Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76859-7 — to the Uttermost Parts of the Earth Martti Koskenniemi Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76859-7 — To the Uttermost Parts of the Earth Martti Koskenniemi Index More Information

Index

Abicht, Johann Heinrich, 921–3 Adams, John, 549 abolitionism Addresses to the German Nation (Fichte), 924–6 French Revolution and, 552–6 adiaphora,89–90 in Saint-Domingue, 534–47 Administration of the Colonies (Pownall), 754–6 Abridgement of All Sea-Lawes, The (Welwod), administrative state, German state-science and 625 concept of, 799–800 absolutism Admiralty Court (England) Botero’s raison d’état and, 360–1 decline of, 579–84 in England, 603–8 English commerce law and, 648–56 Frederick the Great and, 817–18 navigation laws and, 643–6 French critics of, 397–8 Prize cases in, 573–4 in French Revolution, 459n.215, 460–1 Adventures of Telemachus, Son of Ulysses, The French statehood and, 377–84 (Fénelon), 404–5 Gentili’s discussion of, 236–9, 243, 262–4, Advice Concerning the Reform of the Church, 271–2 278–9 Africa. See also Royal Africa Company Gentili’s imperial statecraft and, 257–8 French colonisation in, 529–30 German empire and, 810–11 French trade in, 388–9 Jansenist criticism of, 399–400, 401n.265 agriculture Mably’s analysis of, 417–21 Botero on commerce and, 277–8 Peace of Utrecht and, 409–10 Irish colonisation and, 256–7, 571–3 public law in France and, 412–13 Physiocrats’ emphasis on, 449–50 Pufendorf’s natural law and, 832 Smith’s economic theory and, 673–4 Pütter and Achenwall on, 887–8 Alain (canon lawyer), 43–4 Richelieu’s vision of, 351–7, 391–400 Alamos de Barrientos, Baltasar, 148–9 royal prerogative and, 603–8 Alanus Anglicus, 44, 51–2 sovereignty and, 365–9 Albert of Habsburg, 42–3 Acadia, French colonisation of, 503–8, 512 Alciato, 277n.335 Accursius, 56–9, 67–8, 108, 110, 125–6 Alexander, Sir William, 731, 737 Achenwall, Gottfried Alfonso VII of Spain, 44 Kant and, 902–3, 906–7, 909–10 Allgemeinses Landesrecht, 859–60 Martens and, 933–5 Alsace, incorporation in post-Revolutionary on property, 939–40 France of, 464–5 on science of state, 884–91 Althusius, Johannes, 809–10 Acosta, José de, 136, 169–70, 204–5 Ambrose, 89–90 “Act for the Better Ordering and American Indians Governing of Negroes” (1661) British colonial expansion and, 716–20, (Barbados), 758–60 729–30, 736–44 Act of Abjuration (1581) (Dutch Republic), 318 dominium and the conquest of, 155–63

1070

Index

enslavement of, 155–63 Arnisaeus, Henning, 805–6 Gentili on, 258–64 Arroy, Besian, 396n.243 Jamestown uprising and, 716–20, 729–30, ars regnandi et principandi, Giles of Rome’s 737–8 concept of, 23–4 Locke on, 723–55 artificial reason, Coke’s concept of, 582–4 Salamanca school on treatment of, 169–70, Artois, Count of, 27–8 174–81 Asiento (Spanish slave contract), 522–4, theology and property of, 151–2 531–4 Vitoria on, 117–18, 163–4, 166–9, assumpsit, writs of, 579–84 203n.448, 204–6 Atahualpa, Pizarro’s killing of, 155, 207n.471 American Revolution Aubery, Antoine, 395–6 European maritime trade and, 647 Augustine (Saint), 89–90, 241–2 French expenses during, 526–7 on property, 89–90 Pownall on, 751–4 Ausculta fili (Pope Boniface), 26–8 Ami des hommes (Mirabeau), 497 Austin, John, 676–9, 683–4, 692–3 Ammirato, Scipio, 271–5, 278–9 Avignon-Comtat (France), incorporation in Anglo-Dutch Treaty (1674), 646 post-Revolutionary France of, 464–5 Anglo-French treaty of 1786, 674–6 Ayala, Baltasar de, 200–1 Anglo-Scottish Union (1707), 640 Aycelin, Gilles, 40–50n.95 Anti Machiavel ou Essai de critique sur le Prince de Azo Machiavel (Frederick the Great), 851–2 on princely powers, 67–8 apanages, independence of, 57–8 on public and private law, 104–12 Apologia ad Carolum Quintum, 218n.22 on royal authority and civil law, 108–9 aptitude (aptitudo), Grotius on, 308–10 Azpilcueta, Martin de Aquinas, Thomas, on commerce, 186 Azpilcueta and, 123–4 on emperor as Dominus mundi, 171–2 on common good, 99–100, 105–7 on just price theory, 190 on economic justice, 94–8 on just war, 201–2 Grotius and, 285 on monetary policy, 182–3, 193–5 influence on Vitoria, 131–2, 138–43 on morality in government, 127–8 on ius gentium, 44, 78–83, 114–16, 146–8 on political community, 176 on ius naturae et gentium, 117–18 on royal authority and war, 208 on natural law, 108, 146–8 Salamanca School and, 122–4 on political communities, 83 on taxation, 187 on property, 91–2, 151–2, 183–5 Aztec empire, Cortés’ conquest of, 155 on prudence, 105–7 on tyranny, 105–7 Bacon, Francis (Sir), 562, 580–4, Arcadia (Sidney), 218–20, 255–6, 258, 595–6, 604 266n.281 balance of power Arcos, Miguel de, 163–4 Gentili on, 222–3, 257–8 Aristotle Justi on, 895–6 Aquinas and, 80–1 Kant on, 873 on common good, 105–7 Mably on, 418–19 on concept of the mean, 97–8 Schmauss on, 882–3 German law and influence of, 801–4, 806–7, Utrecht peace and, 410–12 821–2 balance of trade Giles of Rome and, 59–61, 101–2 Melon and, 430, 445 Grotius and, 286–7, 314–15 mercantilism and, 446–7, 599–603, 620 on money and credit, 96–7 Smith and, 664–7 natural slavery theory and, 162n.230 wealth of nations and, 599–603 on political communities, 83 Baldus of Ubaldi, 50, 110n.473 on precision of knowledge, 234–5 Gentili and, 228–9 on prudence, 105–7 Bañez, Domingo de, 135–6 Pufendorf and influence of, 823–9 Banks, John (Sir), 610–11 rulership view of, 33–5 Barbados, slavery in, 758–60, 762–3 suspicion of merchants by, 94–5 Barbeyrac, Jean, 657 Arminianism, 287–9, 292–3 Barbon, Nicholas, 640–1

1071

Index

Bartolus, 50–2, 76–7 comparative jurisprudence of, 361–2 on emperor as Dominus mundi, 171–2, 807–8 on external relations of states, 372–4 Gentili and, 228–9, 246–7, 249n.194 Gentili and, 215, 228–36, 249–51 on natural law, 125–6 on German sovereignty, 809 Barton, Edward, 591 Molloy and, 597 Bates, John, 605–6 on monetary system, 183 Beaumanoir, Philippe de, 41–2, 49–50, 52–3, on sovereignty, 365–7 56–9 on state/government distinction, 350–1, “Before there were Clerics”, Antequam essent 369–71 clerici,84 on taxation, 379 Belgium, French annexation of, 465–8 on tyranny vs sovereignty, 365–9 Belleperche, Pierre de (Petrus de Bellapertica), on universal jurisprudence, 362–5 48–9, 71 Bohun, Edmund, 631–2 on public and private law, 103–4 Boisguilbert, sieur de (Pierre Le Pesant), on royal authority and civil law, 108–9 399–400, 409–10 Belli, Pierino, 200–1 Boissy d’Anglas, 468–70, 473–5, 543–5 Bene a Zenone (Azo), 67–8 Bolivar, Simon, 557–8 Benedict XI (Pope), 35n.69 Boniface VIII (Pope) (Benedict Caetani) Bengal, East India Company as sovereign of, Anagni affair, 19n.1 768–72 Clericos laicos of, 25–31 Bentham, Jeremy conﬂict with Philip IV, 19–25 Austin and, 678–9 on imperial status, 43–4 on colonisation, 686–7 Pamiers bishopric dispute and, 26–8 Heffter and, 692 Unam sanctam of, 28–30 on jurisprudence and political economy, 682–7 Borromeo, Carlo (Archbishop), 272–3 on morality of calculation, 685–6 Borromeo, Federico, 272–3 “A Plan of Universal and Perpetual Peace”, Botero, Giovanni, 148–9 679–80 on Counter-Reformation statehood, 271–9 Smith and, 674–6 on raison d’état (reason of state), 274–7, utilitarianism of, 679–82 357–8, 360–1 Bentinck, William (Lord), 790–4 Vattel and, 865n.375 Berlin Decree (21 November 1806), 473–5 Boucher d’Argis, Antoine-Gaspard, 443–4 Bernard, Mountague, 692–3 Bouclier d’Estat (Lisola), 396–8 Bernardo del Nero, 212–14 Bourbon, Henry of (Prince of Condé), 505–6 Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Jean, 505 Bowring, John, 679–80 Bill of Privileges (Jamaica), 751–4 Brett, Annabel, 237–8n.127 bishops bricolage, legal imagination and, 2, 6, 8–9, 955–7 as crown ofﬁcials, 36–9 Brief Instruction on the Management of the Sacrament of Pamiers dispute over, 26–8 Penance (Bartolomé de Medina), 128–30 royal authority and, 52–3, 119n.9 Brissot, Jacques-Pierre de Warville, 534–6, Blackstone, William, 648–50, 652–3, 680–1, 542–5 757–60 British Empire Blankard v. Galdy (1693), 721 English law and, 10 Blanot, Jean de, 45–6, 53–5, 104–12 property rights and policies of, 790–4 on civil law, 55–6 rise of, 699–700 on lordship and property rights, 67–8, rule of law and, 783–94 71 Boucklier d’estat, 631 Bluntschli, Johann Caspar, 964–7 Buffon, George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de, Board of Control (Commissioners for the 495–6 Affairs of India), 774–7 Bulgarus (Bologna jurist), 67–8 Board of Trade (England), 628–9, 635n.70, bullion export, English mercantile writings on, 641–3, 650–6, 723 595–6 establishment of, 746–7 bureaucracy royal colonies and, 734–6 modernisation in Germany, 837–8 Bodin, Jean, 12–13, 125n.35 Roman law and expansion of, 48–9 ars historica and, 242n.155 Bureau d’examen des mémoires politiques (France), Botero’s criticism of, 360–1 426–7

1072

Index

Burge, William, 698 Native American depopulation in, 158–60 Burke, Edmund slavery in, 488–91, 493–4, 497, 515–20, on empire and freedom, 753 531–4, 757–64 and Hastings Trial, 561–2, 699–700, 792–3 Carmichael, Gershom, 657, 663–4 Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques, 419–20 Carneades, 314, 345 Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi, 471 Cabanis, Georges, 479–80 Carolina, proprietary colony of, 760–1 Cabot, Sebastian, 587–8 Carranza, Bartolomé de, 135–6, 169–70 Caboto, Giovanni (John Cabot), 704–5, Cartier, Jacques, 501–3 714–16 Casa de contratación (House of Trade), 187–8, 190–1 Caetani, Peter (Marquis), 19–20 Case of Impositions (Bates‘ case 1606), 605–6 Calvert, Cecilius, 733 Case of Monopolies (Darcy v. Allein 1602), 582–4 Calvert, George (Baron of Baltimore), Castiglioni, Giovanni Battista, 215 716–38n.192, 731–3 Castile, governance and private rights in, 182–3 Calvinism Castrillo, Alonso de, 180–1 in Dutch Republic, 318–19 Cateau-Cambrésis, peace of (1559), 133–4 German political theory and, 802–3 Catholic Church, 119–20, 130–1, 158–60, Grotius and, 290–3, 295, 325 221–8, 271–2 predestination doctrine of, 299 Cause della grandezza delle città (Causes of the Greatness Calvin’s case (1607), 562, 580–4, 604, 717–20, of Cities) (Botero), 272–3, 277–8 726–7, 749–50 Cecil, Robert (Sir), 731–3 cambistas, 192–4 census, Bodin’s discussion of, 370–1 cameralism at German universities, 859n.339, Chambre de Justice (1661), 383 922–3, 939–40 Chambre des comptes, independence of, 103–4 Canada Champlain, Samuel de, 503–6 British colonisation of, 731–6, 751–4 Charlemagne, kingdom of, royal authority and, French colonisation of, 501–8 48–9 French loss of, 526, 529–30 Charles I (King of England) Candide (Voltaire), 491–2 attack on property rights, 607 cannibalism, in Spanish accounts of Indians, colonial expansion and, 731–3, 745–6 139, 167–9, 258–9n.242 Dutch–English fisheries dispute and, 623–7 Canning, George, 785–9 extraordinary taxation under, 608–11 Cano, Melchior, 135–8, 162–3, 168–9 royal prerogative and, 604–5 canonists and canon law. See also ecclesiastical Charles II (King of England), 628–33, 730, authority; papal authority 738–9, 745–6 independence of regna and, 51–2 East India Company and, 765–6 Luther and, 801–7 Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 119–20, on papal authority, 171–2 417 papal powers in, 41–2 fiscal policies of, 182 Philip’s assertion of jurisdiction over, 26–8 imperial status of, 170–3 property and, 89–90 Inquisition and, 211 royal authority and, 49–50 Salamanca school and, 136–8, 167–9 Cantillon, Richard, 430 Soto and, 133 Capet, Hughes, 49n.135 warfare under, 198–200 Capet royal family, 36–7. See also specific kings Charles VI (Holy Roman Emperor), 851 Carolingian empire and, 48–9 Charles VIII (King of France), 212–14 imperial status of, 42–3 Charles X (King of France), 557 Capponi, Piero, 212–14 Charles of Valois, 42–3 Caribbean. See also Haiti; Saint-Domingue Charter Act (EIC) of 1793, 775–7 British–French exchange of colonies in, Charter Act (EIC) of 1813, 775–7 404–8 Charter of Liberties (New York), 751–4 charters and commissions for British colonies charters in, 728–9 East India Company, 764–8 Colbert on colonies in, 515–20 English colonial expansion and issuance of, Dutch–British trade conflicts in, 646 726–36 French colonisation in, 425, 512–14, non-repugnancy clause and, 735–6 529–30 withdrawal of, 746–7

1073

Index

charters (British colonial), settlers’ view of, Grotius on, 325–8 749 Hegel on, 940–2 Chemniz, Boguslaw (‘Hippolyte à Lapide’), natural law of sovereignty and, 829–32 810–13 Pufendorf on, 827–8 Child, Josiah, 637, 640, 746–7, 766–7 royal authority vs, 178–80 Chimera of the Balance of Power (1758) (Justi), Salamanca school on, 176–8 895–6 Vitoria on, 148n.157, 174–5 Chimera of the Balance of Power and Shipping (1759) Civil War (Justi), 896 Dutch, 264–7 China English, 611–16, 633–9 British Empire ambitions (Opium War), in Saint-Domingue, 548–50 777–83 Clapmar, Arnold, 806–7 legalistic treatment of, 783–94 Clark, Charles, 698 Chitty, Joseph, 695–6, 789–90 Clement V (Pope), 35n.69, 38 Christen-Staat (Seckendorff ), 817–18 Clément VII (Pope), 501–3 Christianitas, concept of, 83, 423–4 clerical politics, war and, 223–4 Christianity Clericos laicos (Boniface), 25–31 American Indians and, 158–60, 739–41 clientilism Aquinas on authority of, 78–83 French venality and, 381–2 British colonial expansion and, 720–1 Saint-Pierre’s criticism of, 422n.19 French colonisation and, 503–6 Clive, Robert, 768–72 Gentili on law and, 248–54 Cloots, Anacharsis, 465–6 Giles of Rome on authority and, 31–5 Club Massiac, 532 Grotius on, 287–92, 295–9 Cobden, Richard, 674–6, 789–90 just war in name of, 204–6 Cobdenism, 674–6 Salamanca school commentaries and, Cocceji, Samuel von, 816–17 136–8 Code civil (1804) (France), 473–5 war and theology of, 198–200 Code Michau, 510–11 Church Order of 1571 (States of Holland), Code Noir (Colonial Ordinance of 1685), 492–3, 292–3 499–500, 532–4, 536–40 Cicero, 73–6, 89, 131–2, 228–9, 241–2, 303–4, Codrington, Robert, 629–30 336n.308 Coercive Acts, 754 Cinus of Pistoia, 109–11 Coke, Edward (Sir) The Circle of Commerce (Misselden), 594–5 on artiﬁcial reason, 579–84 citizenship Calvin’s case and, 717–20, 726–7 French Revolution and rights of, 458–60, on colonial expansion, 716–20, 473–5 749–50 French sovereignty and, 460–1 common law and, 562 civil law and lawyers on monopoly companies, 267, 582–4 absence of British scholarship on, 687–94 prerogative and colonial expansion, 606, Aquinas on, 81–2 717–20 Cano on, 134–5 on slavery, 757–8 Coke’s opposition to, 580–4 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste decline in England of, 579–84 Code Noir of, 492–3, 499–500, 532–4 de iure and de facto principles and, 45–6 Compagnie des indes orientales and, 518–20 English law and, 575–7, 580, 648–56 Dutch Republic conﬂict and, 389–91 Gentili on, 228–9, 278–9 French royal authority and, 355 Grotius on contract law as, 340–2 Saint-Pierre and, 423 history in France of, 40–1 on slavery, 492–3 imperial status and, 41–2, 44–5, 55–6, on sovereignty and governance, 350–1 108–9 on state and statecraft, 412–13, 515–20 land rights and, 66–72 Collège de Saint-Jacques, 131–2 teaching of, at French universities, 40–1 Collegium Historico-Literarum (Gundling), utilitas publica and, 102 843–8 civil society colonial expansion. See also British Empire; commerce and, 332–4, 431 Caribbean; Spanish colonialism German law and, 919 Achenwall on, 889–90

1074

Index

American Indigenous forced labour under, Commentary on Eleven Theses (Grotius), 324, 326–7 127 commerce. See also foreign trade; maritime Bentham on, 686–7 commerce; markets; trade Botero on, 278 Bodin on, 372–3 British early justiﬁction for, 700–14 Botero on, 278 British eighteenth-century policy and law British eighteenth-century law and policies and, 650–6, 750–1 and, 640–3 British nineteenth-century policy and law British nineteenth-century law and policies and, 785–7 and, 790–4 Colbert and, 515–20 Christianity and emergence of, 72–3, 76–7 colonial court systems, 645n.121 common law (England) and, 579–80, 583–4, conquest to settlement continuum, 596–8 712–22 economic justice and, 94 Crozat’s role in, 520–6 English law and, 562–4, 592–8, 648–56, dominium in the Indies and, 695–8 155–63 English state and structure of, 585–92 English charters and patents issued for, Gentili on, 222–3, 261 726–36 Grotius on, 292, 320–2 English law and, 10, 650–6, 698 Gundling on statecraft and, 847–8 English navigation laws and, 643–6 Haitian Revolution impact on, 556–8 as feudalism, 726–36 Hegel on, 946–9 French Canadian colonies, 490–1 Hume on, 660–4 French Caribbean colonies and, 512–14 ius gentium and, 74, 88–93, 131–2 French colonists’ activism during revolution, justice as dominium and, 148–55 532 Justi on, 899–901 French losses during, 526–30 Martens on law and, 937–9 Hume on, 660–4 Melon on, 429–30 just war theory and, 204–6 Mercado on, 190–1 Kant on, 918 Misselden’s circle of, 594–5 legal imagination and, 6 Montesquieu on, 436–41 Locke’s interest in, 635n.70, 707–8, 723–6 peace and, 428–30, 436–9 Mably on, 489–90 Physiocrats and, 447–54 Melon on commerce and, 429–30, post-independence United States and, 754–6 499–500 private rights and, 181–98 More’s Utopia on, 571–3, 702–5 Pufendorf on, 828–9 Peace of Utrecht and, 409 Rayneval on, 485 Physiocrats on, 450–4 Rousseau on, 431–4 proprietary rights in French colonies, Saint-Pierre on, 423–4, 426–7 500–8 Salamanca scholars and, 181–98 public–private partnerships and, 699–700 Smith on, 664–71 Puritanism and, 485–7 Spanish colonialism and growth of, 182 religiosity and, 706–8 statecraft and, 332–4, 430, 444–7 Richelieu and, 349–50, 384–91 uncertain protections for, 97–8 royal colony form of, 734–6 Utopian view of, 567–9 royal supervision of, 730 Vattel on, 865–9 rule of law and, 783–94 Vitoria on, 131–2, 187 Saint-Pierre’s discussion of, 425 Wolff on, 859 Salamanca school reaction to Spanish Committee of Foreign Plantations, 730, 745–6 conquest and, 163–70 Committee of Public Safety (France), 458–60 Smith on, 672–3 common estimation Colonnas (clan), 19–20, 30–1 in Aquinas, 94–5 Columbus, Christopher, 155–6 in Azpilcueta, 190 Comentario resolutorio de cambios and Comentario conscience and, 198 resolutorio de usuras (Azpilcueta), 122–4 in Vitoria, 188–9 command theory (Austin), 678–9 common good commensurateness, Aquinas’ concept of, 94–5 civil power and, 176–8 Commentaries (Blackstone), 680–1 Grotius on natural law and, 303–4

1075

Index

common good (cont.) Congress of Rastatt (1797), 468–70 medieval law and, 98–107 Congress of Vienna (1815), 557 prudence and, 105–7 Connecticut v. the Mohegans, 741–4 raison d’état and, 361–2 conquest, colonial expansion and language of, Richelieu and, 351–7 256–8, 403–4, 436, 554–6, 714–16, common law 721 Bentham on, 680–1 Conring, Hermann, 813–15, 820–1 Coke’s advocacy for, 580–4 conscience colonial settlers’ view of, 750–1 Catholic Church’s hold on, 5–6, 119–20 commercial law (England) and, 648–50 commercial expansion and, 133–4, 198 expansion of, 579–84 confessors power and, 120, 141–2 royal prerogative and, 607 contract law and, 134–5 Commonwealth (England), 627–30 court of, 118–30 commutative justice enslavement of American Indians and, Giles of Rome on, 97–8 117–18, 125–6, 131–2 Grotius on, 307–10 Gentili on, 271–2 Salamanca scholars’ view of, 184–5, 197–8 juridification of, 122 Compagnie d’Assiente, 524 kingship and constraints on, 110–11 Compagnie de Canada ou Nouvelle France, 503–6 natural law and, 139–40 Compagnie de Guinée, 522–4 penance and, 118–21, 129–30 Compagnie de la mer du sud, 521–2 probabilism and, 128–30 Compagnie de Monts, 503–6 slavery and Sorbonne counsel of, 495–6 Compagnie de Nouvelle-France (Compagnie de Cent- Smith on justice and, 667–71 associés), 510–11 Spanish colonialism and issues of, 9–10, Compagnie de Rouen et Saint Malo (CRSM, 131–2, 155, 163–4 Compagnie de Condé), 503–6 Considérations politiques sur les coups d’État (Naudé), Compagnie de Sénégal, 522–4 359–60 Compagnie des indes orientales, 398–9, 515–20, Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des 522–4, 528–9, 553–4 Romains et de leur décadence (Montesquieu), Compagnie des Isles de l’Amérique, 515–20 436–41 Compagnie d’Occident, 524 Constant, Benjamin, 554–6 Compagnie Nacelle de Saint-Pierre fleure-de-lisée, constitutionalism, British foreign policy and, 509–10 783–7 Company for Royal Adventurers to Africa, Constitution of 1791 (France), 458–63 762–3 slavery and, 538–9 comuneros rebellion (1519–21), 130–1, 174n.295, Constitution of 1793 (France), 461–3 180–1, 286–7 slavery and, 543–5 Condorcet, Marquis de Constitution of 1795 (France). See Thermidorean abolition of slavery and, 535–6 constitution Year III (1795) art social and natural science and, 477–80 Consulado trading guild, 187–8 on empire and civilisation, 554–6 consular jurisdiction, British foreign policy and, French foreign expansion and, 465–8 790–4 science sociale and, 476–7, 480–1 contest of the faculties (Kant), 953–5 on slavery, 497, 545–6 Continental Congress (US), 754 Conference of Rastatt, 928–9 contract law confession and confessor contractual natural law (quoddan ius naturale Counter-Reformation and, 128–30 contractum), 23–4 evolution of commerce and, 197–8 Grotius on, 301–2, 307–8, 340–2 judicial powers and, 122 justice and law on, 145–8 justice and, 149–50 Locke on colonial expansion and, 724–55 political importance of, 210–11 Pufendorf on, 827–8 power of, 120 Controversiarum illustrium aliarumque usu frequentium Azpilcueta’s work on, 122–4 libri tres (Vázquez de Menchaca), sacrament of penance and, 118–19 178–80, 285 Spanish court of conscience and, 120–1 Corn Laws (England), 695–6, 789–90 conflict of laws, Story’s discussion of, 696–8 corporate entity, state as, 352–3 Congress of Panama (1825–6), 557–8 English monopoly corporations and, 586–8

1076

Index

corporate personality theory, in medieval law, Cujas, Jacques, 364n.69 102–7 Cunctos populos, 44–5n.113 Corpus iuris curia Regis French king and application of, 45–6 legists in, 21–2, 40–1 Gentili’s jurisprudence and, 241–2 Nogaret and, 114–16 ius gentium and, 72–3 currency. See also monetary policies; wealth property rights and, 89 bullion export and, 595–6 royal authority and, 39–41, 46–8, 236–9 debasement of, 64–5 corpus mysticum, Fortescue’s concept of, 565–7 English mercantile law and, 573–4, 593–4 Cortés, Hernán, 155–6, 166–7, 170 Misselden’s discussion of, 594–5 Council of Cardinals, 19–25 customary law Council of Castile, Spanish settler colonialism Azpilcueta’s discussion of, 124–5 and, 162–3 in France, 41–2 Council of Constance (1414–18), 181–2 royal authority and, 54–5 Council of Foreign Plantations, 745–6 customs collection Council of Marine (1715–23), 520 British colonies and, 747 Council of Soissons (1155), 57n.178 Dutch–English conﬂicts and, 628–9 Council of State (Spain), 119–20 English navigation laws and, 603n.218 Council of the Indies (Spain), 119–20, 127, royal prerogative and, 605–6 161–2, 178 Council of Trade (England), 628–9, 745–6 D’Aguesseau, Henri-Francois, 350–1, 406–8 Council of Trade and Plantations (1673–4), Dale, Thomas (Governor), 729–30 723 D’Alembert, Jean le Rond, 441–4 Council of Trent (1545–63), 118–19, 271–2 Dampierre, Guy de, 61–2, 65–6 Salamanca school and, 135–6 dastak (freedom from customs duties), East India Soto and, 133 Company misuse of, 767–72 Counter-Reformation, 5–6. See also Protestant Davenant, Charles, 640–3, 746–7, 757–8 Reformation Davies, John (Sir), 605–6 English and Italian concerns about, 216–17 De Antiquitate Republicae Batavicae (Grotius), 294n.65 penance sacrament and, 118–19, 128–30 De arcanis rerumpublicarum (Clapmar), 806–7 raison d’état (reason of state) and, 357–62 De armis romanis (Gentili), 243, 264–7 statehood and, 271–9 “Debate between a Clerk and a Knight, A”, Cours diplomatique ou tableau des relations des Disputatio inter Clericum et Militem,84 puissances de l’Europe (Martens), 933–5 De Callières, François, 350–1, 411–13 court of conscience, 118–30 Déclaration de droit des gens (Grégoire), 535–6, Coutumes de Beauvaisis (Beaumanoir), 49–50, 926–30 52–3 Declaration of Independence (1776) (US), 754 Covarrubias, Diego de, 125–7, 135, 144, Declaration of Rights (1689) (England), 632–3 168–9 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of emperor as Dominus mundi, rejection of, Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l’homme et 171–2 du citoyen) (France) on justice as commensurateness, 143–4 citizenship rights and, 458–60 on spiritual and temporal power, 176 Code Noir and, 539–40 Cowell, John, 267, 575–7 development of, 461–3, 554–6 Coyer (Abbé), 445 Directory regime and, 471–3 Coyet, Peter Julius, 820–1 French colonialism and, 532 credit philosophes and, 475–6 English trade and use of, 653–5 Declaratory Act of 1766, 651–2 in medieval economy, 96–7 decorum, Thomasius’ discussion of, 841–2 Spanish concerns over, 191–2 Decretum (Gratian), 43–4, 73–107, 186 transatlantic trade expansion and, 747–51 De dominio maris (Selden), 622–3 Critique of Practical Reason (Kant), 902–3, 908 Dee, John, 712–16 Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 901–8 De ecclesiastica potestate (Giles of Rome), 24, 28–9 Crockaert, Pierre, 131–2 Defence of the New England Charters (Dummer), 749 Cromwell, Oliver, 627–30 defensio regni Crozat, Antoine, 520–6 as revenue source, 63 Crucé, Emeric, 387–8 royal requests for papal funds and, 25–6

1077

Index

Defoe, Daniel, 655–6 De potestate regis et papali (John of Paris), 111–14 De imperio summarum potestatum circa (Grotius), De regimine principum (De regno) (Aquinas), 80–1, 293, 325 123–4, 564–5 De iure belli (Gentili) De regimine principum (Giles of Rome), 22–4, civil law in, 228–9 44–5, 59–61 colonisation discussed in, 260–1 De republica anglorum (Smith), 571–3 defence against tyranny in, 262–4 De Republica Emendanda (Grotius), 294n.65 history and law in, 239–43 D’Esambuc, Pierre Belain, 512–14 imperial statecraft in, 257–8 De Satisfactone Christi (Grotius), 293 literary and political inﬂuences on, Descartes, René, 426–7 218–20 Des justes pretensions du Roi sur l’Empire (Aubery), rights of princes in, 238 395–6 statecraft in, 276 Deslozières, Louis Baudry, 545–6 war discussed in, 221–2, 230–1 Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 551–2, 557–8 De iure belli ac pacis (The Rights of War and Destutt de Tracy, Antoine, 479–81 Peace, 1625, 1631, 1645) (Grotius) De systematibus civitatum (Pufendorf ), 821–2 dedication to Louis XIII, 349–50 Deum time (Pope Boniface), 111–14 law as moral science in, 311–17, 343–5 Deutsche Politik (Wolff ), 856–60 natural law as frame, 303–6 Devereux, Robert (Earl of Essex), 255–6 private property in, 337–8 De veritate religionis christianae (Grotius), 295–9, reason in, 300 816–18 reception in German law and, 816–18 D’Hirson, Thierry, 19 religion in, 289, 295–9 D’Holbach (Baron), 442–4 sociability in, 281–3 Dialogue on the Government of Florence subjective rights and, 306–11 (Guicciardini), 212–14 De iure maritimo et navali (Molloy), 596–8 Dickinson, John, 750–1, 753–4 De iure naturae et gentium (Pufendorf ), 820–1, Diderot, Denis, 441–4, 497–8 823–9 Diet of Roncaglia (1154–8), 67–8 De iure praedae (Grotius), 286–7 Digna vox principle, 57–9, 236–9 on commerce and public authority, 332–4 diplomacy just causes in, 310–11 Achenwall on, 888–9 private property in, 334–43 English monopoly companies and, 585 property and statehood in, 325–7 French academy of, 414–16 rights discussed in, 306–11 French Revolution restructuring of, 468–73, sovereignty and subjects discussed in, 480–1, 484n.321 317–32 Gundling on, 848–54 system of “laws” and “rules” in, 299–302 Hobbes on, 615–16 De iuris interpretationi. Libri Sex (Gentili), 220, as law of nations, 926–30 229n.80, 249n.194 Martens on law and, 933–5 De iustitia et jure. Libri decem (Soto), 131–3, 136–8 Martens’ restorationist diplomacy, 929–30 De laudibus legum angliae (In Praise of the Law of Schmauss on, 882–3 England) (Fortescue), 562, 564–9 Smith on, 671–4 De legationibus, Libri tres (Gentili), 217–20 Vattel’s discussion of, 836–68, 873 defence against tyranny in, 262–4 Directory regime of France (Directoire), English criticism of, 251–4 468–75, 480–1, 483 imperial statecraft in, 257–8 slavery and, 545–52 statecraft in, 276 Discourse of the Commonweal of the Realm of England Democrates secundus sive de justis causis bellis apud (Smith), 569–74 Indos (Gines de Sepúlveda), 162–3 Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, A (Second de Molay, Jacques, 38 Discourse) (Rousseau), 434–6, 493–4 De Monts, Pierre De Gua, Sieur, 503–6 Discourse on Political Economy (Rousseau), De natura legis naturae (Fortescue), 565–7 493–4 De ofﬁcio humanis et civis iuxta legem naturalem Discourse on the Present Situation of European States (Pufendorf ), 824 (Gundling), 850–1 De papatu Romano Antichristo (Gentili), 249–51 Discourse on Western Planting (Hakluyt), 736–7 De potestate regis absoluta disputatio (Gentili), disputatio format, Gentili’s use of, 244 268–71 Disputatio inter Clericum et Militem, 48–9, 86–7

1078

Index

Disputationum de nuptiis libri VII, 1601 (Gentili), dominium territorialis, Leibniz’s theory of, 249, 253n.216 836–53n.308 Disquisito de republica irregulari (Pufendorf ), 821–2 dominium utile, 71, 458 divine kingship ideology, 31–9, 176–8. See also Dominus mundi, 39, 44–5, 77–8, 82–3, 171–2 royal authority Donne, John, 700–2, 713–14 divine law. See canon law; ecclesiastical Don Pacifico affair, 790–1 authority Dowgate Adventurers, 767–8 divine will, Grotius on natural law and, 300–1 Droit des gens (Vattel) diwani (territorial revenue), East India on balance of power, 869–70 Company collection of, 768–72 on domestic security and welfare, 865–9 Domat, Jean, 350–1, 400–4 on European states-system, 862–4, 869–72 domestic sovereignty, Gentili’s discussion of, on natural and voluntary law, 865–9 236–9 political influence of, 873 Dominican theologians. See also Salamanca Droit public de l’Europe (European public law) school French legal authority and, 10 on American Indian enslavement, 158–64, French Revolution and, 464–8 167 idéologues and, 480–1 limpieza statutes attacked by, 137 law of nations and, 406–8 private rights and, 181–2 Mably and origins of, 417–21 Dominion of New England, 745–6 Peace of Utrecht and, 409–12 Dominium (lordship). See also private property; post-Revolution restoration of, 480–7 sovereignty slavery and, 488–91 American Indian right to, 117–18, 158–60, Droit public de l’Europe, Le (Mably), 417–21, 163–6 488–91 Aquinas on, 79–81, 114–16 Dubois, Pierre, 48–9, 86–7 commerce and, 186 Dubuisson, Paul-Ulrich, 530 commutative justice and, 197–8 Dummer, Jeremiah, 749 denial of universality of, 170–3 Duns Scotus, 121–2, 153, 188–9 division of, 108, 152–5, 186 Duplessis-Mornay, Philippe, 218–20 East India Company expansion and, 765 Dupont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel, 451, 497 ecclesiastical authority and, 31–5 Dupuy, Pierre, 395–6 expropriation and, 109–11 Durand, Guillaume (the older), 53–5 Giles of Rome on, 24, 28–9, 31–5 on civil law, 55–6 Grotius on, 284–7 on property rights, 68 justice as, 148–55, 210–11 on public and private law, 104 just price theory and, 188–9 Dutch–English maritime conferences, 280–4, land rights and, 66–72 295 legal imagination and, 957–8 Dutch Republic lex regia and, 269–70 formation of United Provinces and, 318 as market term, 195–6 French relations with, 389–91 need of religious foundation for, 39 Gentili on, 255–6, 264–7 private rights and, 181–98 government structure in, 332–4 received from God in common, 151–2 Grotius on, 283–327 Salamanca school on, 138–43 James I (King of England) and, 622–3 Spanish colonialism and, 155–63, 166–9 Mably’s discussion of, 489–90 theological significance of, 150–1 political conflict in, 294–9 Vitoria’s discussion of, 148n.157, 149–50, public power and commerce rights in, 152–5, 163–70 332–4 war as reaction to violation of, 198–210 rebellion in, 255–6, 264–7, 280–1, 294–5 dominium actionum suarum, in Grotius, 291 sovereignty and subjects of, 317–32 dominium directum, 71, 457–63 state role in rebellion in, 322–4 dominium duplex,71 wars and disputes with England, 244–6, dominium iurisdictionis, 22, 24–5, 105–7, 170–81, 280–4, 318n.202, 622–33 957–8 Dutton v. Howell (1693), 721 dominium politicum et regale, 564–5 dynastic rights dominium proprietatis, 22, 24–5, 105–7, Richelieu on, 391–400 957–8 war and, 394–5

1079

Index

Earl of Carlisle, 758–9 Smith (Adam) on, 667 East India Company (Dutch) (VOC) vassalage and, 69–71 Dutch–English wars and, 280–4, 299–302 Vattel on, 865–9 Dutch rebellion and, 322–4 Edict of Nantes (1598), 350, 352, 387 Grotius’ defence of, 317–22, 325–7 revocation of (1688), 391n.224, 396–8 East India Company (England) Edward I (King of England), 25–6 China and, 777–83 Edward II (King of England), 61–2, 65–6 colonialism in India and, 699–700 Egerton, Thomas (Lord Ellesmere), 580–4 Dutch–English trade conﬂicts and, Egypt, Napoleon’s occupation of, 478–9 628–9 Eicchorn, Johann Gottfried, 949–51 establishment of, 573–4 Electoral Capitulations, 807–11 mercantilism and, 593–4 Elementa juris naturae (Pütter & Achenwall), property rights and, 764–8 884–91 regulation of, 641–3 Elementorum iurisprudentia universalis (Pufendorf ), Smith’s criticism of, 672–3 820–1, 824 trading rights of, 599–600 Elements of Law (Hobbes), 612–15, 618–19 transformation of, 768–72 Elizabeth I (Queen of England), 216–17, ecclesiastical authority. See also canon law; 256–7, 573–4, 588–92 papal authority Emmanuel, Carlo (Duke), 272–3 Aquinas on, 83 empire. See also British Empire court of conscience and, 118–30 of Britain, 688–9 Gentili’s view of, 248–54 British East India Company and, 772–5 Giles of Rome’s defence of, 28–9, British in China and, 777–83 31–5 British rule of law and, 783–94 Grotius on, 293 Burke on freedom and, 753 immunity of the church and, 25–6 civil law and, 44–5 James of Viterbo on, 33–5 colonial settlers’ view of, 751–4 John of Paris on, 111–14 Condorcet on, 554–6 kingship as religious ofﬁce and, 35–9 Constant on, 554–6 private property and, 88–107, 182–3 in Corpus iuris,46–8 Protestant Reformation and erosion of, 214 Frederick the Great and, 852–4 public authority and, 325 Gentili on statecraft and, 254–8, 264–7 royal authority vs, 19–25, 35–9, 237–8 informal, 688–9 settler colonialism and, 155–6 ius gentium and, 77–8, 86–7 economy and economic governance land rights and, 66–72 Azpilcueta on, 124–5 legists’ interpretation of, 48–9 Bodin on, 372–3 papal view of, 43–4 Botero on, 278 Peace of Westphalia and, 811–15 English monarchy and, 608–11 of private rights, 181–98 Grotius on, 332–4 Roman-German, 807–11 Hume on, 660–4 rule of law and, 783–94 justice in regnum and, 94–8 Salamanca scholars and, 170–3 Justi on, 896–901 Smith on, 671–4 Locke on colonial expansion and, 723 Spanish colonialism and, 163–73 Melon’s discussion of, 429–30 territorial authority and, 42–4, 51–2, 114–16 Montesquieu on, 436–41 Enchiridion confessariorum (Azpilcueta), 122–4 More’s Utopia and, 702–5 encomiendia system, Spanish colonialism and, Nouvelle France and, 508–12 157–8, 161–2, 166–7 Physiocrats and, 447–54 Encyclopédie (D’Alembert & Diderot), 441–4, private property and, 88–93 446–7, 495–6 private rights and, 181–98 encyclopédists, 441–4, 495–6 republican ideals and, 196–7, 456 “enemies of mankind”, in Gentili, 258–60 Richelieu on, 349–51 England. See also British Empire royal authority and, 59–65 absence of international law scholarship in, Saint-Pierre on European peace and, 423–4 687–94 Salamanca school on, 136, 197–8 American Indians’ relations with, 736–44 settler colonialism and, 182 anti-Italian sentiment in, 252–4

1080

Index

centralisation of state in, 607–8 on prerogatives, 562–4, 574–7, 585, 603–8 challenge to Spanish colonial expansion by, slavery and, 757–8, 761–3 712–14 enlightenment values, 477–80, 491–500, charters and patents for colonisation issued 797–800, 878–80, 885–6 by, 726–36 Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (Hume), China trade and Opium wars, 777–83 660–4 colonial expansion by, 10, 254–8, 260–1, entia moralia (moral entities), in Pufendorf’s 643–7, 700–12 construction of, 828–9, 834–5 colonial law in, 698 Entresol (French debating society), 416 colonial settlers’ assertion of sovereignty and, Eon, Jean, 388–9 744–51 equality commerce and trade law in, 592–8, 640–3, Rousseau on, 434–6 648–56 solemn public war (bellum solenne) and, Commonwealth period in, 627–30 313–17 crown vs settler disputes over colonies in, of sovereignty, just war and, 234–6 741–4 Erasmus, 131–2, 198–9, 314 economics of law and government in, Erzählungen merkwürdiger Fälle des neueren 569–74 europäischen Völkerrechts (Martens), 933–5 feudalism of colonial expansion in, Eschassériaux, Joseph, 468 726–36 Essai d’institution au droit public (d’Aguesseau), foreign policy in, 573–4, 783–94 406–8 Gentili in, 244–6, 267–71, 575–7 Essai politique sur le commerce (Melon), 429–30, Grotius’ negotiations with, 295, 622 499–500 indifference to law of nations in, 687–94 Essay on Constitutional Power (Dickinson), 753–4 individual proprietorships for colonies in, Essay on Human Understanding (Locke), 725–6 731–6 Estates-General (France), 455–7, 534–47 investment in colonies of, 785–7 État de la France en l’an VIII (Hauterive), 483–4 Irish colonisation by, 256–7, 260–1, 571–3, ethical life (Sittlichkeit), Hegel’s concept of, 940–2 714–16, 727–8 Étienne de Tournai, 43–4 Italian refugees in, 215 Eurocentrism, 955–7 Levant trade with, 588–92 European public law. See Droit public de l’Europe; naval dominance of, 643–6, 781 public law navigation laws in, 643–7 European states-systems political economy in, 660–4 Achenwall on, 886–7 post-independence US trade with, 754–6 collective security and, 860–5 Prussian alliance with, 896 French revolutionary analysis of, 471–3 relations with Dutch Republic, 244–6, law and hegemony of, 958–9 280–4, 318n.202, 622–33 Mably’s discussion of, 419–21 relations with Haiti (Saint-Domingue), Martens on natural law and, 936–9 556–8 Peace of Utrecht and, 409–10 revolution of 1688 in, 632–3 Physiocrats on federation of, 451–4 royal prerogative and rights in, 607–8 Pufendorf on, 836 slavery and, 757–64 Rousseau on history of, 432–3 sovereignty of East India Company in India Saint-Pierre’s plans for peace and order and, 768–72 among, 423–8 Spanish threat to, 221–8, 255–6 Schmauss on, 883 Vattel’s admiration of, 836–68 Smith on, 674–9 English law Vattel’s discussion of, 862–4, 869–72 civil law and, 574–7 evangelical denunciation, 118–19 common law and, 579–84 Ewige Landﬁrede, 808 constitutional theory and practice, 564–5 Exposé du droit universel, Iuris universi distributio early roots of, 562–4 (Bodin), 364n.72 economics of, 569–74 expropriation foreign policy and, 573–4 of colonial charters, 751–4 law of nations (ius gentium) and, 574–8, doctrine of, property rights and, 109–11 648–50, 655–6 Grotius on, 340–2 maritime commerce and, 563–4 Las Casas on, 187

1081

Index

‘Extrait de paix perpetuelle’ (Rousseau), 432–3 France. See also French Revolution extraterritoriality, British foreign policy and, Antilles colonisation by, 530–4 787–8, 790–4 British wars in India with, 775–7 Burke on, 561–4 Fable of the Bees (Mandeville), 663–4 colonial expansion by, 488–91, 500–8 faculty (facultas), Grotius on, 308–10 commerce in seventeenth century, 384–91 “Family Pact” (France), 463–4 consolidation of royal authority in, 40–51 Farrukhsiyar (Emperor), 767–8 diplomatic academy in, 414–16, 468–73, fecial law, Zouche’s exposition of, 577–9 480–1, 484n.321 Fénelon (Archbishop), 404–6, 499–500 Directory regime in, 468–75, 480–1, 483 ferae bestiae. See res nullius economic crisis linked to wars in, 398–400, Ferdinand (King of Spain), 119–20, 157–60, 444–5 223–4 failure of colonisation by, 526–30 feudalism. See also serfdom foreign policy in seventeenth century, colonial expansion as, 726–36 414–16, 428–9 definitions of, 53 Haitian Revolution and, 534–56 in France, 353n.14 law as science of government in, 421 French Revolution and abolition of, 457–63 law of nations and moral regeneration in, land rights under, 66–72 404–8 property law and, 93n.370 morality and law invoked in eighteenth royal authority and, 52–9 century, 420 territorial dominium and, 65–6 National Assembly formation in, 457–63 Fichte, Johann Gottlob, 924–6 Nouvelle France and economy of, 508–12 fiefs post-Revolution restoration of European property rights and, 49–50, 66–72 public law and, 480–7 rights and duties of vassals and, 53, 55–6, property law in the Revolution, 461–3 65–6 proprietary rights and colonialism in, Filmer, Robert, 724 500–8 financiers (France), 381–2, 445, 510–20 Prussian conflict with, 896 First Dutch War (1652–4), 628–9 public and private law in, 374–7, 419–20 fiscus, independence of, 103–4 raison d’état (reason of state) in, 357–62 Fishery Society (England), 624 security and dynastic rights in, 391–400 fishing rights, Dutch–English conflict over, slavery and, 488–500, 531–4 623–7 sovereignty transferred during Revolution Fleming, Thomas (Sir), 605–6 in, 460–1 Fleury (Cardinal), 428–9 statehood evolution in, 351–7, 412–13 Florentine republic, Pisa’s separation from, war and state formation in, 378–9 212–14 Franciscan monastic order, 88–9, 234–5, Flote, Pierre, 21–2, 26–8, 40–50n.95, 41–2 335–6 Fontaines, Godefroid de, 60n.194 Francis I (King of France), 120n.12, 170, Fontaines, Pierre de, 41–2, 56–9 381–2 Forbonnais, François Véron de, 446–7 Suleiman treaty with, 589 Forced Loans (“Five Knights”) case (1627), 607 Franco-Dutch War (1672–8), 394–5 Foreign Jurisdiction Act (England), 787–8 Franco-Gallia (Hotman), 220, 363–5 foreign policy Franco-Prussian conflict, 896, 966–7 Achenwall on, 888–9 Franco-Spanish wars (1526–9), 130–1 in Britain, 573–4, 586–8 Franklin, Benjamin, 889–90 French criticism of, 414–16, 428–9 fraternal correction doctrine, 118–19 French Revolution and, 463–75 Frederick I Barbarossa, 67–8 Locke on, 636–7 Frederick II (Frederick the Great), 48–9, 86–7 Fortescue, John (Sir), 562, 564–9, 580–4, Anti Machiavel, 851–2 792–3 attack on Silesia, 851–6 fortuna, statecraft and, 224, 246–7 foreign policy under, 852–4 forum internum, conscience theology and, 122 idea of government, 797–800 “Forward Protestants”, 218–20 Vattel and, 836–72 Fouquet, Nicolas, 383 Wolff and, 856–60 “four-stages theory”, 439n.113, 668–70 Frederick III (King of Prussia), 837

1082

Index

Frederick William I, 856–7, 859–60 Gaius, 73–6, 146–8 freedom. See also individual freedom Gallatin, Albert, 557 as dominium in se, dominium in actionum suarum, García de Loaysa, Alonso, 158–60 163–4 Garcia de Loaysa, Francisco, 119–20, 178 evangelical, 803–4 garde des sceaux Grotius on, 290–2, 299, 328–9, 337–8 D’Aguesseau as, 406–8 Hegel on, 942–6 Flote as, 26–8 human rights and, 919–24 Nogaret as, 21–2 Justi on, 899–901 Gatterer, Johann Christop, 950 Kant on, 875–7, 904–18 Gattinara, Mercurio, 119–20, 170–3, 176–8 theologians on, 121–2, 150–1, 210–11 Gauchet, Marcel, 420n.16 free trade gender, historical legal scholarship and, Bentham on, 683–4 12–13 British debate over, 632–3, 674–6, 688–9, gens de couleur (free black or mixed blood 695–6 persons), 531–52 British imperial expansion and, 10, Gentili, Alberico 699–700, 761–4, 783–94 on absolutism, 236–9 French colonial expansion and, 425, 444–5, Botero and, 271, 273–4 503–6 on causes of war, 224–5 French views on, 386–8, 449–50, 454, 497, on civilisation’s expansion, 258–64 526–9 on conscience, 271–2 Grotius on, 333–4, 340, 343–5 on domestic sovereignty, 236–9 Hume on, 660–4 eclecticism of, 231–2 Justi on, 896 on “enemies of mankind”, 258 Pownall’s discussion of, 754–6 in England, 216–17, 244–6, 255–6, 267–71, property rights and, 790–4 575–7 Smith’s discussion of, 563–4, 672–4 on equal sovereigns, 234–6 French Revolution Grotius and, 297, 312–13 Bentham on, 681–2 on history and law, 230–1, 239–43 constitutional reform and, 475–80 humanist perspective on, 229n.80 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of on imperial statecraft, 254–8 Citizen, 458–63, 471–3 on ius gentium as flexible statecraft, 221–8, Hegel on, 945–6 244–7 impact in Europe of, 457–63 jurisprudence of, 228–33, 953–4 international relations and, 463–75 limited influence of, 267–71 Kant’s view of, 875–6, 915–18 Machiavelli and, 217, 225n.59, 227, 246–7 National Assembly formation in, on order and Roman civil virtue, 264–7 457–63 Oxford Puritans and, 249–54 national sovereignty and, 460–1, 464–5, on protection of the oppressed, 258–64 924–6 on Spanish Catholicism, 221–8 natural rights and legal order and, Spanish theologians and, 221–8, 231–2, 455–7 792–3 slavery and, 552–6 on stage-plays, 225–6 Smith’s discussion of, 666–7 on statecraft, 221–33, 268–71 Frederick William (Great Elector of on theology and the law, 248–54 Brandenburg), 822–3 Gentz, Friedrich, 923–4 Frobisher, Martin, 255–6, 260–1 Geoffrey of Charney, 38 Fronde (1648–53), 379 George III (King of England), 754 Fulbeck, William, 575–7 Germanías uprising, 180–1 Fuler, Nicholas, 606 German public law Fundamenta iuris naturae et gentium (Thomasius), diplomacy and ius gentium in, 837–42 838–9 droit des gens of Vattel and, 865–9 Fundamental Constitution of Carolina, empire vs territories and, 807–11 760–1 Grotius and, 816–18 Gundling and, 848–51 gabelle (salt tax), 63 Kant’sinfluence on, 876n.17 Gagern, Christoph, 959–61 nationhood and, 924–6

1083

Index

German public law (cont.) early writings of, 5–6 Peace of Westphalia and, 811–15 English–Dutch ﬁshery dispute and, Pufendorf and, 819–23 625–7 Rayneval on natural law in, 485–7 French diplomatic academy and, 414–15 Rayneval on public law in, 482n.312 on Gentili, 267–8 reception of Grotius in, 919–24 on just public war, 323–4 seisin concept in, 93 Kant and, 902–3 state-science and, 797–800 on law as moral science, 6, 311–17 welfare and security and, 856–60 on market price, 342–3 German–Roman Empire, 391–2 on “marks of sovereignty”, 322–4 Conring on, 813–15 Molloy and, 597 constitution of, 391–2, 414–15, 424n.31, on natural law, 76–7, 284–7, 297–306, 800 657 Thomasius on, 839–40 on origins of public authority, 319–22 Gerson, Jean, 153–4 on property and contract, 320–2, 334–43 Gierke, Otto von, 808 on public law, 332–4, 419–20 Gilbert, Humphrey (Sir), 255–6, 260–1, Pufendorf and, 819–20, 835–6 714–16, 727–8 reception in Germany, 816–18 Giles of Rome, 12–13 Richelieu and, 349–51, 412–13 on civil law and royal authority, 44–5 Rousseau on, 431n.66 on common good, 99–102 on rule of law, 280–4 on ecclesiastical authority, 24, 28–9, scholasticism of, 286n.27 31–5 Selden’s response to, 625–7 on economic justice, 97–8 on sovereignty, 327–8 on good kingship, 59–61 on subjective rights and their importance, on royal authority, 22–4 306–11 on tyranny, 105 theory of legal obligation and, 284–7, Giovio, Paolo, 224 953–4 Girondist party, 465–8, 470–1 Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (Kant), Glafey, Adam Friedrich, 854–6 902–3 Glapion, Jean, 119–20 Guevara, Juan de, 207–8n.476 good faith Guicciardini, Francisco, 212–14, 223–4, Gentili on law and, 246 239–40, 246, 249–51, 269–70, 274–5 Grotius on, 301–2 Guicciardini, Piero, 212–14 Gorges, Ferdinando (Sir), 737–8 Guillaume de Nangis, 86–7 Göttingen University, 878–80 Guinea Company, 762–3 Achenwall at, 884 Gundling, Nicolaus Hieronymus establishment of, 878–80 on balance of power, 842–8 Martens at, 926–39 on diplomacy, 848–56 Schmauss at, 880–3 on statecraft, 842–8 Gournay, J.-C.-M. Vincent, 445–7 Wolff and, 856–60 Gouvest, Maubert de, 896 The Governance of England (Fortescue), Habsburg empire 564–7 comuneros rebellion against, 130–1, 286–7 Gratian, 43–4, 75–6, 186 French Declaration of War against, on property, 89–90 465–8 Gray, Robert, 705–6 French incursions into, 396–8 Great Britain. See England indebtedness of, 187–8 Grégoire, Abbé Henri, 471–3, 480–1, 535–6, Prussian expansion into, 851 539–40, 876, 921–3, 927–30 Haiti. See also Saint-Domingue Gregorius VII (Pope), 76 debt payments to France by, 557–8 Gregorius VIII (Pope), 44 French sugar trade and slavery in, 520–6 Grotius, Hugo independence (1804), 556–8 on commerce, 332–4, 622–3 Haitian Revolution criticism of, 343–5 impact in Europe of, 556–8 as a Dutch politician, 294–5, 317–22 Sonthonax’s activity in, 539–40

1084

Index

Toussaint l’Ouverture in, 541–7 on opinion and self-judgment, 612–13 Hakluyt, Richard (the elder), 705, 715–16 on property and contract, 617–18 Hakluyt, Richard (the younger), 255–6, 703–4, Rousseau and, 434n.81 708–9, 712–14, 736–7 on royal authority, 238 Hale, Matthew (Sir), 750–1 on social contract, 636–7 Hanse of Paris, 61–2 on statehood, 613–15, 617 Harborne, William, 588–92 Holdsworth, William, 574–5 Harcourt, Robert, 728–9 Holy Inquisition (Italy), 215, 271–2 Harcourt, William Vernon (Historicus), 692–3, Holy Roman Empire. See also German–Roman 794 Empire harm, principle of, just war and, 202–3 German territories and, 807–11 Harvey, William, 617 Peace of Westphalia and, 811–15 Hastings, Warren, 563–4, 699–700, 770–2 Honorius III (Pope), 41n.96 Hauterive, Alexandre de Lanautte, Count of, Hostiensis, 160 483–4 Hotman, François, 220, 249n.194, 363–5 Heemskerck, Jacob van, 299–302 Hotman, Jean, 220, 249n.194 Heffter, August, 692 House of Burgesses (Virginia), 729–30, 752 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 876–7 House of Orange, 287–9, 318–19, 627–30 on individual freedom, 944–5 Hudson’s Bay Company, 728n.145 on law and universal history, 946–9 Hufeland, Gottlieb, 921–3, 939–40 property law and work of, 939–42 Hugh of Pisa (Huguccio, Bishop of Ferrera), on state as freedom, 942–6 43–4, 91 Heineccius, 657 Hugo, Gustav, 939–40 Henri III (King of France), 502n.63 Huguenots, 391, 419–20 Henri IV (King of France), 350, 352, 381–2, humanism, Gentili on law and, 229n.80, 502 242–6 Henry III (King of England), 25–6 human nature Henry VI (King of England), 564–5 Dickinson on, 753–4 Henry VII (Emperor), 42–3 Gentili on, 230–3, 246–7, 258–60 Henry VII (King of England), 564–5, 704–5, Grotius on, 281–327, 335 714–15 Hobbes on, 612, 615–16 Henry VIII (King of England), 254–5 Hume on, 657–60 hereditary privilege in France, 375–6, 384, 422–3 ius gentium and, 81–2 practice in France of, 380–4 Montchrétien on, 385–7 heresy, deposition of pope and, 35–9 Pufendorf on, 832–6 Hermogenian, 74 Rousseau on, 434–6 Histoire des deux indes (Raynal), 489, 497–500 Smith on governance and, 667–71 Histoire naturelle (Buffon), 495–6 Thomasius on, 839–40 Historical Account of the Neutrality of Great Britain Vitoria on, 118, 138–43, 151–2 during the American Civil War, A (Bernard), Hume, David 692–3 on commerce, 660–4 history “jealousy of trade” and, 650–1 Bodin and, 362–5 on law and morality, 657–60 Gentili on law and, 230–1, 239–43, 264–7 on opinion, 676–7 Hegel on law and, 946–9 A Treatise on Human Nature, 657–60 Smith on, 668–70 Hutcheson, Francis, 657, 663–4 History of the General Relations of European States in the Prior and Present Century (Achenwall), idéologues, 479–81 886–7 I Discorsi (Machiavelli), 218, 257–8 History of the Peloponnesian War (Thucydides), Il Principe (Machiavelli), 218 612, 615–16 immunity Hobbes, Thomas of the church, Boniface’s defence of, 25–6 on international relations, 615–16 English trade laws and, 655–6 life of, 612 Imperial Aulic Council (Reichshofrat), 808 on natural law as science of government, Imperial Cameral Court (Reichskammergericht), 616–20 808

1085

Index

imperialism. See empire, ideology of as German discipline, 800 imperial view of (French) kingship, 40–51, 54–9 Hegel on, 948 improvement, 700–12 history of, 1–4 Gentili on, 261 Hume’s utilitarianism and, 658–9 Locke on, 638–9, 723–6 Molloy on English law and, 597–8 mercantilism and, 592–8 Pufendorf’s law of nations and, 832–6 Smith on, 671–4 International Law (Phillimore), 788–9 Utopians and, 568–9 international society, Mohl’s concept of, Inca empire, Pizarro’s conquest of, 155 962–4 indentured servants, in British colonies, 758–60 private property in (Grotius), 336–7, 342–3 independence property and contract in, 339–40 Botero on state and, 276–7 rights discussed in, 307n.136 French colonies’ preference for, 532 Introduction to Real State-Wisdom (Gundling), of Haiti, 556–8 845–8 regna/regnum and, 51–2 Introduction to the History of the Great Empires and Index, Salamanca school and the, 136–8 States of Contemporary Europe (Pufendorf ), India 822–3 British imperial ideology and, 699–700, Ireland, English colonisation of, 256–7, 260–1, 772–5 571–3, 716, 727–8 East India Company sovereignty in, 768–72 Isabella (Queen of Spain), 119–20, 156–7, property rights and East India Company in, 163–4 764–8, 772–5 Isidore of Seville, 75 India Act of 1784, 773–4 Italy, French intervention in, 215–21 individual freedom. See also freedom ius ad bellum. See just war Bentham on, 685 ius divinum, Gentili on, 249 Hegel on, 944–5 ius gentium. See also law of nations reason and, 121–2 Althusius on, 809–10 “wise” freedom, separated from, 900, 923 Aquinas on, 78–83 individual proprietorships, British colonial Arnisaeus on, 805–6 expansion and, 731–6 Azpilcueta on political and economic inequality institutions and, 124–5 Physiocrats’ view of, 454 canon law and, 44 Rousseau on, 434–6 as Christian authority, 72–8 in state of innocence, 32–3, 79–81 civil institutions and, 175–6 inﬁdel, the confessional theology and, 122 American Indian rights and, 158–60, 163–6 Covarrubias on, 125–7 Coke’s view of, 717–20 diplomacy and, 837–42 Gentili’s view of, 258–9 economic justice and, 184–5 property rights in Giles, 32 English law and, 575, 583–4 right to rule, 83–4, 204–5 Gentili on, 244–7, 261, 264–7 Innocent III (Pope), 39, 45–6, 171–2 German scholarship and, 801–4, 949–51 Innocent IV (Pope), 118–19, 160, 314–15 Grotius on, 267–8, 284–7 Inquisition. See Holy Inquisition (Italy); Spanish history of human communities and, Inquisition 83–8 Institut de droit international, 964–7 independence of king and, 51–2 Institutes of the Laws of England (Coke), as justice, 143–8 757–8 just war theory and, 209–10, 230–1 Institutions on the Law of Nature and of Nations language of, 952–9 (Institutions de droit de la nature) legal imagination and, 7–9 (Rayneval), 481–7 in medieval economy, 9–10 Institut national des sciences et des arts, 477–80 property rights, 88–93, 107–11 Inter caetera (Papal bull), 156 in Roman law, 73–6 international law royal authority and, 24–5, 49–50, 114–16, Austin’s denial of, 676–9 152–5, 237–8 Bentham on, 679–82 Salamanca school and, 130–45 English indifference to, 687–94 Thomasius on, 840–1 as external public law, 876–7, 930–9 Vattel on, 860–5

1086

Index

Vázquez de Menchaca on, 178–80 in French colonies, 488–91, 500–8, 512–14, Vitoria on, 131–2, 146–8 532 ius gentium naturale, 799–800 of German imperial courts, 808 ius gentium primaevum & secundarium,44 Grotius on sovereignty and, 327–8 ius gentium secundarium, 179 John of Paris on, 113–14 ius humanum and ius divinum, 249 over Mohegan people, 741–2 in Virginia company activities, 700–2 property in medieval France and, 72, ius naturae et gentium 107–11 British colonial expansion and, 700–2 Juris et judicii Fecialis (Zouche), 577–9 German concept of, 10–11, 939–40, 949–51 jurisprudence Gundling’s discussion of, 842–8 Bentham’s discussion of, 682–7 legal imagination and, 955–7 Bodin’s universal, 362–5 ius publicum universale, 799–800, 887–8, 939–40 of Gentili, 228–33, 267–71 ius sanguinis, 562 of Grotius, 295–9 ius soli, 562 Smith on, 665–70 just cause (iusta causa) Jacobin party, 459–60 expropriation doctrine and, 109–11 Constitution of 1793 and, 461–3 Grotius on, 301–2, 306–7n.135, 310–11 James VI/I (King of Scotland and England) just war and, 201–4, 234–6 colonial proprietorships granted by, Pufendorf on, 829–32 731–6 types of, 202–3 Dutch–English negotiations and, 280–4, 295 Vattel on, 864–5 maritime commerce and, 333–4, 622–3 Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von, 5–6, royal prerogative and, 575–7, 603–8, 891–7 718–20 criticism of war, 894–5 James II (King of England), 630, 634 on economics and sociality, 893–4, James of Viterbo, 33–5, 61, 94 896–901 Jamestown colony. See also Virginia Company on politics vs economy, 896–901 ﬁnancial problems of, 709–12 justice uprising in, 716–20, 729–30, 737–8 Bodin on, 371 Jansen, Cornelius, 399 as dominium, 148–55 Jansenism economic justice, 97–8 critiques of royal rule, 399 Grotius on, 284, 307, 340 Domat and, 400–2 Hume on, 657–60 theology of, 401n.265 ius gentium as, 143–8 Jardine & Matheson, 777–9 Leibniz on, 853–4 Jasseinnes, Jacques de, 19 Martens on law and, 935–7 Jaucourt, Louis de, 495–6 medieval economy and, 94–8 Jeffreys, George (Lord Chief Justice), Molina and, 136 600–3 natural right to punish and, 322–4 Jenkins, Leoline (Sir), 580 property as, 145–8 Jenkinson, Charles, 646–7 prudence and, 105–7 Jesuit order, 136, 167, 271–2 Smith on, 665–7 Jewish userers, Philip IV’s debt to, 64–5 solemn public war (bellum solenne) and, Jiménez de Cisneros, Cardinal Francisco, 313–17 119–20 Vitoria on, 146–8 Johann-Friedrich (Duke of Hanover- justice universelle, French Revolution concept of, Linenburg), 836–53n.308 468–70 John XXII (Pope), 91–2 just price theory, 94–5, 182–3, 188–90, John of Paris (Jean Quidort), 111–14, 172–3 342–3 Johnson, Robert, 705 just war. See also war joint stock, monopoly corporations in England Gentili’s concept of, 221–8, 230–3, 260–1, and, 588 264–7 jurisdiction Grotius on, 284–7, 301–2, 310–11, 322–4 admiralty (prize), 583–4, 644–9 private war as, 322–4 Aquinas on, 82–3 protection of commerce and trade and, in British colonies, 562 222–3

1087

Index

just war. (cont.) English jurisdiction in colonies over, 738–9 public war as, 323–4 French Revolution and, 457–63 recta intentio and, 206–8 Grotius on, 320–2 Richelieu and, 391–2 labour and appropriation of, 724–55 Salamanca scholarship on, 198–202 Locke’s discussion of, 724–6 self-defence as basis for, 222, 835, 852, 869, Utopian view of, 567–9 881, 912 Landsavocaat, 295 Smith on, 671–4 land tenures, British colonial expansion and, solemn public war (bellum solenne) and, 313–17 728–9 Vattel on, 869–72 Languedoc Inquisition, 26–8 Vitoria on, 144–5, 166–9 Languet, Hubert, 218–20 Las Casas, Bartolomé, 6, 161–3, 167–9, 173 Kahle, Ludewig Martin, 848–51 on property rights, 187 Kaltenborn, Carl, 959–61 republican ideals and, 196–7 Kant, Immanuel, on rights of free people, 180–1 on constitutionalism, 458–60, 902–3, La storia d’Italia (The History of Italy or the History 910–11 of the Wars of Italy, 1537) (Guicciardini), on contest of the faculties, 7–8, 953–4 214, 221–4 on cosmopolitan law, 917 Latin America critical philosophy and political theory of, British investment in, 785–7 876–7 British recognition of statehood in, 788–9 on freedom and nature, 909–15 Lauterbeck, Georg, 803–4 Hegel and, 942–6 Law, John, 520, 524 on laws of freedom, 904–8 law of nations. See also ius gentium Martens on, 934 Bartolus on, 76–7 on morality, 917 Blackstone on, 648–50 on natural law and philosophy, 901–4 Bodin on, 372–4 Perpetual Peace, 873–5, 904, 914–18 British indifference to, 687–94 on philosophy and natural law, 901–4 common law and, 562, 596–8 on politics and morality, 914–15 d’Aguesseau on, 407–8 racism of, 12–13 diplomacy and, 414–16 on Vattel, 875–7 East India Company expansion and, on worldwide freedom, 915–18 765 Kerengal, Le Guen de, 458–9 English law and, 562–4, 574–8, 596–8, kingship. See royal authority 648–56 Klüber, Johann Ludwig, 938 in France, 404–8, 414–16, 476–7 Knights Templar, destruction of, 21–2 French Revolution and, 468–70 Gentili’s concept of, 232–3 labour German state-science and, 10–11, 800–4 Hegel on division of, 940–2 Glafey on, 854–6 Hume on wealth and, 660–4 Grotius on, 330–2, 340–2 Locke on property rights and, 724–6 Hume on, 658–9 Smith on division of, 665–7, 673–4 idéologues and, 480–1 La Compagnie des îles de l’Amérique, 512–14 Kant on, 876–7, 915–18 laissez faire Locke on, 635–9 Bentham on, 685–6 Martens on, 930–9 Smith’s concept of, 674–6 monopoly companies and, 599–603 L’ambassadeur et ses fonctions (Wicquefort), property rights and theologians’ discussion 414–15 of, 89 land rights. See also private property; property Pufendorf on, 832–6 law Rayneval on, 481–7, 554–6 British sovereignty in India and, 772–5 Rousseau on, 433–4 commercialisation of, 71 royal prerogative and, 605–6 crown vs settler disputes over colonies and, Schmauss on, 882–3 741–4 Smith on, 674–9 enclosures and critique of, 567–8, 570–1, solemn public war (bellum solenne) and, 702–5 313–17

1088

Index

Law of Nations (Vattel), 689–91, 865–9 history of, 40n.93 Law of Nations (Wolff ), 856–60 imperial view of kingship and, 39–51, law of nature. See natural law 104–5 Laws of Burgos, 139–56n.205, 158n.211, 161, ius gentium and, 84–8 168–9 politicisation of, 40–50n.95 The Laws and Policy of England Relating to Trade Legrand (Abbé), 414–15 (Mildmay), 651–2 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 397–8, 853–4 League of Augsburg, War of (1688–97), 394–5, Leicester, Lord (Robert Dudley), 218–21, 398–400 255–6 “Leagues of 1314–1315”,66 Le Mercier de la Rivière, Paul-Pierre, 451–4, Le Bret, Cardin 499 on jurisdiction vs property, 354–5 Le nouveau Cynée (Crucé), 387–8 public law and, 400–1 Leopold I (Emperor), 397n.249 on raison d’état, 359–60 Les lois civiles dans leur ordre naturel (Domat), on royal authority, 354–5, 379, 392–4 400–2 Leclerc, Victor, 551–2 Les Mercatoria (Malynes), 592–3 Lectures of Jurisprudence (Smith), 665–7, 671–4 L’Esprit des lois (Montesquieu), 437–8, 440–1, Le droit des gens (Vattel), 860–5 492–3 Le droit public de l’Europe (Mably), 417–20 Les quatre livres de droit public (Domat), 400–2 legal authority Les six livres de république (Bodin) in European and colonial contexts, Gentili on, 230–1, 268–71 11–12 government and sovereignty in, 369–71 Grotius on, 280–4, 295–9 sovereignty vs tyranny in, 365–9 hierarchical system of, 278–9 letters of marque, 644 Rayneval on, 485 lettres de cachet,39 legal despotism, Physiocrats’ concept of, 451–4 Levant Company, 573–4, 588–92, 709 legal education Leviathan (Hobbes) in England, 687–94 science of government in, 616–20 in France, 114–16, 412–13 statecraft and, 612–15 in Germany, 797–800, 923–4 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 2 legal imagination lex animata (“living law”), king as embodiment contextual framework for, 4–8 of, 22–4 European global hegemony and, 958–9 l’exclusif directive, 517–18, 520, 526, 529, German law and, 949–51 536n.223, 548–50, 553–4 hierarchy of, 7 lex iulia maiestatis,46–8 history of, 1–4 lex mercatoria in king’s service, 114–16 Blackstone on, 652–3 language and, 952–9 Coke’s discussion of, 580–4 location of, 955–7 English law and, 562–4, 583–4, 595–6 narratives of, 954–8 law of nations and, 605–6 power and authority and, 957–8 Malynes on, 592–3 public/private boundary and, 8 Mansﬁeld on, 655–6 legal obligation lex regia, 103–4, 237, 269 absence of, in Gentili, 268–9 liberal authoritarianism, French constitutional Grotius on, 311–17 reform and, 475–6 legibus solutus,48–9, 57–8, 604–5 liberalism, Palmerston’s foreign policy and, legislation 783–4 Bentham’s utilitarian theory of, 685–6 liberty Fortescue on, 565–7 Bodin on, 368 French medieval royal authority, 56–9 Covarrubias on, 125–7 French royal authority in sixteenth century Davenant on, 640 and, 355 Gentili on, 260, 266 Physiocrats on, 448–9 Grotius on natural law and, 287, 326, 340, legists (France) 344–5 civil law and, 41–2 Montesquieu on, 440–1 consolidation of territorial rule and, 50–1 Physiocrats on, 447–8 expropriation doctrine and, 109–11 Pownall on, 754–6

1089

Index

liberty (cont.) Mably, Gabrial Bonnot de (Abbé) Saint-Pierre on, 422–8 on absolutism, 417–21 Sieyès on, 455–7 on diplomacy, 417–19, 421–2 Smith on, 665–7 French colonisation and, 526 social life and, 175–6 on negotiations, 421–2 Spanish scholastics on, 136–8, 150–1, on science of negotiations, 419–20 175–6, 178–80, 196, 204–5 on slavery, 488–91, 499–500 Libri feudorum, 53, 102 Macaulay, Thomas, 784–7 Li livres de justice et de plet: “Li rois ne doit tenir de Machiavelli, Niccolò nuil”,49–50, 57–8 English translations of, 215, 218 limpieza statutes, 137 on fortuna, 224, 246–7 Lindsay, Hamilton, 778–9n.401 Gentili and influence of, 213, 217, 225n.59, Lin Zexu, 779–80 227, 239–40, 257–8 Lipsius, Justus, 289, 805–6 on politics and statecraft, 224–6, 268–71 Lisola, François-Paul de (Baron), 396–8, 631 Richelieu and, 392n.226 Littleton, Edward (Sir), 609–10 Sidney’s familiarity with, 218–20 Livy, 228–9 Mackintosh, James (Sir), 689–90, 788n.445 local law, royal authority and, 56–9 Madock (Welsh prince), 704–5 Locke, John Mair, John, 121–2, 131–2 colonial expansion and, 707–8, 723–6 Malynes, Gerard, 562–4, 592–3, 595–6, on money, 638–9 623–5, 708–9 natural rights and, 631–2 Mandeville, Bernard de, 442n.124, 663–4 on property, 633–9 Manning, William Oke, 691, 694, 938–9 on slavery, 12–13, 760–1 Mansfield, Lord (William Murray), 653–5, 694, Lombard, Peter, 32–3 697–8, 761–2 L’Ordre naturel et essentiel des sociétés politiques Manual of Confessors (Manual de confessores y (Natural and Essential order of Political penitentes) (Azpilcueta), 122–5, 145–6 Societies) (Le Mercier), 451–4 Marathas, wars of, 775–7 Lords of the Company, 512–14 Mare Clausum (Selden), 625–7 Lords of Trade, 512–14, 759–60 Mare liberum (Grotius), 280–1, 334–45, Lords Proprietors of Carolina (1668–75), 338n.318, 602, 622–3 723–6, 760–1 Mariana, Juan de, 136–8, 148–9, 196–7 Louis IX (King of France), 25–6, 36n.74, 40–1, Marillac, Michel de, 385, 508–12 48–9, 56–8, 86–7 maritime commerce Louis XI (King of France), 352 American Revolution and, 647 attacks on German territory by, 821–2 Dutch–English conflicts over, 622–3, Louis XIII (King of France), 349–50 625–30 Louis XIV (King of France) English navigation acts, 563–4, 579–80, absolutism of, 356–7 596–8, 643–7 colonisation and, 515–20 English trade in Levant and, 588–92 commerce and, 350–1 in France, 349–51, 384–91, 501 European coalition against, 396–8 French continental blockade and, 473–5 Fénelon’s attack on, 406 Grotius on, 333–4 foreign policy under, 414–16 piracy and, 262 Jansenism and, 399–400 privateering and, 398, 573–4 nobility and, 353 Smith on expansion of, 673–4 Peace of Ryswick and, 404–5 markets. See also commerce; free trade; trade Saint-Pierre and, 422–3 Grotius on, 342–3 war and, 393–8 Hegel on, 938–9 Louis XVI (King of France), 414–15, 534n.213 Justi on, 899–901 Louisiana, French colonisation of, 520–6 Salamanca school on, 195–6 Loyseau, Charles, 350–1, 374–7, 379–81, 400–1 Smith on expansion of, 673–4 Lucretius, 228–9 Marriott, James, 645–6 Ludwig, Karl (Palatinate Elector), 821–2 Mars Christianissimus (Leibniz), 397–8 Lunéville, treaty of, 483 Martens, Georg Friedrich von Luther, Martin, 122, 198–9, 223–4, 234–5, on diplomacy and law of nations, 926–30 801–3 on external public law, 930–9

1090

Index

German law and legacy of, 959 Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem (Method on Kant, 876–7 for the Early Comprehension of martial law, 607, 729–30 History, 1566) (Bodin), 363–5 Martinus (Bologna jurist), 67–8 Mexico, Spanish colonisation of, 167–9 Massachusetts Bay Colony, 706–8, 730, Mildmay, William, 651–2 734 military profession Massie, Joseph, 650–1 medieval scholarship on, 200–1 Matheson, James, 777–9 Smith on, 672 Matienzo, Jan de, 168–9 Mill, James, 676–7, 684, 692 Matthew, Toby, 220 Miller v. Race, 653–5 Maurice (Prince of Orange), 287–8 Mirabeau, Marquis de, 447–54, 497, Maximilian I (Habsburg emperor), 187–8 527–8 Mayflower compact, 706–8 abolition of slavery and, 535 Mazarin (Cardinal) mirror of princes, 7, 178–80, 245n.167 French military operations and, 395–6 Misselden, Edward, 562–4, 593–4, 708–9 French state and, 383–4, 412–13 Modern International Law of the Civilised World war and, 393 (Bluntschli), 964–7 McCulloch, J. R., 687 modernity Medici, Catherine de’, 363–5, 502n.63 Hegel on, 940–2 Medici, Lorenzo de’, 214, 223–4 as reaction to religion, 420n.16 Medici, Pietro de’, 246 “modern liberty”, French concept of, medieval law 475–6 common good and, 102–7 moeurs (manners) economic justice in, 94–8 Montesquieu’s concept of, 440–1 ius gentium and, 73–6 Rayneval on, 485 legal imagination and, 9–10 Mohammed III, treaty with, 591 royal vs papal authority and, 19–25 Mohegan people, 741–4 Salamanca school and, 138–43 Mohl, Robert von, 959, 962–7 Vitoria and Soto’s contributions to, 133–5 Molina, Luis, 136, 168–70, 195–8 Medina, Bartolomé de, 128–30, 135–6 Molinism, 136 Méditations métaphysiques sur la vraie ou le fausse Molloy, Charles, 596–8, 757–8 idée de la justice (d’Aguesseau), monads, Leibniz’s theory of, 853–4 406–8 monarchy. See kingship; royal authority Melanchthon, Philip, 801–4 monetary policies. See also currency Meletius (Grotius), 290–2 economic justice and, 98–9 Melon, Jean-François Misselden and Mun on, 593–6 on civil society, 431 Molina on, 195–6 on colonisation and slavery, 499–500 monetary mutations, 64–5 on commerce, 429–30, 445 Pufendorf on, 834 Mémoire pour rendre la paix perpetuelle en Europe Salamanca school and, 192–5 (Saint-Pierre), 423–8 monopoly companies. See also specific companies Memoriale historiarum (Jean de Saint-Victor), in Caribbean, 512–14 86–7 chartering of, 585 mendicant poverty, property rights and, Coke on, 267, 582–4 89–92 Davenant on regulation of, 641–3 Mendoza affair, 220 dismantling in India of, 775–7 Menschenrechte, natural law and, 919–24 Dutch East India Company as, 280–4 Mercado, Tomás de, 190–1, 194, 210 Dutch–English fisheries dispute and, 623–7 mercantilism. See commerce English law and, 582–4, 592–8 Merchant Adventurers, 585–8, 641–3, 723 English state and structure of, 585–92 merchant law. See lex mercatoria feudal law and, 63 Merchants of Staple, 585 French Atlantic colonisation and, 445, Mercurials (d’Aguesseau), 406–8 503–6, 526–30 Merlin de Douai, Philippe-Antoine, 464–5, French trading rights in Africa and, 468–70 388–9 Mesnager, Nicolas, 409–10 Grotius on rights of, 322–4, 343–5 Metcalfe, Charles, 775–7 Misselden’s discussion of, 594–5

1091

Index

monopoly companies. (cont.) Murad (Sultan), 589 Portuguese claims in East Indies and, 222–3, Mysore, wars of, 775–7 292, 317–18, 322–4 Sandys case and, 599–603 Nanjing Treaty, 781–3 slavery and indentured service and, 760–1 Napier (Lord), 777–9 Smith’s criticism of, 672–3 Napoleon Spanish colonialism and, 167–9, 187–8, Conference of Rastatt and, 928–9 222–3, 349–50 international law and wars of, 960–4 statutory restrictions on, 599–600 Martens and, 928–9 Turkish trade and, 588–92 occupation of Egypt by, 478–9 Montaigne, Michel de, 365–7, 387 occupation of Germany by, 924–6 Montchrétien, Antoine de, 385–7, 508–9 political order under, 481–7 Montesinos, Antonio de (Father), 158–60, rights in France under, 473–5 163–4 slavery and, 552–6 Montesquieu (Charles de Secondat de) (Baron Toussaint and, 548–50 de la Brède) National Assembly (France), 457–75 on commerce, 436–41, 445 nationhood, cult of French colonisation and, 526 French Revolutionary concept of, 470–1 on government structure, 437–8 German state and, 924–6 on law and diplomacy, 416, 483–7 natural law. See also ius gentium; ius naturae et on metaphysical law, 479–80 gentium Rohan and, 361–2 Althusius’ view of, 809–10 science sociale and, 476–7 Aquinas on, 78–83 on slavery, 492–3 common dominium under, 151–5 Montmorency, Charles de, 503–6 common law and, 562 Montmorency, Henri II de, 505–6, 509 Covarrubias on, 125–7 morality Diderot on, 443–4 Azpilcueta on, 127–8 Domat on, 403–4 commerce and, 186 Dominican scholarship on, 131–2 encyclopédists on law and, 443–4 English law and, 562–4, 581–4 Fénelon on, 406 Fortescue on, 565–7 Gentili on, 227–8 freedom and human rights and, 919–24 Grotius on rights and, 306–11 Gentili on just war as, 228–33 Hume’s discussion of, 657–60 German state-science and, 797–800, international law and, 676–9 880–3 Kant on, 914–15 in Germany, inﬂuence of, 801–4, 949–51 Martens on law and, 935–7 Glafey on, 854–6 in politics and government, 227–8 Grotius on, 297–306, 334–43 Rayneval on, 485 Gundling on, 843–8 Saint-Pierre on, 426–7 Hegel’s critique of, 943–4 Smith on law and commerce and, 667–71 Hume’s discussion of, 657–60 moral science, law as, Grotius’ discussion of, 6, idéologues and, 480–1 311–17, 343–5 international law and, 698 moral sense theory, 657, 663–4 ius gentium and, 23–4, 76–7 Morant Bay rebellion (Jamaica), 786–7 Justi on, 891–7 More, Thomas (Sir), 256–7, 567–9, 702–5 just war as (in Grotius), 313–17 Morellet, André, 528–9 Kant’s criticism of, 875–7, 901–4, 910–11 Mornay, Pierre de, 40–50n.95, 108–9 Locke on, 633–9, 724–55 Moser, Johann Jakob, 855n.319 Mably on, 419–20 mos gallicus, Gentili’s criticism of, 220–1, Martens on, 936–9 229n.80 Molloy on, 596–8 Mughal Empire natural rights and legal order and, 455–7 British wars with, 773–4 natural slavery theory and, 162n.230, 163–4 East India Company and, 764–72, 775–7 nineteenth-century transformations of, Mun, Thomas, 562–4, 595–6, 708–9 877–8 Münchhausen, Gerlach Adolf von, 878–80, philosophy and, 901–4 884 Physiocrats and, 447–54, 476–7

1092

Index

private property and, 337–8 formation of, 503–6 Pufendorf on, 825–9 French dominium over, 506–8 Rayneval and, 481–7 French economy and, 508–12 Richelieu and, 391–2 Louisiana colonisation and, 524–6 royal authority and (in Gentili), 237–8 Nys, Ernest, 557–8 science sociale and, 476–7 Selden on, 625–7 obligation self-defence as, 199–200 absence of, in Gentili, 268–9, 278–9 Smith on, 664–71 in Grotius, 284–7, 311–17, 953–4 social rationality of, 829–32 occupatio, 765 Soto on, 140–1 ‘Of the Jealousy of Trade’ (Hume), 660–4 sovereign will and, Pufendorf’s analysis of, Ogé, Vincent, 537–9 829–32 oikeiosis, Stoic concept of, 303–4 Thomasius’ threefold distinctions of, Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van, 287–9, 292–5, 838–9 318–19 Vattel on droit des gens and, 865–9 Oldendorp, Johannes, 802–3 Wolff on, 856–60 On the Citizen (De cive) (Hobbes), 612–13 natural slavery theory, 162n.230, 163–4, On the Origin of German Law (Conring), 813–15 165n.240 On the Roman Empire of the Germans (Conring), Naudé, Gabriel, 359–60 813–15 Navigation Acts (Great Britain), 483–4, 628–9, Opium wars (Britain and China), 779–83 643–7, 719–56 oppression, Gentili on protection against, necessity, doctrine of 258–64 Gentili on, 244, 246 “Ordinary Gloss” (Accursius), 57–8 Grotius on, 342–3 Ordinum pietas (Grotius), 287–9, 292–3, 325 “knows no law” maxim and, 100–1 Orleans, University of, civil law teaching at, Physiocrats on, 451–4 41–2 prerogative vs property and, 603–8 Orme, Robert, 768 Salamanca scholars on, 174–5 Osborne, Edward, 589 Necker, Jacques, 537–8 Ottoman Empire Neo-Colbertians, 445–7 British foreign policy and, 785–9 New Discourse on the Roman-German Emperor English relations with, 588–92 (Conring), 813–15 Ovando, Nicolas de, 156–7 New System of the Law of Nature (Schmauss), Owen, Roger (Sir), 606 880–3 Oxford University, 215–21, 249–54, 575–7, Nicholas IV (Pope), 57–8 688–9 Nicole, Pierre, 399–400 Nicolini, Ugo, 109–11 paganism Nine Years’ War, 398–400 jurisdictional power and, 172–3 nobility Salamanca school view of, 164–6 French state and, 353, 379 Palacios Rubios, Juan Lopez, 151–2, 158–60 Montesquieu’s views of, 438–9 Palatinate, France’s destruction of, 397–8 venality in France of, 380–4, 422n.19 palatine proprietorships, British colonial Nogaret, Guillaume de expansion and, 731–6 civil law and, 41–2 Palmerston (Lord). See Temple, Henry John divine kingship ideology and, 36–9 (Viscount Palmerston) as juge-mage,21 pamphleteering, English colonialism and, Knights Templar destruction and, 37–9 260–1 as legist, 40–50n.95 The Pandectes of the Law of Nations (Fulbeck), legists and, 40n.93 575–7 royal vs church authority and, 19–25, 30–1 Panizza, Diego, 225n.59, 237–8n.127, non obstante, expropriation and, 110–11 245n.167 non-repugnancy clause, in English colonial papal authority. See also canon law; charters, 735–6 ecclesiastical authority Notitia rerumrepublicarum (Pufendorf ), 820–1 Aquinas on, 83 Nouvelle France (New France) court of conscience and, 118–30 Colbert and, 515–20 Giles of Rome’s defence of, 28–9, 31–5

1093

Index

papal authority. (cont.) Peckham, George (Sir), 717 immunity of the church and, 25–6 Peel, Robert, 789–90 James of Viterbo on, 33–5 Pegas, Meletius, 290–2 John of Paris on, 111–14 Pelagius, Alvarus, 172–3 kingship as religious office and, 35–9 Peña, Juan de La, 168–9, 199–200, 208–9 royal authority vs, 19–25, 35–9 penance, sacrament of, 118–21, 197–8 Salamanca school on, 171 Penn, William, 707–8, 720–1, 733–4, Spanish colonialism and, 155–6 746n.239 superiority to emperor of, 43–4 Pequot War of 1635–8, 737–8 Parallela rerumpublicarum (Grotius), 294–5 Pereira, Solórzano, 169–70 paramountcy policy, 775–7 Pereña, Luciano, 135–6 Parlement of Paris, 55–6, 510–11, 393, 406, 416, Perpetual Peace (Kant), 873–5, 904, 914–18 452, 542 Persian Letters (Montesquieu), 440–1 parlements persona regis, corona regni vs, 102–7 French colonisation and, 529, 531–4 persuasion, legal work in context of, 4–5 French statehood and, 353 Pétion, Alexandre (President of Haiti), philosophes and, 497–8 557–8 royal authority and, 355–7, 379 Petty, William, 620, 674–6, 708–9 Pascal, Blaise, 399–402 Phelypaux, Jérome (marquis de Pontchartrain), Pasquier, Etienne, 365–7 521 patriarchal succession, Locke’s criticism of, Philip II (King of Spain), 40–1, 55–6 724–5 on common good, 98–9 patristic theology, ecclesiastical authority and, Dutch rebellion and, 318 32–3 indebtedness of, 187–8 Paulette tax, 380 Inquisition and, 211 Paul III (Pope), 163–4, 271–2 judicial powers expanded under, 55–6 Pax Britannica ideology, 784–5 Philip IV (King of France) (Philip the Fair) peace attacks on papacy by, 25–6 Bentham on, 684 confiscations and monetary mutations commerce and, 428–30 under, 98–9 French Revolution diplomacy and, 463–75, consolidation of royal authority by, 40–51 480–1 Digna vox and, 57–9 Gentili on war and establishment of, 235–6 economic governance under, 59–65 Kant’s discussion of, 912–18 feudalism and, 52–9 Napoleon’s appeal for, 483 financial difficulties of, 61–5, 97–8 Rousseau on, 431–4 judicial powers under, 56n.173 royal vs papal authority and, 56–9 Knights Templar attacks and, 37–9 Saint-Pierre’s plans for European peace, 423–8 lawyers used by, 40–1 Salamanca scholars on, 198–200 legitimacy of title for, 49n.135 Peace of Amiens (1802), 483, 551 Pamiers bishopric dispute and, 26–8 Peace of Augsburg (1555), 801–5 Pope Boniface’s conflict with, 19–25 Peace of Basel. See Treaty of Basel (1795) Pope Nicholas IV’s dispute with, 57–8 Peace of Nijmegen (1678–9), 394–5, 822–3, as princeps,46–50 836–53n.308 religious beliefs of, 36–7 Peace of Paris (1763), 526, 650–1 royal authority of compared to emperor, Peace of Ryswick (1697), 404–5, 411–12, 42–3 530–1 taxation under, 62–4 Peace of Utrecht. See Treaty of Utrecht territorial dominium and, 65–6 Peace of Westphalia (1648) vassals influence under, 68–9n.242 balance of power in, 410–12 wars with England under, 25–31 European statehood following, 819–23 Philip of Macedon, 392–3 Franco-Swedish guarantee in, 392–3 Phillimore, Robert (Sir), 693–4, 698, 788–9, German empire ideology and, 811–15 793–4 Reingkingk and, 810–11 Philosophes universal public law and, 483–4 encyclopédists and, 443–4 peasant tenure, property rights and, 69 modernity vs religion and, 420 Pechmeja, Jean, 497–8 natural law and, 475–6

1094

Index

Rayneval and, 481–7 political economy slavery and, 491–500 Austin on jurisprudence and, 678–9 Philosophy of Right (Hegel), 943–4 Bentham on, 679–82, 687 phylogenesis, slavery and role of, 495–6 in France, 451, 476–80 Physiocrats Hegel on, 940–2 criticism of colonisation by, 528–9 Hume on, 660–4 economic views of, 447–54 Rousseau on, 436, 493–4 idéologues and inﬂuence of, 479–80n.302 universal jurisprudence as, 682–7 individualism of, 447–8 political science law as science of government and, 421 in German universities, 805–6, 880–3 on morality and law, 420 idéologues and, 478–80 on natural law and constitutions, 458–60, Kant and, 904–8 476–7 natural law in Germany and, 880–3 on natural order, 448–9 Pufendorf and, 820, 823–9 on property law, 461–3 Saint-Pierre on, 422–8 Sieyès and, 476–7 politics slavery and, 497 economics as separate from, 72, 891–7 on social order, 448–9 Gentili on, 227–8 “tableau économique”, 449–50 at German universities, 797–800, 811–15, Pillans v. van Mierop (1765), 655–6 823, 839–40, 878–80, 887–8, 899, 922–3 piracy Grotius on, 304–5 admiralty jurisdiction over, 573–4 Gundling on, 842–8 Gentili on law and, 262 Italian views on, 224–6 Grotius on, 299–302 Kant on, 901–8, 914–15 Vattel on, 871 public vs private power, 270–1 Pisa, Italy, separation from Florentine Rayneval on, 485 Republic, 212–14 Schmauss on, 880–3 Pitt, William (the younger), 674–6 Polverel, Etienne, 540–1, 544 Pizarro, Francisco, 155–6 polysynodie, Saint-Pierre and, 422–3 Plaisians, Guillaume de Portugal accusations against Boniface, 30–1 colonial trade and, 155–6 on royal authority, 36–9, 48–9, 98–9 Dutch East India company and, 322–4 royal vs ecclesiastical authority and, 30–1 English East India Company expansion as “A Plan of Universal and Perpetual Peace” check on, 765–6 (Bentham), 679–80 positive law. See voluntary law Plantations Commission (1660–3), positivism, 121–2, 232–3, 817–18 745–6 Hegel on, 946–9 Plato, 184 Martens on, 929–30, 936–9 plenitudo potestatis, 82, 108, 272, 604–5 Pottinger, Henry (Sir), 781 Pole, Reginald, 218n.22 Powhatan, 739–41 policy-science Powhatan war, 710 German views on, 806–7, 841–2, 890–1, Pownall, Thomas, 650, 754–6, 772–5 922–3, 939–40, 949–51 Pragmatic Sanction, 851 Mohl on, 962–4 Pratt (Camden) & Yorke memorandum, 743–4 Polignac, Cardinal de, 423 Précis de droit des gens de l’Europe (Martens), Politica (Lipsius), 289, 805–6 931–2 Political Arithmetic (Petty), 620 Preliminary Discourse (D’Alembert & Diderot), political communities 441–4 common good and, 99–100 prerogative Grotius on, 317, 319–22, 330–2 colonial expansion and, 606, 717–19 Hobbes on, 611–16 East India Company expansion and, 765 ius gentium and history of, 83–8 in English law, 10, 575–7 punishment and sovereignty in, 322–4 German territorial rulers and, 804–5 Rousseau on, 431–4 property rights and, 582–4, 603–8, 660–4 sovereignty and, 327–8 settlers’ disagreement with, 750–1 Spanish scholastics’ natural origin narrative Ship-money case and, 608–11 of, 174–6 trade laws and, 600–3

1095

Index

Prerogative in Saltpetre (1607), 583–4 Hobbes on, 617–18 Presles, Raoul de, 40n.95 Hume on, 659 price setting, Salamanca school on, 94–5, ius gentium and history of, 24–5, 88–93 182–3, 188–9 John of Paris on, 113–14 Primae liniae juris gentium Europaearum Practici in as justice of dominium proprietatis, 148–55, usum auditorum adumbratae (Martens), 158–60 931–2 Kant’s defence of, 905, 909–10 princeps, concept of kingship and knowledge of, 61 French customary law and, 54–5 Locke and, 633–9, 723–6 French king as, 40–51, 54–5 Montesquieu on, 440–1 German bureaucracy and, 837–8 Physiocrats on, 448–9 German enlightenment and, 878–80 Pufendorf on, 827–8 imperial status and, 24–5, 39 Rousseau on statehood and, 434–6 property rights and, 67–8 slavery and, 498–500 in Roman law, 114–16 Smith on, 668–70 royal authority and, 28–30, 40–52 Spanish theologians and, 181–98 princeps legibus solutus est,55–6, 264–7, 604–5 theology and, 151–2 royal prerogative and, 604–5 utilitarian justiﬁcation for, 186, 195–6 princes. See also princeps; royal authority Utopian view of, 567–9 Botero on state and role of, 277–8 Vázquez de Menchaca on, 195–6 as deputies of Christ, 36n.74 venality and, 380–4 Gentili on, 224, 237–8, 268–9, 277n.335 private war, 322–4 Grotius on powers of, 319–22 Prize Law of 1708, 573–4, 643–6, 656 Gundling on powers of, 849–50 probabilism Mably’s discussion of, 417–21 confession theology and, 120–1 Pufendorf on duties of, 834–5 penance sacrament and, 128–30 raison d’état and role of, 361–2 Proclamation of 1763, 742–3 Principes de négociations (Mably), 418–19 Projet pour rendre la paix perpetuelle en Europe (Saint- “Principles of International Law” (Bentham), Pierre), 423–8 679–80 property rights. See also land rights; private Principles of Political Economy (Rousseau), 436 property “Principles of the Law of War” (Rousseau), of American Indians, 716–20 431–2 British foreign policy and, 790–4 privateering, English law and, 573–4, British sovereignty in India and, 772–5 643–6 Coke’s “artiﬁcial reason” and, 582–4 private law colonial settlers’ view of, 10, 750–1 Domat on, 402–3 ecclesiastical authority and, 76–107, 182–3 Fénelon on, 406 English law and, 562–4, 607–8 Grotius on public authority and, 326–7 English revolution of 1688, 632–3 Loyseau on, 374–7 expropriation of, 109–11 public law vs, 102, 104–12 feudal land rights and, 66–72 private property. See also dominium; property free trade agreements and, 790–4 law; property rights French Revolution and, 461–3, 473–5 Aquinas on, 183–5 German seisin concept and, 93 Bodin on, 368–9 ius gentium and, 24–5, 88–93 Botero on, 278 jurisdiction and, 72, 107–11 Cicero on, 89 justice and, 145–8 Covarrubias on, 126–7 prerogative vs, 603–8 expropriation of, 98–110 Roman concepts of, 71 feudalism and, 66–73 royal authority and, 39 Fortescue on, 565–7 seizure of American Indian property and, French state and, 383–4 739–41 German freedom and, 939–40 Ship-money case and, 608–11 Giles of Rome on, 61 slavery and, 498–500 Grotius on, 291–2, 299–302, 320–2, 325–7, uncertain protections in medieval law, 334–43 97–8 Hegel on, 940–2 proportionality, in economic justice, 95–6

1096

Index

proprietary rights French royal authority and, 355 British colonial charters and, 731–6 German concept of, 939–40 French colonialism and, 500–8 Kant on, 917 royal colonies and, 734–6 land rights and, 66–72 Protestant Reformation. See also Counter- Martens on “external”, 930–9 Reformation Pufendorf on, 829–32 conscience theology and, 122 raison d’état in France and, 360–1 Dutch rebellion and, 280–1, 289–90, in Roman law, 102 318 royal authority and, 393–4 in France, 419–20 Schmauss on, 882–3 Gentili’s writing and, 249–51, 254–8 public war, 323–4 German enlightenment and, 878–80 Pufendorf, Samuel German state-science and, 799–800 academic career of, 822–3 resistance as theory of, 329–30 on balance of power, 836 Province of Jurisprudence Determined, The (Austin), on counselling, 834–5 676–9 eclecticism of, 819–23 prudence, theory of, 105–7, 667 on German constitution, 821–2 Aquinas on, 105–7 on German empire, 819–23, 852–4 Dominican theologians on, 136 Kant and, 908 Gentili on, 244–7 law of nations and, 832–6 Grotius on, 311–12 Leibniz’s attack on, 853–4 Hobbes on, 615–16, 618–19 moral entities of, 6, 828–9 Kant on, 913–15 on natural law and sovereign will, 829–32 Locke on, 636–7 on positive law, 831–2 Montesquieu on, 437–8 on raison d’état, 821–2 Prussia Rayneval and, 482 ascent of, 483–4 science of society and, 823–9 bureaucracy of, 837–8 on sociability, 819–29 European relations with, 869–70 on state of nature, 825–9 foreign policy in, 851 Thomasius and, 837–42 governance of, 797–800 Wolff and, 856–60 international challenges to, 901–4 puissance absolue, royal authority and, 354–5 military expansion by, 849–50, punishment 894–5 Bentham on, 679–82, 685–6 Napoleon and, 928–9 in Dominican theology, 125–6, 129–30 Renversement des alliances and, 896 Grotius on right of commonwealth Silesian loans case and, 645–6 concerning, 322–7, 338–9 universities in, 837 just war as, 201–6, 208–9, 244–6, 300–1, wars of liberation in, 925–6 307–8, 315–17 public authority Puritan theology ecclesiastical authority and, 325 Gentili and, 220–1, 249–54 Fénelon on, 406 North American colonies and, 730 in France, 356–7, 460–1 Pütter, Johann Stephen, 884, 887–8, 939–40, Grotius on, 319–22, 324–9, 332–5, 340 959–61 Loyseau on, 374–7 Pufendorf’s discussion of, 821–2 Qing dynasty, East India Company and, utilitarianism and, 679–82 777–83 Vattel on German law and, 865–9 quantity theory of money or value, 125n.35, public debt 195–8 British law and, 747–51 Quebec Grotius on, 313–17 as British royal colony, 734–6 Hume on, 660–4 French colonisation of, 512 public law. See also Droit public de l’Europe Quesnay, François, 447–54, 527–8 absolutism and, 412–13 Qu’est-ce que le tiers état? (What Is the Third common good and, 103–4 Estate?) (Sieyès), 421 in France, 354–7, 400–4 Quidort, Jean. See John of Paris French diplomacy and, 414–16 quod principi placuit,57–8, 98–9, 236–9

1097

Index

race and racism, historical legal scholarship recognition, Hegel’s concept of, 946–9 and, 12–13 recta intentio, just war and, 206–8 Ragion di Stato (Reason of State) (Botero), 272–9 Recueil de Traités (Martens), 931–2 Raimond, Julian, 539–40, 545–6 Reddie, James, 691–2, 938–9 Rainolds, John, 251–4 reflecting judgment, Kant’s concept of, raison d’état. See reason of state 912–15 Raleigh, Walter (Sir), 260–1, 709, 727–8 Réflexions sur la monarchie universelle ratione publicae utilitatis, 104–12 (Montesquieu), 436–41 ratio status. See reason of state Réflexions sur l’esclavage des nègres (Condorcet), 497 Raynal (Abbé), 489, 497–500, 532 Regales disputationes (Gentili), 236–9, 262–4, 271 Rayneval, Joseph-Mathias Gérard de, 481–7, Regentenbuch (Lauterbeck), 803–4 554–6, 876–7 regimen naturale Razilly, Isaac De, 501, 510–11 common good and, 99–102 reason Giles of Rome’s concept of, 22–4 Aquinas on, 81–2 tyranny and, 105–7 English common law and, 580–4, 595–6 regimen regale, 101–2 Gentili views on, 244, 249–51 regna/regnum Glafey on law of nations and, 854–6 civil law and, 44–6 Grotius on natural law and, 338–9, 344–5 common good and, 99–100 Kant on limits of, 904–8 as corporate personality, 102–7 Pufendorf on, 825–9 ecclesiastical authority and, 33–5 Rayneval’s natural law of, 481–7 as economic rulership, 59–61 Stoic idea of, 73–6 Giles of Rome on, 22–4, 59–61, 97–8 Wolff on, 856–60 independence of, 51–2 “reason and practice of states”. See state and ius gentium and, 84–8 statecraft John of Paris on, 111–14 Reason of State. See Ragion di Stato (Reason of law of nations and, 44 State) (Botero) legislation and, 55–6 reason of state (raison d’état, ratio status). See also medieval histories of, 83–8 state and statecraft Philip IV’s concept of, 22 Ammirato on, 278–9 private property and, 61, 71 Botero on, 274–9, 357–8 tyranny and, 105–7 Chemnitz on, 810–11 utility and needs of, 103–4 Clapmar on, 806–7 Regulating Act of 1773, 771–5 commerce and, 445–7, 699–700 Reichsabscheid of 1654, 812–13 Conring on, 813–15 Reinkingk, Dietrich (Theodore), 810–13 Droit public de l’Europe and, 10 Relazioni universali (Botero), 272–3 English Civil War and, 633–9 religion Fénelon and, 406 colonial expansion and, 167–9, 706–8, French statehood and, 357–62 735–6 German territorial rulers and, 804–5 Gentili on law and, 248–54, 262 Grotius’ critique of, 315–17, 319–22 German state-science and, 801–7 Hobbes and, 615–16 Grotius’ writings on, 287–9 ius gentium and, 212–14 as instrument of rule, 274–9 Jesuit embrace of, 136 politics and, 223–4, 228–9 law of nations and, 648–50, 832–6 raison d’état (reason of state) and, 357–62 Peace of Westphalia and, 811–15 Thomasius’ discussion of, 840–1 political communities and, 83–4 Remonstrants (Dutch Republic), 287–9, 622–3 probabilism and, 120–1 Renversement des alliances, 896 Pufendorf’s discussion of, 821–2, 832–6 republicanism Rayneval on, 485–7 D’Aguesseau and, 406–8 Richelieu’s concept of, 377–84 economic governance and, 196–7 Smith and, 674 idéologues on, 479–80 Recht der Vernunfft (Glafey), 854–6 Kant and, 908, 912–15, 917 Rechtsgelahrheit, 878–80 Montesquieu on, 437–8 Rechtslehre (Doctrine of Law) (Kant), 904, royal authority and, 196–7, 237–8n.127 909–10, 912–18 science sociale and, 480–1

1098

Index

Spanish theologians and, 174–81 Rochefoucauld, François de la, 535–6 Vázquez de Menchaca and, 196–7 Roederer, Pierre-Louis, 475–80 Requerimiento, 6, 160 Rohan, Henri de (Duke of Rohan), 361–2, rescripts (royal administrative decisions) 411–12 civil law and, 108–9 Röhmer, Friedrich, 965n.24 property law and, 58, 107 Roissey, Urbain de, 512–14 res nullius Roman civil law, development of, 41–2 colonial expansion and, 713–14, 716–20, Roman empire. See also German–Roman 719–20n.97 Empire French colonial expansion and, 506–8 Conring on, 813–15 restoration diplomacy, Martens on, Gentili on, 264–7 929–30 medieval accounts of, 87–8 revenue sources, kingship and, 62–4 Montesquieu on, 436–41 Révigny, Jacques de (Jacopo Ravanni), 46–8, Roman law 71, 102 colonial expansion claims and, 712–14 on ius gentium,92–3 Gentili on, 241–2, 257–8, 264–7 on kingship and law, 104–5, 108–9 in Germany, 809, 813–15 Revolution of 1688 (England), 632–3, 640–3, ius gentium in, 73–6 746–7 ius naturae et gentium and, 117–18 Rex superiorem non recognescens,28–9, 45–6 just war theory and, 260–1 Rhode Island, charter established for, 735–6, land rights and, 66–72 738–9 legists’ reliance on, 39 Richelieu (Cardinal) (Jean-Armand du Plessis) public vs private law in, 102 colonialism and, 500–8, 512–14, 552–3 royal authority and, 40–1, 48–50, commerce under, 384–91 114–16 Grotius and, 349–51, 412–13 Zouche’s exposition of, 577–9 Loyseau and, 374–7 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Montmorency and, 509 on absolutism, 421 Nouvelle France and, 508–12 on human nature and self-love, 434–6 on raison d’état (reason of state), 357–62 on natural law, 419–20 Saint-Pierre and, 423 on perfectibility, 441 on security and dynastic rights, 391–400 Rayneval and, 481–7 on statehood, 351–9, 377–84, 412–13 on Saint-Pierre, 422–3, 431–2 on treaties, 391–400 on slavery, 493–4 on wars, 396–8 statehood critiqued by, 434–6, 489 Ridley, Thomas (Sir), 580 on war and statehood, 431–4 right intention (right authority), just war theory on will, 421, 455–7, 460–1, 552–3 and, 201–4 Royal Africa Company, 628–9, 723, 760–3 rights. See also dominium; land rights; private royal authority. See also divine kingship property; property law; subjective rights ideology; kingship; sovereign will absence in Thermidor constitution of, 475 Bentham on, 683–4 Burke’s discourse on, 561–4 Bodin’s categories of, 371n.110 Condorcet on, 477–80 Botero on state and role of, 276–8 governance and, 181–98 British colonial expansion and, 730 Grotius on, 286–7, 306–11 civil law and, 108–9 Kant on, 910–11 civil power and, 176–80 Las Casas on, 180–1 common good and, 99–100, 105–7 natural rights and legal order, Sieyès on, crown vs settler disputes over colonies and, 455–7 741–4 of pagans and inﬁdels, 163–4, 181–2 economic context for, 59–65 royal prerogative vs, 607 empire ideology and, 114–16 Salamanca scholars on, 181–98 English law and, 562–4 of slaves, Code Noir regulation of, 532–4 feudalism and, 52–9 of vassals, 53, 55–6, 66–72, 104–5, 108–9 Fortescue’s corpus mysticum and, 565–7 Roberval, Sieur de, 501–8 French colonialism and, 527–8 Robespierre, Maximilien, 459n.215, 461–3, French state and, 351–7 470–1, 542–5, 552–3 general legislation and, 55–6

1099

Index

royal authority. (cont.) Union européenne proposal, 424–6 Gentili on, 236–9, 268–9, 277n.335 on universal fraternity, 468–70 governance and, 369–71 Saint-Prest, Yves de, 414–16 Hobbes on, 617 Saint-Victor, Jean de, 87–8 imperial status and, 43–4 Saisset, Bertrand, 26–8 John of Paris on, 111–14 Salamanca school just cause and, 109–11 Aquinas’ influence on, 141–2 justice and dominium in context of, civil power and, 176–8 152–5 on commerce, 188–9, 194 just war and, 201–4 on commutative justice, 184–5 kingship as religious office and, 35–9 conquista criticised by, 163–70 land rights and, 66–72 on conscience and confession, 118–30, law and, 958–9 210–11 legists’ interpretation of, 48–9 credit policy and, 191–2 Montesquieu on, 436–41 dominium concept, centrality of, 148–55, papal challenge to, 19–25 174–81, 210–11 Philip IV’s consolidation of, 40–51 on economics and commerce, 182–3, political role of church and, 119–20 197–8 property law and, 39, 107–11 Gentili and, 266–7 property rights and, 88–107 influence on policy of, 136–8 Rayneval on public law and, 482n.312 ius gentium and, 130–8, 141–2, 144–8 republican ideals and, 196–7 ius naturae et gentium and, 117–18 Salamanca school on, 136–8, 142–3 law concept in, 138–43 sovereignty and, 365–9 legalism of, 122–4 temporal justice and, 41–2 on liberty, 175–6 theological view of, 33–5 on monetary policies, 192–5 Unam sanctam bull as challenge to, 28–30 nominalism and influence of, 121–2, 127–8, universal jurisprudence and, 362–5 131–2, 144–5 war and, 208–10, 378–9 participants in, 135–6 royal colonies, 734–6 penance sacrament and, 128–30 royal commission, grants of, 728–9, 738–9 on private property, 126–7, 183–5 Royal Exchange (England), 573–4 on private rights, 181–98 Royal Fishery Council (1661) (England), 628–9 royal authority and, 136–8, 142–3 royal prerogative. See prerogative subjective theory of value and, 189 royal sacrament, 36–7 universal dominion rejected by, 170–3 Rufinus, 90–1 warfare and, 198–200 rule of law Salas, Juan de, 136 British foreign policy and, 783–94 Salazar, Domingo de, 169–70 Chinese–British relations and, 783–94 Sallust, 224–5 Grotius on, 280–4, 333, 343–5 salus populi principle, 610–11, 615–16, 834–5 Vattel’s discussion of, 862–4 Saalfeld, Friedrich, 938 salut de l’Etat, French view of war and, 471–3 Saavedra Fajardo, Diego, 120 Sandys, Edwin (Sir), 709–12 Saint-Domingue. See also Haitian Revolution Sandys, Thomas, 600–3 civil war in, 548–50 Sandys v. East India Company (1684–5), 599–600, French colonisation of, 520–6, 530–4 765–7 National Assembly debates on, 540–7 Santa Catarina affair (1604), 299–302, 318–19, restoration of slavery in, 556–8 322–4 slave revolt in, 534–47 Schlözer, August Ludwig, 902, 919, 924–6, Saint-Méry, Moreau de, 545–6 939–40, 949–51 Saint-Pierre, Abbé de (Charles Irenée Castel) Schmalz, Theodore von, 938 on colonies, 425, 431 Schmauss, Johann Jacob, 880–3, 949–51 on French absolutism, 421–3 Schmelzing, Julius, 938 on political science and rule of law, scholasticism, Grotius and, 284–7 422–8 science. See also social science; state-science Rousseau and, 431–4 Achenwall’s division of, 890–1 science sociale of, 476–7 Condorcet and Sieyès on, 477–80

1100

Index

German state-science and, 801–7, 813–15, Seyssel, Claude de, 362–5 884, 890–1 Shaftesbury, Earl of, 760–1 Hobbes on, 612, 616–20 Shelburne, Earl of, 674–6 Hume and, 660–4 Ship-money case (1637), 607–13 as legislator, 682–7 Sidney, Henry (Sir), 256–7 Physiocrats on, 451–4 Sidney, Philip (Sir), 218–20, 255–6, 571–3 as policey, 896–901, 962–4 Siete partidas (Castilian code), 120, 155–6, 955 Pufendorf on society and, 823–9 Sieyès, Emmanuel J. (Abbé) Saint-Pierre on, 421–2 constitutional reform and, 475–80 Smith on jurisprudence as, 665–7 on general will and sovereignty, 460–1, Scott, William (Lord Stowell), 656 924–6 Scottish enlightenment, 477–80 Kant and, 902–3 natural law and, 657 on natural rights and “modern liberty”, Seckendorff, Veit Ludwig von, 817–18 455–7 Second Anglo-Dutch War (1664), 643–6 social science and, 476–7, 480–1 Second Dutch War (1665–7), 628–9 Société de 1789 and, 478 Secunda secundae (Summa Theologiae), 143–4 on Third Estate, 421 on economic justice, 184–5 Sigebert de Gembloux, 85–6 justice as social virtue and, 138–44, 149–50 Silesian loans case, 645–6 Vitoria’s commentary on, 138–43, 164–6 silver imports, from Indies, 194–5 security Siraj-ud-Daula (Nawab of Bengal), 768 in Justi, 892–3 Sketch for the History of Human Progress Richelieu on, 391–400 (Condorcet), 476–7 state and role of, 856–60 slavery seigneurial jurisdictions of American Indians, 155–63 Compagnie de Nouvelle-France and, 510–11 British colonial expansion and, 758–64 French statehood and, 353 Code Noir (France) and regulation of, National Assembly abolition of, 457–63 532–4 Selden, John, 622–3, 625–7 Covarrubias on, 125–7 self-defence Declaration of August 1789 and, 461–3, Gentili on, 222 554–6 Grotius on, 314–15 dominium and justice in context of, 152–5 just war and, 471–3 English colonies and, 761–4 Pufendorf on, 835–6 in French Caribbean colonies, 10, 490–1, Spanish scholastics on, 199–204 512–14, 531–4 self-determination French eighteenth-century attitudes about, of British colonists, 747–51 552–6 French Revolutionary assembly and, Grotius on, 299, 328–9 464–5 Mably on, 488–91 and German nationhood, 922–3 Montesquieu on, 492–3 self-improvement, Locke on virtues of, 725–6 Napoleon’s attempted re-establishment of, self-interest 552–6 Domat on, 400–2 natural slavery theory and, 155, 162n.230, Grotius on, 291–2, 301–2 163–4 Pufendorf on, 825–9 Peace of Utrecht and, 409 Smith on, 667–71 philosophes and, 491–500 Seneca, 68, 228, 241, 315 property and sovereignty and, 498–500 Sentences (Lombard), 32–3 Rayneval on, 485–7 Sepúlveda, Juan Gines de, 162–3 revolt in Saint-Domingue, 534–47 serfdom, 70n.249, 491–2. See also feudalism Rousseau on, 493–4 settler colonialism. See colonialism Salamancan scholars’ reaction to, Seven Years’ War (1756–63), 444–5, 643–7 158–60 English–Native American alliances during, serfdom and, 491–2 742–3 in South Carolina, 760–1 European collective security system and, Spanish debates on, 120 860–5 theology and, 151–2 transatlantic trade expansion and, 747–51 Vitoria on, 126n.44

1101

Index

Smith, Adam, 7 on natural law, 140–1 on commercial society, 668–70 on papal authority, 171 on diplomacy, war and empire, 671–4 on private property, 154–5, 184 on empire and freedom, 672–3 on secular and divine power, 142–3 four-stages theory of, 668–70 on war, 198–202 on French Revolution, 664–7 Sotomayor, Pedro de, 135–6 in Germany, 919 South Carolina, slave code of, 760–1 on jurisprudence, 664–7 South Sea Company, 524 on natural law, 664–7 sovereignty on opinion, 676–7 absolute, 236–9 on private and public law, 669 Bodin on tyranny vs, 365–9 on unity of morality, law and commerce, Botero on, 273–4 667–71 colonial settlers’ assertion of, 751–4 Smith, Thomas (Sir) Domat on, 400–3 English law and economy and, 569–74 of East India Company, 599–600, 768–72 Gentili and, 217 ecclesiastical authority and, 325 Irish colonisation and, 256–7, 727–8 French Revolution and transfer of, 460–1 North American colonial expansion and, 709 German empire and, 807–11, 853–4 sociability government and, 350–1, 369–71 commerce and, 445–7 Grotius on, 317–32, 336 Grotius’ concept of, 281–3, 303–6, 326–7 legislative powers and, 56–9 Hume on, 657–60 Loyseau on, 374–7 Justi on, 893–4 as moral ignorance, 234–6 Kant on, 912–15 Peace of Westphalia and, 811–15 Pufendorf on, 819–29 Pufendorf on, 829–32 social contract punishment and, 322–4 Bentham on, 683–4 raison d’état and, 360–1 English state and, 607–8 Sieyès on, 460–1, 924–6 Hume’s denial of, 659 slavery and, 498–500 Locke on, 636–7 Vattel’s discussion of, 860–5 Rousseau’s theory of, 431–2, 435–6, 493–4 will and, 327–8 Smith on, 668–70 Spain social science conquest of Indies by, 155–63 emergence of, 421 Dutch rebellion and, 287–9, 318 Montesquieu’s philosophy and, 440–1 English war with, 221–8, 255–6, 589–90 Social Contract, The (Rousseau), 431–2, 435–6, Haitian Revolution and, 556–8 493–4 Spanish colonialism. See also colonial expansion Société de 1789, 477 dominium and, 155–63 Société des amis des noirs, 534–40, 547–53 economic impact of, 182 Soderini, Pagolantonio, 212–14 English challenge to, 702–5, 712–14 solemn public war (bellum solenne), Grotius’ French resistance to, 501–3 concept of, 313–17 Gentili on, 258–64, 266–7 Somerset’s case (1772), 761–2 justiﬁcation and critique of, 170–3 Songe du Vergier, 86–7 just war theory and, 204–6 Sonthonax, Léger-Félicité, 539–52 Salamanca school reaction to, 163–70, Sorbonne, slavery and counsel of conscience at, 181–98 495–6 trading monopolies and, 187–8 Soto, Domingo de, 119–20 Spanish Inquisition on American Indian slavery, 163–4 political power of, 211 on civil power, 175n.299, 180–1 reform of, 271–2 on commerce, 184–5 Salamanca school and, 136–8 on conquest of Indies, 163–70 Speculum (Vincent of Beauvais), 44–5 on justice as dominium, 143–4, 148–55 Speculum iuris (Durand), 54–5 on just price, 194–5 spiritual power, temporal power and, 28–9, on just war, 167–9 35–9, 172–3, 176 on law and theology, 131–2 Staatswirtschaft (Justi), 896–901 legal scholarship of, 133 Stamp Act (1764), 751–2

1102

Index

Staper, Richard, 588 ius gentium and, 73–4 state and statecraft. See also government; raison statecraft and, 228–9 d’état (reason of state); sovereignty Story, Joseph, 696–8 Achenwall’s state-wisdom concept, Strachey, William, 705–6 884–91 Suárez, Francisco, 135–6, 285, 297–9, 577–9 Bentham on, 683 subjective rights. See also rights Botero on, 274–9 Grotius’ discussion of, 308–10 Colbert on, 515–20 subjective theory of value (Vitoria), 189 commerce and, 332–4, 430, 444–7 Sublimis Deus papal bull (Pope Paul III), Counter-Reformation statehood, 271–9 163–4 Dutch rebellion and, 322–4 Sugar Act, 753 in Dutch Republic, 287–9, 318–19, 330–2 sugar trade in England, 562–4, 573–8, 585–98, 607–8 French colonisation and, 530–4 external relations and, 372–4 slavery and, 520–6, 757–64 Fichte on, 924–6 Suleiman, Sultan, 588–92 Fortescue on, 565–7 Sully, Duc de, 381–2, 386–7, 424n.31 in France, 351–62, 412–13, 457–63 Suma de tratos y contratos (Mercado), 190–1 Gentili’s discussion of, 223–8, 268–71 Summary of Colonial Laws (Clark), 698 German enlightenment and, 878–80 Summa theologiae (Aquinas), 78–83 Grotius on, 296–7, 326–7 ius naturae et gentium in, 117–18 Guicciardini on, 212–14 Soto and, 133 Hegel on freedom and, 942–6 Vitoria and, 131–2, 138–43 Hobbes on, 613–16 Summenhart, Konrad, 149–50, 153–4 Hume on commerce and, 660–4 Super Petri solis (papal bull), 20n.2 idéologues on, 479–80 Supino, Rinaldo da, 19 imperial statecraft, Gentili’s discussion of, supreme State, Wolff’s concept of, 858–60 254–8 suzerainty ius gentium and history of, 24–5 British in India and, 775–7 Kant on, 912–15 German territories under, 393–4 law as tool for machinery of, 842–8 Loyseau’s public vs private power and, Locke on, 633–9 376 Loyseau on, 374–7 sympathy, Scottish Enlightenment concept of, Machiavelli on, 224–6 477–80 Martens on, 933–9 Physiocrats on, 448–9 Tableau économique (Quesnay), 449–50 Pufendorf on, 821–2, 829–32 Tacitus, 224–5, 228–9, 272–3, 806–7 Richelieu’s concept of, 351–7, 377–84 Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de, Rousseau on, 431–6 478–9, 548, 554–6 Schmauss on, 880–3 taxation state-science and, 797–800 Bodin on, 367, 372–3 Utopian view of, 567–9 common good as grounds for, 99–102 Vattel on, 860–5 in Dutch Republic, 324 war and, 378–9, 431–4 East India Company, collection of, Wolff on, 856–60 768–72 state-science in France, 355n.21, 379–84, 399–400 Achenwall and, 885–6, 890–1 John of Paris on, 113–14 Frederick II’s discussion of, 797–800 royal revenues and, 61, 62–4 German enlightenment and, 878–80 Saint-Pierre’s advocacy for, 422n.19, rise of, 801–7 422n.20 society and, 960–4 transatlantic trade expansion and, 747–51 States of Holland. See Dutch Republic venality and, 380–4 Stein, Lorenz von, 960–4 war and, 378–9 Stephen, James (Sir), 698, 786–8 tax farmers, French system of, 380–4 Steuart, James, 650–1 Temple, Henry John (Viscount Palmerston), Stoic philosophy 777–84, 786–7 adiaphora in, 89–90 property rights and policies of, 790–4 Grotius and, 303–4, 310–11, 332n.286 Temple, William (Sir), 640–1

1103

Index

temporal power Dutch–English conﬂict over, 627–30 canonist doctrine concerning, 41–2 English law and, 592–8, 648–56 Giles of Rome and, 31–5 English monopoly corporations and, political communities and, 176 586–8 spiritual authority vs, 28–9, 35–9, 172–3 Grotius on, 333–4 Tencin, Pierre Guérin de (Cardinal), 417–18 Haitian Revolution impact on, 556–8 terra nullius, 506–8, 719–20n.97 Hume on, 658–64 territorial princes just war and protection of, 222–3 and German enlightenment, 878–80 law of nations (Sandys case) and, 600–3 German law and role of, 807–11, 840–1 Locke’s interest in, 723–6 Landeshoheit of, 804–5 Malynes on, 595–6 Testament politique (Richelieu), 349–50, 357, Martens on, 937–9 388–9 Melon on, 429–30 colonialism and, 500–8 Mercado on, 190–1 Teutsche Fürsten-Staat (Seckendorff ), 817–18 Misselden on, 594–6 Teutsches Staatsrecht, 884 Physiocrat advocacy for, 449–50 theft, Azpilcueta’s discussion of, 145–6 Pownall on, 754–6 theology. See also canon law; ecclesiastical Richelieu and, 384–91 authority; religion Saint-Pierre on European peace and, 423–4, dominium and, 150–1 426–7 Gentili on law and, 248–54 Salamanca school on, 181–98 Grotius on law and, 297–9 Smith on expansion of, 673–9 just war and, 234–6 Traicté de l’économie politique (Montchrétien), Thomasius on, 837 385–7 Vitoria and, 131–2 Traitez touchant les droits du Roy Très-Chrétien sur Theory and Practice (Kant), 902–3 plusieurs Estats et Seigneuries (Dupuy), Theory of Moral Sentiments (Smith), 665–71 395–6 Thermidorean Constitution Year III, translatio imperii, German empire ideology and, 459n.215, 461–3, 473–6 810–11 Third Dutch War (1672–4), 630–3 treaties Third Estate Bentham on, 680–1 National Assembly formation and, 457–63 Bodin on binding force of, 372–4 Sieyès’ support for, 455–7 commercial treaties, 651–2 Thirty Years’ War, 307, 380, 392–3, 607 encyclopédists on, 443–4 Thomasius, Christian, 837–42, 845–8, 852–6, French post-Revolution diplomacy and, 878–80, 909 480–1, 483–4 academic career, 837–8 in Hume, 658–9 on history, 839–41 Physiocrats on, 448–9 honestum/decorum/iustum distinction, 838–9 Pufendorf on, 834–5 Thucydides, 612 Rayneval on, 482 Tierney, Brian, 91 Richelieu’s assecuratio pacis and, 391–2 Tilly, Charles, 378–9, 563–4 Schmauss on, 878–80 tobacco production, slavery and, 757–64 Vattel on, 866–7 Toledo, Francisco de, 205–6 Ward on, 689–90 Torcy, Colbert de, 409, 414–16 Treatise of Law (Aquinas), 142–3 Toussaint Louverture Treatise on Human Nature, A (Hume), 657–60 constitution and, 547–52 Treatise on Justice (Vitoria), 139–40 as revolutionary leader, 541–7 Treatise on Law (Vitoria), 138–43 as Spanish troup commander, 539–40 Treatise on the Law of Commerce (Chitty), Townshend Duties, 753 695–6 Tractatus de legibus (Salas), 136 Treaty of Alcaçovas and Toledo (1479–80), trade. See also free trade agreements 155–6 Bodin’s discussion of, 372–3 Treaty of Basel (1795), 874, 927 British and Chinese expansion of, 777–83 Treaty of Friendship Peace and Commerce of British imperialism and, 588–92, 688–9, 1858 (Treaty of Tienjin), 781–3 747–51 Treaty of Madrid (1526), 133–4 credit policy in Spain and, 191–2 Treaty of Münster (1648), 464–5

1104

Index

Treaty of Nonsuch (1585), 318n.202 Locke on, 633–9 Treaty of Paris (1814), 553–4 political economy and, 682–7 Treaty of Pyrenees (1659), 392–5 trade laws and, 600–3 Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), 156 universal monarchy (Dominus mundi) Treaty of Utrecht (1579), 294–5, 318 Dutch pursuit of, 629–30 Treaty of Utrecht (1713) French pursuit of, 395–8, 468–73 England and, 643 Gundling on, 850–1 French colonial expansion and, 524, 531–4 Justi’s support of, 894–5 governance and sovereignty and, 350–1 Peace of Utrecht and, 410–12 Saint-Pierre and, 423 usury universal monarchy and, 409–12 Azpilcueta on, 122–4 Treaty of Vervins (1598), 352 Boniface on, 35–9 Treaty of Westphalia (1648). See Peace of Grotius on, 342–3 Westphalia Italian bankers and, 64–5 Tridentine council (1545–63), 129–30 Salamanca scholars on, 192–4 Triquet v. Bath, 655–6, 694 utilitarianism Tromp, Admiral van, 628 in Aquinas, 79 True Declaration of the Colonie of Virginia, A,739–41 Bentham on, 679–87 Tucker, Josiah, 650–1 Blackstone’s view , 648–50 Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, 454, 497 commerce based on, 186, 195–6 Turkey. See also Levant Company Hume on law and, 658–9 English trade with, 588–92 philosophes and, 441–4 Twiss, Travers, 692–3 Utopian view of, 567–9 Two Treatises of Government (Locke), 633–9, Vattel on, 867–9 723–6, 760–1 utilitas publica,44–5, 99–102, 104–12, 354–5 tyranny Utopia (More), 567–9, 702–5 Aquinas and Giles of Rome on, 105–7 Azpilcueta on, 122–4 vassalage Bodin on, 365–9 limits of royal power with, 108–9 in East India Company, 768–72 monetary payments to king by, 63–4 Gentili on defences against, 262–4, 271–2 Philip IV’s wars with, 61–2 Grotius on, 322–4 property rights of, 66–72 Salamanca scholars on, 118–30, 174–81 public utility principle and rights of, 104–5 Vattel, Emer de Ulpian, 74, 102, 143–4 on balance of power, 865–9 Unam sanctam (Boniface), 28–30 on colonisation, 711–12 Giles of Rome and, 31–5 English law and, 689, 695–6 Unigentus, 399–400, 401n.265 on European system, 860–5 Union européenne, Saint-Pierre’s proposal for, on just war, 864–5 424–6 Kant’s criticism of, 875–7, 904 United East India Company, 767–8 Rayneval and, 482 United Provinces. See Dutch Republic on salus populi, 862–4 United States on society of nations, 681–5 French post-revolutionary diplomacy and, on voluntary law, 864–5 485–7 Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis de Haitian Revolution and, 556–8 (Marshal), 398–400, 409–10 post-independence commerce and trade in, Vázquez de Menchaca, Fernando, 135–6 754–6 on commerce, 195–6 post-Revolution France and, 548–50 Grotius and, 314–15 Universal Chronicle (Sigebert de Gembloux), 85–6 republican ideology and, 178–9, 196–7 universal law on subjective rights, 180 Bodin’s concept of, 362–5 venality Conring on, 813–15 abolition of, 421, 455–7, 458n.208, 460–3 English navigation laws and, 643–6 French maritime commerce and, 384 Fénelon on, 405–6 practice in France of, 380–4 Kant on, 873–5, 904–8 public authority and, 375–6 legal scholarship on, 696–8 Saint-Pierre’s attack on, 422–3

1105

Index

Ventadour, Henri de Lévis, Duke of, 505–6 on travel and trade, 186 Veracruz, Alonso de, 169–70 on usury, 192–4 Vernunfft- und Völcker-Recht (Glafey), 854–6 on war, 198–202 vice-admiralty courts, British colonial Vives, Juan Luis, 131–2 expansion and, 746–7 Voegelin, Eric, 32n.55 Villey, Michel, 332–3 Volney, Constantin, 463–4 Vincent of Beauvais, 44–5 Voltaire, 419–20, 428–30 Vindiciae contra Tyrannos (Languet & Duplessis- colonialism and, 552–3 Mornay), 218–20 slavery and, 491–2, 495–6 Vio Cajetan, Tommaso de, 121–2 voluntary law Virginia Company. See also Jamestown colony Achenwall on, 888–9 charter of, 702, 728–9 Glafey on, 854–6 Coke and, 582–4 Vattel’s concept of, 7, 864–5, 869–72 commercial goals of, 260–1 Vorstellung seiner Universalhistorie (Schlözer), Donne’s address to, 700–2 949–51 English foreign policy and, 573–4 ﬁnancial problems of, 709–12 Walsingham, Francis (Sir), 216–21, 255–6 formation of, 709 war. See also just war Indigenous land appropriation by, 739–41 Bodin’s discussion of, 373 land grants to, 737 costs in France of, 381–2 virtue dominium and, 198–210 Aquinas on, 80–1, 83–4, 94–5, 105–7 Dutch–English wars, 244–6, 280–4, Christianity and, 72–3 318n.202, 628–33 Gentili on, 264–7 dynastic legality and, 394–5 Giles of Rome on, 101–2 French colonies seized during, 553–4 Grotius on, 305, 309n.148, 315–17 French post-Revolution diplomacy and, 483–4 ius gentium as, 81–2, 143–4 French Revolution and, 463–75 justice as, 129–30, 143–4 French state and, 378–9 statecraft and, 226–7, 246–7 Gentili on just causes of, 224–5, 228–36, Vitoria, Francisco de, 122–4 258–64 on civil power, 148n.157, 174–8 Grotius on, 303–6 on commerce, 183n.351, 183–5, 187 Gundling on, 848–51 on conscience and confession, 210–11, Hegel on, 947–9 953–4 Hobbes on, 615–16 on divine law, 124–5 Justi on, 894–5 on dominium and justice, 148–55 Kant’s discussion of, 912–18 on emperor as Dominus mundi, 171–2 la gloire and, 393–4 Grotius and, 314–15, 333–4, 336–7 Martens on law and, 935 on Indies conquest, 163–70 military scholarship on, 200–1 on ius gentium, 131–2, 146–8 Pufendorf on, 835–6 on just cause, 202–3 Rousseau on, 431–4 on justice, 143–4, 146–8 Smith on, 671–4 on just price, 188–9 solemn public war (bellum solenne), 313–17 on just war, 144–5, 201–6 Utopian view of, 567–9 legal education and scholarship of, 131–2 Vattel on, 865, 869–72 on Mexican Indian conversions, 167–9 Wolff on, 859 nationalist cult of, 167 Ward, Robert Plumer, 689–91, 695–6 on natural law, 144–8 War of the Austrian Succession (1740), 851–2, on papal authority, 171 861 relectiones theologicae of, 117–18 War of the Polish Succession (1733–8), 428–9 on royal authority, 180–1 War of the Spanish Succession (1701–13), on sacrament of penance, 118–19, 129–30 356–7, 404–5 Salamanca school and, 135–6 Warwick, Earl of, 762–3 on secular and divine power, 142–3 Washington, George, 742–3, 764–5n.325 on slavery, 126n.44 wealth. See also currency; monetary policies subjective theory of value, 189 Bentham on, 685–6 theological development of, 121–2 colonial expansion linked to, 708–12

1106

Index

Hume on state and, 660–4 William III (King of England). See William of Justi on power and, 895–6, 899–901 Orange of kings, 59–61 William of Orange, 289–90, 404–5, 631, Locke on, 638–9 746–7 Smith on, 664–7 Williams, Roger, 720–1 Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 664–7, 670–1 Winthrop, John, 706–8, 720–1 Weigel, Erhard, 824 Wiseman, Robert (Sir), 575–7 welfare Wolfe, John, 215 as object of statehood, 856–60 Wolff, Christian Hegel on, 957–8 Achenwall and, 886–7 Justi on, 892–3 German state-science and, 799–800, Kant on, 904–8 816–17, 856–60 Vattel on, 862–9 Kant and, 906–7 Wolff on, 856–60 policy-science and, 896–901 Wellesley, Richard (Governor-General), Schmauss’ critique of, 880–3 775 on Supreme State (Civitas Maxima), Welwod, William, 625 904–8 West India Company (WIC) (Dutch), 762–3 women, historical legal scholarship and Wheaton, Henry, 938–9 absence of, 12–13 Wheeler, John, 585 whiteness, historical legal scholarship and, 12–13 Yardley, George, 710 Wicquefort, Abraham de, 414–15 Wilberforce (Lord), 776 zamindars (Indian local landowners), 775–7 Wildman, Richard, 691, 693–4 Zouche, Richard, 577–80 William and Mary (England), 631–3, 746–7 Zumárraga, Juan de, 168

1107