Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information Supersymmetry and String Theory Beyond the Standard Model The past decade has witnessed dramatic developments in the fields of experimental and theoretical particle physics and cosmology. This Second Edition is a comprehensive introduction to these recent developments and brings this self-contained textbook right up to date. Brand-new material for this edition includes the ground-breaking Higgs discovery and results of the WMAP and Planck experiments. Extensive discussion of theories of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking, metastable supersymmetry breaking, an expanded discussion of inflation and a new chapter on the landscape, as well as a completely rewritten coda on future directions, give readers a modern perspective on this developing field. A focus on three principal areas – supersymmetry, string theory and astrophysics and cosmology – provides the structure for this book, which will be of great interest to graduates and researchers in the fields of particle theory, string theory, astrophysics and cosmology. The book contains several problems, and password-protected solutions will be available to lecturers at www.cambridge.org/ 9781107048386. Michael Dine is Professor of Physics at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He is an A. P. Sloan Foundation Fellow, a Fellow of the American Physical Society and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Prior to this, Professor Dine was a Research Associate at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, a long-term member of the Institute for Advanced Study and Henry Semat Professor at the City College of the City University of New York. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information Reviews of the first edition “An excellent and timely introduction to a wide range of topics concerning physics beyond the standard model, by one of the most dynamic researchers in the field. Dine has a gift for explaining difficult concepts in a transparent way. The book has wonderful insights to offer beginning graduate students and experienced researchers alike.” Nima Arkani-Hamed, Harvard University “How many times did you need to find the answer to a basic question about the formalism and especially the phenomenology of general relativity, the Standard Model, its supersymmetric and grand unified extensions, and other serious models of new physics, as well as the most important experimental constraints and the realization of the key models within string theory? Dine’s book will solve most of these problems for you and give you much more, namely the state-of-the-art picture of reality as seen by a leading superstring phenomenologist.” Lubos Motl, Harvard University “This book gives a broad overview of most of the current issues in theoretical high energy physics. It introduces and discusses a wide range of topics from a pragmatic point of view. Although some of these topics are addressed in other books, this one gives a uniform and self-contained exposition of all of them. The book can be used as an excellent text in various advanced graduate courses. It is also an extremely useful reference book for researchers in the field, both for graduate students and established senior faculty. Dine’s deep insights and broad perspective make this book an essential text. I am sure it will become a classic. Many physicists expect that with the advent of the LHC a revival of model building will take place. This book is the best tool kit a modern model builder will need.” Nathan Seiberg, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition Beyond the Standard Model MICHAEL DINE University of California, Santa Cruz © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107048386 © Cambridge University Press 2015 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2015 Printed in the United Kingdom by T J International Ltd. Padstow Cornwall A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Dine, Michael, author. Supersymmetry and string theory : beyond the standard model / Michael Dine, University of California, Santa Cruz. – Second edition. pages cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-04838-6 (Hardback) 1. Supersymmetry. 2. String models. I. Title. QC174.17.S9D56 2015 539.7 258–dc23 2015013721 ISBN 978-1-107-04838-6 Hardback Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/9781107048386 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information This book is dedicated to Mark and Esther Dine © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information Contents Preface to the First Edition page xv Preface to the Second Edition xviii A note on the choice of metric xx Text website xxi Part 1 Effective field theory: the Standard Model, supersymmetry, unification 1 1 Before the Standard Model 3 Suggested reading 7 2 The Standard Model 8 2.1 Yang–Mills theory 8 2.2 Realizations of symmetry in quantum field theory 10 2.3 The quantization of Yang–Mills theories 16 2.4 The particles and fields of the Standard Model: gauge bosons and fermions 20 2.5 The particles and fields of the Standard Model: Higgs scalars and the complete Standard Model 22 2.6 The gauge boson masses 23 2.7 Quark and lepton masses 24 2.8 The Higgs field and its couplings 25 Suggested reading 26 Exercises 26 3 Phenomenology of the Standard Model 27 3.1 The weak interactions 27 3.2 Discovery of the Higgs 29 3.3 The quark and lepton mass matrices 32 3.4 The strong interactions 34 3.5 The renormalization group 36 3.6 Calculating the beta function 39 3.7 The strong interactions and dimensional transmutation 43 3.8 Confinement and lattice gauge theory 44 3.9 Strong interaction processes at high momentum transfer 51 Suggested reading 61 Exercises 62 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04838-6 - Supersymmetry and String Theory, Second Edition: Beyond the Standard Model Michael Dine Frontmatter More information viii Contents 4 The Standard Model as an effective field theory 63 4.1 Integrating out massive fields 63 4.2 Lepton and baryon number violation; neutrino mass 67 4.3 Challenges for the Standard Model 71 4.4 The naturalness principle 74 4.5 Summary: successes and limitations of the Standard Model 75 Suggested reading 75 5 Anomalies, instantons and the strong CP problem 76 5.1 The chiral anomaly 77 5.2 A two-dimensional detour 81 5.3 Real QCD 88 5.4 The strong CP problem 98 5.5 Possible solutions of the strong CP problem 100 Suggested reading 104 Exercises 104 6 Grand unification 106 6.1 Cancelation of anomalies 108 6.2 Renormalization of couplings 108 6.3 Breaking to SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) 109 6.4 SU(2) × U(1) breaking 110 6.5 Charge quantization and magnetic monopoles 111 6.6 Proton decay 112 6.7 Other groups 112 Suggested reading 114 Exercises 115 7 Magnetic monopoles and solitons 116 7.1 Solitons in 1 + 1 dimensions 117 7.2 Solitons in 2 + 1 dimensions: strings or vortices 118 7.3 Magnetic monopoles 119 7.4 The BPS limit 120 7.5 Collective coordinates for the monopole solution 122 7.6 The Witten effect: the electric charge in the presence of θ 123 7.7 Electric–magnetic duality 124 Suggested reading 125 Exercises 125 8 Technicolor: a first attempt to explain hierarchies 126 8.1 QCD in a world without Higgs fields 127 8.2 Fermion masses: extended technicolor 128 8.3 The Higgs discovery and precision electroweak