DOCSLIB.ORG

Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More Information

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More Information Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information Supersymmetry and String Theory Beyond the Standard Model The past decade has witnessed dramatic developments in the fields of experimental and theoretical particle physics and cosmology. This Second Edition is a comprehensive introduction to these recent developments and brings this self-contained textbook right up to date. Brand-new material for this edition includes the ground-breaking Higgs discovery and results of the WMAP and Planck experiments. Extensive discussion of theories of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking, metastable supersymmetry breaking, an expanded discussion of inflation and a new chapter on the landscape, as well as a completely rewritten coda on future directions, give readers a modern perspective on this developing field. A focus on three principal areas – supersymmetry, string theory and astrophysics and cosmology – provides the structure for this book, which will be of great interest to graduates and researchers in the fields of particle theory, string theory, astrophysics and cosmology. The book contains several problems, and password-protected solutions will be available to lecturers at www.cambridge.org/ 9781107048386. Michael Dine is Professor of Physics at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He is an A. P. Sloan Foundation Fellow, a Fellow of the American Physical Society and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Prior to this, Professor Dine was a Research Associate at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, a long-term member of the Institute for Advanced Study and Henry Semat Professor at the City College of the City University of New York. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information Reviews of the first edition “An excellent and timely introduction to a wide range of topics concerning physics beyond the standard model, by one of the most dynamic researchers in the field. Dine has a gift for explaining difficult concepts in a transparent way. The book has wonderful insights to offer beginning graduate students and experienced researchers alike.” Nima Arkani-Hamed, Harvard University “How many times did you need to find the answer to a basic question about the formalism and especially the phenomenology of general relativity, the Standard Model, its supersymmetric and grand unified extensions, and other serious models of new physics, as well as the most important experimental constraints and the realization of the key models within string theory? Dine’s book will solve most of these problems for you and give you much more, namely the state-of-the-art picture of reality as seen by a leading superstring phenomenologist.” Lubos Motl, Harvard University “This book gives a broad overview of most of the current issues in theoretical high energy physics. It introduces and discusses a wide range of topics from a pragmatic point of view. Although some of these topics are addressed in other books, this one gives a uniform and self-contained exposition of all of them. The book can be used as an excellent text in various advanced graduate courses. It is also an extremely useful reference book for researchers in the field, both for graduate students and established senior faculty. Dine’s deep insights and broad perspective make this book an essential text. I am sure it will become a classic. Many physicists expect that with the advent of the LHC a revival of model building will take place. This book is the best tool kit a modern model builder will need.” Nathan Seiberg, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition Beyond the Standard Model MICHAEL DINE University of California, Santa Cruz © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107048386 © Cambridge University Press 2015 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2015 Printed in the United Kingdom by T J International Ltd. Padstow Cornwall A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Dine, Michael, author. Supersymmetry and string theory : beyond the standard model / Michael Dine, University of California, Santa Cruz. – Second edition. pages cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-04838-6 (Hardback) 1. Supersymmetry. 2. String models. I. Title. QC174.17.S9D56 2015 539.7 258–dc23 2015013721 ISBN 978-1-107-04838-6 Hardback Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/9781107048386 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information This book is dedicated to Mark and Esther Dine © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information Contents Preface to the First Edition page xv Preface to the Second Edition xviii A note on the choice of metric xx Text website xxi Part 1 Effective field theory: the Standard Model, supersymmetry, unification 1 1 Before the Standard Model 3 Suggested reading 7 2 The Standard Model 8 2.1 Yang–Mills theory 8 2.2 Realizations of symmetry in quantum field theory 10 2.3 The quantization of Yang–Mills theories 16 2.4 The particles and fields of the Standard Model: gauge bosons and fermions 20 2.5 The particles and fields of the Standard Model: Higgs scalars and the complete Standard Model 22 2.6 The gauge boson masses 23 2.7 Quark and lepton masses 24 2.8 The Higgs field and its couplings 25 Suggested reading 26 Exercises 26 3 Phenomenology of the Standard Model 27 3.1 The weak interactions 27 3.2 Discovery of the Higgs 29 3.3 The quark and lepton mass matrices 32 3.4 The strong interactions 34 3.5 The renormalization group 36 3.6 Calculating the beta function 39 3.7 The strong interactions and dimensional transmutation 43 3.8 Confinement and lattice gauge theory 44 3.9 Strong interaction processes at high momentum transfer 51 Suggested reading 61 Exercises 62 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information viii Contents 4 The Standard Model as an effective field theory 63 4.1 Integrating out massive fields 63 4.2 Lepton and baryon number violation; neutrino mass 67 4.3 Challenges for the Standard Model 71 4.4 The naturalness principle 74 4.5 Summary: successes and limitations of the Standard Model 75 Suggested reading 75 5 Anomalies, instantons and the strong CP problem 76 5.1 The chiral anomaly 77 5.2 A two-dimensional detour 81 5.3 Real QCD 88 5.4 The strong CP problem 98 5.5 Possible solutions of the strong CP problem 100 Suggested reading 104 Exercises 104 6 Grand unification 106 6.1 Cancelation of anomalies 108 6.2 Renormalization of couplings 108 6.3 Breaking to SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) 109 6.4 SU(2) × U(1) breaking 110 6.5 Charge quantization and magnetic monopoles 111 6.6 Proton decay 112 6.7 Other groups 112 Suggested reading 114 Exercises 115 7 Magnetic monopoles and solitons 116 7.1 Solitons in 1 + 1 dimensions 117 7.2 Solitons in 2 + 1 dimensions: strings or vortices 118 7.3 Magnetic monopoles 119 7.4 The BPS limit 120 7.5 Collective coordinates for the monopole solution 122 7.6 The Witten effect: the electric charge in the presence of θ 123 7.7 Electric–magnetic duality 124 Suggested reading 125 Exercises 125 8 Technicolor: a first attempt to explain hierarchies 126 8.1 QCD in a world without Higgs fields 127 8.2 Fermion masses: extended technicolor 128 8.3 The Higgs discovery and precision electroweak
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2018 APS Prize and Award Recipients
    APS Announces 2018 Prize and Award Recipients The APS would like to congratulate the recipients of these APS prizes and awards. They will be presented during APS award ceremonies throughout the year. Both March and April meeting award ceremonies are open to all APS members and their guests. At the March Meeting, the APS Prizes and Awards Ceremony will be held Monday, March 5, 5:45 - 6:45 p.m. at the Los Angeles Convention Center (LACC) in Los Angeles, CA. At the April Meeting, the APS Prizes and Awards Ceremony will be held Sunday, April 15, 5:30 - 6:30 p.m. at the Greater Columbus Convention Center in Columbus, OH. In addition to the award ceremonies, most prize and award recipients will give invited talks during the meeting. Some recipients of prizes, awards are recognized at APS unit meetings. For the schedule of APS meetings, please visit http://www.aps.org/meetings/calendar.cfm. Nominations are open for most 2019 prizes and awards. We encourage members to nominate their highly-qualified peers, and to consider broadening the diversity and depth of the nomination pool from which honorees are selected. For nomination submission instructions, please visit the APS web site (http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/index.cfm). Prizes 2018 APS MEDAL FOR EXCELLENCE IN PHYSICS 2018 PRIZE FOR A FACULTY MEMBER FOR RESEARCH IN AN UNDERGRADUATE INSTITUTION Eugene N. Parker University of Chicago Warren F. Rogers In recognition of many fundamental contributions to space physics, Indiana Wesleyan University plasma physics, solar physics and astrophysics for over 60 years.
    [Show full text]
  • TASI Lectures on Emergence of Supersymmetry, Gauge Theory And
    TASI Lectures on Emergence of Supersymmetry, Gauge Theory and String in Condensed Matter Systems Sung-Sik Lee1,2 1Department of Physics & Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton ON L8S4M1, Canada 2Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. N., Waterloo ON N2L2Y5, Canada Abstract The lecture note consists of four parts. In the first part, we review a 2+1 dimen- sional lattice model which realizes emergent supersymmetry at a quantum critical point. The second part is devoted to a phenomenon called fractionalization where gauge boson and fractionalized particles emerge as low energy excitations as a result of strong interactions between gauge neutral particles. In the third part, we discuss about stability and low energy effective theory of a critical spin liquid state where stringy excitations emerge in a large N limit. In the last part, we discuss about an attempt to come up with a prescription to derive holographic theory for general quantum field theory. arXiv:1009.5127v2 [hep-th] 16 Dec 2010 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Emergent supersymmetry 2 2.1 Emergence of (bosonic) space-time symmetry . .... 3 2.2 Emergentsupersymmetry . .. .. 4 2.2.1 Model ................................... 5 2.2.2 RGflow .................................. 7 3 Emergent gauge theory 10 3.1 Model ....................................... 10 3.2 Slave-particletheory ............................... 10 3.3 Worldlinepicture................................. 12 4 Critical spin liquid with Fermi surface 14 4.1 Fromspinmodeltogaugetheory . 14 4.1.1 Slave-particle approach to spin-liquid states . 14 4.1.2 Stability of deconfinement phase in the presence of Fermi surface... 16 4.2 Lowenergyeffectivetheory . .. .. 17 4.2.1 Failure of a perturbative 1/N expansion ...............
    [Show full text]
  • Round Table Talk: Conversation with Nathan Seiberg
    Round Table Talk: Conversation with Nathan Seiberg Nathan Seiberg Professor, the School of Natural Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Study Hirosi Ooguri Kavli IPMU Principal Investigator Yuji Tachikawa Kavli IPMU Professor Ooguri: Over the past few decades, there have been remarkable developments in quantum eld theory and string theory, and you have made signicant contributions to them. There are many ideas and techniques that have been named Hirosi Ooguri Nathan Seiberg Yuji Tachikawa after you, such as the Seiberg duality in 4d N=1 theories, the two of you, the Director, the rest of about supersymmetry. You started Seiberg-Witten solutions to 4d N=2 the faculty and postdocs, and the to work on supersymmetry almost theories, the Seiberg-Witten map administrative staff have gone out immediately or maybe a year after of noncommutative gauge theories, of their way to help me and to make you went to the Institute, is that right? the Seiberg bound in the Liouville the visit successful and productive – Seiberg: Almost immediately. I theory, the Moore-Seiberg equations it is quite amazing. I don’t remember remember studying supersymmetry in conformal eld theory, the Afeck- being treated like this, so I’m very during the 1982/83 Christmas break. Dine-Seiberg superpotential, the thankful and embarrassed. Ooguri: So, you changed the direction Intriligator-Seiberg-Shih metastable Ooguri: Thank you for your kind of your research completely after supersymmetry breaking, and many words. arriving the Institute. I understand more. Each one of them has marked You received your Ph.D. at the that, at the Weizmann, you were important steps in our progress.
    [Show full text]
  • SUSY, Landscape and the Higgs
    SUSY, Landscape and the Higgs Michael Dine Department of Physics University of California, Santa Cruz Workshop: Nature Guiding Theory, Fermilab 2014 Michael Dine SUSY, Landscape and the Higgs A tension between naturalness and simplicity There have been lots of good arguments to expect that some dramatic new phenomena should appear at the TeV scale to account for electroweak symmetry breaking. But given the exquisite successes of the Model, the simplest possibility has always been the appearance of a single Higgs particle, with a mass not much above the LEP exclusions. In Quantum Field Theory, simple has a precise meaning: a single Higgs doublet is the minimal set of additional (previously unobserved) degrees of freedom which can account for the elementary particle masses. Michael Dine SUSY, Landscape and the Higgs Higgs Discovery; LHC Exclusions So far, simplicity appears to be winning. Single light higgs, with couplings which seem consistent with the minimal Standard Model. Exclusion of a variety of new phenomena; supersymmetry ruled out into the TeV range over much of the parameter space. Tunings at the part in 100 1000 level. − Most other ideas (technicolor, composite Higgs,...) in comparable or more severe trouble. At least an elementary Higgs is an expectation of supersymmetry. But in MSSM, requires a large mass for stops. Michael Dine SUSY, Landscape and the Higgs Top quark/squark loop corrections to observed physical Higgs mass (A 0; tan β > 20) ≈ In MSSM, without additional degrees of freedom: 126 L 124 GeV H h m 122 120 4000 6000 8000 10 000 12 000 14 000 HMSUSYGeVL Michael Dine SUSY, Landscape and the Higgs 6y 2 δm2 = t m~ 2 log(Λ2=m2 ) H −16π2 t susy So if 8 TeV, correction to Higgs mass-squred parameter in effective action easily 1000 times the observed Higgs mass-squared.
    [Show full text]
  • TASI Lectures on the Strong CP Problem
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CERN Document Server hep-th/0011376 SCIPP-00/30 TASI Lectures on The Strong CP Problem Michael Dine Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz CA 95064 Abstract These lectures discuss the θ parameter of QCD. After an introduction to anomalies in four and two dimensions, the parameter is introduced. That such topological parameters can have physical effects is illustrated with two dimensional models, and then explained in QCD using instantons and current algebra. Possible solutions including axions, a massless up quark, and spontaneous CP violation are discussed. 1 Introduction Originally, one thought of QCD as being described a gauge coupling at a particular scale and the quark masses. But it soon came to be recognized that the theory has another parameter, the θ parameter, associated with an additional term in the lagrangian: 1 = θ F a F˜µνa (1) L 16π2 µν where 1 F˜a = F ρσa. (2) µνρσ 2 µνρσ This term, as we will discuss, is a total divergence, and one might imagine that it is irrelevant to physics, but this is not the case. Because the operator violates CP, it can contribute to the neutron electric 9 dipole moment, dn. The current experimental limit sets a strong limit on θ, θ 10− . The problem of why θ is so small is known as the strong CP problem. Understanding the problem and its possible solutions is the subject of this lectures. In thinking about CP violation in the Standard Model, one usually starts by counting the parameters of the unitary matrices which diagonalize the quark and lepton masses, and then counting the number of possible redefinitions of the quark and lepton fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics Vol. 2016, No
    本会刊行英文誌目次 221 ©2016 日本物理学会 Gravitational positive energy theorems from information inequalities ....................................Nima Lashkari, Jennifer Lin, Hirosi Ooguri, Bogdan Stoica, and Mark Van Raamsdonk A note on the semiclassical formulation of BPS states in four-dimen- sional N＝2 theories .....T. Daniel Brennan and Gregory W. Moore Letters Theoretical Particle Physics On the discrepancy between proton and α-induced d-cluster knockout on 16O ....................... B. N. Joshi, M. Kushwaha, and Arun K. Jain Papers General and Mathematical Physics Z2×Z2-graded Lie symmetries of the Lévy-Leblond equations .................... N. Aizawa, Z. Kuznetsova, H. Tanaka, and F. Toppan Theoretical Particle Physics Anomaly and sign problem in ＝（ 2, 2） SYM on polyhedra: Numeri- N cal analysis .............................................Syo Kamata, So Matsuura, Tatsuhiro Misumi, and Kazutoshi Ohta Probing SUSY with 10 TeV stop mass in rare decays and CP violation of kaon .............................Morimitsu Tanimoto and Kei Yamamoto Monopole-center vortex chains in SU（2）gauge theory ..................... Seyed Mohsen Hosseini Nejad, and Sedigheh Deldar LHC 750 GeV diphoton excess in a radiative seesaw model .......................Shinya Kanemura, Kenji Nishiwaki, Hiroshi Okada, Yuta Orikasa, Seong Chan Park, and Ryoutaro Watanabe Coherent states in quantum algebra and qq-character for 5d W1＋∞ super Yang-Mills ................ J.-E. Bourgine, M. Fukuda, Y. Matsuo, H. Zhang, and R.-D. Zhu Lorentz symmetry violation in the fermion number anomaly with the Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics chiral overlap operator .......... Hiroki Makino and Okuto Morikawa Vol. 2016, No. 12（2016） Fermion number anomaly with the fluffy mirror fermion .............................................Ken-ichi Okumura and Hiroshi Suzuki Special Section Revisiting the texture zero neutrino mass matrices Nambu, A Foreteller of Modern Physics III ..................
    [Show full text]
  • 10119003.Pdf
    CERTAINDATA CONTAINEDINTHIS ! DOCUMENTMAYBE DIFFICULTTOREAD IN MICROFICHE I .! i PR.ODUCTS. :11 ! t | lt UCSD--916 904 TI m- rts-of-the--U-.i-ve.vsi ty o f Ca ll-f_- IIia su_b-.miL-tlte-l->r-_p_satfor--FYS-t992-=1996 . to t-h DE92 007123 Del)artment of Energy I _L..% ' . ' I "/ lI -. .I I / , , THEORETICAL PARTICLE PHYSICS University of California, San Diego DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi- bili.ty for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned right . Refer- ence herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recom- mendation, or favoring by the [Jnited States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. July 1, 1991 '_ IJ('.SI) 9169ol TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Proposal Overview ............. 3 2. Research Program .......... 6 A. quantunl Chrolnodynanlics ....... 6 I. The Spin Structure of the Nucleon . 7 12. Solitons and Discrete Symmetries ..... 9 3. Baryon Chiral Perturbation Theory ...... 9 4. Constituent Quarks as Collective Ez,citations ..... 11 5. Kaon Con,den,._ation .......... 12 B. Electroweak Interactions . ........ 14 i.
    [Show full text]
  • R Symmetries, Supersymmetry Breaking, and a Bound on the Superpotential Strings2010
    R Symmetries, Supersymmetry Breaking, and A Bound on The Superpotential Strings2010. Texas A&M University Michael Dine Department of Physics University of California, Santa Cruz Work with G. Festuccia, Z. Komargodski. March, 2010 Michael Dine R Symmetries, Supersymmetry Breaking, and A Bound on The Superpotential String Theory at the Dawn of the LHC Era As we meet, the LHC program is finally beginning. Can string theory have any impact on our understanding of phenomena which we may observe? Supersymmetry? Warping? Technicolor? Just one lonely higgs? Michael Dine R Symmetries, Supersymmetry Breaking, and A Bound on The Superpotential Supersymmetry Virtues well known (hierarchy, presence in many classical string vacua, unification, dark matter). But reasons for skepticism: 1 Little hierarchy 2 Unification: why generic in string theory? 3 Hierarchy: landscape (light higgs anthropic?) Michael Dine R Symmetries, Supersymmetry Breaking, and A Bound on The Superpotential Reasons for (renewed) optimism: 1 The study of metastable susy breaking (ISS) has opened rich possibilities for model building; no longer the complexity of earlier models for dynamical supersymmetry breaking. 2 Supersymmetry, even in a landscape, can account for 2 − 8π hierarchies, as in traditional naturalness (e g2 ) (Banks, Gorbatov, Thomas, M.D.). 3 Supersymmetry, in a landscape, accounts for stability – i.e. the very existence of (metastable) states. (Festuccia, Morisse, van den Broek, M.D.) Michael Dine R Symmetries, Supersymmetry Breaking, and A Bound on The Superpotential All of this motivates revisiting issues low energy supersymmetry. While I won’t consider string constructions per se, I will focus on an important connection with gravity: the cosmological constant.
    [Show full text]
  • Memories of a Theoretical Physicist
    Memories of a Theoretical Physicist Joseph Polchinski Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4030 USA Foreword: While I was dealing with a brain injury and finding it difficult to work, two friends (Derek Westen, a friend of the KITP, and Steve Shenker, with whom I was recently collaborating), suggested that a new direction might be good. Steve in particular regarded me as a good writer and suggested that I try that. I quickly took to Steve's suggestion. Having only two bodies of knowledge, myself and physics, I decided to write an autobiography about my development as a theoretical physicist. This is not written for any particular audience, but just to give myself a goal. It will probably have too much physics for a nontechnical reader, and too little for a physicist, but perhaps there with be different things for each. Parts may be tedious. But it is somewhat unique, I think, a blow-by-blow history of where I started and where I got to. Probably the target audience is theoretical physicists, especially young ones, who may enjoy comparing my struggles with their own.1 Some dis- claimers: This is based on my own memories, jogged by the arXiv and IN- SPIRE. There will surely be errors and omissions. And note the title: this is about my memories, which will be different for other people. Also, it would not be possible for me to mention all the authors whose work might intersect mine, so this should not be treated as a reference work.
    [Show full text]
  • Parallel Worlds
    www.Ael.af Kaku_0385509863_4p_all_r1.qxd 10/27/04 7:07 AM Page i PARALLEL WORLDS www.Ael.af Kaku_0385509863_4p_all_r1.qxd 10/27/04 7:07 AM Page ii www.Ael.af Kaku_0385509863_4p_all_r1.qxd 10/27/04 7:07 AM Page iii Also by Michio Kaku Beyond Einstein Hyperspace Visions Einstein’s Cosmos www.Ael.af Kaku_0385509863_4p_all_r1.qxd 10/27/04 7:07 AM Page iv MICHIO KAKU DOUBLEDAY New York London Toronto Sydney Auckland www.Ael.af Kaku_0385509863_4p_all_r1.qxd 10/27/04 7:07 AM Page v PARALLEL WORLDS A JOURNEY THROUGH CREATION, HIGHER DIMENSIONS, AND THE FUTURE OF THE COSMOS www.Ael.af Kaku_0385509863_4p_all_r1.qxd 10/27/04 7:07 AM Page vi published by doubleday a division of Random House, Inc. doubleday and the portrayal of an anchor with a dolphin are regis- tered trademarks of Random House, Inc. Book design by Nicola Ferguson Illustrations by Hadel Studio Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kaku, Michio. Parallel worlds : a journey through creation, higher dimensions, and the future of the cosmos/Michio Kaku.—1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references 1. Cosmology. 2. Big bang theory. 3. Superstring theories. 4. Supergravity. I. Title. QB981.K134 2004 523.1—dc22 2004056039 eISBN 0-385-51416-6 Copyright © 2005 Michio Kaku All Rights Reserved v1.0 www.Ael.af Kaku_0385509863_4p_all_r1.qxd 10/27/04 7:07 AM Page vii This book is dedicated to my loving wife, Shizue. www.Ael.af Kaku_0385509863_4p_all_r1.qxd 10/27/04 7:07 AM Page viii www.Ael.af Kaku_0385509863_4p_all_r1.qxd 10/27/04 7:07 AM Page ix CONTENTS acknowledgments xi
    [Show full text]
  • Relaxion: a Landscape Without Anthropics
    The Relaxion: A Landscape Without Anthropics Ann Nelson∗ and Chanda Prescod-Weinsteiny Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560 (Dated: December 18, 2017) The relaxion mechanism provides a potentially elegant solution to the hierarchy problem without resorting to anthropic or other fine-tuning arguments. This mech- anism introduces an axion-like field, dubbed the relaxion, whose expectation value determines the electroweak hierarchy as well as the QCD strong CP violating θ¯ parameter. During an inflationary period, the Higgs mass squared is selected to be negative and hierarchically small in a theory which is consistent with 't Hooft's technical naturalness criteria. However, in the original model proposed by Graham, Kaplan, and Rajendran [1], the relaxion does not solve the strong CP problem, and in fact contributes to it, as the coupling of the relaxion to the Higgs field and the introduction of a linear potential for the relaxion produces large strong CP violation. We resolve this tension by considering inflation with a Hubble scale which is above the QCD scale but below the weak scale, and estimating the Hubble temperature dependence of the axion mass. The relaxion potential is thus very different during inflation than it is today. We find that provided the inflationary Hubble scale is between the weak scale and about 3 GeV, the relaxion resolves the hierarchy, strong CP, and dark matter problems in a way that is technically natural. arXiv:1708.00010v2 [hep-ph] 15 Dec 2017 I. INTRODUCTION Although the Standard Model represents a significant triumph for both theoretical and experimental particle physics, questions remain.
    [Show full text]
  • SSI2018 Copy.Key
    Why is there more matter than antimatter? recommended reading: arXiv:1706.03138 Ann Nelson, University of Washington, August 8, 2018 this is as far back as we have ‘seen’ who knows? Don’t need to know? Message for Particle Physics from observations of cosmological light element production any more messages? 99.7% ! Origin story • Nuclei synthesized from protons and neutrons (baryons) at T~MeV • Baryons are synthesized from quarks at T~100 MeV •Quarks are elementary (?) but tiny excess of quarks over anti quarks in hot early universe • How did that asymmetry arise? Just-so “Primordial” Asymmetry at the beginning of time? Set by initial conditions? 7 “Big Bang Theory” of origins now replaced by Inflation—much more predictive Inflation Universe begins from a tiny (~10-24 cm) patch of space which expanded by factor > 1025 in 10-32 s • Inflation smooths, dilutes universe • Replaces “Big Bang” singularity with theory for conditions at 10-32 s • Theory for spectrum of temperature fluctuations • confirmed by CMB observations • Prediction (not confirmed yet) for spectrum of gravitational waves 9 Implications of Inflation • Immediately after inflation universe is • hot, thermal (causality issue for thermal equilibrium solved) • flat (k=0) • uniform • small deviations from uniform temperature (eventually grow into galaxies etc) • symmetrical (equal numbers of quarks and anti- quarks) 10 Inflation+Standard Model predicts that our present universe would mostly consist of photons and neutrinos Why are we (the baryons) here? • As universe expands and cools, particles and antiparticles annihilate • Observed ratio of baryon density to entropy density is 10-10 •after inflation (10-32 s) and before nucleosynthesis •(.01 sec—3 minutes), an asymmetry of 10-8 arose between quarks and anti- quarks •We don’t know how the asymmetry happened.
    [Show full text]