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These Notes Provide Information About Names, Places, Historical Events, Titles, Quotations, and Allusions That Are Not Identifia NOTES These notes provide information about names, places, historical events, titles, quotations, and allusions that are not identifiable from their immediate contexts in Letters to the New !sland. Because of the wide variation in knowledge among the prospective international readers of the volume, even names and titles relatively familiar to many, such as Shakespeare and King Lear, are identified. Although such annotation can never be purely objective and factual, we have kept overt interpretation to a mInImum. Because Yeats often wrote about the same subjects for both BP and PS}, a number of the notes contain cross-references to other notes. We regret any inconvenience to readers caused by this format, but the only alternative would entail excessive repetition. Occasional repetition will be found in notes where the information itself occupies little more space than a cross­ reference would require. The notes also include a number of references to other works by Yeats in which topics mentioned in Letters to the New !sland reappear. These notes are intended to assist readers who wish to trace a given subject elsewhere in Yeats's oeuvre. The abbreviations used in the notes are identified in the List of Abbreviations at the beginning of the book. The notes themselves are numbered in aseparate sequence für each of Yeats's letters, are cued in the text by superscript numerals, and appear below under the item number and title assigned to each letter in this edition. Cross-references to notes in the same sequence give the note number only; cross-references to other notes give the item number followed by a point and the number of the pertinent note (e.g. note 22 to item 2 is cross-referenced as note 2.22). 1 Preface 117 Epigraph: the German epigraph may be translated as, "Whatone wishes in youth, one has the fullness ofin old age." PREFACE 1. The writer and teacher Horace Reynolds (1896-1965) edited the first and only previous edition of Letters to the New Islanti (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1934; repr. 1970). Yeats had sailed from Southampton on 21 Oct 1932 for his last lecture tour of the United States. Reynolds attended Yeats's lecture at Wellesley College on 8 Dec 1932 and interviewed hirn at his hotel in Boston the next day. The American news papers were the Boston Pilot and Providence Sunday Journal. 2. Passage of the Chace Act by the United States in 1891 enabled foreign authors for the first time to enjoy American copyright protection. 3. Bedford Park, where Yeats lived 1879-81 and again 1888-95, was a garden suburb of London reflecting some of the principles of the aesthetic movement, particularly in interior design. Its Clubhouse, built in 1879, saw the first production ofJohn Todhunter's A Sicilian Idyll in May 1890. Todhunter (1839-1916) entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1861; there he befriendedJohn Butler Yeats (see note 5) and won the Vice-Chancellor's prize for verse three times. He served 1870-4 as Professor of English at Alexandra College, Dublin, and settled in 1879 in Bedford Park. Of Todhunter's literary works - which included poems, plays, translations, and studies of Shelley and Heine - A Sicilian Idyll most impressed Yeats. 4. The actress Florence Farr (1860-1917) played the part of Amaryllis in A Sicilian Idyll. She later acted in several of Yeats's plays and shared his occult interests as well. Books by the amateur actor and palm-reader Edward Heron-Allen (1861-1943) include Violin-Making (1882) and A Study Manual of Cheirosoplry (1885); he was co-author of Chiromanry (1883). "Some woman engaged from some London theatre" was Lily Linfield, dancer and actress. 5. William Morris (1834-96), the prominent writer and designer, influenced Yeats more by his taste for medievalism and romance than by his socialism. John Butler Yeats (1839-1922), the poet's father, was a well-known portrait painter ofthe Irish revival. Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-82) was a leading Pre-Raphaelite poet and painter. 6. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) was the Romantic poet who Yeats said "shaped my life" (E&I 424). His play The Cenci (1819, but first produced by the Shelley Society in 1886; see note 8.4) featured the tormented Beatrice Cenci persecuted by her father; his Epipsychidion (1821) presented a Dantesque treatment ofidealized Romantic love. Alfred Tennyson (1809- 92), first Baron Tennyson, served as Poet Laureate. His tragedy Becket (1884) treated the quarrel between Henry 11 and Archbishop ofCanterbury Thomas Becket; his lyric poem "The Lotos-Eaters" (1832) elaborated a passage from the Odyssry, book IX, into a portrait of languorous longing for es cape from life's rigors. 7. Yeats's play was first published in 1892 as The Countess Kathleen and later 118 Notes much revised. In it the Countess seils her soul to the demons to feed her starving people but is redeemed at the end. 8. The writer and preacher George MacDonald (1824-1905) and his family gave frequent performances from 1877 onwards of his wife Louisa's dramatic adaptation ofJohn Bunyan's allegory The Pilgrim 's Progress (1684). 9. The Royal Academy of Arts, founded under the patronage of George 111 in 1768, was regarded by the painters surrounding the young Yeats as the center of oflicial, sterile art. 10. William Holman Hunt (1827-1910) was one ofthe founding members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Many ofhis paintings are on religious or literary subjects. 11. With the help ofT. W. Rolleston, Yeats founded the Irish Literary Society, London, in late 1891 as a renewal of the Southwark Irish Literary Club (see note 10.8); the inaugural General Meeting was held in May 1892. That spring and summer he campaigned for the founding ofthe National Literary Society in Dublin to promote Irish culture, particularly literature. 12. Founded in 1877, the National Library of Ireland oflicially opened its building in Kildare Street, Dublin, on 29 Aug 1890. 13. Yeats abridges and misquotes the title and credits of The Works of William Blake: Poetic, Symbolic, and Critical, edited with lithographs ofthe illustrated "Prophetie Books" and a memoir and interpretation by EdwinJohn EIlis and William Butler Yeats (London: Bernard Quaritch, 1893). Containing two volumes of commentary and one of text, this edition includes the long poem Vala and substantial extracts from An !sland in the Moon, neither of which had been published before. 14. Michael Butler Yeats was born on 22 Aug 1921. He attended St. Columba's College, Rathfarnham, before entering Trinity College, Dublin. 15. William Blake (1757-1827) was one ofthe two great Romantic influences on Yeats (the other was Shelley). Emmanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772) was a Swedish mystical philosopher and scientist who influenced both Blake and Yeats; so, too, did the German mysticJacob Boehme (1575- 1624). 16. Yeats worked on The Shadowy Waters, eventually published in very different forms as both a poem and a play, for over a quarter of a century, from the early 1880s unti11907. Its plot concerns the search for aperfect and eternal union between the lovers Forgael and Dectora. 17. Yeats studied at the Metropolitan School of Art in Dublin from 1884 to 1886. 18. CT contains poems, essays, and stories on folk and fairy themes. 2 IRISH WRITERS WHO ARE WINNING F AME 1. WiIliam Congreve (1670-1729) and Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751- 1816) were among the leading dramatists of their day. Oliver Goldsmith (17280r 1730-74) wrote with distinction in a number of genres, including comedy; WiIliam Wills adapted Goldsmith's novel The Vicar 01 Wakefield for his own drama Olivia (1878). 2 frish Writers Who Are Winning Farne 119 2. William Gorman Wills (1828-91) had successive careers as journalist, portrait painter, and dramatist, eventually being appointed "Dramatist to the Lyceum" (the theater where Henry Irving acted the principal male roles). The appropriately named Dion(ysius Lardner) Boucicault (1820- 90) was a popular playwright best known for his favorable if sentimental revision of the stage-Irishman type. 3. First produced at the Princess's Theatre in December 1883, Wills's play Claudian is a melodramatic adaptation ofthe story ofthe WanderingJew. 4. In 1881 and 1883 earthquakes struck the island of Ischia, 16 miles southwest ofNaples. For an account ofWills's trip to Rome see the memoir by his brother Freeman Wills, W. G. Wilts: Dramatist and Painter (London: Longmans, Green, 1898) eh. XVII. 5. Wills's collaborator on Claudian was the playwright and novelist Henry Herman (1832-94), who provided the plot; he was also Wilson Barrett's manager at the Princess's Theatre. 6. The "weil known dramatist" has not yet been identified. 7. Ellen Alice Terry (1847-1928) was a famous actress who played the leading female roles at the Lyceum Theatre. Sir Henry Irving (1838-1905) paid Wills 1:800 for his play King Arthur but then chose not to produce it; Guinevere was King Arthur's wife. Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth (first acted in 1606) presents Macbeth's usurpation of the crown and eventual downfall. The Irish hero Robert Emmet (1778-1803) was a United Irishman executed for his leadership ofthe abortive uprising of 1803; Wills does not seem to have written a play about hirn. 8. Sir Francis Cowley Burnand (1836-1917) served as editor of the weekly comic magazine Punch from 1880 until 1906. The poet and biographer Henry Austin Dobson (1840-1921) was a elose friend of the critic Sir Edmund William Gosse (1849--1928), who is now best remembered for his autobiographical Father and Son (1907). Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was the founder of evolutionary philosophy, a social application ofDarwinism. Yeats disliked Gosse's embrace of Ibsenism and Spencer's scientism.
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