Index of Subjects

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13537-6 — Dinosaurs 3rd Edition Index More Information

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

acetabulum, 65 career highlights of, 404 Brown, Barnum, 394–395 acromial process, 254 and competitive superiority of Brusatte, Stephen, 111, 150, 406–407 adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 331 endothermy, 365 Butler, Richard J., 406–408 aerobic metabolism, 331 and concept of birds as dinosaurs, akinetic movement, 307 394–395 cannibalism, 132 allometry, 339 Dinosaur Heresies (book), 374 Carnian Stage, 96–98 Alvarez, Walter, 414–415, 442 and endothermic metabolism in carpals, 65 amnion, 69 dinosaurs, 333–334 Carpenter, Ken, 250 Amniota, 69–70, 424 and predator/prey biomass ratios, carpometacarpus, 192 anaerobic metabolism, 331 335–337 Carrano, Matthew, T., 406–407 analogous structures, 45 Barrett, Paul, 407–408 Carrier, D. R., 77 anapsid condition, 70 Barrick, R., 347–348 cellular respiration, 331 Andrews, Roy Chapman, 382–383, 387 basal archosaurs, 84 Central Asiatic Expeditions, 382–383 angiosperms, 257, 370–372, 374 basal avialans, 446, see Archaeopteryx centrum, 63 Ankylosauria bennettitaleans, 366, 371 Ceratopsia brain size of, 257 benthic, 425 brain size of, 290 defense adapations of, 254, 257–259 Benton, M. J., 179, 357, 366 and completeness of fossil record, description of, 251–254 biosphere, 2 361 global distribution of, 254 biostratigraphy, 26, 30 evolution of, 292–297 mastication and diet of, 254–257 birds global distribution of, 279 monophyly of, 261 diagnostic features of, 190–193 locomotion of, 284–285 Ankylosauridae, 254 evolution of ﬁngers of, 172–174 mastication and diet of, 278–284 antorbital fenestra, 74–75 origin of ﬂight of, 178–179 nests of, 285–287 arboreal hypothesis, 178–179 and shared features of Therapoda, social behavior of, 286–290 Archosauria, 74–75, 84 175–176 ceratopsian frill, 278, 296 Archosauromorpha, 74–75 and transition to modern form, Ceratopsidae, 295 artifacts, 357 168–169 characters, 49, 52–53 asteroid impact bonebeds, 10, 288 Charig, A., 362–366 as cause of K-Pg extinction, 413 bones Chasmosaurinae, 295 concept of, 402 fossilization of, 8–10 Chicxulub (Mexico), 417 and effect on paleoclimate, 419–420 Haversian, 342–343 Chondrichyes, 61 and evidence of global histology of, 343–345 Chordata, 60–61 consequences, 439–442 brain size circumnarial depression, 312 atomic structure, 37–39 Ankylosauria, 257 citric acid cycle, 329 Aves, 185–187 Ceratopsia, 290 clades, see also monophyletic groups Avetheropoda, 144–147 Euornithopoda, 310 cladograms Avialae Pachycephalosauria, 273 Ankylosauridae, 261 cladogram of, 168 Sauropoda, 204 Archosauria, 85 evolution of, 181–185 Stegosauria, 246–247 Archosauromorpha, 74 features of, 175–176 Theropoda, 127 Avialae, 168 brain : body weight ratios, 339 basal Euornithopoda, 317 background extinctions, 418 braincase, 65 basal Iguanodontia, 317 Bakker, Robert T. Brooke, Richard, 381 basal Neoceratopsia, 294

468 Index of subjects

cladograms (cont.) coronoid, 230 disputes over evidence of, 169–175 Cerapoda, 268 coverage metric, 360 and thecodont ancestry hypothesis, Ceratopsia, 292 Cretaceous Period 176 Ceratopsidae, 295 climate of, 35–36 Dinosauria Chordata, 62 diversity of vertebrate faunas during, and early perceptions of, 384–387 Coelurosauria, 152 368–369 evolution of, 93–98 as compared to “trees of life”,56 and tectonic activity during, 33–34 fossil record of early, 87–88 Dinosauria, 93, 106 Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction, see monophyly of, 76 Dinosauromorpha, 87 K-Pg extinction stance, 75–76 Eurypoda, 261 crurotarsal ankle, 84, 86 Dinosauria (book), 301 Genasauria, 304 Crurotarsi, 74, 84 Dinosauromorpha, 85–87 Hadrosauridae, 318 cursorial hypothesis, 178–179 dinosaurs Marginocephalia, 276 and changes in global diversity, Mesozoic Era birds, 182 Darwin, Charles, 44, 57–58 429–437 as method to measure completeness decay reactions, 26–27 etymoloogy of, 3 of fossil record, 360–361 Deccan Traps, 369, 420–423, 442 geologic timeframe of, 17 Nodosauridae, 262 defense adapations global distribution of, 340–342 Ornithodira, 76 Ankylosauria, 254, 257–259 impact of paleoenvironments on Paraves, 161 Sauropoda, 211 diversity of, 358 prosauropods, 214 definition (phylogenetics), 55 metabolic strategies of, 350–351 Sauropoda, 215 Deinonychosauria, 160–165 methods to estimate mass of, 218–219 Sauropodomorpha, 202 dental battery, 282–283 methods to measure growth of, Stegosauria, 260 denticles, 235 343–345 structure of, 49–52 derived characters proposed causes for extinction of, Tetrapoda, 69 Ankylosauria, 261 437–438 Thyreophora, 240 Archosauria, 85 “Sue,” 15 as a tool to map evolution, 52–54 Archosauromorpha, 74 theories on dominance during Late Clarke, Julia, 187, 408 Avialae, 168 Triassic, 362–366 classification systems basal Euornithopoda, 304 during the Victorian Age, 382–385 Linnean, 44–45, 55 Ceratopsidae, 295 Diplodocoidea, 214–215, 217–222 phylogenetic, 46–49 definition of, 52 direct temperature measurements, 347–350 clavicles, 65 Dinosauria, 197 disarticulated bones, 8 climate, see paleoclimate Dinosauromorpha, 87 disaster biotas, 440 clumped isotopes, 349–350 Euornithopoda, 317 DNA hybridization, 186 Coelurosauria, 111, 148–151 Eurypoda, 260 Dodson, P., 337, 360 co-evolution, 372–375 Hadrosauridae, 318 Dollo, Louis, 390 competitive edge, 362–366 Mesozoic birds, 182 Dollo’s Law of Irreversible Evolution, 390 completeness of fossil record, 360 Ornithischia, 230 dynamic similarity, 336 Compsognathidae, 152 Ornithodira, 76 computer-aided tomography (CT), 291 Sauropoda, 214 ectothermic poikilotherms, 348–349 condensations, 172 Tetrapoda, 69 ectothermy, 330, 334 continent formation, 32–34 Theropoda, 144 Enantiornithes, 183 continental drift, 32 Thyreophora, 240 encephalization quotient (EQ), 338–339 continental flood basalt (CFB), 442 Diapsida, 71–73 endemism, 366–367, 369 convergent evolution, 148–151 diastema, 230 endosymbionts, 210 Cope, Edward Drinker, 388 digitigrade, 203 endothermic homeotherms, 348–349 coprolites, 11 “dimensionless speed,” 336 endothermy coracoid, 65 Dingus, L., 360 and anatomical adaptations for, core-to-extremities temperature Dinosaur Heresies (book), 372 333–336 measurements, 347–348 dinosaur–bird evolution and bone histology, 343–345

Index of subjects 469

definition of, 330 origin of, 177 Hopson, J. A., 309–310, 339 as diagnostic characteristic, 332 and role in endothermy, 332–333 Horner, J. R., 132, 135, 314, 404–405 in dinosaurs, 398 femur, 65 How To Build a Dinosaur (book), 135 and encephalization quotient, fibula, 65 humerus, 65 338–340 fingers, 65, 172–174 Hunting for Dinosaurs (book), 154 and heart structure, 338 flight, 178–179 Huxley, T. H., 176 and locomotion, 334–335 foramen magnum, 65 hyoid bones, 256 and predator/prey biomass ratios, foraminifera, 425 hypotheses testing, 3 335–337 fossils hypothesis of relationship, 53 Enlightenment, 383–384 and collection of, 11–14 epicontinental seas, 33, 35 in fokelore, 381–383 ichnofossils, 11 Euornithopoda, 315–319 impact of paleoenvironment on, 16 ichthyornithiformes, 184 Eurypoda, 260–261 logistics of collection of, 17–20 ichthyosaurs, 424 evolution and relative dating, 29–30 Iguanodontia, 302–303, 317 Ceratopsia, 292–297 types of, 8–11 ilium, 65 Dinosauria, 93–98 fractionation, 345 impact winter, 419 Euornithopoda, 315–319 Fricke, H., 348–349 iridium, 415–417 Pachycephalosauria, 276–277 furcula, 145 ischium, 65 Sauropoda, 213–217 isotope-based temperature Stegosauria, 259–262 gastroliths, 123 measurements, 345–350 Theropoda, 110–111 Gauthier, Jacques A., 91, 172, 400–401 isotopes, 28–29, 38 evolutionary advantage, 362–366 Genasauria, 232 Evolutionary Synthesis, 57–58 geochronology, 26–29 Jerison, H.J., 339 expeditions geologic periods, 30–31 Jurassic Park (movie), 135 Central Asiatic, 382–383 ghost lineages, 360–361 Jurassic Period Deer River, Canada, 392–393 gigantothermy, 350 and break-up of Pangaea, 32–33 logistics of, 13–14, 17–20 girdles (anatomy), 63–68 climate of, 35 Extant Phylogenetic Bracketing, 122–123 global distribution diversity of vertebrate faunas during, extinctions Ankylosauria, 254 357, 367–368 and asteroid hypothesis, 402 Ceratopsia, 279 and challenges of determining rate dinosaurs, 340–342 keel, 192 of dinosaur, 429–437 Euornithopoda, 302–303 keratin, 231 and Deccan Traps as cause of, 442 Pachycephalosauria, 268–269 Kielen-Jawarowska, Zofia, 154–156 of life at K-Pg boundary, 424–428 Theropoda, 111 kinetic movement, 308 proposed causes of dinosaur, glycolysis, 331 K-Pg boundary 437–438 Gnathostomata, 61–63 and changes in mammal population, and “pulse-press” hypothesis, Gondwana, 33 428 442–443 gradual extinction, 430–431 and marine fossil record, 424–425 scientific standards for plausible Grady, J. M., 350 and plant fossil record, 425–428 theories of, 437–438 gymnosperms, 198 and survivorship patterns, 428 and survivorship patterns, 428 K-Pg extinction types of, 401–402 Hadrosauridae, 318 and causal evidence of marine half-life, 28 extinction, 424–425 Farlow, J. O., 218, 250 Haversian bone, 342–343 and effects of asteroid impact, Fastovsky, David, 360 heat capacity, 34 414–423 feathers Heilman, G., 176 major events of, 414 components of, 190 Hennig, Willi, 400 k-strategy, 213, 315 and dinosaurs, 98–99 hierarchy, 47–49 evolution of, 99–101 homeothermy, 330, 347–348 Larson, P., 15 homology of, 173 Hominoidea, 53 Late Triassic

470 Index of subjects

Late Triassic (cont.) melanosomes, 137 and discrepancies in Late Triassic and diversity of vertebrate faunas, mesotarsal ankle, 86 time scale, 95 357–362, 366–367 mesotarsal joint, 76 methods to determine, 26–30 and evolution and global dispersal of metabolism, 330, 333–337 nutrient turnover, 343 dinosaurs, 95–98 metacarpals, 65 and theories of dinosaur dominance, metatarsals, 65 obligate bipeds, 94 362–366 microtektites, 416 occipital condyle, 65 latitudinal gradients, 348–349 mille annos (Ma), 28 oceanic nutrient cycling, 425 Laurasia, 33 minimal divergence time (MDT), olfactory bulbs, 247 Lee, M.S.Y., 179 360–361, 361 On the Origin of Species (book), 57 Lepidosauromorpha, 72 molecular clocks, 401 ontogeny, 286 Li, Q., 179 molecular evolution, 186 opisthopubic, 228 limbs monophyletic groups orbit, 65 Euornithopoda, 303–305 Ankylosauria, 261 Ornithischia, 91–93, 202 Sauropoda, 202–204 Dinosauria, 75 Ornithodira, 74, 76, 84–85 Tetrapoda, 65 Euornithopoda, 304 Ornithomimosauria, 152–156 Theropoda, 115–116 Eurypoda, 260 Ornithopoda lines of arrested growth (LAGs), 343–345 and homology, 52 brain size of, 310 Linnaeus, Carolus, 44 Neoceratopsia, 292 evolution of, 315–319 Linnean classification, 44–45, 55 Ornithischia, 229 global distribution of, 302–303 lithostratigraphy, 26, 29–30 Pachycephalosauria, 276 limbs of, 306 locomotion Saurischia, 106 locomotion of, 303–305 Ceratopsia, 284–285 Sauropoda, 202 mastication and diet of, 306–308 Euornithopoda, 303–305 Sauropodomorpha, 197 nests of, 314–315 prosauropods, 199–200 Stegosauria, 260 sexual selection of, 310–313 Sauropoda, 211 Theropoda, 111 taxonomy of, 303 Stegosauria, 241–242 monotypic bonebeds, 313 Ornithothoraces, 181 Theropoda, 112–115 mosasaurs, 425 Ornithuromorpha, 183–185 Osborn, H. F., 223 macroflora, 426 nares, 68 ossified tendons, 305 Macronaria, 213–217 natural selection, 57–58 osteoderms, 217 Main, R. P., 249–251 Neoceratopsia, 292 Ostrom, John H., 98, 176, 393–394 Mammalia, 53 Neosauropoda, 214–215 oviraptorisaurids, 157–160 Maniraptora, 156–165 Neotheropoda, 145 Owen, Sir Richard, 3, 303, 384–386, 400 Mantell, Gideon, 381, 385 nests oxidation, 331 Marginocephalia, 236, 268 Ceratopsia, 266 marginocephalian shelf, 276 Euornithopoda, 314–315 Pachycephalosauria Marsh, O. C., 216, 222, 250, 388 prosauropods, 201 brain size of, 273 mass extinctions, 418–419 Sauropoda, 211–213 evolution of, 276–277 mastication, 229–232, 372–375 Therapoda, 136–139 global distribution of, 268–269 mastication and diet neural arch, 63 mastication and diet of, 272 Ankylosauria, 254–257 node, 50 paleoenvironment of, 269 Ceratopsia, 278–284 Nodosauridae, 254, 262 sexual selection of, 275–276 Euornithopoda, 306–308 non-avian dinosaurs, see dinosaurs skeletal system of, 273–275 Pachycephalosauria, 272 Nopcsa, Franz Baron, 399 social behavior of, 275 Sauropoda, 209–211 Norell, Mark A., 405 palate, 68 Stegosauria, 242–246 Norian Stage, 95–98 paleobiology, 390, 392–395 Theropoda, 127–132 notochord, 61 paleoclimate, 34–36 matrix (rock), 18 nuchal ligament, 202 paleoenvironments, 16–17 megaomnivore, 155 numeric age paleontology

Index of subjects 471

and addressing large-scale relationships (evolution), 44–45 Euornithopoda, 310–313 questions, 326 relative dating, 29–30 Pachycephalosauria, 275–276 during the Enlightenment, 383–384 replacement (bones), 10 shocked quartz, 416 Golden Age of, 388 reproductive adaptations Showers, W., 347–348 modern use of cladistic analysis in, 400 Ceratopsia, 286–290 Signor–Lipps effect, 430–431 science of, 16–21 Pachycephalosauria, 275–276 Silesaurids, 88 palynoﬂora, 426 prosauropods, 200–201 skeletal system Pangaea, 32–34 Sauropoda, 211–213 birds, 192–193 parasagittal stance, 75–76 Stegosauria, 247–248 Pachycephalosauria, 273–275 Paraves, 160–165 Theropoda, 133–134 Sauropoda, 202–206 patellar groove, 185 Reptilia, 72–73 Tetrapoda, 63–65 pectoralis muscle, 193 respiratory turbinates, 340 Sloboda, Wendy, 295 pelvis, 91 rhamphotheca, 231 Smith, John Maynard, 246–248 permineralization, 10 Riggs, E. S., 222 social behavior phalanges, 65, 172–174 Rogers, Kristina Curry, 217 Ceratopsia, 286–290, 297 pharyngeal gills, 61 Rogers, R., 348–349 Pachycephalosauria, 275–276 phylogenetic systematics, 46–49, 64 rostral bone, 277 “prosauropods,” 200 phylogeny, 44 r-strategy, 213, 315 Sauropoda, 211 physiology, 330 Ruben, J. A., 332, 340 Stegosauria, 247–248 pioneer communities, 424 Theropoda, 133 Pisanosaurus, 89 sacrum, 65 Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4 planktonic, 425 Sadler, P.M., 360 soft tissue, 8–11 plant–herbivore co-evolution, Saurischia, 91–93, 106 soft tissue recovery, 135 372–375 Sauropoda stable isotopes, 345–347 plantigrade, 203 brain size of, 204 stance plate tectonics, 32, 39 cladogram of, 215 Archosauria, 84 plesiosaurs, 425 derived characters of, 214 Ceratopsia, 292 pleurocoels, 145 evolution of, 213–217 digitigrade, 112 pleurokinesis, 308 habitat of, 204–205 Dinosauria, 75–76 pneumatic bones, 177, 192 limbs of, 202–204 Euornithopoda, 303 pneumatic foramina, 145 locomotion of, 211 evolution of, 77 poikilothermy, 330, 347–348 mastication and diet of, 209–211 plantigrade, 112 polar ice caps, 35 nests of, 211–213 tripodal, 210 precocity in young, 319 respiratory system of, 206–209 stapes, 65 predentary bone, 228 skeletal system of, 202–206 Stegosauria press-pulse hypothesis, 442–443 social behavior of, 211 brain size of, 246–247 primative characters, 52 Sauropodomorpha, 196–198, 202 evolution of, 259–262 principle of parsimony, 54 scapula, 65 locomotion of, 241–242 prosauropods, 198–201, 214 Schweitzer, Mary H., 135 mastication and diet of, 242–246 protozoan lesion, 132–133 science and popular media, 3–4 monophyly of, 260 pseudosuchians, 85 secondary palate, 256 social behavior of, 247–248 Pterosauria, 75, 84 sedimentary rock, 26–29 spines and plates of, 248–251 pubis, 65 sedimentologists, 16 stepwise extinction, 430–431 “pull of the Recent,” 357 Seeley, H. G., 91, 107, 387 Sternberg, Charles H., 392–393 pygostyle, 192 Sellers, W. I., 337 sternum, 65 semi-lunate carpal, 157 stratigraphy, 26, 361 radius, 65 Sereno, Paul, 405–406 Strauss, D. J., 360 rarefaction, 360 sexual dimorphism, 133, 247 Stromer, Ernst, 396–397 rate of decay reaction, 27–29 sexual selection Sue (Tyrannosaurus rex), 15 Reid, R. E. H., 350 deﬁnition of, 133 supracoracoideus muscle, 193

472 Index of subjects

Synapsida, 70–71 thermoregulation, 249–251 tibia, 65 synsacrum, 192 Theropoda titanosaurs, 215, 217 balance of, 126 trackways, 336–337 taphonomy, 16 brain size of, 127 tree of life, 45–46 tarsals, 65 convergent evolution of, 148–151 Triassic–Jurassic mass extinction, tarsometatarsus, 192 derived characters of, 144 366 Taylor, Bert L., 248 evolution from non-avian to avian tympanic membrane, 65 teeth dinosaurs, 175–176 Tyrannosauroidea, 151 isotopic content of vs. latitudinal evolution of, 110–111 gradient, 348–349 feathers of, 127 ulna, 65 Theropoda, 116–124 global distribution of, 110 ungual phalanges, 65 temnospondyl, 341 homology of monoﬁlamentous and unidirectional respiration, 146 temporal fenestrae, 70 vaned feathers, 173 unstable isotopes, 26–27 Tendaguru (Tanzania), 211 limbs of, 115–116 upper temporal fenestra, 71–73 terrestrial life requirements locomotion of, 112–115 Ur-dinosaur, 84 amniotic eggs, 69–70 mastication and diet of, 127–132 erect stance, 77 monophyly of, 111 Vertebrata, 61–63 locomotion, 76 nests of, 136–139 volcanism, 420–423 Tetanurae, 145 reproductive adaptations of, 133–134 Tetrapoda respiratory system of, 145–149 Williams, Maurice, 15 braincase, 65–68 sensory development, 122–126 Witmer, L. M., 126, 291 cladogram of, 69 social behavior of, 133 Witmerlab (web site), 291 limbs, 65 teeth of, 116–124 skeletal system, 63–65 Thulborn, R.A., 336–337 Xu, Xing, 127, 165, 401–402, 408–409 thecodont ancestry hypothesis, 176 Thyreophora, 210, 235, 240–241, Thecodontia, 176, 400 259 zygapophyses, 145

INDEX OF GENERA

Acanthostega (akantho - spine; stega - Ankylsaurus (ankylo - fused; sauros - Baptornis (bapto - dipped, submerged; roof, cover), 63 lizard, reptile), 96, 253 ornis - bird), 184 Achelousaurus (after Achelous, a Greek Anomospteris (a - without; non - law; Barosaurus (bary - heavy; sauros - lizard, mythological river diety; saurus - pteri - fern, a reference to abundant reptile), 398 lizard, reptile), 281, 347 growth), 370 Baryonyx (bary - heavy; onycho - claw, Achillonychus, 405 Apatosaurus (apato - trick or false, nail), 128, 145 Acroncanthosaurus (akros - high; because O. C. Marsh thought that the Beipiaosaurus (after Beipiao, Liaoning akantha - spine; saurus - lizard, tail bones resembled those of Province [China]; sauros - lizard, reptile), 134 a lizard, sauros - lizard, reptile), 92, reptile), 159 Aegyptosaurus (Egypt’s lizard; 129, 202, 205–206, 211, 217, 346 Blikanasaurus (from Bilikana sauros - lizard, reptile), 396 Apsaravis (apsara -winged consorts [South Africa]; sauros - lizard, Aerosteon (aeros - air; osteon - bone), 145 prominent in Buddhist and Hindu reptile), 213 Afrovenator (afro - after Africa; venator - art; aves - bird), 405 Brachiosaurus (brachion - arm; hunter), 148, 406 Aquilapollenites (aquila - eagle; sauros - lizard, reptile), 203, Agilisaurus (agilis - nimble; sauros - pollenites - pollen-like), 427 206–207, 211, 220–222, 368 lizard, reptile), 303, 315–316 Araucaria (after Arauco Privince [Chile]), Brachylophosaurus (brachys - arm; Alamosaurus (after the Ojo Alamo 371 lophos - crest; sauros - lizard, Formation [Texas]; sauros - lizard, Archaeornithomimus (archaeo - ancient; reptile), 311, 318 reptile), 217–221 mimus - mimic), 343 Brontosaurus (bronto - thunder; Albertosaurus (after Alberta (Canada): Archaeopteryx (archaeo - ancient; sauros - lizard, reptile), 196, 201, sauros - lizard, reptile), 119, 151 pteryx - wing), 98, 168–169, 173– 222, 249 Alexornis (after American paleontologist 176, 179–181, 183, 185, 188, 332, Byronosaurus (from Byron Jaffe; sauros - Alexander Wetmore; ornis - bird), 345, 352, 368, 385, 393, 401 lizard, reptile), 405 183 Argentinosaurus (after Argentina; Alioramus (ali - other; ramus - branch, as sauros - lizard, reptile), 215, 220 Caenagnathasia (kainos - recent; in another branch of tyrannosurids), Arrhinoceratops (a - without; gnathus - jaw), 157 133 rhinos - nose, snout; kera - horn; Camarasaurus (camara - chamber; Alligator (likely a sixteenth-century ops - face), 281 sauros - lizard, reptile), 200, 203, corruption of the Spanish el lagarto Asilisaurus (asili - from the Swahili for 210–211, 216, 223, 368 [the lizard], 345 ancestor; sauros - reptile, lizard), 85 Camptosaurus (kamptos-ﬂexible; Allosaurus (allo - other, different; sauros Avaceratops (after amateur sauros - lizard, reptile), 315 - lizard, reptile), 112, 114, 116, 118, paleontologist Ava Cole, who Carcharodontosaurus (Carcharodon - 120, 129, 132, 134, 150, 165, 207, collected the fossil; kera - horn; ops genus for the Great Whale Shark; 334, 418 - face), 297 sauros - lizard, reptile), 110, 116, Altirhinus (alto - high, tall; rhinos - nose, Avisaurus (avi - bird; sauros - lizard, 127, 150, 165, 396, 406 snout), 313 reptile), 183 Carnotaurus (carnis - ﬂesh, meat; Amargasaurus (after Amarga Canyon, sauros - lizard, reptile), 115, 118, Neuquen Province [Argentina]; Bagaceratops (baga - small 120, 147–148, 401 sauros - lizard, reptile), 221 [in Mongolian]; kera - horn; Caudipteryx (cauda - tall; pteryx - wing), Anchiornis (anchi - close; ornis - bird), ops - face), 281, 292 127, 160 163, 173 Bahariasaurus (bahariya - Egyptian rock Centrosaurus (centro - center; sauros - Anchisaurus (anchi - close; formation; sauros - lizard, reptile), lizard, reptile), 281, 288, 292–293, sauros - lizard, reptile), 199 394 297, 393

474 Index of genera

Cephalaspis (kephale - head; aspis - Deltadromeus (delta - delta; dromeus - Eoraptor (Eos - Greek goddess of dawn; shield), 62 runner), 406 raptor - thief, stealer), 87–89, 95, Ceratosaurus (kera - horn; sauros - lizard, Dicraeosaurus (dikraios - bifurcated; 102, 111, 406 reptile), 118, 133, 147 sauros - lizard, reptile), 398 Eozostrodon (Eos - Greek goddess of dawn; Changchengornis (Chang Cheng [Chinese] Dicroidium (dikos - forked; eidos - oster - nimble; don - tooth), 363 - Great Wall; ornis - bird), 181 similiar to), 366 Epidendrosaurus (dendro - tree; sauros - Changyuraptor (long-feathered raptor Dilong (emperor dragon [in Chinese]), lizard, reptile), 179 [China]), 161 127 Epidexpteryx (epi - close; pteryx - bird), Chasmosaurus (chasm - ravine; sauros - Dilophosaurus (di - two; lophos - crest; 179 lizard, reptile), 278, 280, 288–289, sauros - lizard, reptile), 118, 133, Equisetum (Equus - genus of modern 293, 296, 393 147, 334, 418 horse; saeta - hair, the modern Chindesaurus (from Chinde Mesa, Dimetrondon ( di- two; metros - horsetail plant), 370 Arizona; sauros - lizard, reptile), measured, long; don - tooth), 71 Eryops (eryo - draw, drag, elongate; 96, 95 Dimorphodon (di - two; morphos - shape; ops - face), 390 Chungkingosaurus (after Chungking don - tooth), 75, 364 Eshanosaurus (Eshan - Eshan county [China]; sauros - lizard, reptile), 246 Diplodocus (diplo - two, twin; docus - [China]; sauros - lizard, reptile), 157 Coelophysis (koilos - hollow; physis - spar, beam), 200, 204, 206, 211, 217, Euoplocephalus (eu -true;hoplon -shield; nature), 93, 95–96, 118, 132, 134, 222–223, 368 kephale - head), 252, 255–256, 258 136, 147, 165, 177 Dreadnoughtus (dreadnought - English Eusthenopteron (eu - true; theno - palm Colorasisaurus (after the Los Colorado battleship), 217, 219–220 of hand; pteryx - fin), 62–63 Formation [USA]; sauros - lizard, Dromiceiomimus (Dromiceius - genus of reptile), 199 emu [older nomenclature]; mimus - Gallimimus (Gallus - genus of chicken; Compsognathus (compso - neat, elegant; mimic), 117, 120, 152 mimus - mimic), 117, 120, 152 gnathos - jaw), 128, 152, 334, 368 Dromomeron (drom - run; meros - femur), Gasparinisaura (after Argentinian Confuciusornis (after the Chinese 96 paleontologist Z. Gasparini; sauros - philosopher Confucius; Dryosaurus (dryos - oak; sauros - lizard, lizard, reptile), 315–316 ornis - bird), 134, 181, 344 reptile), 313, 318, 398 Gastonia (after R. Gaston, who Corythosaurus (korytho - from Dryptosaurus (drypto - tearing; sauros - discovered it), 238 Corinthian, as in a Corinthian lizard, reptile), 151 Giganotosaurus (giga - large; noto - helmet [armor]; sauros - lizard, south, southern; sauros - lizard, reptile), 308, 310, 312, 375 Edmontosaurus (after Edmonton, Alberta reptile), 110, 132, 148, 150, 157, 165 Cryolophosaurus (cryo - cold; lophos - [Canada]; sauros - lizard, reptile), Ginkgoites (ginko-like), 371 crest; sauros - lizard, reptile), 129, 254, 307, 312, 318, 335, 337, Giraffatitan (giraf - tall; titan - large), 133, 134 375 219–220 Cynognathus (kyon - dog; gnathos - jaw), Einiosaurus (einio - derived from North Gorgosaurus (gorgo - after the gorgons of 363 American Indian Blackfoot for Greek mythology; sauros - lizard, buffalo; sauros - lizard, reptile), 281 reptile), 126, 129, 151, 334, 393 Dacentrurus (da - very; kentron - spine; Elaphrosaurus (elaphros - fleet; sauros - Gorilla (name given to wild, hairy people ura - tail), 245, 259 lizard, reptile), 398 reported to inhabit northwestern Daspletosaurus (dasples - frightful; Emausaurus (EMAU is an abbreviation Africa, in a fifth-century BC Greek sauros - lizard, reptile), 128, 133, for Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität; translation of an earlier voyage), 53 151 sauros - lizard, reptile), 240 Gryposaurus (grypos - hooked nose; Deinocheirus (deino - terrible; cheirus - Enaliornis (en - belonging to; ali - other; sauros - lizard, reptile), 311, 318 hand), 154–156, 418 ornis - bird), 184 Guaiasaurus (after the Guaiba River Deinonychosaurus (deino - terrible; Enantiornis (enantos - opposite; ornis - [Brazil]; sauros - lizard, reptile), 90, onychos - claw; sauros - lizard, bird), 183 95, 111 reptile), 132 Eocursor (Eos - Greek goddess of dawn; Deinonychus (deino - terrible; onychos - cursor - runner), 98 Haplocanthosaurus (haplos - single; claw), 99, 112, 116–117, 127, 132, Eodromaeus (eo - dawn; drom - run), 89, akantha - spine; sauros - lizard, 145, 156, 161, 393 111 reptile), 211

Index of genera 475

Heloderma (helos - wart; dermos - skin), Kentrosaurus (kentron - prickly, spiny; Malawisaurus (after Malawi; sauros - 218 sauros - lizard, reptile), 247–248, lizard, reptile), 217 Herrerasaurus (after V. Harrera, the 250, 259, 398 Mapusaurus (Mapu is an abbreviation of Argentine rancher who discovered Kentrsaurus (kentron - prickly, spiny; the word Mapuche, an indegenous it; sauros - lizard, reptile), 87–89, 95, sauros - lizard, reptile), 247 Argentinian people, and refers to 102, 111, 118, 406 Kizylkumavis (after the Kyzylkum Desert “Earth”; sauros -lizard,reptile), Hesperonis (hesper - western; ornis - [Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan]; 132 bird), 184–185, 344 avis - bird), 183 Marasuchus ( a reference to the mara, a Heterodontosaurus (hetero - different; Kotasaurus (after the Kota Formation Patagonian rodent; sauros - lizard, don - tooth; sauros - lizard, reptile), [India]; sauros - lizard, reptile), 213 reptile), 85–87, 93–96, 334 233, 334 Massospondylus (masso - massive; Hexinlusaurus (after He Xin-Lu [China]; Lagerpeton (lagos - hare; erpeto - creep), spondyl - spool, referring to the sauros - lizard, reptile), 303, 316 85, 94, 96 centrum), 200, 345–346 Homalocephale (homalos - even; kephale Lagosuchus (lagos - hare; suchus - Matonidium (after British botanist W. G. - head), 269, 272–273, 275 crocodile), 85 Maton; eidos - similiar to [in this Homo (homo - same), 52 Lambeosaurus (after Canadian case, the genus Matonia, a living Huayangosaurus (after Hua Yang Guo paleontologist L. M. Lambe; sauros - genus of fern]), 370 Zhi [Chin Dynasty name for Sichuan lizard, reptile), 307, 310, 312, 393 Megalosaurus (mega - large, great; Province, China]; sauros - lizard, Leaellynasaura (after Leaellyn Rich, who sauros - lizard, reptile), 145, 148, reptile), 245, 259 helped to discover it; sauros - lizard, 165, 384 Hylaeosaurus (hylaios - forest; sauros - reptile), 309 Melanorosaurus (melanos -black;oros - lizard, reptile), 384 Leptoceratops (lepto - slender; kera - mountain; sauros - lizard, reptile), Hypacrosaurus (hypakros - highest, horn; ops - face), 281, 292, 296 200 referring to the spine; sauros - Lesothosaurus (after Lesotho [southern Microraptor (micro - small; raptor - lizard, reptile), 310, 313–315, Africa]; sauros - lizard, reptile), 232, thief, stealer), 110, 127, 161–162, 347 235, 240, 316 169, 173 Hypsilophodon (hypsi - high; lophos - Lewisuchus (Lewis - A. D. Lewis, Chief Mononykus (mono - one; onychus - claw), crest; don - tooth), 307, 315–316 Preparator at Harvard’s Museum of 158, 405 Comparative Zoology; suchus - Montanoceratops (from Montana [USA]; Iberomesornis (ibero - of the Inberian crocodile), 87 kera - horn; ops - face), 292, 296, peninsula [Spain and Portugal]; mes Lexovisaurus (after the Lexovil, Gallic 347 - middle; ornis - bird), 183 Celts enlisted to fight Julius Caesar; Mussasaurus (mus - mouse, because the Ichthyornis (ishthys - fish; ornis - bird), sauros - lizard, reptile), 245 specimen, a hatchling, was small; 185, 344 Limusaurus (limus - mire, mud; sauros - sauros - lizard, reptile), 200 Ichthyostega (ichthys - fish; stegos - roof), lizard, reptile), 172–174 Muttaburrasaurus (after Muttaburra 63 Lufengosaurus (after Lu-Feng, Yunnan [Australia]; sauros - lizard, reptile), Iguanodon (iguana - iguana; don - tooth), Province [China]; sauros - lizard, 313 236, 303–305, 307, 313, 315, 381, reptile), 199 383, 386, 418 Nanantius (nano - dwarf; (en)antos - Ingenia (after the Ingeni locality Macroolithus (macro - large; lithos - opposite; Eos - Greek goddess of [Mongolia]), 157 eggs), 136 Dawn), 183 Magyarosaurus (after Magyars - Nanotyrannus (nano - dwarf; tyrannos - Janenschia (after German paleontologist Hungarian people; sauros - lizard, king), 126 Werner Janensch), 345, 397 reptile), 217 Nemegtosaurus (after the Nemegt Jobaria (after Jobar, a creature in Tuareg Maiasaura (maia - mother; saura - lizard, Formation [Mongolia]; sauros - [Saharan nomadic tribe] reptile [female ending]), 311, 313– lizard, reptile), 203 mythology), 406 315, 318, 321, 345–346, 418 Neocalamites (neo- new; calamus -a Majungasaurus (from Mahajanga reed), 370 Kannemeyeria (after the South African [Madagascar]; sauros - lizard, Nigersaurus (after Niger; sauros - lizard, D. R. Kannemeyer), 363 reptile), 121, 129, 131 reptile), 202

476 Index of genera

Nothronychus (nothro - sluggish; Patagopteryx (after Patagonia [Argentina]; Regaliceratops (regalis - royal; ceratops - onychus - claw), 158 pteryx -wing),184,344 horned face), 281 Pedopenna (pedo - foot; penna - feather), Rhea (the wife of the Titan Krnos, in Onchopristis (giant saw), 130 173 Greek mythology), 340 Onychiopsis (appearing like Onychium,a Pentaceratops (penta - five; kera - horn; Riojasaurus (after Rioja [Argentina]; living genus of fern; onychus - claw, ops - face), 281, 296 sauros - lizard, reptile), 199 a reference to the curved” Pikaia (after Mt. Pika [British Columbia, Rugops (ruga - wrinkle; ops - face), 406 fiddlehead”), 370 Canada]), 60 Rutiodon (ruti - wrinkle; don - tooth), Ophisthoocoelicaudia (opisthe - Pinacosaurus (pina - pine, pine nut; 86, 363 backward, behind; koilos - hollow; sauros - lizard, reptile), 253, 258 cauda - tail), 211 Pisanosaurus (Pisano - after Juan Saltasaurus (after Salta Province Ornitholestes (ornitho - bird; lestes - A. Pisano, and Argentine [Argentina]; sauros - lizard, reptile), robber), 119, 133 paleontologist), 89, 96, 316 197, 201, 217 Ornithosuchus (ornitho - bird; suchus - Plateosaurus (plateos - flat; sauros - lizard, Sanjuansaurus (from San Juan Province, crocodile), 176 reptile), 68, 195, 198, 200, 334 Argentina; sauros - lizard, reptile), Orodromeus (oros - mountain; dromeus - Pleuromeia (pleuro - rib; meion - small; a 89 runner), 303, 315–316, 319, 321, 347 reference to the underground Sarcosuchus (sarco - carnivorous; suchus Oryctodromeus (orycto - dug out; nutrient-storing part of the stem - crocodile), 406 dromeus - runner), 315 [corm] which is small relative to its Saturnalia (after the Roman festival of Otozoum (from Otis, a giant), 199 ancestors), 370 the winter solstice), 88, 90 Ouranosaurus (ourane - brave [in Postosuchus (post- behind; suchus - Saurolophus (sauros - lizard, reptile; Nigerian]; sauros - lizard, reptile), crocodile), 86, 363 lophos - crest), 132, 311, 318 313, 318, 418 Prenocephale (prenes - sloping; kephale - Sauronithoides (sauros - lizard, reptile; Oviraptor (ovi - egg; raptor - thief, head), 266, 270 ornithoides - bird-like), 119 stealer), 119, 124, 133, 136–137, Proceratosaurus (pro - before; that is, Sauropelta (sauros - lizard, reptile; 157, 286, 405 before Ceratosaurus), 133 pelte - shield), 253, 256–257 Prosaurolophus (pro - before; that is, Sazavis (saz - clay [in Uzbek]; avis - bird), Pachycephalosaurus (pachy - thick; before Saurolophus), 311, 318 183 kephale - head; sauros - reptile, Protarchaeopteryx (pro - before; that is, Scelidosaurus (skelis - limb; sauros - lizard), 272 before Archaeopteryx), 127 lizard, reptile), 240, 259–260 Pachyrhinosaurus (pachy - thick; rhinos - Protoceratops (proto - before, early; that Schizoneura (schizo - split, divided; nose, snout; sauros - lizard, reptile), is, before Ceratops), 128, 136, 249, neura - neuron, brain), 370 270, 281, 291, 297 266, 279, 285–286, 288, 290, 292, Scutellosaurus (scutellum - small shield; Pagiophyllum (pagio - fixed, fastened; 296–297, 314, 381, 418 sauros - lizard, reptile), 240, 259 phyllum - leaf), 371 Protosuchus (proto - before; suchus - Sequoia (after Sequoyah [“George Panoplosaurus (pan - all; hoplon - shield; crocodile), 86, 363 Guess”], originator of the Cherokee sauros - lizard, reptile), 253, 255 Pseudolagosuchus (pseudo - false; that is, language), 371 Panphagia (pan - all; phagein - to eat, false Lagosuchus), 87 Shamosaurus (shamo - desert [in Chinese]; referring to its inferred omnivorous Psittacosaurus (psittaco - parrot; sauros - sauros - lizard, reptile), 253, 262 diet), 89 lizard, reptile), 279, 282, 284, 286, Shunosaurus (after Shuno, an old name Parahesperornis (para - near; that is, 290, 293, 346 for Sichuan Province [China]; similiar to Hesperornis), 184, 215 sauros - lizard, reptile), 203, 211, Paranthodon (para - near; anthos - Rahonavis (rahon - menace from the 213, 216 flower; don - tooth), 246 clouds [in Malagasy]; avis - bird), Shuvuuia (bird [in Mongolian]), 135, 346, Parasaurolophus (para - near; that is, 135, 181 405 similiar to Saurolophus, 310, 315 Rajasaurus (real dinosaur [Indian]), Silesaurus (sil - from Silesia; sauros - Parksosaurus (after paleontologist W. A. 406 lizard, reptile), 85 Parks; sauros - lizard, reptile), Rapetosaurus (rapeto - mischievous; Silvisaurus (silva - forest; sauros - lizard, 315, 316 sauros - lizard, reptile), 129 reptile), 253 Passer (to pass), 75, 88, 110, 168 Raptorex (raptor - thief, stealer), 151 Sinornis (sino - China; ornis - bird), 183

Index of genera 477

Sinornithosaurus (sino - China; ornitho - Tarchia (tarchi - brain [in Mongolian]), Tyrannosaurus (tyranno - tyrant; sauros - bird; sauros - lizard, reptile), 127, 253 lizard, reptile), 15, 30, 98, 109–110, 134, 161–162, 173 Tawa (Hopi Indian [USA] name for Sun 115, 119–120, 122–129, 132–135, Sinosauripteryx (sino - China; sauros - God), 93 139, 144, 148, 151, 186, 334, lizard, reptile; pteryx - wing), Telmatosaurus (telmat - swamp; sauros - 343–344, 346–347, 387, 394, 401 127, 128, 134, 136, 152, 157, 173 lizard, reptile), 318 Sinraptor (sinae - indigineous Tenontosaurus (tenon - tendon; sauros - Vegavis (after Vega Island Province; Chinese people; raptor - thief, reptile, lizard), 132, 318 avis - bird), 187 stealer), 150 Texacephale (Texas - state of origin Velociraptor (velo - swift; raptor - thief, Sordes (Latin for ﬁlth), 101 [USA]; cephale - head), 270 stealer), 117–118, 128, 135, 156, Sphaerotholus (sphaira - ball; tholos - Thecodontosaurus (theko - socket; 334, 340, 418 dome), 340 don - tooth; sauros - lizard, reptile), Vorona (bird [in Malagasy]), 183 Spinosaurus (spina - spine; sauros - 200 Vulcanodon (after Vulcanus, the Roman lizard, reptile), 129–131, 145, 148– Thescelosaurus (theskelos - astonishing; god of Fire; don - tooth), 201, 213 151, 165, 313, 396–397, 406 sauros - lizard, reptile), 315–316, Stagonolepis (stagon - drop, a reference 338 Wendiceratops (after Wendy Sloboda, to the drop-like pits on the scutes; Tianyulong (from the Tianyu Museum of who discovered it, kera - horn; lepis - scale), 86, 363 Nature [China]), 229, 231, 235, 290, ops - face), 281, 292 Staurikosaurus (stauriko - a reference 332 Wielandiella (after US paleontologist/ to the Southern Cross, a Tikaalik (Inuktitut eskimo [Canada] word paleobotanist G. R. Wieland), 371 constellation; sauros - lizard, for “burbot” a freshwater ﬁsh), Williamsoniella (after British paleobotanist reptile), 90, 95 62, 63 W. C. Williamson), 371 Stegoceras (stegos - roof; kera - horn), Titanosaur (after the Titans, of Greek Wuerhosaurus (after Wuerho [China]; 270, 273–275, 340 mythology; sauros - lizard, reptile), sauros - lizard, reptile), 259 Stegosaurus (stegos - roof; sauros - 215 lizard, reptile), 92, 96, 129, 228, 238, Tornieria (after German paleontologist Yandusaurus (yan - salt; du - capital 243, 246–251, 259, 263, 288 G. Tornier), 398 [in Chinese]; sauros - lizard, reptile), Struthiosaurus (Struthio - genus of ostrich; Torosaurus (tauro - bull; sauros - lizard, 316, 318 sauros - lizard, reptile), 115, 152, 219 reptile), 281, 296 Yangchuanosaurus (after Yangchuan Stygimoloch (stygi - of the river Styx Torvosaurus (torvus - savage; County [China]; sauros - lizard, [boundary of Hades or hell]; moloch sauros - lizard, reptile), 145 reptile), 134 - devil), 275, 418 Triceratops (tri - three; kera - horn; Yi qi (Mandarin pronounciation of Suchomimus (suchus - crocodile; ops - face), 75, 88, 96, 129, 132, 229, dinosaur), 163–164 mimus - mimic), 406 249, 282–283, 286–288, 290, 292, Yinlong (hidden dinosaur [Chinese]), 293 Syntarsus (syn - fused; tarsos - tarsus), 315 Yunnanosauros (after Yunnan Province 132–134, 136, 345–346 Troodon (troo - wound; don - tooth), 132, [China]; sauros - lizard, reptile), 199 Szechuanosaurus (after Szechuan 341 Yutyrannus (yu - feather; tyrannus - Province [China]; sauros - lizard, Tuojiangosaurus (after Tuojiang [China]; tyrant), 127, 153, 333 reptile), 148 sauros - lizard, reptile), 242, 246, 259 Zephyrosaurus (Zephyros - Greek god of Tarbosaurus (tarbos - terror; sauros - Tylocephale (tyle - swelling; the West Wind; sauros - lizard, lizard, reptile), 115, 132 kephale - head), 270 reptile), 316, 318