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GLACIERS of NEPAL—Glacier Distribution in the Nepal Himalaya with Comparisons to the Karakoram Range
Glaciers of Asia— GLACIERS OF NEPAL—Glacier Distribution in the Nepal Himalaya with Comparisons to the Karakoram Range By Keiji Higuchi, Okitsugu Watanabe, Hiroji Fushimi, Shuhei Takenaka, and Akio Nagoshi SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD Edited by RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, JR., and JANE G. FERRIGNO U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1386–F–6 CONTENTS Glaciers of Nepal — Glacier Distribution in the Nepal Himalaya with Comparisons to the Karakoram Range, by Keiji Higuchi, Okitsugu Watanabe, Hiroji Fushimi, Shuhei Takenaka, and Akio Nagoshi ----------------------------------------------------------293 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------293 Use of Landsat Images in Glacier Studies ----------------------------------293 Figure 1. Map showing location of the Nepal Himalaya and Karokoram Range in Southern Asia--------------------------------------------------------- 294 Figure 2. Map showing glacier distribution of the Nepal Himalaya and its surrounding regions --------------------------------------------------------- 295 Figure 3. Map showing glacier distribution of the Karakoram Range ------------- 296 A Brief History of Glacier Investigations -----------------------------------297 Procedures for Mapping Glacier Distribution from Landsat Images ---------298 Figure 4. Index map of the glaciers of Nepal showing coverage by Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS images ---------------------------------------------- 299 Figure 5. Index map of the glaciers of the Karakoram Range showing coverage -
ACE's Scandinavian Sojourn
ACE’s Scandinavian Sojourn : A Southerner’s Perspective Story by: Richard Bostic, assisted by Ronny Cook When I went on the ACEspana trip back in 2009, it was by far one of the most amazing vacations I have ever experienced. In addition to getting to visit parks in a different culture than we see here, it is also a great opportunity to spend time with fellow enthusiasts and grow friendships while enjoying our common interests. When Scandinavia Sojourn was announced for the summer of 2011, I knew it was a trip I could not miss. Since the 2009 trip was my first trip to Europe I thought that there was no way the over- all experience could be better in Scandinavia. I was wrong. We landed in Helsinki, Finland around 1300 the day before we were required to be at the hotel to meet with the group. Helsinki is an interesting city and fairly new compared to many cities in Europe. Walking around the city you can see the Russian influence in the city’s architecture. In fact, many movies during the cold war would use Helsinki to shoot scenes that are supposed to be set in the Soviet Union. After making our way to the Crowne Plaza Hotel and getting a quick lunch at the hotel restaurant we decided to spend the remaining time that afternoon checking out some of the sites around our hotel. Some of these sites included the Temppeliaukio Church inside of a rock formation, the train station, Routatientori Square and National Theater, and a couple of the city’s art museums. -
Aspects of Black Hole Physics
Aspects of Black Hole Physics Andreas Vigand Pedersen The Niels Bohr Institute Academic Advisor: Niels Obers e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This project examines some of the exact solutions to Einstein’s theory, the theory of linearized gravity, the Komar definition of mass and angular momentum in general relativity and some aspects of (four dimen- sional) black hole physics. The project assumes familiarity with the basics of general relativity and differential geometry, but is otherwise intended to be self contained. The project was written as a ”self-study project” under the supervision of Niels Obers in the summer of 2008. Contents Contents ..................................... 1 Contents ..................................... 1 Preface and acknowledgement ......................... 2 Units, conventions and notation ........................ 3 1 Stationary solutions to Einstein’s equation ............ 4 1.1 Introduction .............................. 4 1.2 The Schwarzschild solution ...................... 6 1.3 The Reissner-Nordstr¨om solution .................. 18 1.4 The Kerr solution ........................... 24 1.5 The Kerr-Newman solution ..................... 28 2 Mass, charge and angular momentum (stationary spacetimes) 30 2.1 Introduction .............................. 30 2.2 Linearized Gravity .......................... 30 2.3 The weak field approximation .................... 35 2.3.1 The effect of a mass distribution on spacetime ....... 37 2.3.2 The effect of a charged mass distribution on spacetime .. 39 2.3.3 The effect of a rotating mass distribution on spacetime .. 40 2.4 Conserved currents in general relativity ............... 43 2.4.1 Komar integrals ........................ 49 2.5 Energy conditions ........................... 53 3 Black holes ................................ 57 3.1 Introduction .............................. 57 3.2 Event horizons ............................ 57 3.2.1 The no-hair theorem and Hawking’s area theorem .... -
Legal "Black Hole"? Extraterritorial State Action and International Treaty Law on Civil and Political Rights
Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 26 Issue 3 2005 Legal "Black Hole"? Extraterritorial State Action and International Treaty Law on Civil and Political Rights Ralph Wilde University of London Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the Human Rights Law Commons, Military, War, and Peace Commons, and the National Security Law Commons Recommended Citation Ralph Wilde, Legal "Black Hole"? Extraterritorial State Action and International Treaty Law on Civil and Political Rights, 26 MICH. J. INT'L L. 739 (2005). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol26/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LEGAL "BLACK HOLE"? EXTRATERRITORIAL STATE ACTION AND INTERNATIONAL TREATY LAW ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTSt Ralph Wilde* I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 740 II. EXTRATERRITORIAL STATE ACTIVITIES ................................... 741 III. THE NEED FOR GREATER SCRUTINY ........................................ 752 A. Ignoring ExtraterritorialActivity ...................................... 753 B. GreaterRisks of Rights Violations in the ExtraterritorialContext .................................................... -
A Statistical Analysis of Mountaineering in the Nepal Himalaya
The Himalaya by the Numbers A Statistical Analysis of Mountaineering in the Nepal Himalaya Richard Salisbury Elizabeth Hawley September 2007 Cover Photo: Annapurna South Face at sunrise (Richard Salisbury) © Copyright 2007 by Richard Salisbury and Elizabeth Hawley No portion of this book may be reproduced and/or redistributed without the written permission of the authors. 2 Contents Introduction . .5 Analysis of Climbing Activity . 9 Yearly Activity . 9 Regional Activity . .18 Seasonal Activity . .25 Activity by Age and Gender . 33 Activity by Citizenship . 33 Team Composition . 34 Expedition Results . 36 Ascent Analysis . 41 Ascents by Altitude Range . .41 Popular Peaks by Altitude Range . .43 Ascents by Climbing Season . .46 Ascents by Expedition Years . .50 Ascents by Age Groups . 55 Ascents by Citizenship . 60 Ascents by Gender . 62 Ascents by Team Composition . 66 Average Expedition Duration and Days to Summit . .70 Oxygen and the 8000ers . .76 Death Analysis . 81 Deaths by Peak Altitude Ranges . 81 Deaths on Popular Peaks . 84 Deadliest Peaks for Members . 86 Deadliest Peaks for Hired Personnel . 89 Deaths by Geographical Regions . .92 Deaths by Climbing Season . 93 Altitudes of Death . 96 Causes of Death . 97 Avalanche Deaths . 102 Deaths by Falling . 110 Deaths by Physiological Causes . .116 Deaths by Age Groups . 118 Deaths by Expedition Years . .120 Deaths by Citizenship . 121 Deaths by Gender . 123 Deaths by Team Composition . .125 Major Accidents . .129 Appendix A: Peak Summary . .135 Appendix B: Supplemental Charts and Tables . .147 3 4 Introduction The Himalayan Database, published by the American Alpine Club in 2004, is a compilation of records for all expeditions that have climbed in the Nepal Himalaya. -
Gear Brands List & Lexicon
Gear Brands List & Lexicon Mountain climbing is an equipment intensive activity. Having good equipment in the mountains increases safety and your comfort level and therefore your chance of having a successful climb. Alpine Ascents does not sell equipment nor do we receive any outside incentive to recommend a particular brand name over another. Our recommendations are based on quality, experience and performance with your best interest in mind. This lexicon represents years of in-field knowledge and experience by a multitude of guides, teachers and climbers. We have found that by being well-equipped on climbs and expeditions our climbers are able to succeed in conditions that force other teams back. No matter which trip you are considering you can trust the gear selection has been carefully thought out to every last detail. People new to the sport often find gear purchasing a daunting chore. We recommend you examine our suggested brands closely to assist in your purchasing decisions and consider renting gear whenever possible. Begin preparing for your trip as far in advance as possible so that you may find sale items. As always we highly recommend consulting our staff of experts prior to making major equipment purchases. A Word on Layering One of the most frequently asked questions regarding outdoor equipment relates to clothing, specifically (and most importantly for safety and comfort), proper layering. There are Four basic layers you will need on most of our trips, including our Mount Rainier programs. They are illustrated below: Underwear -
Pressive and Should Broaden the Book's Appeal Far Beyond Those Familiar with Its Subject
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Publicity Contact: Samantha Lien, Roger Charlie (720) 425-3933 | [email protected] EDGE OF THE MAP THE MOUNTAIN LIFE OF CHRISTINE BOSKOFF “The Next Must-Read” — REI Uncommon Path “An intimate look at the friendships and adventures enjoyed by those in the close-knit mountaineering community.” — Booklist “Equal parts climbing history, love story, and riveting mystery.” — Vanessa O’Brien, first American and British woman to summit K2 The Remarkable, Untold Story of a Pioneer in Mountaineering Groundbreaking. World-class. Legendary. All words that have been used to describe Christine Boskoff, a pioneering high- altitude mountaineer and mountain guide, one of the first women to own and operate a major, international mountain guiding business. And yet, her story—that of a talented and driven young woman who dared to challenge herself to excel in a male-dominated sport—is largely unknown. A remarkable life tragically cut short, Boskoff was at the top of the high- altitude world when she and her partner Charlie Fowler died in an avalanche on a remote mountain in 2006; at the time, she was the only living woman to summit six of the 8000-meter peaks. Charismatic, principled, and humble, Boskoff was also a deeply loved role model to her climbing partners and the Sherpa community. Edge of the Map traces the sharp twists and turns in Boskoff’s life, from her early years as a Lockheed engineer, through her first successes in the climbing world, to her purchase of Seattle-based Mountain Madness after owner and climber Scott Fischer was killed in the 1996 Everest disaster. -
The Senzar Solar System Merkarri, the First Planet
The SenZar Solar System Merkarri, the First Planet Radius: 3,321 miles. Silestion, the Sun Average Distance from Silestion: 42,000,000 miles. Radius: 444,888 miles. Solar Revolution: 0.22 years. Average Distance from SenZar: 99,000,000 miles. Mass: 5.23 X 1026 kg. 30 Mass: 2.14x10 kg. Composition: Merkarri is composed primarily of silicon, Composition: Silestion is composed primarily of silicon dioxide, and iron. hydrogen and helium, with traces of most known Atmosphere: None. elements and some exotics, notably Solara. Satellites: 0. Origin of Name: Named first in recorded history by the Silestion race, who revere the celestial body as a Origin of Name: Merkarri was named in honor of the phoenix-like reincarnation of their own homeworld's ancient Solarr champion, Merkarr'i, who was hailed as the annihilated sun, Silestion has, through the years, become swiftest flier of their mighty race. With the notable the common name for the star of the SenZar solar exception of SenZar, whose name was already in system. existence, the names of the planets were codified and standardized by Jacoor Thrax, the first Overlord of Pacts or Magicks: None, per se, though the star is Zengara, the Forever City, during the first year of his capable of producing several exotics, including Solara. reign. Though not an Astromancer himself, Jacoor Thrax, Special: A notable moment in Silestion's history through his secret communion with The Dragon, realized occurred at the start of the Fourth Age when Lord that it was necessary to "name" the planets, in order for Valthrustra, with a casual wave of his hand, caused the the magicks of Astromancy to become realized. -
Pakistan 1995
LINDSAY GRIFFIN & DAVID HAMILTON Pakistan 1995 Thanks are due to Xavier Eguskitza, Tafeh Mohammad andAsem Mustafa Awan for their help in providing information. ast summer in the Karakoram was one of generally unsettled weather L conditions. Intermittent bad weather was experienced from early June and a marked deterioration occurred from mid-August. The remnants of heavy snow cover from a late spring fall hampered early expeditions, while those arriving later experienced almost continuous precipitation. In spite of these difficulties there was an unusually high success rate on both the 8000m and lesser peaks. Pakistan Government statistics show that 59 expe ditions from 16 countries received permits to attempt peaks above 6000m. Of the 29 expeditions to 8000m peaks 17 were successful. On the lower peaks II of the 29 expeditions succeeded. There were 14 fatalities (9 on 8000m peaks) among the 384 foreign climbers; a Pakistani cook and porter also died in separate incidents. The action of the Pakistan Government in limiting the number of per mits issued for each of the 8000m peaks to six per season has led to the practice of several unconnected expeditions 'sharing' a permit, an un fortunate development which may lead to complicated disputes with the Pakistani authorities in the future. Despite the growing commercialisation of high-altitude climbing, there were only four overtly commercial teams on the 8000m peaks (three on Broad Peak and one on Gasherbrum II). However, it is clear that many places on 'non-commercial' expeditions were filled by experienced climbers able to supply substantial funds from their own, or sponsors', resources. -
A Climate of Change? the Facts Are on the Table – Now It’S the Politicians’ Turn
3-15 effzettFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH’S MAGAZINE Jülich researcher Martin Riese investigates climate processes in the stratosphere. A climate of change? The facts are on the table – now it’s the politicians’ turn TIDY BUSY MESSY Living cells What our brain and roads Crystals don’t clean themselves have in common have to be perfect 2 AS WE SEE IT A filter for oxygen A snowy landscape with spruces and jagged rocks? No. The picture shows a 15 x 15 micrometre section of a ceramic material from the perovskite group – imaged with an electron microscope. Jülich researchers from the Institute of Energy and Climate Research investigate these ceramics, for example to separate oxygen from the ambient air. This is only possible so far using a great deal of energy. One potential application is the oxyfuel process, which is one way of reducing the emissions of conventional power plants – ideally to water and CO2. The latter could then be separated and stored or reused. TOPICS 3 NEWS IN BRIEF Home Learning from 5 improvement for mistakes the worse Viruses modify bacteria to COVER STORY suit their own needs. Small glimmers 18 of hope Researchers provide Measuring with scientific basis A measuring error for decisions Thor’s hammer shows how cell on international membranes oscillate. climate policy. 23 8 Staying clean RESEARCH Cells have their own garbage All in good disposal system. (dis)order Magnetic resonance 24 spectrometers don’t have to be large and expensive. 20 SECTIONS Editorial Massive 4 difference Publication details 4 In crystals, flaws can be useful. What’s your research 14 all about? 19 2.2 plus Rush hour Roots, leaves, and stem – how plants distribute 26 in the brain their biomass. -
K2 Base Camp and Gondogoro La Trek
K2 And Gondogoro La Trek, Pakistan This is a trekking holiday to K2 and Concordia in the Karakoram Mountains of Pakistan followed by crossing the Gondogoro La to Hushe Valley to complete a superb mountaineering journey. Group departures See trip’s date & cost section Holiday overview Style Trek Accommodation Hotels, Camping Grade Strenuous Duration 23 days from Islamabad to Islamabad Trekking / Walking days On Trek: 15 days Min/Max group size 1 / 8. Guaranteed to run Meeting point Joining in Islamabad, Pakistan Max altitude 5,600m, Gondogoro Pass Private Departures & Tailor Made itineraries available Departures Group departures 2021 Dates: 20 Jun - 12 Jul 27 Jun - 19 Jul 01 Jul - 23 Jul 04 Jul - 26 Jul 11 Jul - 02 Aug 18 Jul - 09 Aug 25 Jul - 16 Aug 01 Aug - 23 Aug 08 Aug - 30 Aug 15 Aug - 06 Sep 22 Aug - 13 Sep 29 Aug - 20 Sep Will these trips run? All our k2 and Gondogoro la treks are guaranteed to run as schedule. Unlike some other companies, our trips will take place with a minimum of 1 person and maximum of 8. Best time to do this Trek Pakistan is blessed with four season weather, spring, summer, autumn and winter. This tour itinerary is involved visiting places where winter is quite harsh yet spring, summer and autumns are very pleasant. We recommend to do this Trek between June and September. Group Prices & discounts We have great range of Couple, Family and Group discounts available, contact us before booking. K2 and Gondogoro trek prices are for the itinerary starting from Islamabad to Skardu K2 - Gondogoro Pass - Hushe Valley and back to Islamabad. -
A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan
The Role of Geography in Human Security: A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan PhD Thesis Submitted by Ehsan Mehmood Khan, PhD Scholar Regn. No. NDU-PCS/PhD-13/F-017 Supervisor Dr Muhammad Khan Department of Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) Faculties of Contemporary Studies (FCS) National Defence University (NDU) Islamabad 2017 ii The Role of Geography in Human Security: A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan PhD Thesis Submitted by Ehsan Mehmood Khan, PhD Scholar Regn. No. NDU-PCS/PhD-13/F-017 Supervisor Dr Muhammad Khan This Dissertation is submitted to National Defence University, Islamabad in fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Peace and Conflict Studies Department of Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) Faculties of Contemporary Studies (FCS) National Defence University (NDU) Islamabad 2017 iii Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for Doctor of Philosophy in Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) Department NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY Islamabad- Pakistan 2017 iv CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION It is certified that the dissertation titled “The Role of Geography in Human Security: A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan” written by Ehsan Mehmood Khan is based on original research and may be accepted towards the fulfilment of PhD Degree in Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS). ____________________ (Supervisor) ____________________ (External Examiner) Countersigned By ______________________ ____________________ (Controller of Examinations) (Head of the Department) v AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis titled “The Role of Geography in Human Security: A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan” is based on my own research work. Sources of information have been acknowledged and a reference list has been appended.