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Field Detection of Drugs and Explosives by SPME-IMS

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Field Detection of Drugs and Explosives by SPME-IMS The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Field Detection of Drugs and Explosives by SPME-IMS Author: Jose Almirall, Patty Diaz-Guerra, Howard Holness, Kenneth Furton Document No.: 237837 Date Received: February 2012 Award Number: 2006-DN-BX-K027 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 1 Field Detection of Drugs and Explosives by SPME-IMS Award No: 2006‐DN‐BX‐K027 FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT Jose Almirall, Patty Diaz-Guerra, Howard Holness and Kenneth Furton Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute Florida International University Contact: Jose Almirall, Professor and Director Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street, OE116 Miami, FL 33199 (305) 348-3917 tel (305) 348-4485 fax [email protected] Almirall, Diaz-Guerra, Holness and Furton Final Technical Report: 2006-DN-BX-K027 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 2 Abstract The overall objective of this effort was to develop and validate the use of field portable instrumentation for the rapid detection and identification of controlled substances and explosives in a large volume such as a room or a container in a non-intrusive manner. The project was divided into several tasks: 1. Continue to develop the analytical methodology for the isolation and identification of the volatile target compounds that are characteristic of drugs of abuse through the use of GC-MS. 2. Design, construct and evaluate a second-generation SPME interface to an Ion Mobility Spectrometer (IMS) for the detection of volatile drug compounds in the headspace of a sample and determine the utility of the SPME/IMS system for the detection of drugs in the field. 3. Enhance the existing laboratory detection of these compounds with extraction and pre- concentration using SPME as part of a comprehensive strategy for the sampling, pre- concentration, and the analysis of these target compounds using SPME/IMS in the field. A disk-based planar SPME geometry was used to improve the extraction process and the coupling of the device to existing commercial off the shelf (COTS) IMS instruments. 4. Develop an inexpensive system for the calibration of the SPME-IMS instruments by further evaluating permeation bags already used for canine training aids. 5. Evaluate the use of a commercial IMS coupled to a mass spectrometer to unambiguiously identify the analytes of interest separated by the IMS. The research groups led by the PIs (Almirall and Furton) have successfully described the volatile and semi-volatile chemical compounds that are characteristic of several drugs of abuse and chemical explosives in order to assist the design and application of canine detection training aids. The PIs have successfully developed pre-concentration and sampling devices based on Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) for the capture of extremely small quantities of the volatile compounds (on the order of ng) for subsequent detection using IMS using an in-house developed interface (U.S. Patent Application 20090084201, Almirall, Perr and Guerra, 2009) and a company that distributes explosives detection kits to first responders (Field Forensics Inc. in Clearwater, FL) has Almirall, Diaz-Guerra, Holness and Furton Final Technical Report: 2006-DN-BX-K027 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 3 licensed the PSPME technology developed through this work and will begin to market and sell a commercial version of the technology in late 2011. The sampling and concentration of volatile signatures from a variety of drugs including Cocaine, Cannabis and MDMA and explosives including military explosives and smokeless powders (propellants) was reported in eleven (11) peer-reviewed publications and presented in 33 oral presentations. In addition, a workshop for first responders is planned for Sept. 2011 in Florida to raise awareness amongst the first responders on the use of sampling and detection of drugs and explosives using PSPME-IMS in the field. The existing large installed base of 15,000 IMS instruments make this technology viable as a crime scene detection tool and the already proven use of detection canine teams also makes this approach a viable alternative to other instrumental detectors. It is also now possible to use miniaturized IMS instruments in the field or at the crime scene and hence the knowledge gained from the proposed research can better assist future applications of field-portable IMS systems for drugs and explosives detection. The product from the completed research effort will advance the detection of drugs and explosives by both instrumental and canine methods of detection. ________________________________________________________________________ Almirall, Diaz-Guerra, Holness and Furton Final Technical Report: 2006-DN-BX-K027 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 4 Table of Contents CHAPTER PAGE Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 2 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .............................................................. 20 Security Concerns ......................................................................................................... 20 Explosives ....................................................................................................................... 2 Illicit Drugs ..................................................................................................................... 5 Research Approach in Response to Current Needs ...................................................... 6 Project Goals and Hypotheses ....................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2 EXPLOSIVES AND ILLICIT DRUGS ........................................................... 9 Chemistry of Explosives ................................................................................................. 9 Propellants .................................................................................................................... 10 Military Explosives ....................................................................................................... 12 Chemistry of Illicit Drugs ............................................................................................. 14 Cocaine ......................................................................................................................... 15 Marijuana ..................................................................................................................... 16 MDMA .......................................................................................................................... 18 Field Analysis of Explosives and Illicit Drugs ............................................................ 19 Biological Detection ..................................................................................................... 20 Chemical Detection ...................................................................................................... 21 Chapter 3 VOLATILE CHEMICAL SIGNATURES ..................................................... 23 Definition of Volatile Chemical Signatures ................................................................ 23 Volatile Chemical Signatures of Explosives ................................................................ 24 Almirall, Diaz-Guerra, Holness and Furton Final Technical Report: 2006-DN-BX-K027 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 5 Volatile Chemical Signatures of Drugs ......................................................................
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