo r e iiey so o ﬂe nd inge d ” ij These interesting Records were contin ued until the purchase o f the manorial rights by the Manchester Corpora tion in 1 846 ; but throughout there is no mention o f the

u n o f D b ildi g any bridge over Hanging itch . It is reasonable,

f f o f there ore, to assume that be ore the close the seventeenth century the bridge had become so completely concealed by

its f the buildings on each side that two arches were orgotten,

s s except by the curiou in uch matters . Perhaps the earliest as well as the fullest description o f

o f h s s is the Hanging Bridge, and the ditch w ich it pan , that ’ fo H istor o M anchester s 1 und in Whitaker s y f publi hed in 771 .

o f s veriﬁ ed Somewhat this de cription can be ; much, how

D s n . s o e d ever, is now beyond recognition oubtle hundre

’ ’ R ain an ir hantrt s vol i es s L cash e C e , . . 53.

N B R D 1 9 4 H A N GI G I GE .

f ﬁ ve have bee n only our or yards at the margin . In the

l o f - arger Hanging ditch , it appears to have opened into

e o r . s r o f ight ten And at the we te n termination the latter,

m s aking a con iderable curve on the right, in order to avoid

e nd o f C ate ato n - s the knoll at the street, and to weep along

the o f it u s r lower ground to the right , it r n ve y deep and

o rwe ll br ad to the I . The northern line o f the houses in this

s r s o f - s t eet, and all the building the Hanging bridge, are eated

n within the chan el . And the road to the church is carried ” o f f s o ver it upon a l ty bridge o two arche . The whole

c s n us s o f our e havi g th been trenched, by mean a dam in the

o o Irk and a cutting thr ugh the s lid rock at the margin , W hitaker conjectured that so me portio n o f the waters o f

t he f ss Irk were then directed into the o e.

f r f It would seem , there o e, that rom Hanging Bridge to a little beyond the end o f Half Street the present buildings

are actually o n the site o f the ditch . But from that point a m o f s n long the re ainder the course, the buildings ta d on th f e le t margin o f the ditch . According to the oldest ” inhabitan t in the earlier years o f this present century t s o f here exi ted a wide , open ditch stagnant water, ex t ending from abo ut the present Corn Exchan ge nearly to

s s Fennel Street. O ccasional excavation have al o tended

’ t o c o nﬁ rm Whitaker s account o f the site o f this ancient w w ater ay .

ﬁ rst s o f D irector fo r 1 2 The i sue a y Manchester was in 77 , a nd nine residences or places o f bu siness are mentioned as h n aving entrance o Hanging Bridge. It is exceedingly

f s s likely, there ore, that Whitaker had only uch occa ional g limpses o f the actual stonework o f these arches as have

n s A n f happe ed at intervals in our own time . extract rom

T lze A nnals o M ane/zester 1 828 b e f , under date July, , would e qually correct at many different dates One o f the arches — — o f a bridge Hanging Bridge discovered in the course o f H A N GI N G B R I D GE 1 0 . 5

e xc avations . It had been concealed fo r an unknown period . O n the 1 6th August o f the same year the M e nckester G uar “ d ian f : D contained the ollowing uring the present week ,

:a number o f coins and other articles have been found in d igging the foundations o f the house now erecting on the

f s so s o ateato n . ite the ancient ditch in C Street The coin , far as we have heard , are all copper, and we believe that n one o f them are o f greater antiquity than the reig n o f Philip

and s o f o . Mary, the period , indeed , to which mo t them bel ng

A s f o c hie ﬂ mong t them are some oreign c ins, y, we believe ,

f o f o f o the city Embden . Though the ditch is at present

c s f onsiderable depth, it appear to have ormerly been much

d fo r s fo r f it eeper ; , in inking a oundation in , the workmen

had w o f f to dig belo the present level a depth nineteen eet,

.a ll o f which had evidently been ﬁlled up; and at the depth o f fourteen feet was found a very thick stratum o f decayed

s ff fo r traw, cha , and mill seeds, which must have lain there “ a n very lo g period .

1 880 o f s In October, , a portion the adjoining building at t he - o f north east end Hanging Bridge was taken down , and

n f M r o e o was . . the old arches thus exposed Binney, the president o f the Manchester Literary and Philosophical

o f S ociety, exhibited at a meeting the members some relics

f o 1 ound in the course f these excavations ( ) a leaden seal ,

C oncernin this ﬁ nd o r o f om x avati ns which too lace a few g , s e e c o k p ’ ears later no ate ein ive n C anon ec il Wra is sai R eill s H istor o y , d b g g , C y d [ y y f f M anchester to have written to H i ert -Ware : When “ in er the lume r ] bb d , p b and laz ier ilt his w h i t ton reet next oo r to th g , bu orks op n C a ea S t [ d e an u t C ro wn d A nchor I nn] he went down a great depthfo r a fo nda io n. B efore he came to any fo und ation he passed thro ugha b ed o r mass o f shud e s - — o r shells o f o ats uite lac there w ere cart loa s o f these shud es. T his , q b k d disc overy at once proved to me the old story that a corn millstood at the c orner o f hor Mill ate and that the shud es were washe o wn the stream of S t g , d d t v r I rw ld ri e I ot at the time a he fosse into the ri e [ ell] near the o B dg . g han ful f hem T he were uite erfect and there was no mistakin what o t . d y q p , g ” t h r ey we e. 1 06 H A N GI N G B R I D GE .

s D o f a a r two inches in diameter, as u ed by the uchy L nc ste in the ﬁfteenthcentury ; (2) an ancient leaden spo on ; (3) a very old -fashioned iron key ; and (4) a rare spec imen o f the “ ” “ ” - s f - r ba e o curious criss cras rows, a ourteenth centu y ttl do r, having the alphabet in raised characters o n one side and a

r s mo f M . cross on the reverse . Binney tated that a strea

s v n in water, about eighteen inche in width and se e inches d b e ﬂowin h epth , was seen to g in a channel under the arc towards the I rwell .

1 88 2 o f the mm In , the remaining portion buildings i e d iatel o f b rid e was y adjoining the east side the g taken down , and the arch nearest to C ateato n Street was thus fairly

is e f in the uncovered . Nothing known to have b en ound

o f ﬂo w in course the excavations , nor was there any water g

towards the arch .

I n 1 and 1 8 0 N o . C ateato n S June, 9 , the premises 4, treet,

N o s. 1 us , 3, and 5, Hanging Bridge, were taken down , th giving a clear view o f half the entire bridge on its lower o r

s u s b western ide . These old b ilding had been occupied y ’ s B r il s fo r f r s . o m e . Mes r y, tea merchant , nearly hal a centu y

s o f o f i c h The drawing the stonework Hang ng Bridge, whi

f M r so . av have been care ully prepared by Rowbotham , le e

n D . little to be desired in the way o f further descriptio . raw n

s l to scale, and with various ectional enlargements, probab y nothing soaccurate and complete in detail has been attempte d in connectio n with Hanging Bridge since the preparation o f f the original plans by the architect himsel .

s o f s o f e The ketch the bridge, howing a portion the w st

O u the o utsi e o f the western wall o f the sha loo in to war s the I rwe ll d p, k g d ,

- were to b e seen the faded remains o f large placard s advertising the o nc e famo us . ’ ” in i m “ s n roo no wn as Ben . L an s which sto o on a ortion o f h si g g k g , d p t e te o f the resent G rosvenor H otel c lose to the ar hof ic toria Bri e h p , c V dg . T ese lac ar s c oul b e seen from ictoria S treet efore the r tion of h u in p d d V , b e ec t e b ild gs o n h w st o f M h t e e ins ullH ouse.

H A I B I E " N G N G R D G . 1 07

8 w s s 1 0 a M r. ide as exposed in June, 9 , prepared by Hedley

' f r M e o an /zester Week T z mes . Fitton as an illustration the ly , and the block has been kindly lent fo r the present pub li i n c at o .

s o f f ss The plan , howing the line the ancient o e or ditch ,

’ is a reduced copy from Green s map o f Manchester and

f f s r n s 1 Sal ord , taken rom actual u vey betwee the year 787

’ 1 s r and 794. Green plan is the one which Ha land thought

f s n to be the be st o the old map . Probably this pla presents C ateato n S treet and a portion o f Hanging D itch after the improvements fo r which an Act o f Parliamen t w as o btained

1 8 . s s w o as i in 7 7 Earlier plan , however, ho T ad Lane t

’ s would appear in Whitaker time . It is probable that the recent exposures o f these old arches have been the most complete that have at any time been

m the s o f ade . The buildings on upper or east ide the bridge appear to have had their foundations only o n the so il which

s to ﬁll - o s F r had erved up the ancient water c ur e . o the

f o f the oundations new buildings , however, a great clear

a so fo r s f r nce was made , that once the arche were ai ly

f s r w s s . M R o s a . w een , and care ul ob ervation pos ible botham noticed on the lower or west side o f the bridge so m e

s o o f the n f peculiarity in the tonew rk middle pier. O e o the

n s s s n s o n sto e in the top row how a projecti g tep, quite level

s f o s d the upper ide, but care ully rounded on the l wer i e, . as shown on the enlarged sectional drawing ; this pro

f tw o s o s jec tio n being about our inches . The other t ne in the same row towards the right have tool marks showing

s f that thi projection had been continued on them , but a ter

s o ff w as to wards rudely chi elled . Attention also directed the foundation o f what seemed to be another pier directly

s n o f s e in line with the middle pier, but at a di ta ce om ﬁf f te e n feet urther west. The stonework exactly corre spo nd ed in appearance and siz e with the stones at the base 1 08 H A N G I N G B R I D GE .

r T he o i ar un was are to h o f the middle pie . s l o d cle d the dept

o f b s the s n s w re no t re v as a out eight inche , but to e e mo ed , thei r po sition did no t interfere with the foundations o f the

n e w M inshull Ho use .

A s r s o f e o se o o s a e ult th se b rvati ns, it w uld eem likely that the architect o f this old bridge had made prepara

t fo r s r to ion a mall chapel or praying place, the ent ance w hich w o uld b e level with the footway o f the bridge ; the p rojecting step in the sto nework serving as the bas e fo r the c r f r s f ﬂ in s hapel , and eceiving urthe upport rom a y g buttres

- s f ss b ased o n the newly di covered oundation . Such a buttre might also be intended to strengthen the bridge whenever the

ﬂo w f s s o water happened to be unu ually great. Whether thi a pparent intention on the part o f the builders o f the bridge w as u s sa act ally carried o ut it is impo sible to y. In the absence o f documentary evidence o f the date when these a s is f sa rche were built, it , however, quite sa e to y that the b e - f o ridge was er cted well within pre Re ormati n times, w hen small chapels or praying places on bridges were very

to b e f c . s s ommon Many uch are till ound in England , and s ome so small that only two persons could ﬁ nd room in

' o f s if which to kneel . Such a chapel , either tone or wood , e r b e ver completed on the Hanging B idge, would probably removed when so many religious houses were suppress ed in he f t time o Henry VII I . ’ “ Whitaker s statement as to a lofty bridge o f t wo arches w ss its s r f hich cro ed the ditch at wide t pa t, providing a oot w a f s f e y some nine eet in width, is now een to be ully born

o ut. is a s u The bridge cert inly a sub tantial str cture, and still

s in good pre ervation . Re cent observations in the cellars under the Tower Hotel have served to show that the masonry o f the north en d o f the r bridge is ve y massive in its appearance. The building line o f this north end is also projected considerably beyond

1 1 0 H A N GI N G B R I D GE .

” a r a and r ose a d l War e, moved by holy happy pu p , ppointe ” o H unt n d o n ac e o f a s to Master J hn y g , chaplain , B h lor L w , b e the ﬁ rst warden o f the Collegiate Church o f Manchester. Fo r the comparatively long pe riod o f thirty- six years he

the H untin d o n e ee a of held this o e . g s ems to have b n man ’ H e se u e the c o nﬁd e nc e of much ene rgy o f character. c r d

he r o f n his t gent y Manchester and the eighbourhood , and name frequently occurs in deed s and other documents of

i f e s e ocal impo rtance. Evidently Hunt ngdon pre err d ton

s se t o wood fo r building purpo es, and at once ems to have “ ” o o f s b e gun the erecti n a tone church, a wooden church,

' r n H llinw o rth . a cco di g to o ,1 being at that date in use The

’ to ee o f baron s hall is also said have b n largely timber, and

n o f t his he replaced by a stone building, portio s which are

n o f s till in good condition . O the arch the church choir there ’ may still be seen the rebus upon H untingd o n s name ; a lthough no such tool marks have been found on the stones

r o f the b idge .

n m L aw T h Will o rWard en H untin on . P. E arwaker. T ra . e gd , by J

.and C 11 “ mi S ociet vol iii. 1 A . . . q y , 44.

' 7I t has long bee n kno wn that po rtions o f stonework actually in : ztu in the present churc hbuilding ind ieate that prior to the wardenship of H untingdo n a stone erection must hav s sit I t is also sai that ther are in e existed o n thi e. d e e xistence fragments o f worked stone tho ught to b e of L ater N orman and E arly ’ E n lishst les—twelfthand thirtee n hc ntu w r llinwo rths statemnt g y t e ry o k . H o e , “ t herefo re to a n ur ma o t her ac c urate etween as woo e ch c h n b e alto et . , d y g B H untin on and H ollinworththere was a la se o f two hun red ears and the gd p d y , latt r i h ha a ri r his r n a ra i ion e mg t ve no utho ty fo statement o the tha loc l t d t . I t shoul no t b e fo r o tten ho wever that H o llinworthwas a M anc hester man d g , , arenta e irth and life -lo n resi ence 1 606 the last ten ears by p g , b , g d ( y avin th a ointmnt of fello w at th oll ia hurc h H e was also h g e pp e e C eg te C . ’ o n of tin x ut r f H umhre ht ill ucha man o u ht e the ac g e ec o s o p y C e hams w . S g to have een well info rmed on matters of local histor S o me o f the oc uments b y. d said to have been destro yed in the great ﬁre o f L o ndon were c ertainly quite safe in the muniment c hest o f the C o llegiate C hurc hduring the earlier years in which H o llinwo rthhel the a o intment o f fello w and ro abl had een d pp , p b y b ’ seen him H ollinwo rths further statement as to the is osal of the timer by . d p b “ ” o f the woo en church a least c ir ums anti l d is t c t a . H A N GI N G B R I D GE . 1 1 1

s It is likely that whenever the e arches were erected , t here would be a considerable stream o f ﬂo wing water

towards the Irwell . There have been innumerable c o njec

t o f o f D ures as to the source the waters Hanging itch, a nd in some o f these ventures there is considerable show o f h s . S ud ehill s rea on The high lands adjacent to on the ea t , a nd o f s o Market Street on the outh, would be contribut ry o f

s rf s s o f D u ace water toward the lower portion Hanging itch .

N s so c to atural prings al , sin e diverted , are known have e s o f xi ted in the neighbourhood Withy Grove . And pos

s ib l s a a n y a dene or gully, parallel with the pre ent C te to

s Street, had at some early period been made by uch water

in its ﬂo w towards the Irwell . It does not seem at all

o o f probable, h wever, that any large volume water could have been made to ﬂo w through the course o f the ditch from t he o f s s river Irk , the ordinary level that tream being o m o f uch lower than the lowest level the land . “ o f For the origin the name Hanging , no suggestion has yet been made which seems so reasonable as that made by

W f o n hitaker, that in very early times a ter settlement this e s r s ss nclosed ite, a wooden b idge exi ted acro the ditch at t s s s f hi particular pot, that thi bridge could be li ted up and s s o f s uspended on the inner ide the ditch, and thu it became “ k no wn as Hanging Bridge ; ﬁ n ally giving name to the

D itch also . M I T H . T H E LAT E C H A R L E S R O A C H S , A P . S . .

BY R E R T L A N T O N O B G .

H R L E S R O H r ' A AC SMITH , late honora y membe r o f the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian

o o f r archa o lo ic al es S ciety, and ve y many other g societi

b h was L and uard r ot local and continental , born at g Mano

u o f in r Ho se, near Shanklin , in the Isle Wight, the yea The exact date o f his birth is not known even to

a a m his nearest relations, the registers cont ining his b ptis H ﬁre a e. e was having been destroyed by many ye rs sinc ,

s o f his moreover, very reticent and sen itive on the subject

own t . . g reat age , and resented any allusions to his antiqui y

Fo r s s o f ﬁrst in tance, a Manche ter paper, in a review his

' o f R etros ectzons o f volume p , spoke him as being over eighty

s f H e who is year o age. immediately wrote to me asking “ n - is the amusi g time keeper and added that, where stress

x t laid upon longevity, and especially e aggerated longevi y,

' ” ever laien de aetzon there is t tr .

’ ‘ S inc e the a ove was written the third volume o f M r S miths R etros eet zom b , . p has een u lishe e ite his old frien M r Waller I t is there stated b p b d , d d by d . . mi h w o u u T em le lac e that M r. S t as rn A st 20th 1 80 . H e ie at b g , 7 d d p P , trood A u ust 2nd 1 8 0 S , g , 9 .

H AR L S R C H S M I T 1 1 C E O A H . 3

r n f r A t a very early age M . Smith showed a strong liki g o the study o f the past ; and while still a schoolboy we ﬁnd himmaking a collection o f Roman coins found c hie ﬂy in the n eighbo urhood o f Hampshire and the Isle o f Wight.

H e ss c hic ﬂ the received a good cla ical education , y at

o f M r o f f rw r school . Withers, Lymington, and was a te a ds

’ o fﬁ c e s o f placed in a solicitor s at Newport, in the I le

H e f r ﬁfteen Wight. was at that time between ou teen and .

o f years age, and showed a marked inclination towards the

f n stage as a pro ession , and had even the earned golden O pinions as a natural and at the same time reﬁ ned elo c u

i nis H s f the f o t. e o t did not take to the tudy law, but le t

M r f it o . o to g as an apprentice to Follett, Chichester,

chemist and druggist.

’ r ﬁne o f M . Follett had a collection coins and Pinkerton s w e orks on coins and medals, and Chichester b ing a Roman t R e n umo f the s own, the g itinerarie , the young antiquary had many and good opportunities o f studying the remains occa

i nall f s o y ound in the neighbourhood .

run n His time having out at Chichester, he took a situatio ’ in s s f a wholesale druggist house in London, and oon a ter

s fo r f wards commenced busines himsel , as a chemist and

d is r f o f rugg t, in Lothbu y and a ter the lapse some years he removed to Liverpool S treet out o f Bishopsgate in the ﬁ . was 1 8 rst city It was while he living here, in 43, that I

m o f f ade the acquaintance my old riend , being introduced f f f n M r. o by our common rie d William Cra ter, Gravesend . H ere I used to see him o f an evening after my o w n business

hours were over.

c hic ﬂ M r It was y while living in Liverpool Street that . Smith got together the very large collection o f Roman remains which were continually turning up when any public

n works ecessitating excavations were in progress. This me f matchless collection I well reme b r. It was a terwards I H R LES R O A 011 S M I T H 1 1 4 C A . sold to the trustee s o f the British Museum fo r 75 although 16 had been offered to him by Lord Loud e s

s fo r borough . His ole motive accepting the smaller sum w as that the collection should be absolutely safe against

s disper al .

is of s the o f a It , course, impos ible to give in compass short communication anything but the barest outline o f this m d s f f . busy, u e ul li e I can well remember the keen , ani ate

f f f H e w as expression o the face o my riend at that time .

f r in o f . t then his prime, about o ty years age The portrai o f him published in the I llustrated L ondon N ews a few

s is s o f the weeks ince the best I have een him , though

o f n o f the medallion him , by Fonta a, now in the rooms f o . Society Antiquaries, is excellent A t a somewhat earlier date than the Liverpool Stree t

M r. S o f fo r a days, mith had c me orward as a candidate

o f o f e n Fellowship the Society Antiquaries, and had be

as e s . H e t objected to b ing in busines pleaded guil y to this, but threw himself on the generosity o f his numerous frien d s

f s f so n among the ellow ; and a ter me delay, on a ballot bei g

w as in taken , he elected by the largest majority ever known

’ the society s annals.

w as o o 1 8 th It while living in Liverp l Street, in 44 , that, wi

s o f o f his f - o f M r . m the a sistance one li e l ng riends, Tho as

M r . f s Wright, Roach Smith ounded the Briti h

ae ﬁ rs f Arch ological Association . The t congress o this socie ty was o f held in September this year, and I (although only a youth o f nineteen at the time) atten ded the meeting ; and in this connection I may mention that the ﬁ rst o f a long serie s

o f f M r. no w e letters rom Smith, in my possession , is dat d

be 2 th 1 8 is u Septem r 4 , 44, and all about this Canterb ry

c ongress .

e M r n i I should hav stated that . Smith had already bee n

ra c n F nce, and had noticed that a similar asso iatio w as

1 1 6 C H A R L E S R O A C H S M T E . quietly pooh- poo hed the notion that they co uld have been ripe ne d o ut o f doors !

m fr e M r o r e inso of n . e I am re mi ded by y i nd G g Rob n , ’ “ m ec uto rs tha few wr t rs a e tro d one o f M r. S e S o , ith s x , t i e h v

f w rs r oac mith o s es e notice d the wonder ul po e M . R h S p s s d ” “ hav he a see n himi e so a c u t. as an elo tionis I e, s ys, mp r n te

ff c arac ers o ne c en e w e so l b e se ven di erent h t in s , h n, e y voic

t he k the in div ual t o f ea h c a a r and ac ion , has ept id i y c h r cte

n r o c ed and thi w the aid o f c os d istinct a d p on un , s ithout ” w kn n fo r ma ears M r. i ee n tume . Sm th has b idely ow ny y in the home o f his adoption as the president o f an e locution c ss the m er o f i now amn his s as a real la , me b s wh ch l e t lo s

r f iend and advise r. Time will no t pe rmit me to do more than glan ce ve ry

‘ briefly at the long list o f literary remains our late me mbe r i has f b i him. e es his r A re/za olo a the le t eh nd B sid pape s in g ,

’ ’ G entlema n s M a az zne the A f elte olo 'ical ournal oumat! g , g j , thej

' ' o tire A re/zwolo zeal I nstitute the N umismatic C lzromele and f g , ,

s h f w n o f e al M r. mt wr t e a core other p riodic s, S i h ote ollo i g

w s : C olleetanea A nti ua e v m f m 1 8 8 to ork g , sev n olu es, ro 4

' nd L 1 866. T lze A nti uities o R zelzborou hR ead ver a mne g f g , , y ,

in 1 n me 1 2 - 8 0 S u le ments on L n ne a d P eve 8 8 . 5 , with pp y y , in 5 5

I llustrations o R oman L ond on 1 6 he e e the 8 . 1 8 f , 59 In 5 dit d

’ I n ven to n um lekrale o f Fausse tt r S . r a to m the Rev B y n , a qua

v ed the a o t es o f ed olume devot to S x n an iquiti Kent, excavat

e o f the t M r Faussett and no w in the middl last cen ury by . ,

in i r wo rk the Mayer Museum , Liverpool . Th s ve y costly

w as he M r s h produced under t auspices o f the late . Jo ep

07: tile S carcit o H o e own Fmits in f e Mayer. y f mg r G a t

B rita in wit]: R emedial S u estiom 1 86 a e ed tio n , gg , 3 ; s cond i

e r 1 868 . the la r ear R emarks on S hak app a ed in In tte y ,

' ' s ere lzzs B z rt/z l e e ae & . 1 8 0 T ire R ural L i e o p , p , And in 7 , f f

’ S Izakspere as I llustrated by lzzs Works ; a second edition in 1 8 H is 74. works also include a C atalogue of tire A ngio C H A R L E S R O A C H S M I T H 1 1 7

S ax on A nti uities D iscovered at Favers/zam K ent q , , and b e to t M r. s queathed the Sou h Kensington Museum by Gibb . T his catalogue is so arranged as to be also a guide to the s o f fo r h tudent Saxon antiquities , and was prepared t e S cience and Art D epartment o f the Committee o f Privy

on . E x cavations at Wrox eter N ates on Council Education ,

' tile A nti uit o T rees o f R etros eetzons q y f , and two volumes p ,

S ocial and A re/zwolo ieal g , with a third volume, now in the

M r. . s G . ufﬁ ce press, edited by J Waller, will now, although I amfar from saying that this list exhausts the bibliography

e o f our late member. I should add that th third volume o f

’ t e R etros ectiom M r s o n hes p will contain . Smith s latest view f f the antiquity o the walls o Chester. w ’ as M r. f It my privilege at Smith s uneral, on Thursday, the th o f few o f f - 7 August, to meet a the almost li e long H f f o f . e o f riends the deceased had , course, rom the posi ti ae on he had attained in Arch ology, and especially as an a - uthority on the Romano British period , known all the great f a t o r . A t n iquaries the present centu y the house, however,

W L . M r. ff M r M r had . . assembled William Cha ers, Bros, .

' D ff o lli D r. ﬂe G . r. J . Waller, Steele, John Jolli e, Colonel J ,

D M r M r. r. . e M r. s Thoma Way, John Smith, Jessop, Georg M M r. M r. . Payne, Cradock, George Robinson, and others ; and in r o f f the churchyard a g eat number old local riends, and e o f f a , I may add , a great numb r young riends, had ssem b led to witness the last scene o f all .

M r t o f . Roach Smi h will be long remembered as a man

he t most genial, kindly disposition , and as a man especially

H e was easy o f approach to the young and the unknown .

rac f e reﬁ ned a g e ul writer, a g nerous, hospitable neighbour, a

sc ho ar and a r emn. l , good, Ch istian gentl a

— M r t f . NO T E I t must have been grati ying to Roach Smi h,

i was f few h f h as t to all riends, to learn a mont s be ore his deat 1 1 8 C E A R L E S R OA C H S M ]T H . that a meeting was held at the rooms o f the Society of

s D r the Antiquarie , . John Evans in chair, at which it was resolved that subscriptions be invited fo r the purpose of

s o f the triking a medal in his honour, and that the balance fund be handed to him in recognition o f his life- long and

valuable services in the cause o f archae ology. The medal

M r few f was presented to . Smith only a days be ore his

d e ath.

1 20 PR O CE E D I N GS .

Frid a anua mt f 1 8 . y , j y 3 , 90

M E E ANNU AL T I N G .

T he a hetham o M r. nnual meeting was held in C C llege, A E . . . W . Axon presiding

M r. C . r George Yates, the honorary secreta y, read the o f e seventh annual report the council (see vol. vii ., pag Thanks were tendered to all who had extended hospitality the e o f to memb rs in the course the summer meetings , and ' ’ to the fe o ﬂees o f C he thams Hospital fo r their kindness in a o f fo r o f llowing the use the room the meetings the Society. r L th rb r w s ﬁ na c ial M . e e o n , treasurer, pre ented his state

ment .

f r H . H o M . The reports, on the motion . Sales, seconded l M r. . by Ox ey, were adopted The membe rs o f the council fo r the year were then elected as follows

W L L A M U L E B n x ir I I N I oo s art M . P F S C . S . A . FF , B , . ,

h H on the E R L or C R WFO R D A N D B A L C A R R E S . e R i t . A A F. R . S F . A T h g , . S

R i ht H on. the O RD E G E R T O N o r T A T T O N F T he g L , . S . A . r f or W B Y D D awx ms o ss . O P P e , . S . A .

m A . A x o n a a E . , W R i rin i al A . WA D L tt D L D L . P c p . , . . , .

C ouncil

- C . T . T A L L E NT A T E M A N. R O BE R T L A NG T O N B ,

W A PI N G E R F A . R ev C O . . E . F m s M . . , S . . L , . A .

P . E A R WA K E R M . A . . . D r. H mm P S A . . o n J . , , C : M ano .

. A L BE R T N IC H O L S N me E S D A L E C E . O G no I , .

BE R T FR E N C H . . H ou rs N IC H O L S O N M . A . G IL J . J , EO RG E E A R S N WIL L IA M H A R R IS O N . G P O . R ev N A T H A N a woon. . J . H . S T A N N I N G , M . A . W C H AR L E S . S U T T O N .

H M E T H E R BR O W N or ur M oor S toc ort. T O A S L , b y , kp

E RG E A T E S S winton M anchester. G O C . Y , , A N N A L M E E T I N U G. 1 2 1

r o o f M . s ss Th mas Oxley, at the close the bu ine meeting, e e ﬁ ne o f xhibit d some examples Eskimo ﬂint arrow heads .

M r. Axon , in a short address, congratulated the Society O n e c o n its progress. pr vious o casions he had pointed out cer f of tain use ul lines research, and he would now only add that some matters o f loc al interest were at times to be met with in

unexpected quarters . Thus occasionally there were curious of f glimpses Lancashire men in oreign lands . R ecently

' there had appeared a handsome and elaborate s e of S zr ‘ o/ mH awkwood of f j , the soldier ortune, a condottiere, who in ’ ’ R u f ﬁ htin ﬁrst for skin s words led a soldier s l—i e in Italy, g g one fo r h fo r fo r town and then anot er here bishops, there fo r o f f barons, but mainly those merchants Florence rom ” “ ” whom our Lombard Street is named . The mercenary of he e f t middl ages , though little removed rom the brigand

according to modern ideas, was not in his own day deemed

anything b ut honourable . There were men of different e the ree lo re ntines nationaliti s in F Companies, but the F had a e f fo r o f f s pr erence English soldiers ortune , and had other ’ ” L A c uto t in their service besides , as Sir John was s yled . n eb ruar 1 2th 1 8 of O F y , 3 3, they engaged a number them . are h Several ranked as colonels, John Berwick, wit thirty B elto ft t -ﬁve ﬁfers lances ; John , with six y lances, three , and a S win h Bo utillier O z o chino trumpeter ; Johnny , Jo nny , and

- . O n O r rd 1 8 Norton , with thirty seven lances ctobe 3 , 3 4, they engaged eight more leaders and one hundred and - T he t o f sixty four men . smalles these captains was John h f t e o s. Liverpool, who was leader ten lance There is a letter in the Certosa Archives in which John B e lto ft rec o m m his e D ends comrad John Liverpool to onato Acciaioli, one of the inﬂuential o f most men Florence, who was on parti B l cularly good terms with the English. In 1 387 e toft had a e o f b nded together som Englishmen in the service the pope,

77mL i e o ir h kz d T ranslate fromthe I talian of ohn f f S j o n H aw wo . d J m - o F h T e le L ea er and uise M t L ea er S cott. L on n : T . is er p d G ppe arco ti, by d d

U nwin. 1 889. 1 22 PR O C E E D I N GS . b ut the w ere e feated b R inal o O rsin and o n e y d y d o, S p temb e 1 8th n iver oo l Be lto ft and un r t r r , Joh L p , , s d y o he s c an ed s in co ns i eratio n o f a ment o f se h g ides, and d a p y ven thousan d e ight hundred ﬂo rins too k arms fo r the Flore n tine R e o f w hc ir hn H aw kw o o was M a public, i h S Jo d ster

f r o “far. The e c an b e no doubt that John Live rpoo l er e his am f m anca hire as t ere is no sec o d iv d n e ro L s , h nd a o f the nam he ni e in i har pl ce e in t U t d K gdo m. A R c d de L ver o l was in 1 2 2 o ne o f the re rese tati es o f the y p , 9 , p n v town in a cause against E d mund Earl o f Lanc aster ; and in

1 6 the ur o f William L ver ull a erk. 34 name occ s de y p , cl A nd the name o f Be lto ft is no t un kno wn in Liverpo ol an na s fo r 1 m n d e Be lto ft and nr e n all l , in 335 Si o He y de K d w ere commissioned from Liverpo ol to harry the Sco tch n h n i and ships i the Solway. T e character o f Joh L verpo ol ’ the othe r condottieri is well set fort h in S acchetti s story o f m f “ ” c ertain onks who gave Hawkwoo d the gree ting o Peace . “ ” H e r : T he eplied May the Lo rd take away your alms. m kin H e ex ain e : onks said they mean t only to b e d . pl d “ D o o u no t h t ve war and t e w o u d y know t a I li by , hat p ace l ” b e my undoing ? Sacchetti says : Hawkw ood fought in l t er man ever f and e arl Italy onger han any oth ought, n y every part o f it be came tributary to him; so well did he

' manage his aﬂairs that there was little peace in Italy in his ” t o and e as ll as days . Sacchetti , who wro e p ems s rmons we f novelle e v hi o man tu e . , idently knew somet ng hu na r

Frida Februar th 1 8 0 . y, y 7 , 9

’ W h ams e M r. . E . A . A mee ting was held in C eth Coll ge ,

Axon presiding. T he following were elected membe rs o f the Society

P. . nd . M s . . a e srs John Holland, J Laycock, J Ormerod itz herb e r oc es o f n oc k M r. J . F t Br khol , Claughto on Br , f his t te e xhibited a quern ound on es a .

R 1 24 P O C E E D I N GS .

r a e ted six e o f M . Y t s exhibi old tchings Norwegian sce nery ; al a ur e ee -c entur o f i of so c ious sev nt nth y book rec pes, and

M r. a n e an which William H rriso gav ac count.

r A . e a a M . Taylor exhibit d Qu ker marriage agree ment of

he t r D r. M r t . am las centu y, and Colley March and Willi a ri e t r e H r son made some inter s ing rema ks ther on . T f n a n M r H . e . . Cro to s nt ote on a quaint old do cument r T h re a . e l ting to the Worsley Mano document, which was e f M r. h discovered among some title de ds by Cro ton , is eaded T he right line how Worsley hath descended from the ” a e ed Conquest. It origin lly nd with the reign o f King

r . n Hen y VII I , but by endorseme ts has been brought down o he e o f en z ab f t t tim Que Eli eth . The in ormation which it is e r e contains by no means novel , nor is it quit co r ct, but f the spelling is re reshingly novel . The document is in four ﬁ rst o f o r columns, the which gives purports to give the a o f i o f n f day, month , and ye r the beg nning the reig o the se ar T sovereign who name appe s in the second column . he t the ame o f e o f hird gives Christian n the own r the manor, in he f are m i and t ourth chronicled arr ages and sales. r e t r f M . Rob rt Lang on ead the o—llowing communication on the Antiquity o f S tereo typing z The d eﬁ nitio n o f the i e in an ar T e east word stereotype, as g v n y diction y, is yp

' ’ in a solzd pzeee; and stereotypes are made from either wood f o T he f r blocks or ormes f type . necessity o the stereotype arose when it was d esired to print two or more copies o f a f o ne and the a e a er block or orme at s m time, or when v y f B large number o impressions were required . y the old s f e am d proc es o stereotyping, with which alon I concerne a en the a e o f e sur t pres t, block or p g typ was laid on a ﬂat r f ea ed e was o and face and ca e ully cl n , a littl oil brushed ver h i it and o f en e o n. nto , plaster Paris was th pour d T is plaster when dry formed a mould into which the molten metal was n was e n e ou e . w e p r d The cast, h cold , plan d and mou t d on o r me to the ex o f o r wood tal act height printing types,

- - - abo ut seven eighths and a o ne thirty second o f an inch. That is perhaps a sufﬁ ciently-accurate d eﬁnitio n of what a ’ A N T I Q w r y O F S T E R E O T Y PI N G . 1 25 s o r fo r the the i tereotype is was , by new process, mould s

- made o f paper. The generally accepted era at which stereo typing was invented is the early part o f the eighteenth iill r o f c r . M e entu y I have seen plates cast by , Leyden, and 1 1 far o bearing date 7 5; but, so as Great Britain is c ncerned , the o f invention is generally credited to William Ged, Edin b ﬁ rs 1 t . urgh, who made his stereotype in 735 His early w r H . e ork was ve y good was a goldsmith by trade, and 1 ﬁ rst o e f died in 749. His c mplet work printed rom stereo type plates was a school edition o f Sallust which appeared in 1 f o f 744. A ter the death Ged stereotyping went com pletely out o f use and was almost forgotten fo r about sixty l h f D r. T i lo c o in years, till it was reinvented by , Edinburgh,

1 80 . ed n 9 Then , having introduc his invention to the otice o f a t e E rl Stanhope, an illustrious amateur printer at tha tim , the o f t art stereo yping came rapidly into general use. It is s c hieﬂ fo r the b ut fo r ﬁ ne till widely used , y newspaper press, b the ookwork is now superseded by electrotype process, which is in every way superior both fo r sharpness and dura b il fo r ity. I claim the process a much higher antiquity than it has generally been credited with, and I exhibit a book

' e [ canolo za o f ntitled g , that is, a book images or emblems, by e 1 60 C sar Ripa, printed at Rome in 3 In Roma, appresso i Lepido Fac j . which contains an undoubted T h stereotype plate or plates . e emblem fo r Africa is 6 fo r printed in duplicate on pages 33 and 337, but what re e t as far n ason it is printed twic I canno tell, and, as I ca

see . n , there is no explanation in the text It occurs o the X and sheet bearing the signature , I produce a sheet o f o and f demy octavo similarly imp sed olded, by which you will see that both illustrations are printed on the same side o f f m b n n the paper, and there ore ust both have ee pri ted at o ne o f the and the same time . One impressions, that to the a as h right hand, is not quite so sharp and cle r the other, whic is just the additional evidence required to prove the truth o f m a t er n n y assertion . There is no h poi t worth oticing in the a o f t are ﬁve ff r t f s p ges his work . There di e en sets o id e 1 26 PR O C E E D I N GS .

t t e r ornaments to the illus ra ions, and in ve y case they have e e and t fo r b en engrav d in duplicate, stereo yped as well , on several o f the sheets these designs occur twice in the same ee o f sh t, and on the same side the paper. This may readily A 1 b e ee n e 1 1 . t d s n on sig ature , pag s and 4 But wi h regar the FR I C A the a to two pages marked A , blocks h ve certainly s not been o engraved . They will bear the closest e xamina r e fe in th tion by an expert, and eve y littl de ct or blemish e o t s bl ck is exactly reproduced in the stereo ype . My ugges tion is that the side ornaments were most likely old printing oﬁice s stock when the book was printed , and that the stereo

were introduced as a new thing at that time . I amfar f s t a f rom a serting, however, that his is the e rliest example o stereotyping in existence ; but it is perhaps the earliest T h example known at present. e probability is that there are other works from the same Roman printing o thee in o f existence which also contain impressions stereotype plates. The Italians have always been celebrated fo r just the sort o f careful work in plaster and metal that would make the invention o f the stereo plate to them a task easy o f be t h accomplishment, and nothing can more likely han t at this very important adjunct to the art of printing was o f

I talian origin .

r T . s f M . Cann Hughe read a paper on the Walls o the Chester. It dealt with controversy which has taken place on the question as to whether these walls have a

Roman origin or not, and was an attempt at a bibliography

M r. o f the subject. Hughes expressed the opinion that the

disputed portions are Roman and not Edwardian . f D r In the discussion which ollowed, . March and Messrs. h l o n a n A . ic o s d Sutto , N , S les, Es aile, and the chairman took r pa t.

F rida A ril 1 1 th 1 8 y, p , 90.

T he last meeting o f the winter session was held in ’ C hethams ieu n e College, L te ant Colon l Fishwick, i in pres d g.

1 28 PR O CE E D I N GS .

M r. a v o f w Albert Nicholson exhibited olume dra ings, m C hesel ostly in pencil, by John Buckler, the antiquarian d raughtsman . There are in the collection about eighty draw o f ings castles, old halls, churches, Roman altars, and other e o f s obj cts antiquity in Lanca hire, and about one hundred and twenty drawings o f a similar character in North-west s o f Yorkshire . Thi book is no doubt the series drawings f r D r h o . made by Buckler W itaker, the learned historian . Many o f the drawings have a special interest on account o f t r f o f the heir ext eme accuracy, and the act that many objects depicted have been greatly changed or have totally d isap peared since the date o f their execution in about 1 8 1 4 T he book has been purchased by the Society.

E . M r C . e m . George Esdaile , , read a pap r on Roman Ca ps o r Wild ers o ol Wallﬁ eld at Stockton Heath ( p ), and Hulme , s H e ha Che hire, and at Ribchester, Lancashire . said he d s r as i f o f are taken the e camps togethe , the ma n eatures all o f am similar, and as a general description the typical c p o f the w as f h ro period ound to coincide wit them . F m certain evidence it could b e argued that there must have b een as o o f at a conquest well as an ccupation the three areas, as early a date as that o f Chester ; an occupation o f Hulme W allﬁ eld fo r o , perhaps temporary strategic purposes nly, f r and o f the two o ther sites o longer periods . In his c on M r s . t cluding remarks, Esdaile aid he begged to submit hat s s s f e hi the e three ite present, in their several ways, eatur s w ch at once show that the camps which existed upon the m were o f that uniform design which he had so often be fore o f was in a described, that Hyginus, which use in Brit in down

A . D . 1 to 93.

A n f in D r. interesting discussion ollowed, which Colley W . . n e k March, J Holme Nicholson , Harriso , Colon l Fishwic , and s the . Rev. T Boston John tone took part. T he following gentlemen were e lected members o f the

t . M A . c e : ax e . f e So i y The Rev John Lom , . , M ssrs Al r d

a as er . . m el T . dh ames L nc t , J J Alexander, Sa u Woo ouse, J

a e E N t n an D a ohns o . Wall c , . . Worthing o , d vid J t n COLDH OUS E C H A PE L . 1 29

aturda M a I otlz 1 8 0. S y, y , 9

WE R A N D C H R C H T U R T O N T O U .

Abo ut seventy members o f the Society visited Turton “ T e ow r and Church . The members , on arriving at the f f M r to o . s wer, assembled in ront the entrance, where Jame a a the and C . Scholes read p per on Old Hall its successive o n w ers. fte the A r members had viewed the interior, they proceeded to the o f M r church, where, in the unavoidable absence . t S choles, a paper wri ten by him was read by Captain G . J . R K . F M r. f rench . . Freeman , architect, described the beauti ul c r to the c hancel , and eredos recently added chur h by the

Knowles family o f Swinton . n le the o f the O aving church , some party walked to

Entwistle Old Hall . It contains a very curious ingle, pierced w m ith s all windows , and other interesting details . Tea was t en hetham and f r a ak at the C Arms, a te wards an ccount o f the old library in Turton Church (purchased out o f money e eat e C hethamfo r as b qu h d by Humphrey that purpose) ,

w . ritten by the late Gilbert J French, and published the etham i e a h a . by C Soc ety, was r ad by his son , C pt in French he e M r . t r e ar G . C d e . Yates, honora y s cr t y, scribed the D ruidical Circle o n C hethamCloses!

T ues M a 2 t/z da 0 1 8 0. y, y , 9

C O L D H O U S E C H A PE L , M A N C H E S T E R .

vi it was a e to u e S hud ehill A s m d Coldho s Chapel , , Man

heste i - c the f M r. T n o . a t . r, under leadersh p C . T lle Bateman

T he nten s of T urton T ow manoria ri hs co t er, withthe l g t and estates, were l u on in e t m r m so a cti S e e 1 8 0 M essrs. L o ax S ons and Wills of d by p b , 9 , by , , ,

Bolton.

‘ ' he ociet r viou l i . T ram t m l T S e s vis te T urton in 1 88 S ee ae io vo . l y p y d 5 ,

l : iii" P 94> E 1 30 PR O C E D I N GS .

hair mr h e M r ai e t he . a riva a t e c . was ca ed o t C l t hap l , Esd l ll c riso e i s ol n re ati M r. WilliamHar n xh bited ome d d ocume ts l ng h r r r to t e su round ing p ope ty. a n f l - n w n M r. Bateman gave a sho rt ccou t o this ittle k o l c f H e ai tht wit e a to he b d i p a e o worship. s d a h r g rd t uil ng ’ its site is indicated by a ﬁgure o f reference in Berry s map

o f M n te ed i 1 1 . t is h e n a ches r, dat n 75 I t ere numb red 49, a d “ ’ i l is called the Anabaptists meet ng. T he name C o d ” house is d erived fromthe name of the ﬁeld o n part of “ ” hich e ch e l T he l n cate th c l e th is t. o i d w ap l bui c d i s e ay y, “ ” d amp co nstitution o f the soil house is a corruptio n of the l te m e m the e of he r un h n tir loca r d no inating styl t g o d . T e e e ” e tymology of the name Coldhouse Chapel might be best “ ” “ shown in a Latin phrase cape lla fundamenti frigidi - the ” e o f he c f ti n chap l t old ound a o .

M i er f i rzw - h r. Ol v Knott read the ollow ng pape T e C old house C hapel is o ne of the three old est sites now oc cupied as ace of s i in the c e of Manchester and s m pl s wor h p ntre , o e v c imed f r it the econd ace as ei ante r ha e la o s pl , b ng ior T h a n ed as c t to C ross S treet Chapel . e l st am w ere ed in 6 - r o to w i h ate the c on re t n had met i 1 93 4, p i r h c d g ga io n a n he e f s w on building i t C oldhous district. I thi as the site f m s b o he e c n he c u e ted . t pres nt hapel, the t laim t gran But ' that there were two c hape ls in this immediate locality in the o f the e t r is f t ar fo r middle ighteenth cen u y per ec ly cle , u n in 1 6 1 had the Independents, who b ilt Canno Street 7 , a in o ccupied one . This is s id to have been situated M ayes e off e ee an ma h ve een the o ne Str et, Mill r Str t, d y a b r in 1 662 n the es te which Hen y Newcome used , whe Pr by f h T he M an rians were ej ected rom t e Collegiate Church. elzester H zktorical R ecorder gives the date o f the e rectio n of he r e h s U nf rtunatel t t p es nt Baptist c apel a 1 740. o y, he r n a e u he e an a i older trust deeds a e ot avail bl , b t t r was ppo nt f e m me t o n w t ustees in 1 8 an a M r. ames Winter otto n r 74 , d J b a h m r A s a c hd t en been pastor o f the church so e yea s. om th f h n i h t e t e . w o muni y C hurch re ers back to Rev Joh W gan, a at f o 1 6 6 to 1 6 nd was minister Birch Chapel r m 4 53, a a

1 3: PR O C E E D I N GS . then this present indenture and the grant hereby made shall cease end and determine and be utterly void to all inte nts and purposes anything herein contained to the contrary ” of a notwithstanding. The minister the Coldhouse Ch pel M r o at that time was . James Winterbottom , who is supp sed H a s uc to have come from Saddleworth. e c rried on a f l h c ess u business as a pinmaker . The chapel was at t at time M r an d a vested solely in . James Winterbottom as trustee, ff 1 8 B s new appointment was e ected in 74 . y thi deed six

s . new tru tees were appointed, these being Messrs J ohn w Winterbottom , Nathaniel Winterbottom , William Barlo , f M o s. o re r. and J Bealey, the church the meeting, and o f William Leigh, a member the ancient Baptist chapel, still e fo a xisting at War rd , near Alderley Edge, and the popul r Pic u . m t c o . Bacup minister, Rev Joseph p The last named s o f s o f u have been a man strong phy ique, and capable end ring f a s f to great atigue, since he was ccu tomed to walk rom Bacup Manchester (at least twenty miles) fo r his preaching appo int s f r o M . ames ment , and return the next day also on ot . J o 1 6 was Winterb ttom died in 7 3, and buried in the chapel f ’ s . f M r ic c o s o . P h ground A ter his death, a number p ad e f s 1 6 rents ormed a Bapti t congregation in Tib Lane, but in 7 5 s they united with the older community at Coldhou e. By the year 1 769 the vacant pastorate had been supplied by the

o f M r. b election Edmund Clegg, who had been baptised y M r Pic c f . o f had ed all p. Be ore a quarter o a century pass o f 1 8 1 2 a the seven trustees 74 were dead ; and in May, 77 , few o f M r Pi c of . c co d m nths only be ore the death p, the se on Pic c o e . r e d appointment took place M . Joseph p (therein sp ll Pic ko o f ff in R o ssend ale p but signed Lu Clough, , s the u t gentleman , as surviving tru tee then conveyed tr s s s ss nd . L ivesle a premi e to Me rs John y, Rowland Hunter, o f o f in Joseph Walley, all Liverpool, John Oulton, Yeadon, o o f o f n the c unty York, Henry Howarth, Bury, and Joh u s n Mo lt and Jo hua Harmar, the last two named bei g

o f f o f 1 2 M r. members the church . O the new trustees 77 ,

L ivesle o f e and Mr. John y was a leading Baptist Liv rpool, 1 C O L D H O U S E C H A PE L . 33

f . . o f o John Oulton , M A , was a son the minister the original ’ B f s s S t. yrom Street Chapel, in that city, a terward Stephen 1 n o f Fo r f M r. O u to (Church England) . nearly hal a century , o f o j unior, was pastor the ancient church at Rawd n near

o o Leeds . The most popular preacher the old C ldh use ever f h M r o hn . s ss ad . o f S o was J Sharp, a native Oakham ucce ul w as his ministry that the chapel soon became too small to a 1 86 ccommodate the hearers . This led to the erection in 7 o f d ifﬁ c ult a chapel in Lever Street, concerning which a y a o f s o to so rose on the preparation the tru t deed, wing me c s w as lau e on the title. Finally, the chapel sold to the

W o s was s esleyan Meth dist , and a site elected in Rochdale R t ’ S . oad , then George s Road , on which the chapel now in f iﬁc use w as erected in 1 789. In one o the aisles o f that ed e i w M r. hs M r. o s ere buried Sharp and successor, Hindle, a m t f n e 1 800. O c o loquent preacher, who died in those who tin ued o f s to meet at the older chapel , one the leader was r ho f M . w o Benjamin Beddome, became a member the 8 1 w as o 1 1 8 1 . H re church in 4, and elected a deac n in 7 e 1 l mained in that capacity half a century. In 8 26 the o d f f in s s . w as lantern roo ell , and seriou damage re ulted It s f as o f o o f oon a terwards rebuilt, stated on a st ne in the r nt s the building. But the old pew were never replaced and M s s o . r. valuable record were de tr yed William Jackson , was s o f pa tor during many years this century, and was i M r R o ll D s succeeded by . Charles y. uring thi time several

- f o well known Manchester amilies attended , among wh m

B f r s f s . o were those o Wil on and irch A member many year , and one who took a warm interest in the place until his f M r. s o o death, was George Wilson , the a sociate C bden and

- - Bright in their anti corn law struggle . The Winterbottom f so o amily, closely connected with Coldh use Chapel during 1 868 s the last century, became extinct in , notwith tanding their increased wealth and the numbers to which they had M r. at one time grown . John Winterbottom had three sons,

z s o f and a daughter, Eli abeth, who married Joseph Prie tley, D r he Field head f o f . . S the amily, a relative Priestley had 1 34 PR O C E E D I N GS .

had r D r. three children , but her b other, John Winterbottom , o f r m ten , the eldest whom was John Frede ic Winterbotto ,

- at- o f who married the Baroness Weld . The heir law the grandson o f the Coldhouse Chapel trustee was advertised fo r F s 1 86 M r. . . in 9, J Winterbottom having died without i sue, ss o f s and po essed large estates in Manchester, York hire, A n s the s . Hant , and Berks action en ued at Manchester

z s ] S ir ss assi e , in which Lord Herschel , Charles Ru ell , and D s lan 1 8 o f r. A p d were engaged ; and in 77the Court Appeal gave judgment to the effect that no claimant had pro ved s f f t o f s his de cent rom the a her the Coldhouse mini ter, s of though, had the chapel record contained any memoir

s ff r . Jame Winterbottom, the result might have been di e ent Belonging to the trust property were two cottages and an o f 20 endowme nt about £ per annum , to be received by the s o ld minister. Why building have been allowed in the

r s a o bu ial ground it doe not appear. But some years g on their erection graves were dug up and several c o fﬁns f r unearthed , which were a te wards removed to Rochdale o f s Road Cemetery, without the knowledge the trustee , it s s o hould be tated . As an active church the C ldhouse com

s s munity has long ceased to exi t, and those who till contin ue to meet there are getting fewer every year ; but to

s - - f s them there are old as ociations in that quiet, all but or aken

n s s meeti g hou e which no modern building can ever pos ess, fo r it is the place in which gen erations o f their ancestors

M r. s the have worshipped . In conclusion , Knott tated that M r W R . . late . Procter had gathered together much inte s f re ting matter in re erence to this chapel , and had intended its s r writing hi to y. After leaving Coldhouse Chapel the members v isited o f the ancient hostelry the S even S tars, and examined o f the the whole premises.

1 36 PR O CE E D I N GS .

A short drive further bro ught the party to the meeting of ” f T h sce n r re the s o the ees and the eta. e e water , T Gr y he u er has been the delight o f artists o f many gen eratio ns. T rn himse lf has left many drawings o f the scenery in this neigh rh h D i ri M o rtham o was b o u oo d . n t e a Crossi g ry B dge, T wer s a as e u e o f the ti of oon re ched, an old c t llated manor ho s me f f the c o n ﬁ ne s of z e t . ew es Queen Eli ab h A pac urther, on a o t m d Rokeby Park, stands a l rge, rich, G hic to b place h is a ir between two large elm trees . T is tomb lluded to by S “ ” i e r o f . t Walter Scott in his poem Rokeby The ent r dist ic , e s as the art ind ed , he has rendered clas ic ground, and p y wended its way through the be autiful park and along the ks o f e a i o f the n hch ban the Gr t , the vivid descript on sce e w i

he has given was constantly present to their minds. ﬁ rs The party next proceeded to Richmond . Here the t o f i the as its ﬁ ne e object attract on was c tle, with Norman ke p a f e o r as e f as st nding one hundred e t high, the mas n y p r ect when it was completed by the builder soo n after the C o n s s as a h se que t. It is now occupied by the volunteer store ou f r T he f the ful o arms. view rom the summit along beauti f x valley o f the Swale will not soon be orgotten . The ne t to a the visit was the church , which has been ne rly rebuilt by f the n late Sir Gilbert S cott. Un ortunately distinguishi g s features o f the old church have not bee n pre erved . There u f r is, however, some exceedingly bea ti ul screen and stall wo k f the D s uio n which was brought rom Easby Abbey at is ol t , and the repairs which it has undergone seem to have b ee n o f h carried out on the original lines . Next the Tower t e i c a riars . r ranc s n an Grey F was visited The prio y was F , d e little o f the original building remains. It would se m that was the s m the intention to rebuild church entirely, but the tor which broke over the monastic in stitutions in the sixteenth centu ry surprised the monks before they could carry o ut f n o f the new their ull designs, and the tower alone remai s

work projected . e Friday morning was devoted to a visit to Easby Abb y, f 1 1 2 fo r Praemonstrate nsian ounded in 5 , like Eggleston ’ 1 S T . M A R Y S C H U R C H . 37

Canons. H ere the party were guided over the ruins by the

W o f s Rev. . Palmer, vicar Ea by, whose lucid explanations o f s were greatly appreciated . The parish church Ea by, w f o f s hich stands close to the abbey, is ull intere t, notably so f f n in the rescoes, which have been ound under eath the c oating o f whitewash which fo rmerly d isﬁgured the chancel s e f walls . The subjects embraced the several event in th li e o f o f f o f s o f Christ, the creation and all man , and emblem the f s o f- s our easons. Leaving Richm nd about hal pa t eleven, c s o o f S and arriage were taken thr ugh a part waledale, over the D moors to Leyburn , visiting ownholme Church on the a f s w y. Then a long a ternoon was pent in visiting S penni t m ervaulx ho e Church, J Abbey, Middleham Castle, and an e xceedingly ﬁ ne British or S axon camp about a quarter o f

a o f . mile south the castle, and Coverham Abbey O n S aturday morning a beautiful walk was taken alon g the S s hawl , a limestone terrace overlooking the Wen leydale

V s f . alley, and commanding exten ive and beauti ul views V

V ensle ﬁ rst s . Leaving Leyburn, y Church was vi ited It possesses most interesting features. Proceeding up the v s s alley, a drive through Bolton Park brought the vi itor to s o f c o nﬁne me nt o f o f Bolton Ca tle, the place Mary Queen s s was Scots, and oon to Ay garth, whence train taken to

H . awes Junction , and thence by the Midland to Manchester f m D M W . S r. uring Friday a ternoon and aturday, Ho e, o f as s Leyburn , acted guide, and his di interested services and kind attention contributed much to the enj oy m o f h ent the party, and the weather was everything t at c fo r ould be wished .

T hur d a u s ne tlz 1 8 0. y , j 5 , 9

’

S T . M Y C H R H M A N C H E S T E R . AR S U C ,

r f f A la ge number o members o the Society visited S t. ’ M is o ary s Church, Manchester, which about to be dem lished , t and the site, together wi h the graveyard, handed over to 1 313 PR O C E E D I N GS . the Manchester Corpo ration by the D ean and Cano ns of T he s b e an n . Manchester, to used as ope space member were much shocked to see the dilapidated state o f the in iﬁc i o f the c r h te rio r o f the sacred ed e . The reg sters hu c r w n O ld M . O were examined with much interest. John e ” Mortality ) pointed out and described the most interesting gravestones .

M r . W . t n the u . C A meeting was held in ch rch, Sut o N s tw o ri u old r A . M . presiding. ichol on exhibited cu o s engravings o f the church . f M r. . J . J Alexander (churchwarden) read the ollowing ’ f r r is u o S t. paper on the Par h Ch rch Ma y s, Pa sonage, Man

s : 1 2 o f the che ter In 7 7, on account population extending ’ f s o f the r s t. s westward rom S Ann toward the banks I well, it was determined to build a church on the Parsonage 1 o f n Green , but it was not till 753 that an Act Parliame t was obtained fo r building the same b y the wardens and f s n 2 th fello ws o f the Co llegiate Church o Chri t. O April 4 f s s fo r its w n o that year tender were adverti ed erection , he the following notice was issued : Whereas a new ch urch is intended to be erected with all convenient expedition in the Parsonage in Manchester according to the plan and d imen s o f s o f K no tsfo rd t o f sion the Pari h Church , in the coun y s w t s is to Che ter, except that it ill be cased with stone, hi give notice to all persons desirous o f being employed in the s s s fo r f and ame , to send their propo al , in writing, urnishing

o s s o f e s e w rking the everal article stone, brick, timb r, and lat , c f & . an o o s o f the , to the Warden or y the Fell w College in f 2 th o f an Manchester, on or be ore the 4 day June next ; d whereas the said Warden and Fellows are empowered by o f fo r 0 s Act Parliament to grant building leases 4 year ,

w w - ﬁ ne rene able every t enty one years at a , certain land ,

1 00 t - about yards in length and thir y one in breadth, on the o f the n south side said Parsonage, any person or perso s willing to treat and contract fo r the same may apply to the ” s f s fo Warden and Fellow a ore aid . The undation stone was M o nd a ul 1 6 1 h . A ss eto n laid y, ] y th , 753, by the Rev Richard ,

1 40 PR O C E E D I N GS . o ne e u the o ti n o f the hundr d and sixty po nds weight, p r o bar between the ball and cross is from two to three yards in D e 1 a c s w e . n 6th 822 length O ecemb r , , the b ll and ros er

z o s ed so blown into a hori ontal p ition , and remain till May 6th 1 82 eff e the , 3, when their removal was ect d by ingenuity and o f F t o f N o courage an individual, rancis Woot on, tting f . 1 8 the n o n o o ham In 54, spire was taken dow acc unt its s a was ft see to in ecure st te, as during high gales it o en n a s r shake, and eventually it assumed a le ning position, imila f he sterﬁeld wn the to the spire o C . It was taken do under s f r P M . . . n uperintendence o J Holden . In a ote in the ’ M an M d zester ourier l st 1 8 6 t. ad C , January 3 , 7 , S ary s is s i f to be built o Runcorn stone. o f and The registers the church are complete, in all

- twenty three volumes . — Baptisms from 1 756 1 8 1 2 (56) — 1 8 1 3 1 853 ( I ) 2 % V015 — 1 8 53 1 888 (April I st) ( 1 ) — (Current b O O kS ) Marriages from 1 807 1 888 in duplicate — Burials from 1 754 1 8 1 2 (56) 1 8 1 3- 1 834 ( 1 ) — 1 834 1 871 ( 1 )

A oin . R ec tors. pp ted

Rev. John Gatley (died s f 1 6. 1 hortly a ter appointment) 75 756.

. . 1 2 1 6. O c t. 1 1 6 1 Rev Thomas Foxley Nov , 75 7, 7 .

ar D . . Rev. Ch les ownes , M A , N 2 1 c 1 h ov. 1 1 1 O t. . h. 6 . 6 Fellow C . C , 7 3 , 7 3

Rev. James Bayley, M . A ., F 1 h. h . C C . n . 28 1 6 . . 1 1 . (resig ed 773) Mar , 7 4 Nov 3, 808

. . 1 6 1 . N o v. 1 2 1 Rev Humphrey Owen Nov , 773 , 790. h . A ss eto n un . Rev Richard , j ,

h h. 1 8 1 an. . . C 1 . 1 8 M A , Fellow C May , 79 J , 1 794. D ifﬁ . . D r th . Rev Maurice G , , h h 1 M r . F. C . C . . 1 a c h1 1 Chap and Feb 7, 794. , 798 . ’ S T . M A R Y S C H U R C H . 1 41

A R ectors. ppointed . D n R asbo tham Rev . or ing , h 1 80 h . 2 8 . 1 1 C . . 8 . C M . A , Fellow June 9, 79 Jan , 4

' liﬂe G at . R v . e . John , M A , Fel

h h. 1 80 C . . 20 1 8 C . . low 4 Nov , 43

R ev. . . 1 8 . 1 8 Edmund Lane, M A 43 58 .

R ev. e t Ern s Augustus Lang,

. . . 1 8 M A Mar 5, 72 .

R ev. Thomas Lewis Beddoes,

. . L L . D . &c . O c t 1 8 2 . . 2 1 M A , , , 7 Nov 5, 880.

. 1 1 88 1 Rev. Charles Atkinson Feb 9, . Resign ed 1 88 May 9, 8 . N 6 1 8 e . . ov. 8 8 . R v. Canon Tonge, M A ,

M anckester G uard ian I st 1 8 0 In the , March, 7 , is given a list o f collections made in Manchester churches fo r the ’ ﬁ r I mar 1 . funds o f the n y in 774 S t. Mary s contributed ’

2 I S d . t. s 1 s 8 . S . . d . £ 4 3% , and Ann 9 4 In the same a o f rticle is given the results collections made in February, ’ f r 1 2 o : S t. 79 , the same object, among which are Mary s,

R ev. . . . 1 25 . 1 o d . t John Alexander, M A , curate , £94 % ; S . ’ - f s . 8 . . . 6s . d Ann , Rev Rowland Sand ord , M A , rector, 7 3% . the s ffi Upon organ , in the we t gallery, is a xed a silver plate with this inscription : This organ was presented to ’ the r o f S t. r cong egation Ma y s Church by Holland Ackers, D . o m E s . q , Bank , near Manchester, Anno and o n the s w as u reverse, Thi organ reb ilt and enlarged by h r o f A t e .D 1 2 . volunta y contributions the congregation , . 8 9

' Bassn ifle M . ett A l A . . M G at . John , , rector ; Richard , , curate ;

W S C w . illiam Clarke, amuel Berry, hurch ardens

There are but two plain mural tablets in the church . The o ne at the east end o f the south aisle is to the memory o f a s o f o f distinguished re ident Manchester, the record which is worthy o f preservation

h memor o f hn F r M h S acre to t e o erria . D . w o ie on d y J , , d d the thof Fe ruar 1 81 and of ar ara his wife who ie on 4 b y, 5, B b , , d d the

1 8th of M arch 1 800. A lso o f their el est son T ho mas I , d , lderton Ferriar C olonelin the C olomian A rm who was mortall w un e , b y, y o d d in the attle of C arab olo on the 2 th une 1 8 1 and ie a b , 4 J , 4 , d d t 1 42 P 1 ? D CE E D I N GS .

V alenc ia m: the ul owi A nd uf m J y foll ng. ﬂxeir m , ohn f erriax L ieme nm-C olanel d the & m1id mhd o t ho J , .

' die d at Pu re m thd A ho d , in C olu bia. nn the l s l n eh.

i: S urre he z s zhd f e 8 A n d uf ﬂteir su z n d m on z b mnr . y, y, 1 35 ,

A lexan der Prozhon oux m5 R imu the £ 1 61 , y eg an 11 m s ic of the S u reme C o nn d I ndic atm' p J e,

H elena cmthe 2 11: D u , 7 a n b e , 1 836.

T he o ther in the n aisl f ll ws , orth e, is as o o

T o the memmy d wmiamC lu kg sﬂ e ntu n yeu s Wu dmd

1 5:t 1 Sqq aged 68 yez rs H e m mhm m a m m ﬁ nd to the m and

s hi vhz nes gainei himthe re qaa a md e ne u n d an who kne w him.

I t is interestin g to n ote that three such eminent men as

o h Ferriar harles “himand S amuel H ibb ert aﬁ er J n , C , , w ards Hibb e rt we re seathold ers in this church. The co mmunion plate is nearly three hundre d o unces in w an d nsists o f tw o lar e ﬂa o ns two 6113 5035 eight, co g g ; ; a el v n n hes ame ter tw o atens seven i ches one p ten , e e i c di ; p , n

am o n e aims ish ﬁfte en in ches d iam er all ver. di eter : d , et ; sil the a e o f a mitre used at this c urc h The mace. in sh p , h b ars al m rk which i ca te s that it was mad e in e a h l a , ndi ’ o - e w o ward ens staves b ear Lond n in the year 1 8 1 3 1 4. T h t

' the w o s S a t M a s u l th rd , in ry , j ly g ,

fo llo win r tries tak e f the re ister o f u als T , g , he g, en n rom b ri show that the c hurc hyard was used b efo re the churchwas opened :

1 F w m. 1 1 0 eb . 2. S arah dau h M 1 B o er a . g ter to 15 , J £ '

N ew a v ov n s. g e, rem ed fromS t. A n 1 1 0 0 756. Feb . 22 . Miles Bo wer

d a v O l g e.

O c t. 1 01 ohn G m. 1 1 0 J ee , Ja { ’ w r v v s. N e g a e , re mo ed humS t. A nn

s was a ar lst 1 8 1 en amn W e e er The la t burial J nu y 3 , 7 , B j i h l ; the r v s o ne e 2 2nd 1 868 amu ms b p e iou , Jun , , S el Si p on , y R e v. E . A . T ur the Lang. he following e ntry also oc c s in s r s e : T h ﬁrst o f the c t b er 2nd 1 8 . e ame egi t r O o , 7 3 d ” ie o n rials dut s bu , 3

PR O C E E D I N GS .

M ore than that as a man born and rou ht u in Manehester he c ould no t b ut feel , b g p , ' este in an thin that relate to so old a churchas S t. Mar s Wh inter d y g d y was. en he loo e bac over the thirt ears of his connection withthe churc h h f k d k y y , e ound that the state of thin s withre ard to the arishwas not alto ether satisfactor g g p g y, win to the ne lect into whichit was allowe to fall fromthe antici ation of o g g d , p its remv I t was felt that one thin or another shoul b e one —eit er o al. g d d h the ul r mov T h ul churchshoul b e restore or it sho b e e e . ere co there fore be d d d d d, , no t rin a churchthat was to b e ta en awa T hat was e interes in resto g k y. th state of things at the time he was plac ed in the position he occupied when the A ct o f arliament was asse T he ullin own of a churchwas n means P p d . p g d by o thin M an es r ev ral mv an un rece ente in ch te . S e churches had een re o e p d d g b d, ’ w en thman d M ar s was that he o and the only difference b et e e S t. y t re m val in their case was effected in a quiet manner. H e was sure that those who took part in obtaining the A ct of Parliament and in carrying out its provisio ns were in a a oul remove scru les fro mman min T h ac t g in w y that w d p y ds. e A ct secured that boththe site of the churchand the churc hyard should b e mad e an

n s ace of which the cor oration were to have char e. I t was ex r l O pe p , p g p ess y i that the ea shoul not b e istur ed that the houl lie her th prov ded d d d d b , y s d w e ey vin A mu mn m ere lai b lo ones in the ast. s to win ows or ral o u ents w d y g p d , those who erec te themhad the o wer to remove them and if th were not so d p , ey ’ l removed they were to b e taken to the churcho f S t. A nn s and carefuly pre Withr ar to other thin o f value ex ress rovision was ma f s rve . e s or e d g d g , p p de ’ m hr hur h t M ir r v o so e o t e c c . S . ar s aris was no t estro e I t the emo al t y p h d y d . h f ’ ’ h m h unite aris o S t. A nn s and t M ar s eac ha ts a t e S . vin on bec e d p y , g i n r man havi he cure of so uls in o E a h was a ro r existence o e cle n t th. c p pe , gy g b h T h hurchwar ens wo ul b e elec te annuall d l h nct aris . e c an a l t e disti p d d d y, ul r rights and privileges of the parishwo d b e p eserved . ’ n lusion of the service a roc ession was forme to A nn A t the co c p d S t. s h rinci l athere roun the font near the entrance and a ur . T e a s n C h ch p p g d d ,

. M . H m M m t la r. R a n and r . interestin cere on oo ce . so . . A lexan g y k p J p J J der, ’ m as h churchwar ens of S r. M ar s for all e the concurrence of the r t t e d y , y k d ec or ’ f n in n hi us o d hurchwar ens o S t. A n s the la in t e r t the font of an c d p ci g c dy S t. ’ M ar s the silver late communio n ta le or an ell re isters of irths mar y , p , b , g , b , g b , m ria es and eaths and other oc u ents. M r. ohn Wise on ehalf of the g , d , d J , b r hwar en x r on urrence and R v anon o w m chu c s e esse c c the e . C T n e elco d , p d , g ed m the new co ers.

T he sin in of the hmn H ow amia le are th ta ernacles conclu g g y , b y b , ded the proceedings ]

S aturda zme 1 th 1 8 0. y, j 4 , 9

VI I E T E S T T O T H S H I P C ANAL A A S T H A M .

O u u 1 th e o f the a Sat rday, June 4 , the memb rs M nches ter Literary Club and the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian L Y L L A N D WY T S H A B A G U E H A E E N WE . 1 45

Soc iety joined in a visit to the S hip Canal works at East f m n er h o W H . ha t e . he , u d leadership Alderman Bailey. T we t f the a rt ather was beau i ul, and l rge pa y, numbering over

o ne u re f t f O o r h nd d and or y, enjoyed a most avourable pp tunity o f examining a considerable portion o f the works in r r e f p og ess in the s ction rom Eastham to Ellesmere Port. The party had spec ial facilities in being conveyed along the e rout in trucks , and were able to view the works and the t f surrounding landscape o advantage. Care ul inspection w as of the f made storm gates, the vast piers and walls o c o a r f and o f ncrete and m son y which orm the locks, the re n at s markable engineering u dertaking Elle mere Port, w here what was described as quite a forest o f timber is b e f the ing driven down into the sand as piles, to orm back b o f ﬁftee n f one an immense concrete wall , eet thick . This w ill shut out the waters o f the estuary from those of the

S hip Canal . f tea r H A ter a meeting was held at the Eastham Fer y otel, A M r. George Milner presiding, when lderman Bailey gave an s o f s o f u interesting ketch the hi tory the ndertaking, c oncluding with a lucid statement o f striking statistics con c e the o f rning number men , engines, and other agencies and a the o f ppliances engaged, vast quantities material used ,

and of earth and roc k removed . f r T h . c M . M r O o . . the motion J Foard, se onded by T L ethe rb ro w o f w as homas , a hearty vote thanks given to n ai fo r s o f A lderma B ley his addre s, and to the directors the S hip Canal Company fo r their courtesy in affording every facility to the societies .

M onda zme 2 rd 1 8 0. y , j 3 , 9

H E N H A WE BA GU LEY H A LL A N D WY T S .

A number o f members o f the Society had an evening ro M ramble und Wythenshawe. eeting at Northenden ur the e C h c h the party proceeded through villag , along K P R E I N GS x46 OC ED .

e—f e a ax ﬁeld the ﬁ e ld o f the Gibb Lan orm rly c lled S Lane, ” f u s ee the of kni e or weapon, s ppo ed to have b n scene i a w a battle in olden t mes, and m rked with crossed s ords in — seventeenth - century map kept at Wythenshawe and so reached Baguley Hall. h i r W . a e r e o n t e M . H rrison her ead a pap r Hall and ts history . M r t o f . Thomas Wor hington (steward the Tatton estates) explained the alterations and repairs he had made to the

-five s r hall thirty years ago, and showed the indication the e f o f the were o one end hall having been partially burnt, f fi r although there was no account or tradition o any e . A t t f ma nific ent s the sou h end there was ormerly a g taircase, M r which was taken to Wythenshawe when the late . Tatton M r t to was a minor. . Worthing on called attention the tim the o f the f ber used in construction building, which , a ter six s as nearly hundred years , was as ound ever, except in

f - ﬁve one place, where un ortunately thirty years ago it had s been attempted to protect it by exterior stone slab , with the result o f excluding ventilation and causing the wood to H e how e t s rot . explained he proposed to replac hi by an

- f H e oaken plank twenty eight eet long. also exhibited the

s fo r a o f plan the intended restor tion the porch, replacing mistaken alterations o f past times by features more in con formity with what is now known to be the original character o f O u r the building. leaving the hall M . Worthington pointed out the remains o f the moat which originally s o f f s exi ted on one the our ides, and which had been par tially destroyed when the adjacent railway was made by the contractors taking away and using the soil o f part o f the s c o banks . The hall being erected on loping ground a m lete no t s s p moat could exist, but the remaining three ide w o f were protected by earth orks, the last trace which had been removed early in this century by the father of the t o f the f present tenan hall arm . f M h r u e r. t t e A te leaving Bag l y, Worthing on conducted m o f M r awe . t t party, by per ission Ta ton, through Wy hensh

WE R N E T H H A LL . 1 47

s en route s Park to the Mount, pas ing and in pecting the s latest addition to Wythenshawe Hall , a moke room , erected

1 88 s s in 9, in very artistic style, with olid oak beam , and ornamented outside by three rows o f quatrefoil wood ﬁ nial f carving, and a reproduced rom an old black and

white building in Northenden . A pleasant ramble was brought to a close by a vote o f M s M r han r. . s t ks to Worthington , propo ed by Sale , and

M r e . seconded by . Gu st

zm 72 S aturda e 2 81 1 8 0. y , j , 9

I I T T L D H A M V S O O .

A party o f members o f the S ociety paid a visit to

s s o f s Oldham , and inspected variou place intere t in the

W f s locality. They arrived at erneth Station rom Manche ter ’ M r s e f . hortly b ore two o clock , and were met by Samuel ’ in M r D rnb ra . the . . O Andrew, Rev J , John Crompton ,

s . Councillor Nield , and other The ﬁ rst halt after leaving the railway station was at r s Werneth Hall, where descriptive prog amme were handed s ro und o f this and the other places to be vi ited .

M r s : has . Andrew aid From time immemorial Werneth b e o f o f o f o r en the seat the lord the manor Oldham , , “ f ” s s f o . a Fuller calls this per onage, the chie lord Oldham o f The original homestead is said to have been wood , and as ﬁ re 20th 1 6 w destroyed by on the May, 45 , when the e s s g reater part o f th Werneth evidence were also de troyed . N o traces are known to exist o f the building which pre

c e f o f it. w as ded the present old hall, or what is le t It o f z e rected probably late in the reign Eli abeth, or early in h o f s f o f t I . at James Following trace le t the old building, the southern front would present an appearance similar to le o f f the sketch in dotted lines. U p to the midd the our te e nth century We rneth was the home o f the de Werneths and n s C ud wo rths Oldhams, whe it pa sed by marriage to the , D I N GS 1 48 PR O CEE .

r ri a in the who lived here fo r o ver th ee centu es. L te se venteenth ce ntury the hall and e state were so ld to S ir A s f se eat in 1 1 6 Ralph hton , o Middleton , on who d h 7 it mas o f urn ar became the property o f Tho Lister, Gisb P k, ose e ce afterwa s o es a Esquire, wh d s ndant , rd L rd Ribbl d le, esta 1 ees o f u an sold the te in 795 to John L , Ch rch L e, m e fo r se f the Oldha , Esquir , in who amily lordship

is s T he a is no w the o f the manor till vested . old h ll

M r. M r. ew a : R . . rt o f . prope y S Platt, Esq Andr dded

Pullin er o f t s wn has a William g , hi to , examined the pl ce, and “ s s : can write as follow Architecturally, little perhaps be s r i said o f the ancient hall o f Werneth. Succe sive alte at ons have so far mutilated and modernised it that it is very d ifﬁ c ult now to realise the fair proportions o f this once stately mansion as it came from the hands o f the builders

f s s s I . or o the later day o f Good Queen Be s or King Jame , even as it appeared in the Open ing decades o f the prese nt o f er o o in century. S uch the old work as remains is v y g d t o f f natio n s yle and excellent workmanship, as a care ul exami

o f - e ﬁve w with the well proportion d and six light windo s, r s their usual mullion transoms, and the usual d ip moulding r if T he w e t c . unning over their t ps, will abundantly test y s — wing o f the original building the gable o f which faces

— s f t s is a d ern south is almost intact. Reces ed rom hi mo x s f b arn brick e ten ion , connecting it on the east with a lo ty s s t ere is like tructure in stone . Thi recess is modern , but h tical another gable end with corner stones and windows, iden

s s f e s e o th . o me in tyle with tho e we t wing It is , howev r, s f ﬁve f fo r wa th our or eet wider, to allow a door y absent in e

two - w e er i other wing, over which is a light windo . Mor ov , t

in e b ut s an s is not completely lin with the other part, t d

. I f as the ai s back somewhat , seems probable, this is rem n o f its b e r the old eastern wing, position is to accounted fo by the fact that these old builders studied harmony rather

f . I f m we r than uni ormity , in i agination , add this easte n

ﬁ nial and n wing, with gable and complete, correspond i g

h the e ec e the re s e ar wit that on w st, and conn t d by ce s d p t,

E 1 50 PR OC EDI N GS . co o f r e py an old Latin epitaph, which was insc ib d on the s o f the C ud wo rths t a tomb in Oldham , now des royed , trans ’ f b e f s i lation o which can ound in Butterworth h story.

r c o nﬁ rme M r w d . h M . John Crompton Andre wit regard

o ld hurst o f his to C , which he said was now in the possession

family. They had paid these Jerusalem rents up to the

beginning o f the present century. They were only de

mand ed tw t rs t every en y yea , and the last hey paid was to o f o f Bamber Gascoyne, lord the manor Much Woolton, f s o f r H e into which amily the Marqui S alisbury mar ied . had no doubt that the present Marquis o f S alisbury was o f e really the owner the rent, which had not b en claimed o 1 820 if since ab ut , but which he would be happy to pay

the claims were made . f M r f . A ter the hall had been care ully viewed , Nicholson i r R . fo r hs moved a vote o f thanks to M . S . Platt kindness

r. in allowing the privilege. M Taylor seconded the pro

s was r . po ition , which ca ried

o M r. Pr ceeding, the party went on to Chamber. Andrew called attention to the facts mentioned in the pro r o f h n gramme. Chamber had a histo ical record over six u s s dred year , one Adam de Tetlow, near Manche ter, o f having married Eva, the granddaughter Adam de O ld harn s ntur de Eccle sometime in the thirteenth ce y. r the r The deed granting Chamber to Richa d , g andson o f

w 1 . Adam de Tetlo , bears date 4 Edward I I The older portion o f Chamber Hall seems to have been built about the same time as the barn replacing a much

older structure. The newer portion was probably built as o f in n f an enlargement the old hall, perhaps the reig o I s . wa 1 6 0 Queen Anne or George The barn built in 4 , as

' ' s zn s tia h proved by a tone, evidently , engraven wit the

W I r 6 . s . 1 0 . W initial and date (G . 4 ) placed ove the arc hed f s the doorway which ace hall . These initials are probably — those o f George and Jane Wood George Wood having the r o f e married Jane, daughter and hei ess Robert T tlow, W . o and thus acquired the estate in her sole right John od ,

H H C AM B ER ALL . 1 51

o f e son G orge and Jane Wood , as sole heir, joined with his father in the sale o f the hall and estate to Henry Wrigley in 1 6 6 s 4 . Henry Wrigley employed numerou artisans in the o f f s o f trade u tian making, and converted part the out

o f s buildings his hall into a warehouse . This warehou e, which o f s was evidently at one time part a barn , bear the initials f — o s W . 1 8 . H . 6 and date over one the doorway , 4 Henry

Wrigley was high sheriff o f Lancashire in 1 651 . His grand ss o f r daughter Martha became heire Chamber, and mar ying o f 1 680 s Joseph Gregge, Chester, , the estate pa sed into the f o f s Gregge amily. Captain Benjamin Gregge, son Jo eph ff f s o 1 2 2 . and Martha Gregge, was high sheri Lanca hire in 7 H e perhaps enlarged the hall and erected the front portion o f s H is so n H e 1 0. the pre ent building. died in 74 Edward

became heir by devise o f the Hopwood estates. Chamber is is still the property o f the Gregge Hopwoods . There an a f s of l ncient ingle nook in the armhou e portion the hal , w as hich w evidently at one time lighted by a small window. M r f f o f . Andrew added the ollowing additional acts interest in connection with Chamber : Chamber is rich in historical

six o f lore , stretching back over some hundred years our ws local and national history. It thro light on many sub j ec ts which are but imperfectly understood by the general r ﬁ rst m I ﬁ nd o f eader. The ention can Chamber is early in T etlo ws the fourteenth century . The lived at Chamber fo r over three hundred years in good repute and lineal o f f d escent. There is a pedigree the Tetlow amily compiled b o f y Percival , Royton Hall, which, though not complete ,

e nables us to trace the history o f the homestead . One

i o f V . mportant period is during the reign Henry III , when w e ﬁ nd Chamber and other homesteads connected with o f trade . This was very likely the birth our local woollen ﬁ nd industry. The old taxing lists are preserved, and we the names o f the T etlo ws among those who paid taxes to ff o f s Henry V III . Shakspere alludes to the e ect the e taxa r tions on trade and population in his play of Hen y V III . “ Quee n Katharine tells the king that your subjects are in z R rs P O C E E D I N GS .

r tu se a s great g ievance ; then , rning to Wol y, dd , My car a v r m t on good lord din l, they ent eproaches os bitterly o f e e e i i o ur you, as putter on th s xact ons , yet the k ng, ” a n f s h master even he esc pes o t. Nor olk tell ow that the r no t e in a n clothie s abl to ma t in the many to them lo ging, o ff ir s s c f v s who have put the spin ter , arders, ullers, wea er , ” compelled by hunger are all in uproar ; and Queen Katharine goes on to state that through thes e commiss ions ’ the s ixth part o f the subjec ts substance was levied : this makes bold mouths and cold hearts freez e allegianc e ” — r in them their curses now live where their p ayers did . o f t o w o f Among the taxpayers his period was John Tetl , o f 2 ed f m Chamber, who paid on an income 4 deriv ro

V . o o f o me goods, 33 Henry III , probably w ollen goods s was f e h m rto n kind . It rom Chamb r that T o as Chadde f the h o f a r n married his wi e Joan , mot er L wrence Chadde to , to whom we are greatly indebted fo r the revision o f Kin g ’ B ible fo r l w as u at James s , and whom Emmanuel Col ege b ilt the i o f the l Cambridge. We get a peep into inter or o d the r 1 6 1 1 an n k homes tead in yea , when i ventory was ta en o f i n o f the goods and chattels R chard Tetlow. Amo g other “ ” s s r flax n n e ls w e thing , beside white ya n, and , and spin i g whe , o f s b o w fi nd mention a caliver, two great bill , a yew and a ss — i e fo r use as quiver, a cro bow arms wh ch, in old times , wer s o e s f well as ornament. Pas ing over s me p riod o mino r the m interest, when Chamber was held by Woods, we co e to notice the influe nce o f Henry Wrigley o n the trade o f H e s fu ti Oldham . was a pro perous dealer in s ans compo sed f f s f m o linen yarn and cotton we t, pun rom Cyprus or S yrn a

o s ti f n f . nr c tton , and ome mes rom woolle we t This He y Wrigley may be deemed one o f the parents o f the Oldham f u h i i u tr cotton manu act re, at t at time burely a domest c nd s y . It is said that the more prudent an d frugal o f H e n ry ’ a h f rs had a Wrigley s h nds, toget er with such arme as s ved a z z ed w o f ro ﬁt aff little money, da l ith the prospects p ord e d t a an i in the by the new rade, gl dly got nsight to art an d o f f t and m fa t mystery us ian making, became anu c urers.

1 54 PR O C E E D I N GS .

d the s f Hopwoo , being without heirs, devised e tate, a ter the f M o r. f N death his lady, to Gregge and his amily. ear to

C ash ate ro Chamber Hall is g Cottage, represented in the p f gramme . It is a specimen o what the Oldham cottage was

formerly. Many like it standing in the main street of O o f the s ldham remained to the beginning pre ent century. H athe rshaw A move was next made to Hall . This

H asleshaw was building, more properly Hall, the home o f S and ifo rd s fo r a S f the many generations . Edw rd andi ord, ’ f o f Puritan 1ived a riend Henry Wrigley s and a , here during w as o f s r the Commonwealth, and a member the Manche te

ss . s z if Cla is The hou e is probably Eli abethan , not earlier. S 1 6 f The initials and date, S M 94, to be ound on a door

o f s head in a newer portion the building, are probably tho e o f id eb otto rns ss o f the S , who once had posse ion the hall

and estate . ’ S f ﬁ ve o the f H athe rshaw oon a ter clock visitors le t ,

s s w as although rain was de cending heavily, and a wi h ex s f s r pres ed to go on the o ld Roman road rom C o p te Hill. M r W t . Andrew explained that hitaker and Butterworth bo h ’ r r described the Roman road as going th ough M . Kershaw s ’ r f - f a ﬁ e l M r s G te d . (now . Broome ) kitchen , C o t old, and over

s so s s : 1 8 M r. Thomp on Watkin al ay In 57 I detected here and there slight remains o f it in this course as far as the G ate

ﬁ eld f r s G lo d wic k is f o f , but be ore it eache there a ragment it , overlooked apparently by both Whitaker and Butterworth ,

called Honeywell Lane [Honey Way Lane]. Some three s a o b o fﬁ cers o f e year g , when applied to y the the Ordnanc o f fo n Survey, I gave the opini n that this lane, rom its rmatio s o f it and cour e , was a part the Roman road , and I believe f has since been adopted by them . This ragment is nearly f s f f o f the hal a mile in length . The road it el orms part ” 2n o f A n s to d Iter Antonine . additional intere t was lent the inspection o f the track o f the old Roman road by the fact that it was known that some three hundred coins had ’ s f an d been discovered within a stone throw rom the road ,

R OLDH AM F EE L I BR A R Y . 1 55 most o f these coins were to be exhibited that evening at the r Free Library. M . Andrew then led the way along Honey “ ” H o ne wa w as well Lane, properly called y y Lane , and this “ ” c e rtiﬁed by some o f the gentlemen well skilled in such o f lore to be undoubtedly part the Roman highway. When

M r r c . the visitors ame to the park, Andrew pointed out whe e the silver denarius o f the age o f D omitian was found when ’ as s the girls playground w being made . The old stock and portion o f the gargoyles from the o ld church were examined . A stoppage was made at the big boulder, and , a s o f f although drenching hower rain was alling, the party gathered round whilst Councillor Nield addressed to them a fe w w as f words explaining where the boulder brought rom , s and mentioning that it was the largest in Lanca hire . ’ re e maso ns Having taken tea at the F Club, the party e s e x hib i adjourn d to the Free Library, where an intere ting

o f s &c . tion old coin , local books, pictures, , had been got

M r. s together and arranged by Hand . From the resource o f f o f o ld s the library itsel a number printed pamphlet , and books written by local men were produced . A handbill in the e o f s o f shap a skit, purporting to be a de cription a pro f M P M r W . o x . . c o . ession in honour . J F , , to escort him f r rom the railway station to Werneth Park, attracted mo e than passing notice ; and the same remark will apply to the f s f b O ld proclamation o the acces ion o William IV. y the s o f ham magistrate , probably the only document the kind s o f f 1 6 . o O extant A small ketch the town ldham in 75 , ’ W o rralls o f - w fo r side by side with map to day, served ell the purpose o f c omparison ; and another exhibit o f interest was a small volume o f poems (which has only just come into o f o o f the possession the Corporati n) by William Bottomley, who f o n Saddleworth , describes himsel the title page as “

P . 1 h H . t . Lieutenant Bottomley, , s Regiment This little book , in addition to the poems, which are illustrated , f a s o . M r contains hi torical sketch Saddleworth . Giles Shaw contributed copies o f old registers and o f the old ’ hc constables accounts, the Butterwort orrespondence, views C N 1 56 PR O E E D I GS .

he c f &c . T h he s o Oldham, oins s own included t ilver d f the i o f enarius ound during mak ng Oldham Park, and f the f c e o 1 A . D opper coins rom p riod Antoninus Pius, 35 .,

2 1 8 A . D . r to Victorinus, These were lent by M . William s e the f Jack on , Chamb r Mill, and ollowing have been veri ﬁed : s 1 - 1 6 1 r One Antoninu Pius, 35 ; two Ma cus Aurelius,

1 6 1 - 1 80 f s o f r s ; our Fau tina ; one either Faustina or C i pina, f o f s 1 80- 1 f wi e Commodu , 93, reverse is o Venus Felix ﬁ ure o f ee type, Venus seated holding g child ; thr Com s 1 80- 1 s f o f modu , 93 ; one Cri pina, wi e ditto ; one Septimus

s 1 - 2 1 1 2 1 1 - 2 1 ne Severu , 93 ; one Caracalla, 7; o Victorinus, 2 1 8 c 2 22 - 2 - ; one Julia Mama a, 35; twenty one with de ﬁnite marks on them twenty-three with image faintly described ; thirty- nine with scarcely a trace o f ﬁgure to s s f be een , some quite without marks. A tone celt, ound C astleshaw f the e near the Waterworks, came rom colle

o f M r. s s tion Watts , the uperintendent there. A imilar article was lent by Councillor N ield ; and this gentleman f T iw also contributed an arrow head rom the Valley, and some ﬂint chippings from the various hill tops in that

A . ac he aille locality. The Rev. . J . J C m lent the original registers ; and the directors o f the Oldham Lyceum Tim ’ Bobbin s original M S S . Mention must also be made o f a M r f l rk ﬁ l sun . o C a s e d . dial lent by Lees, In exhibiting an o f o f ancient stone cross, which came out the ruins an old Whiteﬁeld f house at , near Shaw, which arm and buildings h n belonged originally to t e Knights Hospitallers of S . Joh

o f M r. s Jerusalem , Andrew aid that it had been kindly lent M r o f by . John Crompton, High Crompton , and that gentle man would be glad to have the opinion o f a competent M r authority on it. When he ( . Andrew) wrote his pamphlet o n the Seven Holy Crosses o f Oldham he sent a copy to — o f o f f - Bishop Stubbs then Chester, now Ox ord , who kindly wrote in reply as follows : I ammuch obliged to o yo u fo r your paper on the crosses f Oldham . There would seem to be no doubt o f your conclusion that the crosses mark the boundaries o f the estate o f the Knights Hospital

T D H M C H R O L D F O N O F O L A U C H . 1 57 le s and s b e v a to e r th r , I hall ery nxious h a at you have f e e e of the i a a ound som vid nce orig n l gr nt . I observe that in some parts of the Yorkshire property o f this order the houses which belonged to the knights were marked with s o f cros es, and possessed rights exemption which continued

e . M r until quit modern times . Andrew said he took this cross to have been inserted in the building at White ﬁe ld as a mark that it belonged to the Knights Hospitallers, who

o f s had their origin during the time the Crusade . The old f of O ont ldham Church was also on view . O f M r Pul in r f this . l ge has written the ollowing description

s a f f o f c o ntrad ic For thi ncient ont we claim , without ear the e e o f O . tion , pr mi r place among the antiquities ldham ff e fo r s ff e It has su er d much, but many long years u eranc

the o f . A t has been badge all its tribe Tideswell , we f a f fo r learn rom M ry Sterndale, the old ont was used mixing the colours in with which the Churchwardens o f the period u d isﬁ ure o f e sed to g the house God , and elsewhere we hav e s - u seen the sacr d bowl used as a wa hing p vessel , and h o f placed beside the slopstone in the kitc en an inn . The f o f ont Oldham Church , too, has endured many indignities , o f f o not the least which is that it has, a ter long years f f e e s o f shame ul negl ct and abus , been shoved aside, as a ort o f o ur worthless thing, into a dark passage in the cellar Free

Library, which should be also our museum . No wonder, f s s there ore, that our antiquarian visitors expressed urpri e at its o ur fo r ind iffe position , and at corporate authorities the rence they manifest towards so interesting a memorial o f h r o f o f t e past. In the memo y some the oldest inhabitants o f f w the town , this ont stood in the old church hich was 2 ruthlessly demolished in 1 8 7. It was then not deemed worthy to o cc upy its old position in the new and wire - drawn specimen of modern Gothic which has replaced the ancient r o f M r c a . . hurch, and was removed to dorn the g ounds J Frankhill ﬂo wer Barker, at , where it was used as a vase, and had a hole knocked in its side to allow the drainage to pass . O u the sale of the Frankhill estate it was presented to the 1 58 PR O C E E D I N GS .

H W . u o r. . Park C mmittee by M Littler, and was s itably u f placed pon a raised pedestal or base, and the ollowing inscription on an engraved plate placed near it

? T H E O L D FO NT 01 O L D H AM C H U R C H .

T his fo n was in u u to the ear 1 2 h n l r h t se p y 8 7, w e the o d chu c , whichhad sto o sinc e 1 6 was estro e I t a ears to have d 47 , d y d . pp fo rme art of a still o l er ed iﬁce as the wor is of the latter d p d , k lf r T he m ha of the fourteenth c entu y. utilated ﬁgures round the a m v n h m f b se see to ha e bee t e sy bols of the our E vangelists.

A u t 1 . gus , 877 When the Free Library and Museum was erected it was removed from the park and placed there fo r greater safety was s ﬁnal and protection , and it hoped by ome that a resting place o f honour might be found fo r it worthy of its great

’ u H zstm o ld ham . O antiquity James B tterworth in his y f , 1 8 1 s no t f published in 7, doe mention the ont, although he gives a somewhat critical notice o f the fabric o f the o ld

church then standing intact . Edwin Butterworth , in his 1 8 2 it f of 3 edition , does mention , and re ers it to the age S tephen ( 1 1 35 and this statement is repeated in the o f 1 8 6 as posthumous edition the History, published in 5 ,

’ ’ a f H zston cal S ketch: o O ldlz m. o f This date is, course, quite wide o f the mark ; but the font itself happily is able ’ o o w n t bear its testimony. Since Butterworth s time the s o f tudy Gothic architecture has made great advances, and no w enables the students to assign to any structure bearing certain characteristics a date sufﬁ c iently correct fo r

r all ordina y inquiries . The general characteristics o f the font indicate unmistakably the fourteenth century as the o f s o f date its erection , whil t the late character the orna mentation on the sides o f its octagonal basin points to the f o f 1 0 e n latter hal that century, or about 37 , as the dat whe s the work w as executed . From thi it would appear that the f is ont a century older than the building by Ralph Langley , 1 6 1 82 fu s in 47 , which remained until 7, and it rnishe an incontestible proof o f the existence o f a still older structure i on the site prior to hs day. It will be observed that the s o f f ba e the ont, which originally had a lower member o r

1 60 PR O C E E D I N GS .

aturda ul M M 1 8 0. S y, j y , 9

The members o f the Society accepted an invitation from

M r. o s Bowes, h norary Japane e Consul at Liverpool , con

H H . e r . S ve ed M . y through ales, to insp ct his unique

Japanese collection at S treatham Towers . The members M rs M r . were received by . and Bowes, and proceeded under n f M r s the u o . g ida ce Bowes to in pect the valuable museum, which is exceedingly rich in everything that illustrates the

- h - art workmanship o f t e Japanese. It contains twenty three cases o f Japanese pottery ware o f the most exquisite and f o f S s beauti ul kind, including three at uma ware , which s f s o f I d sumi the compri es beauti ul specimen Satsuma , ware

o f - s o f o f r to day, Mi hima ware, one the earliest kinds potte y S imko ro ko introduced by the Koreans, and Satsuma , which the s s o f is mo t di tinctive all the Mishuna type, and which

has . e o f S o f been rarely copied Another typ atsuma,

s s which there are ome choice specimens in the mu eum , is

- o known as Seto Kusuri , which is valued because f the beauty and richness o f its brown glaz e and remarkable

s o f s - z e ﬂec ke d h plashes tran parent olive brown overgla , wit

light blue streaks. The printed books excited much atten o f tion , owing to the rich harmony colour in the illustrations, far superior to most o f the pictures to be fo und in works

o f l s o f r that treat the book i lustration Japan . M . Bowes his took visitors seriatim through the collection , and lucidly s H e s described the exhibit . howed ho w imagination and symbolism entered most thoroughly into Japanese art - work s man hip, and recounted many pleasing stories and myths that form so large a part o f Japanese traditions and inﬂuence

their work . f The members were entertained at a ternoon tea by Mrs. f M r r o . M . a Bowes, and at the request Sales, Leonard Tath m, A s o f M . . o f , gave expres ion the opinion the members re s ff t pecting the collection , and o ered heir thanks to Mrs. r M r fo . for Bowes her hospitality, and to Bowes not only n s in s fo r his kind es receiving the members, but al o the M R O A D A T R I B C H E S T E R 1 6 1 R O AN .

M r u e in e . tro ble he had tak n describing his coll ction . S .

Andrew heartily supported the remarks that had been made . f M r. Bowes, in reply, invited the members and their riends to visit the museum at any time, either as a body or in d etachments .

a u da u 1 m1 8 S t r 0. y, j éy g , 9

R I H E T E R BC S .

The members o f the Society paid a visit to the newly

- - a . discovered Roman road at Black Moor The party, which n f e D umbered orty members, wer met at Lower arwen , by M r B ertwistle o f . James , Blackburn , who conducted them to he t place where the road had been excavated . When the Society heard o f the discovery o f the road they immediately Ber wistl c M r. t e ommunicated with , and he saw the Borough ‘ M r B ll m . . . M C a u Engineer ( J ) , who kindly consented to o pen a new section so that the members might see it o n o r o f Saturday. This section shows the inclination curve the r was oad , and it discovered that there are three distinct T he f f ancient roads . Roman road is three eet rom the s f and o f o f ur ace, above this there is a layer eight inches o f blue clay and three inches ashes, and there is another l o f s o f ayer even inches clay and three inches o f ashes . A photograph o f the ﬁ rst section o f the road had been taken

M r. s s by Greg on , Blackburn , and this was pre ented to the

T he f o f the ff s Society . curious ormation di erent section e f fo r was not d , and then the party le t Wilpshire, where they

o were met by conveyances and conveyed t Ribchester.

s Here they were received by the vicar, who de cribed to n them the i teresting features o f the church. M r B er wistle f . t a terwards conducted the visitors to the s Roman camp, and pointed out the various ections cut in 1 888 o f , the positions the oak shingles and the old gateway, the latter being a very interesting feature from the fact that it is o f at the corner the camp, the usual position being at 1 62 PR O C E E D I N GS .

. was the centre A new trench, close to the old gateway, ’ s fo r o f the cut in the vicar garden , the special interest f s o f h visitors, who were given ragment Roman pottery whic f a had been ound there. S ome two months ago the vic r w as f as ﬁ nd his n so ortunate to in garden a gold Roman coi , s o f s to in an excellent tate pre ervation , which was shown s the visitor . The leader exhibited a copy o f tracings o f the excavations made at Ribchester in the autumn o f 1 888 at the instance

f . o f m o . s the Rev J Shortt, curator the Cross Street Mu eu , M r s o f . f d e sc ri Pre ton , which Shortt gave the ollowing p tion “ These excavations led to the discovery o f one o f the s o f f the gateway that ancient camp, rom which place de s s o f D was rive the last two syllable its present name . eep ss o f the the impre ion made upon the invaders Britain , ‘ ’ A n le ish — o f s m g , the corner men Europe, now tyling the ‘ ’ s f n elves English, when they beheld these wonder ul e ‘ ’ — s closures these chester . They changed the names of many places in order to aﬁix to them a record that they s o s had been che ters . S al o in various countries the presence f s f r o a legion stamped it el on its station . Fro n Palestine to ’ Wales these formidable brigades left permanent token o f their occupation o f certain places by pregnant syllables in

s . Fo r s L e un s local name in tance, jj in Pale tine, the modern o f S name Megiddo, is the same word as Leon in pain , and — o ur Leon in Caer leon in country. The latter word is ’ s L e io nis — o f Ca tra g the camp a legion . The interest in ’ s s f the e chester still continues . It seems a sort o hereditary s ne entiment. O may imagine the awe once felt by the s f s Briton at these orts , whence u ed to issue warriors in mar tial array and brilliant panoply, in utter contrast to their f a —the o f own dim , con used , and r gged hosts abode men who o f emphatically bore not the sword in vain . S pro ound was the respect then engendered that it has become part o f the ﬁb re o f European human brain and Rome still retains the wo n reverence she twenty centuries ago . To examine a

1 64 PR O C E E D I N GS .

e b tween them and the expected enemy, were chosen troops ’ as guards ; and still in advance towards the general s gate were v — f the as olunteers picked men , both rom Roman as well

f ed ff s o f . rom the alli troops, who o ered to hold the po t danger r e h S In rese ve, just b ind Main treet, lay the principal body of its -f —ao the legion , in world amed triple organisation o rganisation in which lay the secret o f c onquest A t the intersection o f Canteen S treet with the street leading from ’ ’ the general s to the quartermaster s gate was the Market t o f the Place, hus disposed most conveniently in the midst quarters of the main body o f the troops as well as o f the c b rieﬂ e o f avalry. Such was, y, the prop r order a Roman ’ f ‘ e it camp o regulation pattern . We may well believ that was generally adhered to ; it is so evidently a sensible s arrangement. But there may have arisen circum tances, or features o f the ground may have presented themselves to prevent its always being carried out. And so it was at o f of Ribchester. The placing a gate at the northern angle the camp was doubtless occasioned by some particular con

s e . ideration, about which it is vain to speculat We may, far—t however, perhaps be permitted to speculate thus hat possibly another gateway might be found at the western ’ ‘ r angle o f the still distinctly traceable outline o f the cheste . Perhaps it may no t be too much to ho pe that an attempt to discover whether this is so may be made at no distant date. S uch a gate would lead over ﬁeld s where further exploration might be practicable. The gate lately discovered led to the

o f s s f street the village, walls and hou e at once orbidding f s t urther examination . But it was near thi gate, in his ﬁne the street, that the very gold Roman brooch now in Blackburn Museum (characterised by an eminent professor ‘ ’ o f ar cha o lo gy as magniﬁc ent ) was found . Similar trea A t e sures may be hidden near the other gate. all ev nts, knowing the Roman custom o f placing sepulchral monu m s f s ents at each ide o the roads issuing from their settlement , these objects o f deep though melancholy interest might b e met f s with , and we might learn more o the ancient dweller M R O AN C A M P A T R I B C H E S T E R . 1 65 in was B re metonac um what then called . Such was probably the Roman way o f spe llingr the primitive name o f what we c all Ribchester. Evidently this latter could not have been its - fo r original or pre Roman name, Chester is a Roman

i s. w ord . The nat ves were Celt Certain neighbouring local n ames o f Celtic origin may suggest the source o f the ﬁrst ‘ ’ s r f B rimic ro ft r yllable, B yn , ound in Brindle, , or B yn , near f f s o . s s Wigan , igni ying brow hill The la t three yllables ‘ ’ ma o f f y be the distortion , on an Italian tongue, argh, ound in the Grimsargh and Go osnargh in the immediate neighbour o hood . The wall or earthw rk round these camps was and

is . commonly called a vallum Properly speaking, this word o n o f means a palisade . Reared the top the earthwork

w w as f o f formed by throwing up hat excavated r m the osse, o o f s ﬁrst s or encircling ditch, this netw rk pointed takes truck

the s s s who saw it. eye, and would mo t impre s tho e The phras e is thus a memento o f the feeling produced by the

actual view o f these menacing barriers . Among the problems suggested by the recent partial exploration o f this ever ‘ ’ i is o f o ak s nteresting place the purpose certain hingles,

s s f h s . t at is, split oak beam or branche ound in several place

s f s h These hingles are each three or our inche thick , t ree to f f set to our eet long, and are at right angles the earth wall or ‘ ’ f vallum on the inside . They lie about rom ﬁ ve to seven i s nches apart, without any bonding piece , and are laid in s s s ucces ion , one behind the other, extending toward the centre — o f the camp in one place fo r seventeen feet in that dirc e s tion . It will be seen that they were very numerou about i s s s . the gateway. The sub oil and and gravel Upon this n has been laid by human hands a foot thick o f clay. O

this clay are laid the shingles arranged as described above. f Above them are laid three eet o f like clay. What can have been the object o f these shingles ? It has been sug f gested that it was to solidi y the ground, and to make a

platform fo r the defenders o f the rampart. Possibly it was

0 s 8 . Yet it seem strange that upon them should be laid o f ff f the sucha thickness sti clay as three eet. Near gate 1 66 PR O C E E D I N GS .

f e o ak ar o f the a n were ound s veral planks, perhaps p t ncie t e o ak as s se and a drawbridg ; also some sleepers, uppo d ; stout oak post plan ted in the ground on the right hand of fo r w re the gateway. Two implements cutting leather e f s s h s s o ff d also ound in the ame pot, and a leat er shoe ole, c e f s its a o o d w as e . at as an object antiquity, very mo ern sp ct f o f the r o f ﬁ re in the In ormer examinations area, t aces shape o f layers o f charred wood and ashes have be en found e a a S o me similar traces have reapp red ne r the gate. They must evidently b e o f mo re ancient date than the woo den o f r t o ne planks . The only c ins ound are undeciphe able , wi h

o u s f f exception . This w ld eem , rom its position when ound,

to have been dropped by a man when at work on the vallum. I f so s f end , the che ter could not have been made be ore the f r f o o f the o the ﬁ st century o our era. Pr bably it was one

o f s to s o f r chain garri ons due the geniu that warlike p ince, n r Hadria , intended to bind in permanent irresistible rest aint ” r s the conquered B itish tribe .

r Be rtwistle s o f M . gave a de cription a Roman altar which n o w V f the is at the icarage, and a ter this the party went to

Black Bull fo r tea. S w as s an tydd Church next vi ited , and the vicar gave s n o f e d iﬁc H e w as d intere ting accou t the ancient e . thanke fo r his ss o f s kindne , and a vote thank was accorded to

M r. B e rtwistle fo r t conducting the par y.

S aturda u 6t 1 2 /z 8 0 . y, j ly , 9

s o f The member the Society visited The Priory, Green s f o r A . in r M . W . C o e f r heys, the re idence p g , o ’ the purpose o f inspecting that gentleman s collectio n o f

ﬁfteenth - and sixteenth century Latin Bibles. The members were shown in the grounds some o ld windows and carved f stonework rom the Collegiate Church, Manchester ; also

s o f s o everal relics the Manche ter Jubilee Exhibiti n , amongst t s o f the r the hem being the repre entations the stocks, pillo y,

1 68 PR O C E E D I N GS .

ﬁft e e ed an d an o f the mem and y y ars ago, wer examin , m y be rs ascended to the top o f the tower fo r the sake o f the

extensive view it commands . M r f sh . e t e o m Hughes, in his pap r, said the ti h s Frod a

D r. O us u and were, so rmerod tells , given by Hugh L pus ’ We rb ur hs r S t. e Ermentrude, by thei great charter, to g Abb y 1 f 0 . I e a the in 93 King Edward . con err d the dvowson on o f l Abbey Vale Royal , and in their hands it remained unti fo A t s o f s ri s the R e rmation . the dis olution the mona te e it w as n o o f O f gra ted to the dean and can ns Christ Church, x ord,

o is a t. e n w S . who present. The church dedic ted to Lawrenc is o f o f has It built the red stone the district , and a nave,

s . chancel , ide aisles, and a tower with six bells The great s f who n e s o . tithe are in the hand a lessee, repairs the cha c l

s n s w as s The ide chancel , or Ki g ley or Rutter chapel, re tored f n es by a member o f the Rutter amily. The Ki gsleys were d c e nd ed f M esc hines E o f s ra e rom Randall , arl Che ter, g nt e o f o f a an d M o nd re m D u the Forest M ra ( elamere) , and a ces

s f n s s f o o . tor the late Can Kingsley The creen , which ormerly f n separated the choir rom the , ave and the Kingsley and

s f s Hel by chapels rom the choir, do not now exi t , but traces

o O r f their former po sition are noticeable . ther chant ies

fo r s rme ly exi ted in the church, and there was a chapel in

r n Fro dsham town and another on the b idge. O the south side o f the altar is a piscina and a single stall under a Go thic

n f arch fo r the mi ister. The church ormerly contained much n s s s o f the stai ed glas , repre enting the armorial bearing

f s in 1 8 s . s are neighbouring amilie The regi ter begin 55 , and f 6 f s f 1 6 2 1 60. imper ect rom 4 to Many amou men , including s G astrell Franci , John Cleaver, and William Charles Cotton ,

f - f have been among the orty two rectors o Frodsham . After tea some o f the party visited the ruins o f Halton s f s s ma e Ca tle, our mile di tant, on which some remarks were d

M r s s o by . Harri on . The ca tle was riginally built by Nigel , ﬁ rst o f f s the baron Halton , soon a ter the Norman Conque t, but probably no part o f the present remains can be said to ’ belong to the founder s structure. Its possession was traced M H E S T E R H I A N C S P C A N A L . 1 69

o f s D s o f through a line baron , and the uke Lancaster until r o o f E 1 Hen y Bolingbr ke became King ngland . About 579 the castle was transformed into a priso n fo r recusants under o f S o f f who the government Sir John avage, one a amily held the neighbouring manor o f Clifton and built the mansio n

o f R o c ksa a e o v g . In the civil war the castle was garris ned fo r the w as s king, but taken by the Parliamentarian under f s s Sir William Brereton . It was a terward demoli hed and no w s o ld reduced to a ruin , and there remains only ome s as vaulting and a well in the cellar, a winding stairc e in few f s o f ruins with an arched window, a ragment tracery, f o s f and some mo uldering walls . The view r m the ummit o s s s is s N o t the hill on which the ca tle tand very exten ive . far fro m the castle is the small library fo unded by S ir John he ssh re 1 o f is C M r. y in 733, which an account given in ’ ’ ' s z le mn Axon s Cke k re G a g s.

' W d nesaa A u u st 1 1 e 8 0. y, g 9

I S I T T T H E H I C L V O S P AN A .

The members proceeded to Barton to examine portio ns s M r s f . o . o S . C the hip Canal work Ge rge Yate , ’ as ﬁ rs s acted leader. The members t proceeded to Brindley a s o s f s queduct to in pect the w rk there, a terward walking a to S tic kins o ut long the banks Island , the leader pointing

s w as fo on the way the po ition in which the old canoe und , and s m s r al o the old well . The me ber watched the prog ess o f s z the new lock with much interest, and were ama ed with the o f vastness the undertaking, particularly When they S tickins s o n noticed the old lock the now abandoned canal. r s h s f M . Yate said e was astonished that so fe w object o anti quarian interest had been fo und du ring the progress o f the w s n ork , although the S ociety had called attention by mea s o f an illustrated notice to objects which might be looked fo r &c . , such as stone implements, , which had been well E 1 70 PR O C E D I N GS .

s o f M r di tributed along the course the canal by . Leader Williams and him self but he co nsidered that the chance o f disco vering objects o f interest was much lessened now s they were u ing the American diggers. When the spade

- s f r and pick axe were u ed they had a more opportunities.

M r s - . Yates aid he had been keeping a strict look out in the a ss a o p rt in which they were now a embled, as some time g he received a letter from a well - known gentleman o f the district who stated that ancient weapon s had been discovered i k so me years ago o n S t c ins Island . O u writing to thi s gentle man fo r particulars he had received the following letter It gives me great pleasure to send yo u what little informa find in o f o s o tion I can regarding the g old weap n , s me thirty to r - fi ve s a o field thi ty year g , in a immediately between the f no r river Irwell and the armhouse w occupied by M . William rs s ic kin s s fi r o S t s. nd e R ge , oppo ite I land at Bent Lane The w as o ccupied with a farm labo urer cutting a drain fro m the

o to ro ss s s h use the river beyond , and came ac the e weapon

o f r f c nﬁ in the actual cutting the d ain . I eel o d ent no search

o s o r ﬂ il has ever been made . The weap n were a m ning a (a

o t s to w as f s sh r tick with a chain attached , which a tened a s o r r ro n s o s s piked iron ball), two th ee b ke h rt word (I believe

n f n s o f s if ro z a d . b n e) , ragme t metal uten ils I cannot say

r f o n s all we e o und in e po t . They were taken to an old f o f gentleman living a li e retirement near Flixton, and who

r n r f s rewa ded the ﬁ d e s o any curio with beer. These o fo r s has weap ns went to him the ame reward , but what

o o f o sa s bec me them now I cann t y, as he mu t have joined s s o o s the majority year ago. When a cho lb y I got permi sion M ﬁ eld I f r E . rom . Rogers to dig in the , but was limited to

o ne o as ss u . c rner, he did not want the gra cutting p In this f o f o —o f o corner I ound a quantity b nes cattle or h rses , f M r f s z o o . judging rom their i e . The explanati n Rogers w as that they must have been the carcasses o f cattle which

r fo s o f o had been bu ied by rmer tenant the s il , and he evi s o d e ntly considered me a nuisance. It is omewhat ridicul us f s o f S tic kins troubling you with a theory, but rom the hape

1 72 PR O C E E D I N GS . faction from the king against ce rtain gentlemen who had e n s s s tered her hou e and other place , and had di lodged , taken, and carried away her goods and chattels to the value o f two h and m o f o f hi she undred pounds , as so e them were Ches re, had s fo r o f C he ste rshire no remedy again t them , the men f ss e fo r do not ear outlawry nor other proce , and she pray d ’ e fo r s s n t r dress God ake, seei g hat she had nothing where

n o f Prestwic hes with to mai tain herself. A pedigree the was s 1 206 an d t cited , howing the owner in , how, by heir the es s D e W o lvele heiress Alice, tates pas ed to the y, and t T e tlaw e f his hrough their daughter Alice to Jordan de , rom

r o s o fA ec ro ft s ss daughte J hanna to the Langley , g , who e heire f m W D aunte se o s t s . O ne arried illiam y, We t Laving on , Wilt o f f f the amily ounded the cadet branch at Hulme, Man o f s f E n stw chester, and thi amily were dmu d Pre ich, the “ f s s o o o . o s tran lat r Hipp lytu , and the Rev J hn Pre twich, ’ f s f f o S O o . ellow All oul , x rd The latter gave the principal o f his o o to C hetham o books c llecti n C llege Library. S ome o f the wo rks o f these gentlemen were ed ited by Sir John

’ t t his R es ublzca Pres wich, Bar , in p , where he also makes

l s f his a lusion to Pre twich Church, ounded and endowed by s s s s f d predeces or , who al o, as he tates, ounded and endowe a

s t s monastic in titution wi hin the parish . Thi has been called in s o M r E s i que ti n by many, but . da le showed that there might o fo r o f I be s me truth in the statement, in the time Edward . he o o f o f o o f s t pri r the Hospital S t. J hn Jeru alem held lands in r o o and s t Crompton , Chade t n , and Heat n , al o hat the o f s a lleswo rth abbot Cockersand had e tates in F y , Crompton, s s r and Chaderton , and it was obviou that ome retu n must fo r f s was have been made such generous gi t . Mention made o f s o f the t s no w E the Hollands, the precursor Eger on , arls o f o f t o f S Wilton ; the Pilking ons, the Park, tand, and the o f S s E s o f D o f Tower ; the tanley , arl erby ; and the numerous o f A s h h s s. t e older small estate to church, its history began

' T ax atzo o f 1 2 0 with its value in the 9 , and ended with the “ ” o s L ic hﬁ eld Instituti n at . From the latter we have the o f list the rectors and patrons. PR E S T WI C H A N D I T S C H U R C H 1 73

R o . atr n ect rs P o s. John Travers (o u the death o f M arkelaw d e Prestw c he William ) Adam y . i S r . Rich. de Par Rich Holland .

' T raﬂo rd f . o Nichol de Thomas, son Adam Pr s w h e t yc e.

. o f Rich de Wetton Thomas, son Adam Pr e stwyche. 8 was In 1 33 Ric . de Waverton

rector. R ad c l ff 1 o n n to n e . 347. Rob. de C y g Richard de y l ﬂ' 1 R ad c l ffe R ad c e . 357. John de y Richard de y P lk n o n R ad c l ff 1 6 . t e . 3 5 Rich. de y y g Richard de y , sen

ff. ffere Geo del Robert de Longley.

1 1 e . s 40 . Ni hus de Tylde ley The King.

1 0 . 4 9 Peter de Langley Robert de Langley. 1 R ad ulf 44 5. Longley Robert de Langley. 1 493. Ralph Langley Robert Langley.

1 s. . 495. Tho Longley Robert Langley 1 2 Wm 5 5. . Langley Robert Langley. W D m. 1 2 . 55 Will Langley avenport, by grant f rom Rob. Langley. m A ssh W . s e n f 1 6 . to o 5 9 Langley Jame , Chad

d e rto n . h 1 6 1 1 . A ss eto n o f John Langley James , Chad o d rton .

I z aac 1 6 2 . A ssh n 3 Allen Edmund eto .

Langley, Porter, BrierleyFurness, R athb and fo r Lake, and held

- the next twenty eight years . 1 660 E n . dward Ke yon . 1 668 . John Lake ( mentioned above) Presented by Edward h A ss eto n.

1 68 A ssheto n 5. William Presented by Edward h n A ss eto .

s H T h 1 1 . o n. o m 73 Rich. Goodwin Pre ented by as

Wentworth. 1 74 PR O C E E D I N GS .

R ectors. atron P s. G rifﬁth rifﬁ h . G t John Rev John . rr Levitt Ha is Rev. Levett H arris . s M r Jame Lyon . Lyon . o s Blac kb urne E o f Th ma arl Wilton . f John Rushton Earl o Wilton . H M . . f Birch Earl o Wilton . T W . . the Jones, present

rector Earl o f Wilton .

s s n M r. E daile alluded to the three Pre byterian or Independe t

s S rt chapel within Prestwich, namely tand , Failswo h , and ’ s s c f D r E vans s Greenacre , and gave some tatisti s rom . John

s a e t o f r li t, prep r d in the early par the last centu y. The paper w as closed by an account o f an interesting discove ry as

O ld o m S mert z to Hugh , clerk, who, with Walter , citi en and s n o f f kin er London, had been excepted rom the Operation o f o f o f 1 8 - 8 so h the Act Attainder 4 7 , that t ey might con inue o f s o f B od r an t to act as trustees the e tates Sir Henry yg , r o f l d le of o f Bo d an c o . C a wo yg , Cornwall, and Thomas y, w D o s . A t as ev n hire this date it shown that Rev . Hugh ’ f n l as . O d o m w o S t. rector Mildred s, Bread Street, Londo This Hugh O ld o mwas afterwards Bishop o f Exeter and f o f S ounder the Manchester Grammar chool . M r o so s . J hn Owen gave me interesting details re pecting

N o f s— —fo the rman ragment beakhead, pile, and billet und o f during the restoration the church, but which have since disappeared from the church.

M onda S e tember 1 st 1 8 . y, p , 90

A RAM BL E T H R O U G H O L D E R MA N C H E S T E R .

A party met fo r a ramble (under the leadership o f

M r - e . Tallent Bateman) through sundry old stre ts and courts the D e anS ate o f in g district, where many the buildings was are evidently doomed to early demolition . The start

C E D 1 76 PR O E I N GS .

o e the rt s the e c the Byr m state, pa y vi ited old stre ts and ourts “ ” “ between Peter Street (formerly Yates S treet ) and Allport ” “ ” 11 - f n Town . Here in ancient A port a ter examini g the eighteenth century improvements (dating from about the f o f e o r re s namely, ormation r gular roads st et , ft f m crossing one another at right angles, and named a er a ous s S e b a London streets ( uch as trand Str et, Lom rd Street, — s Fleet Street) the party di banded .

aturda S e tember 1 ih 1 8 S y, p 3 , 90.

A party o f thirty members and friends o f membe rs o f the t the e Society visited Boo h Hall , Blackley, under l adership

- . t o f M r. Tallent Bateman The par y travelled by tramcar to t f Barnes Green, Harpurhey and hen , ollowing the highroad, o f o crossing the lower part B ggart Hole Clough, took the “ ” pretty carriage drive (through Charlestown ) to the hall.

t - m Arrived at the hall , the par y met in the dining roo f to hear a paper rom the leader, and to inspect various f m pedigrees, autographs, and local mementoes ro his M r collection . Blackley ( . Bateman said ) was not without ’ s ﬁ rst o f its historical record . The the Rev. John Bo oker s series o f local chapelry histo ries dealt with T lze A nc ient M nc/zes e a el o Blackle in a t r P arzlr/z. r C /z p f y This histo y, 1 8 s r published in 54, contain a contempora y lithographed

f . M r. f view o Booth Hall Bateman , a ter commenting on fo M r the little correct in rmation which . Booker gave o f the f Booth amily, to whom the hall owes its existence and o f o f f name, gave an account the Booths Sal ord and s Blackley, conden ing the material contained in the long series o f notes on that family contributed by him a few M anc ester 22 w years ago to the lz C 7 N e s . Booth Hall was

1 6 - f r built during the years 39 40. The gentleman o whom “ s M r wa . f as o r. it w erected Humphrey Booth, son M ” f o f l Humphrey Booth, the elder ( ounder Trinity Chape , “ f and f o f M r. h the r Sal ord), ather Humphrey Boot , g and 3 00711 H A L L , BL A CKL E Y . 1 77

we son , both ll known in connection with the Booth M r f . f o f S . o charities al ord Booth, the builder the hall , acquired the Blackley estate from different sources and at ff o f di erent times . Part it was comprised in his marriage s settlement, having been settled upon him and his is ue by f f 1 622 his ather, the ounder, who had purchased that part in f Be swic ks f rom the , and part was purchased rom (among other M r 1 6 o fA lkrin landowners) . John Legh, then (February, 39) g — ton a place better known in later times by its associations f o f f with the Lever amily Manchester. There is on the ront wall o f the oldest portion o f the hall a wooden label carved H E A : . B with the monogram or device . : The ’ B f w f o f a A . re ers to Humphrey s i e, Anne, daughter R lph f f o t o . f Hough, the ci y London , merchant This lady a ter f f o . o f o wards became the wi e Edward Warren , Esq , P ynton , fo and by her will, among other charities, bequeathed rty s i o f r h llings to the poor Blackley. The ma riage between 1 626 Humphrey and Anne took place early in February, , s o f the bridegroom being apparently under twenty year age, h 1 2 tho f 1 H 60 . e he aving been baptised on the April, 7 is “ referred to in 1 647and at other times as Captain Humphrey ” “ ” Booth and as Captain Booth. To which side or party “ n M r Captai Booth was attached during the civil wars . s Bateman had not been able to discover. Was he po sibly the “ Captain Booth ” known to be in Colonel Gerrard ’s s ? H e (Royali t) regiment was, in legal documents , generally ” ’ d s o f f he his f s e cribed as Sal ord , where , on ather death , in ’ “ 1 6 s s S f e 35, ucceeded to the latter house near al ord Bridg ” ffo o te Though a gentleman o f wealth and some social d s s o f i tinction , he still clung to the trade by mean which these Booths had secured their inﬂue ntialpositio n ; he being fo r f 1 6 2 1 6 s a time (namely, rom 4 to 47) in partner hip with “ o r E mo tt fo r a Lond n merchant, M . Bernard , buying and ” fo selling wool . Humphrey was buried at S al rd Chapel on

1 o f 1 6 8 s r f s the 9th March, 4 , his will being ho tly a terward H e o f proved by his widow. had had eight children , whom the ” the youngest, Humphrey, grandson , was, according to the M 1 78 PR O C E E D I N GS .

“ ’ o lle iate C hnrchre Bter b a tised at his father s ho use at C g g , p

Blac kle 28th D ec emb er T his las t- name d H um y, , ‘ hre in 1 66 2 barred the entail a mted b his fathers p y, , ( y r marriage settlemen t) upon the Blac kley and othe estates. M he d esi sed b his wﬂlto his musi ano ther ﬂ nm hre y m p y, b rother to the we ll- known ud e the R i ht H ono urab le S ir j g , g

I t is thro u h this last- name d H um hre R o bert Boo th. g p y

T he Blac kley pro perty was alienated by the Bo o ths ab o ut

c en ll - r e the end o f the seventeenth tur . T he ha is tw o sto e y y d, and the o ld est portio n has the many gab les c harac te ristic of r I was b uil f b ut has the earlier uart e iod . t t o b ric k St p , ain v T h ne l n b een stucco ed and p ted o er. e x t o d est po rtio appears to have b een built early in the eighteen th ce n tury ; while yet another portion has been erecte d since the property was in the hands o f the Taylors (desc endants o f the well “ k wn O ld ﬁeld ane T he VVo rthin to ns no L g , the

D i leses the Ba le s in tur wn e the al an d M r. gg , and y y n o d h l , Bate man quoted from wills o f se veral membe rs o f those f ne o f t ese s e 1 08 and u lis amilies . O h will (dat d in 7 p b hed ” B er f r o ne a e the a by ook ) re e s to ch mb r or room , in h ll, “ ” M r man c ed the e er . o i e all gr en chamb , and Bate p nt d out that there was a room in the house which was still kn own ” f i the d e o ti n o f as the green room . Re err ng to ol st p r o the M r s : T he wi he e e use . B s t ho , ooker ay ndows in bas m nt s e r e e m s tor y, originally squa e head d , divid d by ullion , and protected by a labe l or weather table e xtending the w hole t o f the i s e e o e leng h building, have in many nstance b n bl ck d u t e eas s o f m n p, and heir place suppli d by ement oder con th e w re e struction . In e upper stor y the windo s a squar and h n c ieﬂ o f s. e e y six light Here, as in the base, some hav b e u and h i e t built p, nothing but the ood rema ns to indicat hat such windows ever existed the barge boards are plain in

T h f r r e e . e o m the xtrem interior presents little to call re a k, the fo r the t apartments being most par small, and exhibiting ” m T he e an appearance altogether mode . hous contains much interesting c arving and stained glass work ; b ut this is

1 80 PR O C E E D I N GS . d erived from the collection o f works of art and musical hi r Bo n to has instruments o f past centuries w ch M . ddi g n i ri r f th b a l gathered together in the reconstructed nte o o is l , r and c k so rich in herald y de orative wor . Hearty thanks were accorded to the genial host on the L ether f r M r. m o M . e ec ed otion Holm Nicholson , s ond by

o f the o . brow, treasurer S ciety the r o f the I nn A t the evening repast at old hostel y Swan , M r r l and in e ti d e sc ri . William Norbu y gave va uable t res ng p s o f r i f e tion past days in Wilmslow histo y. T me orbad intended visits to ' Hawthorn Hall and to the old rectory n with their quai t gables .

' ' o th 1 Frzaa O ct ber 1 o 8 0. y, , 9

T H E I N T R O D U C T I O N O F C O T T O N S PI N N I N G I N T O

FRANC E A N D BE L G I U M .

The opening meeting o f the winter session was held in ’

h hams M r W E A . et . . C College, Manchester. . Axon

s pre ided . B M r. . . J Robinson , F exhibited eighteen beauti f - s s he ully executed photograph , illu trating t Whit week i o f S o t in N e meet ng the cie y orth Yorkshir . f s M r. S o fo r amuel Andrew, Oldham , brought in pection ﬁ ne s f a tone celt ound in Royton Park. It had evidently

been used by someone in recent times as a Whetstone. M r A 1b er N ic ho ls s n . t o n c a d exhibited an an ient silver eal, “ ” M r ld f . John O wen ( O Mortality ) a drawing o an ancient cross found during the exten sio n o f the chancel at Prestwich h . c o n Church It is curious , as having been s ulptured bot

s a . O n ides, having evidently been a churchy rd cross one was o f side depicted a pair shears . a s he The Rev. Canon Atkinson made a few rem rk on t S h old axon cross at Bolton , and stated t at it had now been f he w er restored and placed in a sa e place in t church porch, h e

it could be seen by visitors . ’ WI N T A I R M E S S 1 E R S E S S I ON C H A N S A D D R . 8 1

i H e The Cha rman d elivered the usual Opening address . said that o n previous occasions he had taken the Opportunity o f pointing out various directio ns in which arche ological u f o research might se ully be attempted. H e would not g d a r over that groun ag in, but rather cong atulate them on the of t variety and interest the syllabus jus issued . It ranged

s ae s over prehi toric, Roman , medi val, and more modern period , an d the s o f included promi e contributions to biography,

o r . O ne f bibli g aphy, and philology ascinating subject was

- o o f s not represented e the hist ry commerce and indu try, and f b rieﬂ f o he would there ore y re er, as an example, to the st ry “ o f the conspiracy by which cotton -spinning machinery was ﬁ rst taken from Manchester to Belgium fo r the creation

o f a co ntinental cotton trade. The introduction o f spinning machinery upon the contin ent is a curious episode in ' the o f e has s fo r s r history comm rce, and ome interest Manche te as f men the people, it was rom that place the and machinery s r o f h . t e were obtained The indu t ial activity England , and s i o s o f riche which the nventi n Kay, Highs, and Arkwright

brought her, naturally attracted the attention o f her fo reign rivals ; but in those days there were stringent regulations “ o f f against the export machines, and the seduction o arti ” sans to engage in the service o f a foreign master was a

ff . to o fo r criminal o ence The temptation was, however, great

the attempt not to b e made. As Englishmen had gone abroad in order to obtain the secrets o f the silk and other manufac

u so f s t res , oreigners came here to spy out the indu trial s o f riche the land . The man who succeeded in taking o - e H e abr ad the spinning jenny was Li vin Bauwens . belonged f i to a Belgian amily that claimed patric an rank, but had ”r always been associated with the industries o f Holland in

Antwerp, Malines, and other places . Although the names and coat o f arms o f the Bauwens are to be found in the o f the o s d bo oks Low Country heralds, they are als in cribe ’ r o f o f fo generations in the records the Tanners Guild Ghent. Lievin Jean Bauwens was born at Ghent on the 1 4th o f 1 6 and was the o f J une, 7 9, son Georges Bauwens and his 1 82 PR O C E E D I N GS .

f e e van Pete hem H i fa er ha a sec e e . s t d ond wi , Th r s g h an e Waaistraat and numerous c e were t n ry in the , his hildr n to a t the f i u tr so at earl taught take a p r in amily nd s y ; , an y a e e n the e o f a ranc e men g , Li vi was made overse r b h stablish t

r r - H e c n a at H uyd e svette s Hoec k. ould o ly have been b oy w t e n n fo r at a e of hen he had his r spo sible positio , the g s in the rea of ixteen he came to London , and g t tannery U nd ershell and Fc x learned what there was to b e know n of he o f t ree ea er h t English methods hat industry. Th y rs lat e r o f a a e ment eturned to Ghent, and took charge l rg establish f f T which his ather had started shortly be ore his death. he N ie uwland Tanne ry in the old D o minican convent employed nve e and fift a s i two hundred men and kept hundr d y v t go ng. t fo r n a e an i Bauwens made lea her the Londo m rk t, d is sa d to have paid fi ve hundred tho usand francs o f customs duty f o ear . H e and y ly had requent occasi n to visit England , the expansio n o f the cotton industry naturally attracte d his a e the a n tt ntion, all more so that he had always had stro g t fo r s and e the f a aste mechanic , only adopt d amily tr de in f f c ompliance with the wishes o his ather. A c lock which he had made at the age o f twelve was o ne o f the favourite t o f his ar s o f the e xhibi s p ent , who, whilst proud ingenuity of t to the w heir son , did not wish him abandon vocation hich o n f had ensured c mpete ce to the amily. As tanners they ” n f was o aturally elt that there n thing like leather. A t this i e to e t me Belgium was annex d France, and Bauw ns proposed to the D irecto ire that he should endeavour to obtain the secret o f the machines by which the British manufacturer e fianc e r bade d to his continental rivals. The F ench gove rn e a ment promised him th ir support, and he c me to Manchester o o f s r f o for the purp se getting the nece sa y in ormati n . This was 1 8 was ran o is w o ne of in 79 , and he aided by F g de Pau , s A t a his relation . M nchester he made the acquaintanc e of n M r m a . r overseer, Ja es Kenyon , and his daughter Ma y. Whilst talking business with the father he appears to have o f the e ec ame talked other matters to girl , who ev ntually b f o f i his . the mc ic in wi e The various parts a h ne, wh h Bel

1 84 PR O C E E D I N GS .

re e e e u a e distributed in p s nts to the workp opl . Ba wens st rt d i s was ﬁ rst in a new spinning mill at Tronch enne , and the to Be lgium employ steam power. The ﬂying shuttle was so s s al u ed by him , and he made e says in cotton printing, s in carding, and , indeed , appear to have been always on the alert fo r every possible improvement o f the industrial pro s s was H e ces e in which he engaged . took an active part in ff i s w as M aire o f o f local a a r , and Ghent and member the o f D 1 f Council the epartment. In 80 5 the town o Ghent s pre ented him with a gold medal at a banquet, where the services o f Bauwen s in the creation o f fresh industries was

f . s o grate ully acknowledged The French In titute , in a rep rt o n ss o f s to f the progre indu try, gave Bauwens the credit o ‘ naturalzife s N a having the English machine in France . po was n 1 8 1 0 ff of leon , who in Ghe t in , o ered him the title

. s o f Comte Thi he declined , but accepted the Cross the H is o f . s Legion Honour great work , and that at Ghent, are

to to sa said have given employment three thou nd people,

s s f l a s were open to vi itor , and he ree y gave dvice to tho e who

n H is ro ﬁ were e gaging in the cotton trade . own p ts were r s o w ve y large, and he h ed great liberality in the treatment o f his o s s o f w rkpeople, and in the u e he made his riches . s no t h But thi princely opulence was without c eck . The o o f s N 1 8 1 coaliti n the great powers again t apoleon , in 4, s s s s re ulted in di a ter to French indu try, and Bauwens was

o s f s o f f s one f the victim . A orced ale the actorie turned

r f B s . out ve y un avourably, and auwen was ruined When the

o f N ethe rland s f B s s kingdom the was ormed , auwen ought

I . o f . s the patronage William , but in vain A propo al to

s s s o n o f e tabli h cotton pinning the banks the Guadalquivir,

f o f S w as un suc which he made to the In anta pain , equally c ssf s s s e ul. In the e circum tance he attempted the creation o f s s ss fo r a new indu try, and began at Pari a proce the i o f . s was 1 8 1 hs treatment waste silk Thi in 9, and partner, I d elo t e the Baron de la Fert , allowed him an annual salary

five s f s s o f r fi s o f thou and ranc and a hare the p o t . The No ve mb e r 1 8 2 1 fo r patent taken out in , , the preparation and ’ WI N T E R S E S S I O N C H A I R M A N S A D D R E S S . 1 85 treatment o f silk floss might possibly have restored the f f o f e s e o f allen ortunes Li vin Bauwen , but he di d the rupture

o f 1 o f 1 82 2 . an aneurysm on the 7th March, His widow, f r o f f r the ormer Ma y Kenyon , Manchester, a ter bu ying him

- - e S t. in P re la Chaise, returned to Belgium , and died at 1 F two s o f Bernard in 834. ive years later the ons the ’ manufacturer received the royal licence to use their father s e s f Christian and surname as a patronymic . Li vin was him el f f o f B the eldest o a amily twelve . y his marriage with Mary — é n Kenyon he had two sons and a daughter Napol on , bor 1 80 1 86 e at Tronchiennes in 5, who died at Paris in 9 ; F lix , 1 806 born at Tronchiennes in , who died in London ; and r s 1 80 Elvina Ma ie Bernardine, born at Tronchienne in 9, and

M s R sheuvels o f has married to . Loui y , Antwerp . Ghent no t forgotten the memory o f the man who laid the fo und a o f s s to l tions a va t indu try, and who united commercia

s s s o f enterpri e public pirit and private genero ity . One her ’ s is o f s and open square named in honour Lievin Bauwen , there his statue stands to witness that peace has her victories

ss is o f s no le than war. Such one the many romantic epi odes connected with the histo ry o f the industrial develo pment o f ’ s Manche ter. M r. Robert Langton read an in memoriam notice o f

M r. s o . A . see . P . S the late Charle R ach Smith, ( p an o f s f honorary member the Society, and propo ed the ollowing “ reso lution That the members o f the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian S ociety desire to place o n record their sense o f the great loss to archaeology sustained by the death f M r o . s w as Charle Roach Smith . The resolution seconded by the Chairman and passed . D The meeting concluded with a paper from r. Colley

M arch on an Obscure Funeral Custom (see p. which he illustrated by a co llection o f ﬂint implements and r potte y.

‘ S ee II n P remrseur dc R ckard L r r Bo haert - ache Mulhouse i enoi a A . , p g V ( , 1 86 PR O C E E D I N GS .

’ T he m thl mee tin was hel a hethams ol e e on y g d t C C l g , r k r n M . P. E arwa e M . A . esi J . , , pr di g. r a u ew e t a s cel f und at M iln M . S mel Andr xhibi ed tone t o ’ ’ ro w fr m a R aines s co l ec i miths A lmanaclr , o C non l t on , Golds fo r 1 660 and a a u c ri s H all relatin to the , m n s pt by Elia g f l S ers o d a 1 6 . ing O h m , 95 M r tes e h e a ra n o f an ax e head o f s o ne of . Ya x ibit d d wi g t a re t e f o m tacams c ua recentl ac ui e b ra yp r A a , E dor, y q r d y he r e ri i t B itishMus um autho t es. hi a M r. s M r earso n ex ed H . e W . and G e . Gue t org P bit series of interesting photos of the megalithic structures at a n C rnac a d the district. M r a r o ec e the tten i n of the mem . William H r is n dir t d a t o to the A ae c ma o f en l e in the bers rch ologi al p K t, pub ish d

’ fi ft - first o f the A rclzw lo za to the t whch y volume g , and s eps i were being taken by the Surrey Archae ological So ciety for f f r t H e the preparation o a similar map o their coun y. sug gested the desirability o f the example b eing followe d by t s as a a s it e e five h hi Society, and , step tow rd , xhibit d sketc e re e e e the maps which he had pr pa d , dealing r sp ctiv ly with s z s and - e o d s in tone, bron e, Briti h, Roman , Anglo Saxon p ri m e fo r i i m Lancashire and Cheshire. These he sub itt d crit c s in the hope that the members would c o -ope rate with a view to the production o f as perfect a map as c ould be o e btain d . he r ni n M r. H a a d . H a e t an . Sales read pap r on O g s tio f A n s s Work o Antiquarian Societies . intere ting di cussion

t e ishwic k r el T . n ook plac , in which Colonel F , Robe t Pe , Can D l r A . P lin e . a A s W . u o Hughes, . Nichol on, J . Andrew, g , T yl r, n a d the chairman took part .

M r . f . G . C e i o a visi Yates, read a paper d script ve t

to n c . Car a , in the Morbihan

1 88 PR O C E E D I N GS .

Fn da D ecentber tiz 1 8 0. y, 5 , 9

’ was hethams The monthly meeting held in C College, the

E . F . Rev. . Letts presiding l e r x h ﬁ ne f e M r. W . Wareing Fau d e ibited a stiletto o th

s middle o f the ixteenth century .

M r T - f w . C . . Tallent Bateman exhibited and a ter ards pre e o s nted t the Society some interesting local documents . W f s r. . o two M C . S utton exhibited impressions bras es f rom the Manchester Cathedral , and these he presented to r r the Society in the name o f M . Har y Thornber.

D r - . Colley March read a paper on the Place names Skip se e and Argh ( p.

M r. R o s o r G . s w m C . Yate , read a paper on Colonel , who w as the principal engineer o f the garrison o f Manchester f 1 6 2 o 1 H f t 6 8 . e a rom 4 4 was a br ve and skil ul soldier, well versed in the best metho ds o f fo rtiﬁc atio n practised

his and f w o f in time, amiliar ith the discipline an army. H is experience in the thirty -years war o f Germany had s s artiﬁ c e s u the likewi e taught him the variou , the r ses , and

s s s n sy tem o f e pionage which were practised in campaig s. Hearing that Lancashire w as likely to be very soon a scene o f s s ff his s r ho tilitie , he came to o er e vices to whichever side to s Par might be inclined purcha e them , whether King or

iamen H is fi rs ff as o f l t. t o er w made to the inhabitants Manchester at a time when they felt much embarrassment in attempting to strengthen their town against the impend H e its fo rtific a i n s f r . e s s t o o ing siege propo ed to up rintend , which good service thirty gentlemen agreed to give him R o swo r was o 1630 . Colonel m a valuable acquisiti n to the o f s s o parliamentarians Manche ter. The mo t imp rtant ser vices in which he was engaged were the fo rtific atio ns o f s s s o f Manche ter, Liverpool , and the pas e Blackstone Edge. H e o s o f als took part in the engagement or sieges Leigh, C howb e nt s a , Pre ton , Wigan , Bolton , W rrington , Manchester, H e e Liverpool , and Nantwich . had the almost exclusiv o f he direction Manchester during the siege, in which L N E L R S W R 8 C O O O O M . 1 9 d an fid elit i isplayed , amidst all his distress d wrongs, y ncor ru tib le s o f D p by the gold and promi es erby or Rupert, the latter o f whom passed R o swo rmuntouched when he was f r marching in u y upon Bolton and Liverpool . But though an the o f f adept in wily arts his pro ession, he was never known to have turned them to the disadvantage o f the c se ommander who had purcha d his services, but to the last moment o f his engagement w as faithful and honourable to u fo r his tr st. When the term which he was bound had

C O L O N E L R O S WO R M

S r T ( Froma minia ture/omerév in the possesszb n qf the la te i Iwmas B aker) .

f o f f to expired , he was then ree to dispose himsel any other contending party, even though it should be to the enemy e whom he had the day before opposed . H never inquired m o f fo r f into the erit the cause which he ought. The important s ervices which R o swo rmrendered to the parlia me ntarian cause was repaid with an ingratitude which will

reﬂec t a o f T he ever stigma on the annals Manchester. a the o f c onﬁrmed p y promised him, and justice which was 1 90 PR O C E E D I N GS . b a e o f af e all d an e had a ed y vot Parliament, was, t r g r ce s , w f o f he ft the t wn ithheld rom him , in consequence which le o s e t ee in di gust, and repaired to London , wher he waited hr s a e quarter o f a year fo r redress . His debts during th t tim a he a ccumulating, it is not surprising that should publish er r o f the ff r v y ang y pamphlet. Speaking numerous o e s with which during his engagement with the inhabitants of e ru he Manch ster he had been tempted to betray his t st, “ s s w t m e e se ve adds, And I mu t need say, I could i h or a ha w t had sold them , men , omen , and children , wi h all they ’ into their enemies hands than at any time I c ould have prese rved them but alas ! I should then have bee n a Man chester man ; fo r never let an unthankful man and a

- e r f rs promise breaker have another nam . When you ea s u er er e had rendered you heartle s, my nd taking your s vic , and lively enco uragements revived you ; when yo u have c o m assed with s e th ee n been p your enemies, my ervic ha b ‘ f w e e n a i your reedom ; hen you have slept, I hav b e w tch ng fo r yo u ; when you have stretched yourselves upo n your f so t beds, I have made the cold earth my lodging ; when, o f e d instead clothes to keep me warm, I hav been wet roun f ho w withrain . I did not envy these things o you . But have yo u dealt with me ! When in my distress I have m fo r e n ur ade my moan to you my dearly arned stipe d , yo f r w f h n ears were dea , your hea ts pitiless ; my i e and c ildre no t ﬁ nd t o u and could their way to your bosoms, hough y “ yours have no t wanted large room in mine .

M r. e M an Richard Gill read a paper on Hanging Bridg , chester (see page and illustrated the same by some M r three excellent drawings made by . Rowbotham ; also photographs taken fo r the Society during the time the bridge was exposed . r s a d r wr a M . William Harri on exhibited ia y itten by f 1 6 f the e nd of Sal ord lady in 75 , on the blank leaves le t at

’ ’ m o M ancizest H i ert-Ware s Foundatrhm' in M an Cf. Pal er s Siege f er ; bb ’ ‘ vil War n L ancas/ urc C hethamS ociet vol. ii. clmter, vol. i. ; O rmerod s C i i ( y, ,

1 91 PR O CE E D I N GS .

e em and n he a so men i n e al n s . S t Cotgrav , Ard , Gorto l o s d i g r r M r h D l D r a so n Mr M . m ms with By o , . T o a oug as, . W t , . n M r ne M . h S a ecar r o wd e . ver t e att tith the poth y, F , Oli or y, and M r es Blo mle T he ar a ru tl n on . Jam y. di y b p y e ds 2 2nd and e a ft is ro August , , as th re is one bl nk page le , it p es w i she c t n ef r en e f al bable the illn s to h ch ons a tly r e s d d at ly. M r ld bo urn a so e n af fo r the ro a e o f his . G o l di d soo ter, p b t h n o f c e f l wi will was granted on t e 2 d O tob r o lo ng. The following new membe rs were elec ted : Ge neral Pitt

F R . n o e rt o v . Ri ers, S , Colonel Edmund Moly eux, R b Tayl r am m n ffe n Heape, Oscar S . Hall, Willi Ball , Willia Cu li , Joh n i and e S c ffe e o ur amH . o ut li , Stephen V , Will Kirkham, Ge rg a n H nso .

L E I G H H R D C U C H , A N C U R S I N G BY BE L L , BO O K, A N D 1 C AND L E I N 474.

’ In the seventh volume o f the T ramactzons of tire L anca

' ' s/zzre and Cites/zzre A nti uarian S ociet 0 1 t q y , at page 3 here is f o f a statement in re erence to the ceremony cursing by bell, r o book, and candle, in Leigh Church, which conveys so e r neo us an impression o f what really took place that a regard fo r accuracy in such matters pro mpts me to communicate

this correction . The statement is to the effect that one Sunday there came Nicho las s a man named Ryland , who took an oath that certain deeds were no t forged that the vicar cursed him if d he was guilty , and also cursed those who had aide him in

f f o f h s f orging the deeds . The actual acts t e ca e are airly f o f f clear rom the record the transaction, which was ound by

M r. E arwaker o f S l , F in a volume haker ey evidences. Shortly they are as follows Nicholas f the ce del Rylands, the chie actor in remony, o f and 1 0 who was the son Robert del Rylands, , in 43 , had r M r of mar ied arge y, daughter Sir Thomas Gerard , knight, L L B K A N D C A N D L E . C UR S I N G B Y B E , OO , 1 93

see f z an was, we may at once rom the Recogni ance Rolls, o f active person some importance in his day, and was ’ o f s his f possessed a good e tate at Westhoughton , ather s 1 was inheritance. In 474 an attempt being made to deprive o f f ff him his lands, and it is plain that certain purported eo ments were set up by the persons claiming against him ; o f o f o and that a lease other his lands, purp rting to be made so n by his direction , had been granted by his , William s h Rylands. Nichola , wis ing to keep his property, denied

f ff o n s w as the alleged eo ments oath, and swore that the lea e f o f s if a orgery. Whereupon the vicar Leigh cur ed him he ” was u of his so n g ilty ( perjury) , and cursed William and s f those who had assi ted William in orging the deed .

Thus, it will be seen , what actually took place was the reverse o f what is stated to have taken place in the paper ’ f printed in the T ransactzons to which I have re erred . s o ne o f The dispute , I think , mu t have been importance, “ fo r the family o f Nic ho las had from time immem o rial held in lordship and demesne o ne - fourth part o f the town o f ” W s o f C ommR e e R oll e thoughton as lords the same town ( g , 8 s Edward and to this were added , at variou times, S imo nd sto ne lands in Pemberton , Lowton , , Burnley, Butter f f r & c . o wo th , It is there ore to be regretted that the end is no 1 0 the quarrel t apparent . In 5 3, however, Ralph

s - n S Ryland , by deed poll, released to the Lady An e hakerley, o f ff so n widow Geo rey Shakerley, and to Peter Shakerley, o f ff ss s and heir the said Geo rey, and his heirs and a ign , all his s o f right in all lands in the pari hes Winwick, Leigh, and D s s o f . S o eane, or el ewhere in the county Lanca ter it s was would eem that the whole estate ultimately alienated . Nicholas doubtless died before the close o f the ﬁfte e n th so n o f century. William, his , is described as London ” e ntilman 1 66 s g in 4 , and eems to have taken part in the

o f s fo r I V . Wars the Ro es, Edward , in the same year, styles “ ” t fo r him his true liegeman , in rewarding him wi h lands “ ” o 1 his good and gratuitous service rendered t him . In 482

f n o co . William is described as Maidstone, Kent, ge tleman , PR O C E E D I N GS . an he e in e f 1 havi married h a d di d or b ore 499, ng P ilipp , wi w o f \Villiam C o s n to n o f tha co u t who do de y g , t n y, sur vived D e B au mR olls 1 1 6 r him ( , 4 and Hen y A n ac c urate copy o f the record o f this exc ommunic ation w b e f T im enealo ist e l G e W . M r G . ill ound in g , dit d by a shal ,

' is n i . . 1 so le n . v 0 e L ocal G a m s F vol , p 7 ; it al pri t d in g , N o 8 1 and in n u r ha o h R . H . 3 ; the i trod cto y c pter t t e ev . J . ’ n R e st o tire P ris] / S tanni g s g i ers f a : of L a iq z . P U L R Y L AN D J. A S .

I I GR PH Y 1 96 B BL O A , 1 890. who le o f the local articles could be got together at a s s for c omparatively mall co t ; and , besides being available the a making annual list , could be made into scr pbooks , and if placed in some public library in Manc hester would eventually form an extremely valuable repository o f local a f antiquari n in ormation .

’ h il e l A n oats A ll S o uls C urch u e . M anc mter Guardian N ovem er 1 th. c J b , b s

mil o f M an s an T he a le Fa e er H o . A xo n E rnest . ch t d e L and C . ( ) B y y y p .

- n t S oc vii 1 228. A iq. . , . 93

h of L ancashire and heshire A n e 1 88 L a i lio ra C ti uiti s . . nd B b g p y q , 9

- . A n ti . oc. vii. 2 2 C q S , 3 733 .

W hens rass at attle c o . S uss x L . and C . A nti T he t e . S oc. y B B , q. , v - u. 2 46 248.

’ Will E A n I rish A nalo ue of N ixon he hire ro A xo n iam . s s he i ( g C P p c es.

’ - L and A ntr . oc vii 1 0 1 . . C . g S . , . 3 33 m d h F S . T ho as ui an hi s o ain ose A . e nce d s u se escent B (J p , . Q y pp d d - fro m he E arls o f Winchester. en ealo ist n vii 1 2 1 t G g , . s. , . 7 .

T H o f h Baines (E dward). he ist ry o t e C o unty Palatine and D uchy o f L an

aster. B the lat E war ai he io ra hi al a c e nes E s . T c e rtment y d d B , q b g p d p e lat “7 Whatto n wit h th e . R . h t e a itions of the late ohn H arlan by , dd J d

h R ev . roo H rf r n and t e e e o . A ew revise and enlar e e ition. B k d , d, g d d me E ite a s C rosto n. Vol. iii M a hn H . nchester : o e woo d d by J J y d . x 2 4to, pp. [ 1 4 8

v h T man . T T allent . S e enteenth ntur Flix ton ool ate C . C e S c rust L . and B ( ) y .

- A nti . S oc. vii. 20 2 1 . C . q , 3 3

m \Vard T he rli m Bean (Willia ell). Pa a entary R epresentatio n o f the S ix u i f m N o rthern C o nt es o E n lan . C u erlan D urham L ancashire g d b d, , , N orthum erlan Westmo relan and Y or shire and their i i b d, d, k , C t es and orou hs from1 60 to the eneral lec ti n f W hli e o o 1 886. it B g , 3 g sts o f mem

ers and io ra hical no tices. H ull: C harles H enr arnwell b b g p y B . 1 890.

v . xix 1 208 . 8 o, pp ,

’ m M an W . d ra . u so e u ri W r irch e G O sc ts relatin to S t. erb u hs A B ( y) p g g bbey, r r rv in the ri ishM us ter h heste ese e t eum. l us A r . C C c . S oc n . s i. , p d B , . , ii -2 1 5.

T htham i n G . . S ee V l. xviii. Bridgema ( C e S oc ety. o

N m R en E romle ames . o tes o n so e ec t xcavations at ursc o u h rior B y (J ) B g P y . - oc. and . . v 1 2 H ist. S of L . C . , n s , . 7 1 46d .

i W unliﬁe . arlow H all. L . and i - roo s S r . C C . A nt . S oc. v n. 0 B k ( ) B q , 3 4 309.

wn R ev G . B . D O u a S c ul tur t n wi Bro e ( . F p ed S o e tha R unic hir C l uster rclz - hes e. A . S o . i I nscri tion in C c n . s. ii . 1 8 1 p , , 7 84.

S ee R o r ociet . V l. ix Burgb all ec d S y o x . I APH Y 0. B BLI OGR ; 1 89 1 97

- urnett W . H oli a R amles R oa and iel ath rinci all near B ( d y b by d F d p , p p y the R iver R i l fﬁ 1 . a urn x r ss m . e l c : E e ce . 88 . 1 2 o 220. bb B kb p O 9 , pp

C heshire leanin mmn in t k dver ser G s. C o e ce S oc ort A ti O cto er 1 8 0. g d p , b , 9

h r A rc haeolo i al i t rnal f the h ter A r C este g c S oc e y. Jou o C es chaeo logical and

i i h ar 1 - - H istoric S oc et N ew series vol. ii for t e s 88 8 n y. , . ye 8 9 a d 1 889 90 .

M an h 1 8 811 . viii 2 . [ c . ] 90, 0, pp , 99

h ham o i V x i h H i or fthe h r han M C et S c et . ol. vi i. T e st o C u c d anor ofWi an y y g , in the C ount f r B the H onoura le and R everend r y o L ancaste . y b G eo ge T .

ri man i . rint for the h ham et . 1 0. O . e . art v e C et S oci 8 to . B dg P P d y 9 4 , pp 68 - 5 836.

V l hird E ar of D r o . xix . C orres on ence of E war t l e urin p d d d , by, d g

d in a M . in he o s the ears 2 to 1 H enr I I I . reserve S t s ession of y 4 3 y V , p p ' N rth M iss ﬂarin to n o f Wor en H all. E ite T . o cote T oller M . A g , d d d by , .

h m t 8 0 to . xx vi 1 8. f h etha o 1 . rinte or t e C cie . P d S y 9 4 , pp , 3

Vol x x M inutes of the M anchester res terian C lassis . E ite . . P by d d by m ri r m i 1 ha M i. n e fo e C hetha oc et . 8 0 . Willia A . S w . A art t th S , . P P d y 9

l 2 . to . c x 8 4 , pp ,

C ox E win S ome A ccount of Garston and o f the A nc ient C ha el of ( d , p

ich rmrl xi in t re . st. L . and . n . s. iv. S t. M ael fo e y e st g he H i S oc. of C , ,

- 1 2 1 1 42 .

- f H ncashir d heshir C oal minin R ecor s. L . and C . C ro ton ( . L a e an C e g d

' - ntz S oc. vii 26 . A g. , . 73

B w v t r W N otes on he O verchurch R unic S tone . o R e Fa he ilfri . t all ( . d)

- C hester A rab . S oc . , n . s. , iii. 1 85 1 91 .

an S ee T a lor D ickinson (S t ley) . y

T he H istor of the A ncient arishof S an E arwaker M . A y P d ach c c C heste r inc lu in the two cha elries of H olmes C ha el and b , . , d g p p

G o ostre fromori inal rec or s. For rivate c irc ulation. 1 8 0. to . y, g d p 9 4 , pp

1 6. xiv, 3

T h M o a ion of R och ale. £ 631 . S oc. L . and C . n. s. e oc k C rpor t d q/ , - 20 iv. 93 1 . ’ ’ R is ers d hurchwar ens A ccounts of S t. M ichaels N o tes on the eg t an C d , - s r rab . S oc n s. iii. 26 . C hester. C he te A . , . , 44

an h t r d th R e ellion of 1 T he D iar of one of the M c es e an e b 745. y - nd . nti S oc. vii. . 1 2 1 . C onstables of M anchester in 1 745. L . a C A q. , pp 4 59

S ee also R ecor S ociet vol. xx . and M anchester C ourt L eet R ecor s. d y, , d

- aile G eor e . rlows of arlow . L . and C . A nti . S oc. vii. 0 1 . E sd ( g ) Ba B q , 3 9 3 3 E vidences of C hristianity in the N orthern C ounties of E ngland in the ' - F r ntu L nd A ntz . S oc. vii. 1 08 1 1 6. ou thC e ry. . a C . g ,

' - and utr . S oc vn . 28 28 . Parishof A stbury. L . C . A y . 4 9

F a F S elec tions fromthe C o rres on ence of L ieutenant-C olonel arad y ( . J . p d

moirs and P roc. o tire ohn L ei h hili s of M a ﬁeld M anchester. M e J g P p , y , f - n nd PH I S oc. thser. iii. . M u ch. L it. a . , 4 , 1 3 54 1 8 I R A H Y 9 B BLI OG P , 1 896 .

Fishwic E ntwisle rass in O rmsld rk C hr ram R ockd al i u ch. T . e L t k B . S ci - and . S oc . , ii. 96 99.

m in ram R d rd ale L it - T i o . T . o . and S ci S oc. v l 1 8 B bb . , o 1 . 7 95.

’ H isto h arish f al r of t e o R och e. 1 88 . R eviewe in A ntx uar y P d 9 d q y , 1 -1 M anchester C it N ew s A ril 1 th A thm mA u ust 2 r 33 34 ; y , p 9 ; , g 3 d ;

S aturda R eview A u 1 . y , ug st 6th

i son o W M mo ir f im G hn est L L . D . e o S on Bor le author of C ad mw b (J by, d y, ' B n la nn imr 1 8 —the ﬁrst sc ri t s stemof S horthan : with a , 7 7, p y d n ac count o f all the r lo in -han s stem of h r n i scri t o s s S o tha n E n lan . L o n n p p g d y d g d do . 0 1 2m 2 Bor le was o rn 1 8 . o . . at T hurnham near C oc 9 , pp 3 [ d y b , kersand e A bb y. ]

ha l R i har . G ravel L ane C el S alfor . l G il c O b . to . 1 r ( d) p [ d] 4 , pp 4, eprinted kl fro mthe M anchu” Wee y T im .

l anin fro mL ocal H istor . resto n and D is ri i G e s t ct. E te T o mC g y P d d by . h r s n H rald anua th 1 8 0 r mit . P to e r Mar h S e , J y 4 , 9 c 1 s , 1 890 ; and from to M ar t s 8 1 O cto ber 4th, 1 890, ch t, 1 9 .

C o nr anrs FO R D E C E M BE R 1 8 0 : O ld Local amilies. T he Winkle s o f in le , 9 y W k y, — F D e c eme r 6th 1 th ac th 2 th. rant of a P ew in reston arish hurch 1 1 8 b , 3 , , 7 G P P C , 7 , m 2 — n u lish D ece e r 6th 1 th th. ed Lancashire Le tters. 1 1 1 . ano n i h b , 3 , 7 U p b C R c ard — ’ ar inson ecemer 61 h 1 th z o th 2 th. A hi in e ntle man s o use h l P k , D b , 3 . , 7 C pp g G H o d

ood s. A . D . 1 68 . T he inve nto r o f the oods of ohn rahin D mer G 3 [ y g J B , ec e b — — 6th. rant of Land s in hi in to the os itallers ecember 1 th T h G C pp g H p , D 3 e S ack — of L anca ste r 1 6 D ecemer z o th. A List o f the Y orkshire Land s of S ir i olas , 45, b N ch m r 2 A . D . 1 6 . ece e th. S herburne. 95 D b 7

’

G ra well M ons. S t. atric in L ancashire . E ast L ancask zre M a d ( P k g ,

- u ust . 1 8 1 1 8 . A g , pp 3

e E N otes on the E arl H istor of th hur f G ray (A nd r w . y y e C ch o S trath r o he A l ial r f en e t t os hire H ist. c l e withs ec e e c t e of L ancas . S oc yd , p p . qf - L . and C . , n . s. , iv. 7792 .

attem t to lassif and a he vari . F. S A . A n C te t o us s a G raz eb rook (G eo . p y d hpes found in H eral ic S hiel s—rinci all in E n lan withinci ental atin d d p p y g d, d d gs.

- S c and C n. s. v. 1 6. H ist. o . af L . . , , 7

l ames S ee R ecor S oc iet . Vol. xix . H al (J ). d y

e enc e i he ixt enth ntur H n e E . M unici al r c e n t S e C e . ist. S oc H a c ( p P d y .

- and . s. iv. 1 1 . of L . C . , n , 53 55

f e fun s in ha f t R W ll A ccount o th the n s o he ev . M arrison i ia . r . H ( m) d d . J choleﬁ eld towar s erec tin a monument to the atriot H enr H un S d g p y t.

- and C A nti . S oc. vii. 2 26. L . . q , 3 5 3

' f a 1 6 S al r lz mcle D m r T he D iar of a S al or L . b d C ro ece e 1 th y d dy, 75 / , b 3 ,

1 890.

a hu T nsworthD ra on a d i s ns as L H y rst ( . T he U g n t L esso . E t ancaskire

- M az ine A u u 1 6 1 1 . ag , g st, pp. 5 7

- hester L and n S c. 2 H thco te WilliamH en R i c . C . A ti o v n 2 ea r . . . 2 ( y). b q , 9 35.

m ai ait e r H ewitson Willia . F thw e a rs. L ancaste O bserver Fe ruar ( ) P p , b y, M arch and A ril 1 8 0 , p , 9 .

I R PH Y 1 . z oo BI B L OG A , 890

ourt L eet R ecor s o f the Manor of Manchester E dite b . P. Manchester. C d [ d y J - a wak . Man ter: H . Blac kloclr and o . 1 8 0 8 V xi E r er] ches C 8 9 9 . vo . o l. ,

- - v . 2 6 oncl i n 1 820 1 832 ; ol. xii , 1 83 1 84 (c us o ).

M amba !” Face: and Placer: A n I llustrate R ecor of the S ocial o litica l d d , P , m f o f t tt n M l and o m erc ial L i e he C o o etro o is and its E nviro n o lum i. C p s. V e

mmn and . M anchester : J . G . H a o d C o

ntains besid es ortraits and views of mod e rn uildin s ictures and d Co , p b g , p esc rip tions o f Y e O ld S e ve n S tars ith rove — anchester athed ral —htham , W y G M C C e —- — — o lle e anchester. I I d e R oad Prisom A ecroﬁ H alL A eero tt all c ourt C g , M y g g H , — ’ — w h s a co rner o f r. ar s ate yard vie . S op t S M y G and Ex change S tre e L Fo ur Views - — ' — — h. arl w H f s alL t Mar s urc o al n . o Ord all I I S . y Ch B L Heato Hall

mim r u M anchester M usical Festivals. M a te ardian A u us h G , g t 4t .

M and m'ter Weekly T im: ’ M an h r ar t. M a hur h c este an t . S ry s C c , , J u y 4 h T he H o lts of G ristlehurst Fran M erri a anu r 2 h a t . , by k d y, J y 5

l M an ter H s ri Fe ruar t. O d ches o tel es, b y 1 s awswo rt u a d Fi n M m G hC h rch n tto o nu ents, M arch1 sth.

G awsworthO ld H all, M arch22nd .

G awsworthR ec tor and illa e M arch2 th. y V g , 9 W i inwiclc hurchand lla e A ril 1 2th. C V g , p W w r l th in ic A il . k, p g W a l M a rd ythenshawe H l , y 3 .

ur M a 2 th. B y, y 4 n h u e 1 t . S ketches in C heetwood , J 4 h H an in rid e Manchester une 1 t . g g B g , , J 4

a T ui e une 2 1 st. C harlo tte d e l remo ll , J h o or ul 1 2t . Kersal M , J y

urnle arishC hurch ul 26th. B y P , J y h T homas d e uince A u ust 61h 1 1 . Q y, g , 5 t hes in he R i le alle —M itton A u ust 22nd S ton hurst A u ust S ke c t bb V y , g y , g 2 1 Whalle S e temer 1 2th C lithero e S e temer l th R oun 9 h; y, p b , p b g ; d ou litheroe S e tem er 26th O cto er 1 th olton and G is urn ab t C , p b , b 7 B b , to er 2 1h the R i le at G is urn O cto er 1 st G is urn illa e O c b 4 ; bb b , b 3 ; b V g ,

N ovember 7th.

O ld H alls near M anchester O cto er rd . , , b 3 m r z l t vel L ane C ha el R . G ill O cto er 1 oth 2 th N ove e s G ra p , by , b , 4 , b , r h D ecembe st . ’ h a N v m h w r o t and H arrison A inswort s G u F w es o e er t . G unpo de Pl y k , b 7 lf r ha els in in treet and olton S treet N oveme r T wo O ld S a o d C p ( K g S B ), b

1 4th. ro m N ovemer 2 1 st 28th D ecemer th C hristians A wa e John By , b , , b s , k , m r 26 h D ec e be t . h hir D em r 2 h ome A nti uities of C es e ec e 1 t . S q , b - m er 1 2th cashir astles . A S arvel a l D ece . S ome L an e C , by J . p B y y, b

mas in O ld M anchester D ecem er 1 2th. C hrist , b - - m r 1 h l on le Moors D ece e t . Bo t , b 9 R H Y BI BL I OG AP } 1 890. 201

t r I’Ve k ' T imes N otes and ueries continue M am/me e b . Q ( d)

‘ ‘ ’ a c u mr. C ournu rs : S r. ar s hurc hand hurch ard anchester anuar M y C C y , M , J y — ’ n th 1 8th and a th S r. A nne s hurc hand S uare anuar 1 81h a th and Fe b , , s C q , J y , s , — “ ” h A sto ns and S ir ohn hiverton E . artin on ruar rsL T e t anuar 2 th. y J C , by P g , J y s ’ — S colds ridles e ruar r th a2 nd M a rd . n u lished Le tters o f ohn oo er B . F b y s , , y 3 U p b J B k , — — the anchester A strolo e r M a 1 0th. O ld H orse blocks M a 1 th 2 th h M an . T e M g , y ,— y 7 , 4 h t M ur F Le ar W . H e witso n M a 1 th tran e c es er erc . . S wa s all state y , by y, , y 7 g y H E , M a 1 th a th une th 1 th arst 2 8th ul 1 2th 1 th a6th A u ust rst 8th y 7 , 4 , 7 , 4 , , , y , 9 , , g , , J J — 1 th 2 2nd 2 1h S e temer th oveme r t rh 2 rst. d mund o nes ected from 5 , , 9 , p b 5 , N b 4 , E J (Ej 2 h— ha l cc les rnest A xon M a t . ound e A ncoats F. L . T avare E by E , y 4 R C p , , by , — h l — une th. oldhouse ha e l, S ud ehil , M ay rst, une th, 2 8th. Han in Brid e J 7 C —C p 3 J 7 g g g , h enr hitwo rth une 1 th F. ear R . un 1 t W . G e L and . T led by , J 4 H y W , J 4 , by y, . G — h e — l t. atric and anc as ir ne 1 m hil une 2 rs S t. L u th. e sha hurchand S t. , J P k , J 4 H y C ' — h e une 8 h R ev . e nr urton W H atric s a l a t . ewits n l h. P k C p , H y B , by o , u y 8t J — J — . het an ar et ted ane ul 1 . M B Bo nc ti d S L th oston all ul 1 1h. T he M k , J y 9 H , J y 9 ” — i r m u h. L h w one and in a l 1 t i tbo ne all F. L r S ea ul 26th. B k Ep g , J y 9 g H , by y, J y m mains in M anc heste r A u ust rs — o an e t. T he M inshulls and A touns A u ust R R , g y , g — — rst. A n o ld S alfo rd atch ox A u ust 1 th. Y or S tree t a tist ha el o ve m — W b , g 5 k B p C p , N b e r 2 81lL ho mas D enn a Lancashire lassi al tine W w c rant . H e itso n T — y, C I , by , ec eme r 1 2 th. o man atholic elics in Lancashire W H e w e m . itson ce er D b R C R , by , D b

2 6th.

M ar h H . olle t hdal c C N am d n . r m R o e of N es e T a . oc e ( y, s , O g , &c n - L it. a d S ci. S oc. , ii. 1 00 1 02 .

i V r and nt - T he D et L . . S oc. v u. 1 1 2 . e es. . C A iq , 1 7 9

a hical N o tes on some iver o l M orle . C oo er . io r L o A rtis . B y (J p ) B g p p ts y J . mth iver ool We kl r v oo r M r R e rinte fro e L e M e cur . L i e C pe o ley. p d p y y r

: E n mi h and o 1 8 0. 8vo . 1 . ool erto S t C . p g , 9 , pp 7

M o on T e i s from he A ncien a r f he M oore a il rt . S lec t on t t e s o t F m ( P p y,

f mrl r an H a . st S c L nd or e o f L ive ool and ll I ﬁ . o . . a C n s. iv y p B k qf . , . , . - 2 1 77 1 8 .

hs emin d n W t M oss Fletcher . D i s ur : S etc e R iscences an L e e s. i h ( ) d b y k , , g d u ratio M n h Fal ner an 0 ill st ns . a c ester: G eo . d S ons. 1 8 . 1 0 . 1 1 8. k 9 4 , pp m M owat R o ert . N otes o n the T o stone of M A urelius A lexan er in ( b ) b d , ii - C hester. C luster A rab . S oc. , o . s. , i . 1 1 4 1 1 9.

' h L an A nt n R ad liﬂ hur in 1 8 0 d C i . oc O wen (Joh ) . N o tes on c e C c 7 . . . q S . , 2 2 - vii. 8 284.

f ' i ri a h recent iscoveries there A zst. wen lliam. War n ton Friar nd O W t e . ( ) g y, d

- c. a L and C n. s. v 1 1 S o f . . , , . 75 94. m m a e William L ist of the I nventories of C hurchG oo s a e te . P g ( , d d p

r x f r heshire 2 1 2 2 1 . E war VI A nti ua x i. R e e enc es to C d d . q y , , , 3

h r i u r . H ist. S oc. o L . and C . Potter (C a les) . A nt q ities of the M eols S ho e f iv 1 -1 2 n . s. , . 43 5 .

h h r f m e esh e h re . L eather ronz e ewter &c . O rnaments ro t C i S o , B , P , , ,

- s S oc L nd s v 1 202 . H i t. . of . a C . , n. . , . 95

h M lineux halice. H ist. S oc. L . and C . n . s. v. R a cliffe R . T e o C d ( qf , ,

- 205 208 . m B I B L I O GR A PH Y 1 8 0. , 9

V morials of o l. xix. M e th R ecord S ociety. e C ivil War in C heshire and the n B mas Mal o acent co u ties. T ho n of N h a antw c ent. A nd r dj y b , i . g P o

mrove . B E war r b all vidence I u icar of A c ton near N an twich. p d y d d B g , V , m nd on H all. 8 E ited a es L o 1 8 issue in 8170 . ii 2 . d by J [ ] 9 [ d , pp , 75

I he Wil Vol. A n n ex to t ls and I nven o xx. d t ries no w preserved in the

h r f o mA . D C ourt of Probate at C este r . 1 0 1 to 1 20 Withan A ix , 7 7 . ppend ” con taining the list o f the I nfra Wills (o r those in whichthe perso nalty 0 etween th me ar was und er e sa e s. E ite P . E arw k £4 ) b y d d by J . a er,

F A . M an h. rinte f r r . A S c o the R ec o M M [ ]P d d

170 . viii 26 1 8 , pp , .

R enau Frank M . D S u ression of R eli ious H o A nal d ( , pp g uses. ysis of the contents of a T udor manusc ript relating to the suppres sion of reli ious ho uses in E n lan and Wales etween the t - g g d , b twen y six th and thirty-seven thyear o f the reign o f King H enry the E ighth; toge the r with ra hical and enealo ical ac c o un t o f D r ho m a bio . T as L e h on g p g g g , e o f the

’ ' isito r of m r i ent s rinci al s he L . and tz L o r es t sa e. C . A n S oc. d P d p p V q . ,

vii. 74 1 07.

R ichar son G . C . R ecent D iscoveries at ale C rucis A d ( , V bbey.

- ral c n. s. iii. 1 C lu ster A . S o . , , 75 1 77.

m A lfre ummer R am les aroun R i mer . S M anchester R e rin ted with ( d) b d . ( p , m th M anchester Guard i ons fro e ian . M n h. hn H a ti . dd , ) a c Jo eywood

- 8vo xii 2 0 [ 1 890 J . pp . 4

Wi liver H orn tl H S m . as e. id R o llia O C . oc. L . and C . n . a. v. w ( ) by qf , , 1 - 05 1 26.

R lan s ohn aul N o tes on oo - lates ex withs ecial y d (J P , B k p ( p nce to L ancashire and C heshire exam les and a ro o se N o mencla refere p , p p d hi ist - ha s o f S el s. H . S ac . o L . and C n. . iv 1 6 for the S e . s . . ture p d f , , 7

i r la ue earin a o t. O n an mp essed p q b g p rtrait of King C harles I . H is

' - L . and C . n . s. v . 202 20 . S oc. ef , , 5

’ 00 er E xtracts from he hurchwar ens A c counts R ev S . C t C S cott ( . p , d ’ h er r r ﬁ S oc. n . iii. estr Minutes of S t. ohn s C est . C lu ste A c . s. and V y J , , ,

S haw (William M aterials fo r an acc ount of the Provincial S ynod of the

- l m haw. rivatel rin B Wil ia A te . n ter 1 6 6 1 660 . . S C ounty of L a cas , 4 y P y p d

m v . hester ress C o . L i ite . 1 8 0. 8 o 8 . M anchester : M anc P d 9 , pp 7

i t Vol . S ee also C hethamS oc e y. . xx

l che ule of D ee s and D ocuments the ro ert o f C o lo nel S haw H il . S d d , p p y i har rosse reserve in the muniment room at S haw T homas R c d C , p d

horl in the c ount of L ancaster. H ist. S oc. o L . and C . n. s. H ill, C ey, y f , ,

- 2 226. v. 09 m T a n S ee S ith . S hortt (R ev. Jon tha , (

h rec nt ﬁ nd of a C enturialS tone in C hester. F. . . u t e e S hrubsole (G . W . , G S O

- ii. . n . s. i C luster A rclz . S oc. , , 45 47

B I B L I R H a ; OG A P Y , 1 890.

1 5 . 1 1 : Pru e d b l a . 1 9 m y the l mhesta Pres C a e ited 890. h mri sﬁs

’ w an v na b v T m T o eru l e ohn . C logue d the al ble oontents of the a o e

m 1 890. 410, W ’ P95 47 c hs x riews ot the interh and an engraving of the to wer. ' ‘ ’ m S onne ts. A cade T yler fl h- s H rs. Mary ﬁ ttm and S hakspa e s y,

i 1 1 . M & . 1 8g ]; 7

’ W in the e venteen thand alfis A lfi ed F. R . S . L A I M C ifi z en s D iar S m( , m L y

’ ’ ia d thr memb ers d the famil of lg ver n. s . pt l ss flhe d ry e e y , had re T he M . d A h fi g m win -u e cngage d in tn d e in lp ndon . S p t id y bm d mihd M J oh H M En the H mfierter Gw d zhn of

m h and 1 1 ° ls 1 - J c h. & . 5 1

- nd . S oc . vii. 2 2 . W L . a rc . A a ste; (1 . E ). y , 95 99 F REPOR T O THE COUNCIL.

208 Y ZHE CZHZN C ZL .

rd inar on rar . o tal. O y. H o y T 1 885 241 2 7 2 2 70 1 886 2 52 45 5 30 2 1 88 7 2 64 47 4 3 1 5 1 888 2 54 48 5 30 7 I 889 2 77 48 5 33° 1 890 28 2 50 5 337

A fu1ther evid enc e of the work and activity o f the S ociety will be s ed b the n umb o f a ers add esses and sh rte c om uppli y er p p , r , o r munications co ntributed at the mo nthly meetings held d uring the nter s ss ns and a so of the v s t aid d ur n the s mm wi e io , l i i s p i g u er s f nti uar an interest t mo f h a mo nths to place o a q i , a st o whic p pers l t n to th a es v s t wer is r h or ad d re sses re a i g e pl c i i ed e given . I t at er ifﬁ c ult to e the exa stat st c s in ths ases b ut the fo o w n d giv ct i i e e c , ll i g

ab e is a rox mate a u ate . Fi ures here are how ver of t l pp i ly cc r g , e , comparatively little importance the real value o f the co ntributio ns to arc haeo logy must b e estimated by a reference to the vo lumes of ’ ’ m T he ﬁ r a n ss n the o et s T ra ad zom. u es m ve e o t b e S ci y g y, e rthel , without interest to the members

a a ers 81 0 read at the w nter me n s ( ) P p , , i eti g 8 h s ss n 6 n r 1 8 3 ( alf e io ) co t ib uted b y 6 memb ers. 1 8 84 2 9 2 2 1 885 2 7 2 4 1 886 38 3 2 1 88 7 2 9 2 5

1 88 8 2 2 20 1 889 30 2 2 1 890 34 2 9

(6) N umber of visits during the summer months

1 883 1 884 1 885 1 886 1 88 7 1 888 1 889 1 890 8 8 - 1 3 - 1 3 - 1 0 - 1 1 - 1 0 - 1 4

’ I n add itio n to these a four d ays excursion at Whitsuntid e to a tak n a in a h ear xc e the ﬁ rst tw d istant places hs e pl ce e c y , e pt o , w f u h on x u ns wer mad e and in o ne year t o o s c l g e c rsio e . Whatever may b e the value whic hthe members attachto these u it w rob abl b e on d ed that the av enta d c on res lts, ill p y c ce y h e ile

r u thou h and ex end tur o f t me on the sid e able lab o r, g t, p i e i up

ut ve b ut most s e a u o n the onorar S e retar to E xec i , e p ci lly p H y c y, R E P O R T O F T H E C OU N C I L . 209 whose z ealous lab ours and unremitting attention the S oc iety owes not o n its nit at n b ut a reat ar of wha ver su ess has ly i i io , g p t te cc it A fter e ht ars o f har work b urd n o f wh has enj oyed . ig ye d , the e ich mat t h un h he shou d rown heav er M r. Y at s nt ed o t e o t at g i , e i i C cil l

- h w r f n in no offer hmse f f r re e e t on . T he task o eve o fi d t i l o l c i , , g an n o suc ee him who o sse ssed the nec essar e sure and y o e t c d , p y l i ualific ti ns fo r f lfillin the d ut es of the othe w t effi cienc q a o u g i e i h y, has roved nsu erab l and at the ur en re uest o f the oun p i p e, g t q C cil M r Y ates has k nd o nsented to b e a a n nomnated fo r the . i ly c g i i ensuing year in the hope that b efo re the end of it some qualifi ed

memb er will b e found for the po st. — r n c mmun a ns h b n n r b ut d MEETINGS . Pape s a d o ic tio ave ee co t i e n c d uring the year on the follo wi g subj e ts .

— r W W M . . . R er 1 0 . arton hurch. O o . Jan. C p — io of th E i hteenthC entur in E uro e as 1 0 . T he R ev l ti na er e o u o ry P d g y p , m h i l c oins and e als. M r. D F H owort . l ustrated by d . . — r W E . A . A x on . 1 . A d . 3 d ess M r. . ” — - h la n m T wistle D r. H o le M arch. b . T e ce a . . C l Fe 7. P e y — h A h r M . hn T he M oul in s of the o t ic erio o f rc itectu e . r o 7. d g G P d J roo e B k , — W rs r ft he o le M . r . T . ro . A uain ld ed i ree o f t ano M . H C on M arch7. Q t O P g y —N o tes o n a C urious S eventee nth-centur oo o f R eci es elon in 7. y B k p b g g

M W . H arriso n . n rar c re ar . r to the H o o y S e t y . — T he A n ti uit of S tereo t in . M r. R . L an ton . 7. q y yp g g — h . T he Walls o f C hester C o ntrovers . M r. T . C ann H u es 7. y g

—R o m am s at toc ton H eathand H ulme -Wallﬁeld C heshire A pril 1 1 . an C p S k , ,

M r. G eo . E s aile. an d at R ibchester. d — ho l s. r. M r. as . S c e M a 1 0. T urto n T owe y — J m n n h. 1 0 T urto n C hurch. M r. R . nill Free a a d C a t. Frenc . K p — m lo e . r Y a T h D ruid ical C irc le on C hetha C s M . G . C . tes. 1 0 . e — T n ma and M r. O . 20 C o ldho use C ha el. M r. C . T . alle t ate n . p B t Kno t. ’ — M r h e . . x . hurc arsona . . A le an er S t. M ar s C une 5. y , P g J J d

- W rthin o a ule O ld H all. M r. T . o t n . 2 3. B g y g — T he N oo s of O l ham. M r. S . A n rew . 28 . — k d d 1 2 A ress on a anese A rt. M r. . owes. July . dd J p J B — 1 T he R oman C am at R i chester. M r. as. Bertwistle . 9. p b J — hurche R ev F ic son . H i t r of R i chester and S t C s. . . . D 1 9. s o y b ydd J k — 6 Fifteen th and S ixteenth C entur i les. M r. W . A . C o in er 2 . y B b p g , — Frod shamC hurch. M r. T . C ann H u hes M . A. A ug. 9. g , — W a on H alton C astle . M r. . H rris . 9. — restwich. M r. G eo . E s aile . 1 8 . P d — - n man . hH l M r. C . T . T alle t ate 1 . ot al . S ept. 3 Bo B O 2 1 0 R E PO R T O F T H E C O UN C I L . — W M M A . 20 lm N n . msl w h r. H o o S e t. . il o C hurc . . e ichlso p — J , l l Wilmlo w M r Wm. r ur . 20. R eco lections of O d s . N o . b y — dr W A O ct. 1 0. A ess. M r. E . A xon. d . . — r R o h mi mori L an t 1 0. C ha les ac S th. I n M e am. Mr. R . g — Funeral ms D r le M rch 1 0. scure C usto . C ol a O b . y . - n th r anisatio d Wor f uarian oc ieties. M r. H . N ov. 7. 0 e O g n an k o A ntiq S

H S ales. — . N otes on a R ecent isit to C arnac . M r. G . C . Y ates F. S . A . 7. V , 1 — R ecent E xcavations in B okerl and Wans e and 3. O n y dyk , R omano-British illa es in D orset and their hearin s on the V g , g

R man u ation o f ritain en al itt R ivers F R . S . o O cc . G er . p B P , ,

P . A . — . S an in M hster M r R i ill D ec . . H ri e anc e . . char G . 5 — g g B dg , d T he D iar of a S alfor L a 1 6 M r W. H arriso n. 5. y d dy, 47. . —T he lac e-nam i an A . h h es S d r . D r. H C olle M arc . 5 P k p g . y — - . L ieut. ol. R rm M r. . Y . A 5 C oswo . G C . ates, F . S . 1 1 89 . — an. . a lonian T a let. M r. T homas Ka 9 B by b y. —R man Wall and Watlin r M r ail . o S t eet . G eor E s e. 9 g . ge d - u hn H ol r M r A l . L ie t. o e . er N i ho son. 9 J k . b t c l

mr m n n t n o w r The sum e eeti gs co sisted o f visits to : 1 . Tur o T e h hmf r n n xc u and ton r . 2 . E ast a o a a o t s o n Tur Chu c , S hip C l (j i e r i h w s an s W rn h l . . Bo a withLiteraryClub) . 3 . e et O d Hall 4 T e e J p e e h r r h s use m ver o o . . b es r. 6. r o G een e M u , Li p l 5 Ri c te The P i y, y , ’ r n r c l c i n f B f ﬁfteenth an to view M . C O pi ge s ol e t o o ibles o d h a a six n h nt r . Fr s am h r h an to n st . tee t ce u y. 7 od C u c d H l C le

W m w r h nd owna al . 8 . Boot al B a k . . s o u a h H l, l c ley 9 il l Ch c P ll H l o d u E vening visits were mad e to the following places : 1 . C l ho se ’ h n n B r ha d eh . 2 r h a u ill . . a h n C pel , S S t M ry s C u c a d H gi g idge, M c h l h r h ana an ster. . B e a . an st S e 3 agul y H l 4 . The M c e e ip C l

an ickins sl n . h r l an h r d t I a d . r st S 5 P e wich C u ch . 6. O d M c este

S treets. T he x urs on at Wh s n d xt as al over four e c i it u ti e e ended , usu , da s M a 2 8thto 1 st an the fo lo n w r v s t d b a y , y 3 , d l wi g places e e i i e y

a t of thrt -e h mmb rs and f n s un r the ead ersh o f p r y i y ig t e e rie d , d e l ip h ssrs . H . H . S al s G or earson an o me N ic olson Me e , e ge P , d J. H l K rkb S t hn Ba nard as the Bow s s um E eston i y ep e , r C tle, e Mu e , ggl A bb ok b the as the G r Friars and ar sh h rc h ey, R e y, C tle, ey , P i C u at hmond E asb A bbe D ownh lm ur h S enn tho rn Ric , y y, o Ch c , p i e hurc h ervaulx A b be h n ur h o er C , J y, Middle amCastle a d Ch c , C v W hamA bb e ns e and ed mr h and Bo ton astl . y, e l y R i e C urches, l C e T he Council d esire to express their apprec iation of the courtesy

2 1 2 R E PO R T O F T H E C OU N C I L .

' K nowles Famil o E d wortlt uarlton ittle Bolton and wznton y f g , Q L , S ; and B olton ibli ra lt and ottin o k- r H e me B og p y j g: f B oo L o e. beca a mmber o f the S oci in 1 88 and on the as o n o f the e ety 3, occ i ’ S oc t s v s to Bo n in c ob r 1 886 r ad a a er o n the ie y i it lto O t e , , e p p s o r o f the ar shC hurc her in whc he d r w att nt o n to Hi t y P i h t e, i h e e i the nteres n re-N o rman s o n s d e o s ed in the elfr ar i ti g p t e p it b y, p tic ularl the fra mnts of a b au fu s o n ro ss subs uentl y g e e ti l t e c , eq y referred to b y Pro fesso r B ro wne in his address to the S oc iety in

- 1 8 . M h n n n f 8 7 r. S c ho les suggested t e restoratio a d t e erec tio o ths ross and s n e his d eathit has b en res o r d and ac d in i c , i c e t e pl e

the arish ur b the v car of B ol on the R ev. ano n A k nso n . p ch ch y i t , C t i O n the v s of the S oc t urton o n the 1 o tho f M a 1 8 0 i it ie y to T , y, 9 , M r n rs r n . S c holes co trib uted pape o n Turto n To wer and Tu to hurc h H e was at the me o f hi th n a d o n a C . ti s d ea e g ge up istor of Bo o n aris hurc hand of th wn o f B olto n and H y lt P h C e To , had collected mo st interesting and valuab le material and illustra tio ns for ir.

M r. A lfred B urto n who d n N vemb er 2 th 1 8 0 was an , ied o o s , 9 , ind ustrio us collecto r o f antiquarian informatio n ab out the two

a a in - h t o nt es and f a w ll arran d s r o f M S . H e ad p l e c u i , le t e ge e ies S in the r ss at t me o f his d eath a volum on ush B ea in p e , the i , e R r g hr l s h 8 and o t e d us om H o n d t in 1 8 . O C t . e j i e e S ociety 3

ss A xo n the sec o nd d au her o f our es e med v c - r s d nt Mi , g t t e i e p e i e , was a oun la o f muc hl t rar a l t S he o ned S o t y g d y i e y bi i y. j i the cie y h r w an in 1 8 8 . S n her ea a v um f s r es b e t 9 i ce d th ol e o to i y , i h n r o r mm r ha n h d d o n to r o d u o s b e u hd . e O i t ct y e i , e p blis e S e i c be h 2 th 1 8 0 a ed te n . 5 , 9 , g eig e

- r W . h ll kn wn ﬁ r o f G rafto n M . F . rafto n ead f t w o m G , the h o e e h r d d i n o . Broad ak A c r n to n and an ste n a d C , O , c i g , M c e , ie

2 h r 1 8 0 wa h ld est so n o f th o nd o n o n t anua . H e s t e e L , 7 J y, 9 e r o e S m G rafto n a anc hes er merc hant and was late M . J s ph ith , M t , h- as anc shr fr m rn in 1 8 2 H e sat as M P . for N o t t a bo 5. r e L i e o

- 1 88 0 to 1 88 and for A r n to n d v s n in 1 88 6 . H e oin d 5, cc i g i i io 5 j e h oc t n 1 8 8 t e S ie y i 3. —T h thank f the S oc et are a a n A CKNOWLEDGM ENTS . e s o i y g i

' ' tend ered to the Feoﬂees ot the C hethamHo spital fo r their kind ness in allo wing the S ociety to hold their winter meetings in the

r f the e an a ommod at o n whc is reat a re Lib ary o Coll ge, cc i i h g ly pp

n t M r. as . Bowes of v r l c iated . Tb anks are also give o J , Li e poo ; R E PO R T O F T H E C OU N C I L . 2 1 3

r. W n r M enr Bodd n ton o f ownall a and M r. . A . C 0 i e H y i g , P H ll, p g , o f the r or an hester for the r os tab le rec e t on P i y, M c , i h pi p i f h h n f h r r W t o n t M . . u o e et n as o o v s . S S oci y o t e occ i t ei i its . C t h s a h a gain und ertaken to ed it t e annual volume . ’ — f r h r F1 N A N C E . T he Treasurer s statement of accounts o t e yea is append ed to the Report. I n the mo nth of N ovemb er a committee was appo inted to

revise in on rt t the oun the ru es of the S o iet . , c ce wi h C cil , l c y Their rec ommend ations will b e sub mitted at the close o f this n meeti g.

2 1 6 R U L E S.

h af r s hnotiﬁ cation his n rance fee and sub sc r t o n mont s te uc , e t ip i ; and if the same shall be thereafter unpaid for more than two mo n hs his nam ma stru k off the st of mmb ers n ss he t , e y be c li e u le f th d ela th satisfa n o f th o unc il N o n w can justi y e y to e ctio e C . e memb er shall participate in any o f the ad vantages o f the S o c iety l h a d is n ranc fe and u o n E a mm r unti he as p i h e t e e s b scripti . ch e be sha be n ed to ad mss o n to all met n s o f the S oc et and ll e titl i i e i g i y, t n rod u e a v s tor r v d d ha the sam rso n b e not n tro o i t c i i , p o i e t t e pe i t wo rd na or eneral me n s in the sam ear E ac h d uc ed o t o i ry g eti g e y . mmer shall re e ve fr o f har su o rd nar ublic at o n s of e b c i , ee c ge, ch i y p i the S oc iety as shall have b een issued since the commenc eme nt o f in wh he shall hav b een e e t d rov d ed tha h the year ich e l c e , p i t e h ha a d all subs r t o ns then d u fr m im T he o n s all ve p i c ip i e o h . C u cil shall have power to remo ve any name fromthe list o f memb ers on d ue cause b eing shown to them. Memb ers wishing to resign at the terminatio n o f the year c an d o so b y info rming the H o norary S e re ar in wr t n o f the r nten on o n o r b fo r the o th c t y, i i g, i i ti e e 3 d ay f N v m r in h a o o e b e at r. , t ye — H O Y M . 4. O N RAR ME BERS T he Counc il shall have the power of re mmen d n erso n f r c n co i g p s o ele tio n as ho orary memb ers. — . H O Y L O L A h 5 O N RA R C A S ECRET RIES . The Co unc il s all have ower to a o nt an erso n o no ra o al S ec retar wh r p pp i y p H ry L c y, ethe he b e a memb er or not fo r the own o r d str where n he m , t i ict i ay r s d in o rd er to fa ta e th c ol c tion o f a rat n fo rma i e i e, cili t e le ccu e i t on o n r l r as t objects a d d isc ove ies o f o cal inte est. 6 — l hl . S A h ann a su s r n f en s n S UB CRIPTIONS . u b c iptio o t i li gs and x n shal ai c h m l uc u c r S i pe ce l be p d by ea me b er. A l s h s bs iptions hal e d u in a anc n h ﬁ r f n s l b e d v e o t e st d ay o Ja uary.

E A E — r h l . h n n s 7 NTR NCE F E . E ac pe son o electio al pay an ’ en ran fee o f o ne inea in ad d t on to his ﬁrst ear s sub sc r t o n t ce gu i i y ip i . — 8 . M A a mn n n ea l LIFE ME BERS HIP. p y e t of seve gui s sha l c on sti tut the o m os t o n for if memb ers n ud n the n ran f e c p i i l e hip, i cl i g e t ce ee . — h ff l G V . T e a airs o f the S o et shal b e o nd u 9. O ERNMENT ci y c cted

a ounc o ns st n o f the r s d ent of the S o t n by C il , c i i g P e i cie y, o t mo r han six V c e- res d ents the onorar S re ar and e t i P i , H y ec t y, Trea s r r and ﬁ fteen memb ers e ec ted o ut o f the eneral o d u e , l g b y o f m r T h n nn ll h th me b s. e o u shal r r a ua b ut t e m e e C cil l eti e y, embers

l f r r - A n nt rmd of it shall b e e igible o e elec tion . y i e e iate vacan cy ea h r ret r mn ma ﬁll d u b th oun by d t o i e e t y b e e p y e C cil . Fo ur R U L E S. 2 1 7

members of the C ouncil to co nstitute a quo rum. T he C ouncil r m ar A me t n ma a an shall meet at least fou ti es ye ly. e i g y t y time b e co nvened by the Ho no rary S ecretary by d irectio n o f the

resid ent o r on the re u sit o n o f fo r mmb ers o f the o n . P , q i i u e C u cil T wo A udito rs shall b e appointed by the memb ers at the ordinary fi meeting next preced ing the nal meeting o f the S ession . 1 0 M O D E o r E L S S A T H E . ECTING O FFICER OTHERWI E TH N A S —T he o norar S e r tar sha send out no s c on UDITOR . H y c e y ll tice v nin th annua m t n and w th s h no ti es n os ank e g e l ee i g, i uc c e cl e bl no minatio n papers of memb ers to fill the vacancies in the Co uncil and O ffic ers o th han the A ditor. T he sa d not and n mi , er t u i ice o nation paper to be sent to eachmember twenty-o ne d ays prior to h nnu T h no mnatio n a er shall b e r t r t t e a al meeting. e i p p e u ned o the S retar not ess han s ven d a s b efor the annual me n ec y l t e y e e ti g, h l suc hpaper b eing signed by the proposer and seco nder. S ou d suc hno minatio ns not b e suffi c ient to fill the several offi c es b ec om in va ant the o un hal n omnate memb ers to su the g c , C cil s l i pply r m n n m l hll r n an n e a va an e . A o et st s a b e ted d i i i g c ci s c pl e i p i , l case o f a co ntest suchlist sha l b e used as a b allot paper. — 1 . h un a fr m m 1 S ECTIONA L COMMITTEES . T e Co cil my o ti e to t m a o n S ec t ona o mmttees o ns st n o f memb of th i e pp i t i l C i , c i i g ers eir o wn bo d y and o f such other memb ers o f the S ociety as they may thnk c an fromhe s alknow d afford aid in suc hb ran hes i , t ir peci —le ge, c f r l f ll r r hstor ma ns . . o a c haeo ogy as the o owing z . P e i ic Re i 2 Bri

h an A n i . t s d oman t s . ed aeval A r ht t ra an i R t qui ie 3 M i , c i ec u l , d

h r r m n n r m - r ot e ains . . A nt an e s and usto s Folk o e 4 cie M C ; L e, m r n mr . c or D sto o f o a ad es a d o e. e d s ed s Hi ry L c l T C e c 5 R , e , h r l an M m s . n mi ot . 6 . ms d S S N a . e ea o Fa s or e u i tic 7 G l gy, y Hi t y,

l h h . r r . an A h rs and H a d y 8 . Lo a B b ograp y d ut o p e c l i—li i 1 2 . D S r T he d ut f h res d en sha UTIE o O FFICERS . y o t e P i t ll b e to r s d at th me t n s o f th S o et and to ma n ain or r p e i e e e i g e ci y, i t de . H is d c s on in all u st o ns o f re d n amon s ak r an e i i q e i p ce e ce g pe e s, d n all s u h m n t o s w ma ar s d ur n th o b e ab o ut . di p te ich y i e i g e eeti g, s l e I n the ab s n e o f the res d n r V - res n s s a e c P i e t o ice P ide t , it h ll be o me ent for th mmb rs r s n hairman T h c p t e e e p e e t to elect a c . e Treasurer shall take charge of all mo neys b elonging to the S o et a all a oun s ass d th un an subm hi ci y, p y cc t p e by e Co cil, d it s a ounts and ooks ul a d d to the ann al me n the cc b , d y u ite , u e ti g, same having been submitted to the meeting o f the Council imme 2 1 8 R U L E S.

f h d iately preceding such annual meeting. T he d uties o t e Honorary S ecretary shall b e to attend all meetings o f the Co un cil and S ciet nter in d e ail as far as ra t c ab e the r d in s o y, e t , p c i l , p ocee g at ea mee n to o nd o res nd en r s rv all ch ti g, c uct the c r po ce, p e e e

tters re e ve and onv n all me n s b r a if re u s . le c i d , c e e eti g y ci cul r, q i ite H e shall also prepare and present to the Council a Repo rt o f the ’ ear s w rk and after c o nﬁ rmation b the oun i sha l read the y o , , y C c l , l sam t th rs at h nnual m n o e mmb t e a e . e e e — e ti g 1 . N T he annual n f th 3 A N U AL MEETING. meeti g o e S o ciety shal be e d in the as w k o f Januar . l h l l t ee — y 1 . D I Y E S rd nar m t n s sha b e h in 4 O R NAR ME TING . O i y ee i g ll eld

- n r 1 m. o n he rst r da ac nt fr m a hste at 6 . t F i of e mo o M c e , 5 p , ﬁ y h h O ctober to A ril fo r the readin o f a rs xhb t o n o f p g p pe , the e i i i ob ects of ant u t and the d s uss o n of su e s o nn t j iq i y, i c i bj ct c ec ed therewith. 1 E L E —T h un fr me NE RA S . e o m m . G a om to t 5 M ETING C cil y, ti i e, convene general meetings at d ifferent places rend ered interesting h s h h b t eir ant t e ar te ture o r s or assoc at ons. y iqui i , c i c , i t ic i i The work o f h s m t n s shal n ud a ers ad d ress s exhb t o n s t e e ee i g l i cl e p p , e , i i i , x ava o ns and an other ra t ab means shall be ad o t d fo r e c ti , y p c ic le p e th uc d at on of the hsto r and ant u ties of the ocalit s t e el i i i y iq i l yvi i ed. D A VA — h n ma fr 1 X L A N E X . T l 6. E A e o m P OR TION C TION C u ci y, o m make rants o f mo n oward s th ost o f ex a ti e to time, g ey t e c c va h n r t f t n and x or n and for t e e e a ob s o the S o e . ti g e pl i g, g l jec ci y — n l m PuB I A T I N s . r a a rs and an n d oc n 1 7. L C O O igi p pe cie t u e ts communicated to the S ociety may be published in suchmanner as n h r m e m t n B k m the C ou cil s all f o tim to ti e d e ermi e . ac vo lu es o f the Transactions and other publications o f the S ociety remaining in stock may be purchased by any member of the S ociety at suc h r a hll p ices s the Council s a d etermine . 1 — h 8 Y . T e r ert f . PROPERT p op y o the S ociety shall b e vested in h n m hr ru t t e a s of t ste s o b hos n b th o un . e ee T e e—c e y e C cil 1 I A A . n h 9. NTERPRET TION CL US E I t ese Rules the masculine

s a l in ud the femn n nd r. h l cl e i i e ge —e 2 . u al r 0 A LTERA TION o r RULES . These r les shall not b e te ed except by a maj ority o f no t less than two -third s o f the members present and voting at the annual or at a special meeting c on ’ v n r o Fo urt n d a s n u hin n e ed for that pu p se . ee y otice of s c te d ed alteration is to b e given to every member o f the S ociety.

220 T O F M E M B E R S .

h hom E l N ew R oa S alfor . M arch th 1 886. a s aw T as cc es s , B g , , d, d “ a l A l rman W H mmerﬁ eld E c c les N ew M archarst 1 88 . i e e . S u , 3 B y, d ,

R oa E c c les. d ,

mu . F L ll hest r. M arch2 1 8t 1 88 . ai ie E d n . . S C e , 3 B , d J , hma l une I oth 1 886 . all T o s E c c es. J , B , ,

h 1 all William M ount treet M anchester. O c to er 1 0t 8 o . S b , 9 B , , 3, , W ll r twich h 1 8 o ar er R o ert innatts no es . Feb ruar t . y 7 , 9 B b , b , K , P l hn R o rt r nthome E worth B o lton anuar 1 1 th 1 88 . ar ow o e G ee J y , 4 B , J b , , dg , . l w r h me E worth o lto n-le une 1 th 1 88 . ar o M iss G eent o J 7 , 4 B , , , dg , B

M o ors.

une 1 ar o w M i A nnie E F G r thome olto n th 1 88 . l ss . e . J 3 , 5 B , en , B

h a a l u h T hom . in treet M a M arc z lst 1 88 . rr c o as C . E 8 S n , 3 B g , , , , K g ,

chester.

h t man T . T al n r mw ll R oa tretfo r M arc z rst 1 88 . a e C . le t C o e S . , 3 B , , d , d h E n R an A ril 1 th au h o e l Whalle e. 1 88 . se a e p 4 , 5 B g , J p , d d , y g

an ar h 8 au h M rs E d end al h l R an e . u t 1 8 . . e W al e J y 7 , 7 B g , , , y g ‘ h . n N rri . anuar t 1 88 . a le R ev. C . M A H eato o s J y 7 , 7 B y y, J , . . , W l o h 1 a l har l E c les. u t 88 . e C les . o on c J y 3 , 5 B y y, , 5, P yg ,

une 26th 1 88 . a n ton A lfre G il a roo ar E ccles. J , 3 B y , d , d B k P k , r h r ha W anua 2 t 1 88 . e r C rles F. alton 1 M oss L ane E ast J y 9 , 5 B y, , 53, , M oss i S de .

m r 1 8 err ams M L as M oss i e . D ec e e th 8 . e 1 oss ane E t S b 7 , 3 B y, J , 53, , d m ul o th a es E r m treet atri roft. 1 st 1 886. o b or C otta e o S c J y 3 , B , J , g , By , P

M arch th 1 8 0. owd en D aniel L il an S tretfor . 7 , 9 B , , y B k, d d n William r ﬁ atri r ft S e teme r th 1 88 . ow e G o se eld c o . p b 4 , 3 B , , , P m rad ur ohn in ri e i oria S e te er th 1 88 . F alat e ct p b 4 , 3 B b y, J , P B dg , V

S treet M anchester. , m 2 h 1 88 . Brad sell B . . T 1 2 r t H ul e . une 6t . O swal S t ee J , 3 , J , , d , m l ﬁ M arch2 1 8t 1 88 . B rid en T ho as E war O ak nne Fallow eld . , 3 g , d d , y , m w lli m Wi a 1 lt n. N ovem er th 1 886. B ri elo ar R oa o o b s , , , 53, P k d, B “ ho s Fi z h r ht H h r l W . t ert P . lau on all M a t 1 88 . oc e e . C y 7 , 5 B k , b , J , g ,

h - - C lau ton on roc G arstan . g B k, g h l an er l h a O cto er t 1 88 . roo e A ex M uswe l H ill R oa H i te . b 7 , 7 B k , d , d , g g

e tem er 28th 1 88 . roo e ohn 1 8 E xchan e tr t S p b , 3 B k , J , , g S ee , h r M anc este .

' Willi m C u M P s S i a nliﬁ ar . . F 2 1 t 1 8 . ro o r e t . M arch 5 , 83 B k , , B , ,

arlo w H all M anchester. B ,

Walt r T . h i a M nch o n e eth mH s t l a ester. er loth 1 8 0. r w e C a o O ctob , 9 !B , , p , r h l u kle G e F . L i ﬁ l ham th 1 886. c eo n tts H ouse D e O . M archs , B y, g , , p , d W M a 22nd 1 886. ul ele E . y , B k y, ’ temb e1 26th 1 88 . ur ess ohn ueen s R oa D i s ur . S ep , 9 B g , J , Q d, d b y

r 8th 1 886 ur u son S M . D . en leton. O c tobe , . B y, J d , P d “ m r z ud 1 88 ut her S . F ur . e . c D ec be , 7 B , B y

e tem h a ell W Wai hm on ale H ous S er 26 1 88 . C . t an C la t e n r p b t , 9 dd , , y V , ea

M anchester. L I S T O F M E M B E R S . 22 1

M arch2 1 5t 1 8 . n t H H mi S tanle rove O xford R oa 8 C ari on . . th , 3 g , S , y G , d, M h r anc este .

M a 2nd 1 8 W a i 8 . m T H l s N w n H at y , 5 C arr, illi , he o l e , e to e h. m el an E A ri1 261 h 1 88 . C harlton S a u S unn ccles. p , 9 , , y B k, ” h v W liamH . A lnw N o r m an O c to er 8th 1 886. C esson R e il ic thu erl . b , , . , k, b d

h rd o le M . A hance lo o he D io M arch2 1 5t 1 88 . C hristie R ic a C C l r f t , 3 , p y,

e of M a chester T he E lms R oeham ton W. ces n S . , , p ,

r h2 8 ll W . ir h M hur hi . 2 c a a c h ter. M a c 1 st 1 8 . C c S L ne n es , 3 , , 4, B , W h 8 ar r. . H . ar n l une n t 1 8 6. C l e D G ree M acc esﬁ eld . J , k , , P k , “ m r l ar h a D ec e e rd 1 886. C o lier E w 1 H eat er an M oss L ne E ast. b 3 , , d d, , B k , anuar 1 1 th 1 88 ollmann C harles E lmhurst E llesmere r l J y , 4. C , , , Pa k , E cc es. M ar h W c 2 1 t 1 8 i r . A h i r a r s . n e T e r o M , 83 C 0p g , . , P y , ncheste . m N v h . l P Fr i r v r l. o e er t 1 88 o we l . e L ra L i e oo b 7 , 4 C , , e b y, p

anuar th 1 ox r F 26 he r ar h r 88 . C G eo e . C at al Y M anc es e . J y 7 , 7 , g , , d d , t M ar h2 1 t r o rd a d al arr i h n h f c n h R t H o . E arl s 1 88 . C awf c es T e t e o , 3 ! B , g , hH al W F . R . . P . S . A H ai l i an S , g , g . M h2 8 arc 1 st 1 8 . r k M a o r A B . Wes wo Bumle C ee e . t o , 3 , j , d, y.

a h2 . M rc 1 st 1 88 r fton R v A d is n A. T he ar ona i C o e . o M . s e R e d s , 3 , d , , P g , d h G reen S toc ort , kp . h M arc 2 1 st 1 88 . C rofton H T an r H s Wi m . . M o ou e l slow R a , 3 , , , o d, i D dsbury . h 86 “ t r . m D r O c o e 8t 1 8 C ro to n A lfred un. unste s ur . b , p , , j , , B y

8 . o h2 1 t 1 r o m F . A n l M arc 5 8 C st n a es S . U to H a l rest ur , 3 , J , p , P b y.

ch 1 88 . h ar 2 1 st o h . E l A M C r wt e r o se S nd s ei h l erle E e . , 3 , J p , g , d y dg

O c to er I oth 1 8 0. C unliﬁ e William West an G ilno w ar l b , 9 , , B k , P k, Bo ton. h O c to er t 1 88 . C urnick H . D . G len ale A l erle E e. b 7 , 7 , , d , d y dg

ish h2 1 t 1 . D b ire R . D . M arc s 88 ar B . A . 26 G eor tre t , 3 , , , , ge S e , h ter M anc es .

M arc h2 1 st 1 88 . D ar shire A lfre Braz ennose tre t , 3 by , d , S e , M r ancheste . ” S e tem er 28th 1 88 . D auntese R o ert A ecroft H all Man h s r p b , 3 y, b , g , c e te f s o William h2 . D a ins ro e s r o M arc 1 st 1 88 w F. R . , 3 k , P B yd, S

Woo hurst Fallowfield . d , M Woo hurs llow M arch2 1 st 1 88 D aw ins rs. t Fa fi eld . , 3. k , , d , M r a e temb 1 26th 1 88 . D ean . 1 a et l c e M i leto n . S p e , 9 , J , 3 , k P , dd ri h W a - - - m 8 D ear n . G ffi t thmo i N o ve er z ud 1 8 . e u the H ll ourn b , 3 d , J , y , B e. m D hn u l h l a illa i h1 8 . R o O c to r S e te er 26t 8 e ria a . p b , 9 , d p , g V , V P k “ i h o h M arch2 . D er R t H n. t e E arl o f 1 51 , 1 883 by, g ,

owsl resc t. Kn ey, P o

' ' mhr F A ril I st 1 88 . D e T raﬁ ord S ir H u e . art. T raﬁ ord ar p , 7 , p y , B , P k, h r M anc este . “ hir H is ra th u f K r h2 1 1 8 . D ev ns e G e e D e o M a 5t 8 o c D . c , 3 , k , . G C . L D evonshire H ouse icca ill , P d y, L o on nd .

D . . n r t M hes r M a th 1 88 . oo C C C a non S t ee anc te . y 4 , 3 dy, , , 222 L I S T O F M E M B E R S .

h D un an am M E m anuar 1 t 1 886. c es . R i h on treet A sht . 2 c S on J y s , , J , , 4, d , un er-L n d y e .

88 . E arwaker P A h2 1 st 1 . M . r l M arc . ensam A e e e , 3 , J , P , b g . “ h 1 88 . a woo A ri O cto er 8t 6 E st . . nc ess treet M anch r. b , d, J , 49, P S , este r W anu r 2 h 1 88 . E c o illiam S rin C o a a t tt e R umle . J y 9 , 5 yd, , p g g , y

M arch2 1 st 1 88 . E erton H o n. A l ernon Worsle ld H all M an , 3 g , g , y O , h r c este . (D ec eased ) ‘ 88 . E erton R i ht H n h M archz 1 et 1 o . t e L or T atton ar , 3 g , g d, P k , nu r K tsfo d . ‘ rm H une 1 1 th 1 886. E en enr E . R ose an Bolton R oa endleton J , , y , B k, d , P .

March2 1 st 1 88 . E s aile G eor e C . E T he ld R ec tor latt L ane , 3 d , g , O y, P , hlm R us o e .

m E stco urt C harles . 20 A l uar D ece er 1 6th 88 F C . S ert S e M an b , 9. , , , , b q , hester c . “ h 2 st 1 88 . E vans o n F N ash M March 1 , 3 , J , ills,

H emel H empstead .

M a th 1 88 . Faithwaite . R . Manchester and S alfor B y 4 , 3 , J , d an k, M os t ley S tree .

' h2 ﬂarin o n M i W M arc 1 8 t 1 88 t ss o r en reston. , 3. g , , d , P War in M r auld r W . e E ler lie h et i a ch2 1 5t 1 88 . F e l s C e mH ll , 3 , g, , ha . D m er h 1 88 Finne ames o li i r olton ece t . S c to . b 5 , 4 y, J , , B

- F hwic L i t. l h arch2 1 5t 1 88 . is eu C o . H enr F T e H ei M , 3 k , y, ght, R h l oc da e .

l h r r. R har l w rou h 1 886 . F etc e D ic G t. C o es treet h O cto e r 8t S to n . b , , d, , B g ” m i M M 1 1 8 Fol a e C ec l G . S avile P oc k l arch3 1 8 , 8 5. j b , , . . , C g od e ,

llerton N ew r . O , a k

R h o l o n . ul l st 1 886 Freeman . nill E ast iew H aul t J y 3 , . , K , V , g , B lmon r l a 6 h 8 Fre ch G il rt . e t R oa ha es o Fe ru r t 1 8 . n e S lton b y , 5 , b J , B d, p , B . h 1 h M r lmont R o o n 88 . ren e har lt n. u e 1 t F c s. oa S les J 3 , 5 , , B d , p , B h 1 8 Fren h M i K w o u lt n une 1 t 8 . c ss . N e rt S are Bo o J 3 , 5 , , p q , . * h ri ri . m r 1 6 Fr R o ert B . ht i A l ncham D ece e 1 88 . ost . S c S e t b 9 , , b , , B g d ,

’ th ha s Ma 1 88 . G a er R ev. M onsi nor S t. C M a y 4 , 3 dd, V y g , d , n

chester. h h2 t 1 8 . R har E x amin r M anc est r M arc 1 s 8 G ill ic e O ﬂice e . , 3 , d, ,

m r z rand W . fi l H u e D ece e ud 1 88 . illib ar e o s C hor b , 7 G , , P k d , ley R oa o lton d, B .

M arch2 1 st 1 88 . G illes ie R ev. C harles G . K . 2 D arwin T errac e , 3 p , , , , er D by.

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m h 1 tle R ev. C E . D c e er t 8 . L it . e b 7 , 88 , 0 max R v ohn A m l th 1 8 L o e M . . a M arch7 , 9 . , . J , , C heeth H il . hn D alto h2 t 1 88 . L or H . 2 o n tr M n h M arc 1 s S eet a c ester. , 3 d, , 4 , J , ar h2 1 1 1 8 L owe ohn 22 M a ﬁ ld am M c 5 8 . ns e C h ers , 3 , J , , b , ’ t n uar M S . A n s S q e, anchester. ’ e R v harles r 1 1 th 1 88 . L ow e . C S t. ohn Janua y , 9 , , J s R ec tory, C heetham

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M a 22nd 1 886. O ers M rs . H orto n ow on. y , dg , , , B d

an r 0 mero . P. C astleton near Manchester. ua 1 51 1 8 . O r J y 3 , 9 d , J , ,

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l h 88 . P nett W A u 2 1 1 os . ar iew C horle L ancashire J y 5 , 5 , P k V , y, .

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' minister 1 W' H 1 36 Jac kson WilliamBaptist 33

l n in to M r. Japanese C ollection be o g g Bowes 1 60 Hall Elias 1 86 ohnstone R ev. T . B. 1 27 Halton Castle 1 67 J 2 I N D E X. 33

uxemur S ie e of a tist minister 1 1 L g g 45 Jones J . A nab p 3 b L e v ames 1 yon R . 74 W . 1 T . J R ev. 74 L yverpol Richard d e 1 22 William1 22 Kenyon Ed ward 1 73 James 1 82

1 82 h imes se . Mary M an in Romano Britis T 5 q mil 1 68 l 1 2 Kingsley Fa y Manchester Cold house Chape 9 m 8 Kirkby Willia 3 Colle giate Church 1 1 0 m ir ohn 8 Kirkha S J 3 Han ging Brid ge 97 Kitso n Laure nce 35 O ld S tree ts 1 74 ’ M ar aret d au hter of o ert 35 ar s hurch1 g g R b S t. M y C 37 S ir T homas 35 S hip Canal 1 44 1 69 Thomas 38 S iege of 1 88 e ni ht enr 62 olle 1 2 1 2 1 8 1 88, on th K g H y MarchH . C y 3 7 5

ha el 1 0 - i and A r h Knott Oliver on Coldhouse C p 3 Plac e names Twistle S k p g emar s on an scure uneral 72 , R k Ob F Lafayette M ed al 46 Custom63 ohn 1 1 1 2 la ke Bishop J 53 73 M arshM rs. 7 L aneaste r Rising of 1 71 5 32 M arklaw William1 73 L e R ev d mund 1 1 arton e or e an . E 4 M G g 34

L R ev rnest A . 1 1 a ence S ie e of ang . E 4 M y g 43 ’ 1 1 Lang s B en . 1 06 Maye r Joseph 5 L angley John 1 73 Med als Eightee nthCentury 39 Pe ter d e 1 73 M ed calfe S ir Christopher 38 hter of S ir hristo Ralph1 73 Margaret d aug C Robert 1 73 pher 30 f i hton 8 William1 73 M id d leton Family o Le g 3 rt 6 1 8 on harles oach S ir eoffre 2 0 L angton Robe 3 5, C R G y 9 3

mith1 1 2 on the A nti uit of S tereo S ir eor e 2 8 se . S , q y G g q typing 1 24 George 30 LathamFamily 56 Gervas 30 William24 Jane 30 Laurenc e Family 2 2 Robert 30 homas 0 L aw M r. 33 T 3

hurch2 re . L a Warre Thomas 1 1 0 Mid dleton P ew in Warton C 9 g homas 1 LeechMiss 1 27 Moss R ev . T 39 hic 1 2 Lees John 1 48 Mould ings Got 3 LeghJohn of A lkrington 1 77 Moult John 1 32 S ir Piers 38

Lei h amil of est all 56 g F y W H 1 8 oins and ed als 48 Napoleon I . 3, C M ohn 56 58 J Neville George 22 illiam a tist minister 1 2 W B p 3 e Newc ome Henry 1 30 s q. LeighChurchin 1 474 1 92 Newdigate Charles 1 39 Leighton Hall 24 ll Newton Family of Powna 55 Leland ohn 1 0 1 J A lexand er 1 01 ’ Leland s D escription of Warton 2 1 Humphrey 59 L ver S tree t ha el 1 ’ e C p 33 1 80 on uckler s D raw Nicholson A lbert , B k 1 8 Lister Tho mas of isb urn Par 4 G ings ” 8 Liver 1 ohn 1 2 1 p lme 1 I on ilmslow 1 ° Ho 35 791 W useum1 60 L iverpxl Igowes Japanese M C hurch 3 6 . L ivesley John 1 32 Norbury 1 30 Lo ngley R ad ulf 1 73 Norton O z ochino 1 2 1 Thomas 1 73 Love-tokens 1 27 bituary 2 1 1 22 re . O Lucas John of Warton g 234 I N D E X.

ver M r attorne 1 evolutionar eriod of the i hteen th Oli . y 92 R y P E g d O ldﬁeld see Mid d leton Pedig ree 38 Ce ntury as illustrated by Coins an George Middleton 32 Medals 39 W hod es R ev . . 1 Henry Geo rge S omerford 32 R J . 59 S o merford 32 Ribchester 1 2 8 Oldham1 86 Visit to 1 61 m r hire 1 6 ChurchFont 1 57 Rich ond Y o ks 3 Vis it to 1 47 Rigg Frances 3 1 38 OldhamA damd e 1 50 Rivers General see Pitt-R ivers Old ow or Old hamHugh1 74 Robinson George of S trood 1 1 6 ’ h1 1 an in t. ar s hurc B. 1 Org S M y C 4 J . 80 Oswald twistle 83 Rochdale Flints found near 1 27 0011 011 John 1 32 Rolly Charles 1 33

R ev umhre 1 1 1 man A n ui es collected b C . oach O wen . H p y 40 9 R o tiq ti y R John 1 23 1 38 1 74 1 80 S mith1 1 3 - xen R omano ritish m t S toc ton eath &c . 1 2 8 O B 4 Ca ps a k H , Oxley Tho mas 1 2 1 Occupation of Britain illustrated by Excavations in Bokerly and Wans d yke 1

v T . H . 2 Pain R e . 4 Road at Oldham1 54 Paine T om51 Road at Ribchester 1 61 1 Palmer R ev. W. 37 Romans in Manchester 98

h. e 1 n arton hurch Par ic d W . 1 1 o r . O R 73 Rope 9, W C v r 2 Patten R e . Pete 3 2 1 Pea rso n Ge orge 1 35 1 86 R oswormColonel 1 88 ndleton ohn 1 02 s Pe J R o therley Wilts 1 eq. h1 2 Piccop R ev. Jose p 3 Ro usseau Med al 46

il in ton ichard d e 1 H . 1 06 1 0 1 0 P k g R 73 Ro wbothamG . 7 9 - Lieutenant- e neral 1 8 on Pitt Rivers G 7, R owstehorn Laurens 1 02 l Ex cavations in Boker y and Wans Royton Park Celt found in 1 80 dyke 1 Rules 2 1 5 Place-names Twistle S kip and A rgh72 R ushbearing 26

latt S . R . 1 8 R v ohn 1 P 4 Rushton e . J 74 ownall Fee n Le i h hurchin 1 P 53 Ryland s J . Paul o g C 474 d wners 1 Pownall Hall an O 55 79 1 92 Powys Bishop 1 79 Nicholas 1 92 Pre scott J . C . 55 Ralph1 93 Preston A nne d aughter of George 31 Robert d el 1 92 Presto n Rising of 1 71 5 at 32 William1 93 Prestwic hA d amd e 1 73 Ryle Henry 58 A lic e wid ow of A d amd e 1 71 Chapel in Wilmslow Church58 Ed mund 1 72 S ir John 1 72 Thomas d e 1 73 S ad dleworth1 55 ’ wi h hurch1 1 1 80 A nn s hurch1 Prest c C 7 S t. C 44 ’ ors o f 1 ar s hurc hM anchester 1 Rect 73 S r. M y C 37

h1 H . 1 60 1 86 Priestley Josep 33 S ales H . 35 1 Procee d ings 1 1 9 seq. S alford 1 77 Pnllinger William1 48 1 57 Brid ge 1 03 ’ Lad y s Diary 1 90 S alisbury Marquis o f 1 50 ' S alis ur lain 6 R adclyﬁ e John d e 1 73 b y P 9 S amian Potter 1 -1 Richard d e 1 73 y 5 7

rd R ev. owland 1 1 mR ev omin 1 1 S andfo 4 R asb otha . D g 4 R S and iford d ward 1 54 Rebellion of 1 71 5 32 E ituar of 2 1 1 S choles J . C . 1 29, y Report of Council 207 Ob