The Institute of Atmospheric Sciences at South Dakota School of Mines & Technology

Rapid City, South Dakota

Celebrating 50 years of success

A Very Special Thank You

We wish to extend our grateful appreciation to Dr. Arnett Dennis, Dr. Paul Smith, Dr. Briant Davis, Dr. Harry Orville, Dr. Andrew Detwiler, and Mr. Dick Farley for all their help in contributing to and editing this document. Without their knowledge and direction, it would have been an impossible task.

This publication was compiled by Ms. Connie Crandall, publications production specialist at the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences/Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the time of publication (2012).

 2012, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 East Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701. Table of Contents

Special Resolution 30-1959...... iii History of the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences...... 1 Service and Honors...... 13 Photo pages...... 19 Graduates...... 26 Timeline of events and milestones...... 29 Research Project List...... 31 SPECIAL RESOLUTION NO. 30-1959

The Institute of Atmospheric Sciences was created by a special resolution of the Board of Regents of the State of South Dakota in 1959.

WHEREAS, the economy of South Dakota has much to gain from successful efforts in weather modification; and

WHEREAS, methods and practices in weather modification are handicapped by a lack of basic knowledge; and

WHEREAS the Congress, through appropriations to the National Science Foundation, has implemented its support of basic research in the atmospheric sciences; and

WHEREAS, it is reasonable and proper that South Dakota talent be mobilized to advance these researches insofar as it is practicable; and

WHEREAS, preliminary conversations reveal that an administrative headquarters, such as a department, is essential to expeditious and probable favorable consideration of research proposals,

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that an Institution of Atmospheric Sciences be created at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, and it is hereby created, to provide for and to conduct a program of basic and applied research in the several atmospheric sciences which research shall be calculated to expand the knowledge in the atmospheric sciences and to discover methods or procedures for the utilization of old and newly acquired knowledge in the art of weather modification; and

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Institute be authorized to receive grants, gifts, awards, and bequests of monies and/or equipment and to expend and/or use them in the prosecution of its objectives and to accept the loan of equipment from whatever source and to utilize it for these purposes all under the general control of the Board of Regents; and

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that such personnel as in its judgment shall be needed to prosecute the purposes of the Institute shall be appointed by the Board of Regents.

iii History ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AT THE SOUTH DAKOTA SCHOOL OF MINES AND TECHNOLOGY

An Introduction Note: The history of the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences (IAS) would be incomplete without mention of the Department of Atmospheric Sciences (in early years termed “Department of Meteorology”) so intertwined in this narrative will also be references to departmental activities. The research scientists at IAS also serve as faculty in the department.

This resolution took note that the U.S. Con- gress had implemented support of basic research The IAS was formally established in 1959 in the atmospheric sciences and that it was reason- because of the great interest in weather modifica- able and proper that South Dakota talent be mo- tion developed during the 1950’s. The Dean of Ag- bilized to advance that research. During the next riculture at South Dakota State University, A.M. few years, a program of special studies and field Eberle, had been vice chairman of President Eisen- experiments in weather modification got underway hower’s Advisory Committee on Weather Control, under a part-time appointment of Professor Joseph which had reported some favorable results regard- Cope (also the director of the School of Mines’ Ex- ing weather modification. Senator Francis Case periment Station at that time) as administrative of- had played a key role in the establishment of the ficer. Cope and Professor Hoyt Hart were involved Advisory Committee. The Institute was created in the management, research, and educational pro- in 1959 by Special Resolution No. 30-1959 of the gram. Cope had come to Mines in 1950, Hart in Regents of Education of South Dakota “...to pro- 1964. An introductory course in meteorology was vide for and to conduct a program of basic and ap- listed in the university catalog under the Physics plied research in the several atmospheric sciences, Department in the early 1960’s. One meteorologist which research shall be calculated to expand the was added to the Mines staff, but the IAS remained knowledge in the atmospheric sciences and to dis- an almost empty shell for the first few years of its cover methods or procedures for the utilization of existence. old and newly acquired knowledge in the art of weather modification; ...”

Richard Schleusener, above and Harry Orville discussing the new directly right, discusses the new radar equipment with state officials. radar system with state officials.

1 2 History 1960’s out the in summers of and 1963 1964. ommendations, field limited programs were carried from convective-type clouds. those to Pursuant rec possibility and of decreasing increasing rain hail cisions were made concentrate to on studying the cloud laboratory that the provide. Black Hills - De tivity the in United the States, natural recognized opened the era of modern weather modification ac whose on research cloud ice had with dry seeding ticipants, one of whom was Dr. Vincent Schaefer, educational programwhich followed. par The provided overall an road map for the and research 1962 and recommendationsary were made that science was research held Rapid in City Febru in Bureau. for the of Corps Army Engineers and the Weather weatherKrick’s modification operation, as well as previously Kahan gram. had worked P. for Irving sume the overall management of the Skywater pro- from the University of Oklahoma Denver to as to scientistqualified and administrator, relocate to awell-Reclamation Dr. Kahan, recruited Archie tion’s Center and Research Denver. Engineering in water, was managed from the Bureau of Reclama available funds. that South Dakota would get its of share the newly- wereBerry enthusiastic supporters who made sure co-sponsors, andMundt Sen. Karl and Rep. E.Y. brought many members of on Congress as board Reclamation was states. amechanism that This science many programs in research of the so-called mitments for the establishment of new atmospheric the western states. legislation The included com by cloud throughoutincreasing rainfall seeding” conductand manage aprogram“to on research tion the within Department of Interior develop to 1961In charged Congress the Bureau of Reclama being pursued by the National Science Foundation. An NSF-sponsoredAn conference on atmospheric ReclamationThe namedprogram, Sky Project 1960’s search as wellsearch as the basic research ernment. They wanted applied re- ous agencies of the Federal Gov modification the in research vari with the slow pace of weather western states became impatient Many members of from Congress 1960’s T he Early Years of – IAS A faculty member from modification. weather of into research gram extensive an ning pro- members capable of run South Dakota had staff nor any other college in aware that neither Mines Senator Mundt was well Schleusener Richard Dr. of Recruitment ------began work the of in 1964. fall portantly, he had excellent management He skills. the hailpad for intensity. hail measuring Most im Force and had reservist, invented adevice called Force, was activeAir still meteorology in Air as an but he had served as ameteorologist for the U. S. engineering,was rather civil in meteorology, than It was excellent an choice. Schleusener’s doctorate helped persuade Schleusener make to the move. support programwould for thebe on-going IAS tor Mundt’s verbal commitment that Reclamation’s Sena ofover the IAS. director full-time as the first leave post at his Colorado State University take to group at Schleusener Mines. to 1964 in agreed their possible interest building anew in research Schleusener and determine Dr. to Dennis, Arnett fell short far of what Mundt envisioned. period. this However, during Mines to those efforts and Dr. Schleusener, Richard served as consultants from Colorado State University, Grant Lewis Prof. the same scientists Two result and 1963 1964. in reau of Reclamation contract with achieved Mines evaluation effects of was seeding made. Bu Asmall ploratory cloud-seeding missions, but no systematic came out out Rapid to afew carry City 1962to in ex- South Dakota State University, Dr. Emily Frisby, fill gaps in the IAS workfill gaps in force. the IAS work plans and hiring some contractor personnel to summer of 1965, and we began the job of writing getto some limited experiments going field in the spring and summer months. We sensed the urgency Hillsthe Black and surrounding during areas the studyto the convective cloudsthat bring showers to it wisely. under Skywater task was Our assigned We the money; had the spend question how to was in California. But now the problem reversed. was been doinghad that at Stanford Research Institute writing research proposals attract to and I funds, entists normally spend of a good fraction their time I found myself in astrange situation. Research sci work computerup in IAS modeling of clouds. atogy the University and was head to of Arizona, recently completed work doctoral his meteorol in tioned above.) It day, was first Orville’s He too. had CommitteeAdvisory on Weather Control, men (Capt. had the chaired President’sOrville. Orville of Navy Capt. Howard T. sons, Orville’s Dr. Harry eral Industries building that morning, he met one day, February way his 15, On 1965. into the Min week or later so accept he to agreed Partlo’s offer. recently completed Industries Mineral building. A the being offices the prepared in staff for new IAS ulty members, and Schleusener gave of a tour him November that On of trip he 1964. met several fac meet F. and with Pres. him Partlo of in Mines L. sociate Director. Rapid Dr. to flew Dennis City to He askeda staff. as As Dr. join to the Dennis IAS hand, Schleusener needed move to fast recruit to contract from ReclamationWith in a$300,000 yearThe 1965: First Steps Cope contacted various scientists, including Dr. As Dr. “ As recalls: Dennis Dr. Dennis’s day first of work was Mon at IAS Upon arrival at Mines, ------3 History 1960’s ------The Piper Apache from Ray Booker’s company Aeromet. Cope continued to serve on a part-time basis a part-time basis to on serve continued Cope IAS the a first-rate that needed obvious was It ad Dennis’s Dr. for asked Schleusener When by mentioned, already to those Inaddition as the IAS administrative officer throughout 1965 IAS officerthroughout the as administrative a that apparent became soon it 1966, into and but Schleusener, needed. was full-timeadministrator Ellsworth at hisreservist performing duty while Lt. Col. by impressed been AirBase, had Force weather the of commander the Simmons, James in the been had Simmons base. the at detachment to return ready 20 was years, and over service for and job, him the offered tocivilian life.Schleusener IAS the Assistant joined in the 1966.he became He un position in that remained Director and in 1971, large intil 1986. his A relatively final retirement required 50) as was many as (perhaps workforce Sim and projects field numerous of era during the this group. managed effectively mons IASthe to of charge take engineer electrical radar to the turned over The Air had Force equipment. Air Ellsworth of site Force IAS Nike south the X- and cm) (10 S-band both with Base,complete a ridge on was site The Nike sets. radar cm) (3 band Regional City Airport Rapid Ells and the between Rapid downtown of east miles AFB,worth 10 about originally to detect were built sets The radar City. aircraft ground-to- guide and missiles, and enemy re- already had Cope them. airto destroy missiles cruited three technicians, radar to all get veterans, air. the on sets the Paul Dr. him about told he matter, the viceon a on was Smith when met had he whom Smith, in McGill University at appointment post-doctoral in engi electrical His doctorate Canada. Montreal, Technol of Institute Carnegie the from was neering Dennis recalls:at him “I Dr. in seen action had ogy. and meteorology, radar AMS on several conferences did who him with a person as impressed been had Mid the at working In was 1965 he his homework. Missouri. in Research Kansas Institute west City, fall,in the and Minescampus to the visit came He IAS, agreedthe on to did join he eventually which April 1966.” 1, IAS 1960’s meteorologists late the staff included Donnan K.R.and radar/ Jack EdBoyd, Biswas, technicians Aadland, Edelectronics Galles, Clem Cal John Jasper, Amborn, (Chuck) Ken Wallace Youngren, Bud pilots and Flohr, lahan Rudy and Don Merfeld. Flanagan, Mel Homer and Bill Myers, contributed Myers Carol and GarthBlair, Peterson, with research, of along aspects toin efforts other the designation given to Marinea given Corps aircraft designation the on States United the of president sitting a with Flanagan Dennisboard. recollected, As Mr. Dr. An from Eisenhower Dwight President ferried had heli by White Air Base to drews the House Force copter on several occasions. ------A more immediate need for the growing the Insti for need immediate more A Dr. Booker had decided to start his firm, own decided had Booker Dr. A rain gage network was set up around Rapid Rapid around wasup set network gage A rain An instrumented aircraft, a Piper Apache, was aircraft, An instrumented Alex Koscielski and Richard Schleusener Under Dr. Schleusener’s leadership, the Institute Institute the leadership, Schleusener’s Dr. Under OrvilleDennis described, As and just grew rapidly. that Hirsch 1965 and board later inearly on came year. Personnel tute was a meteorologist with some background in background some with a meteorologist was tute Project. For Rapid the seeding to over take cloud tohire Alexan recommended was it position that Univer the of a graduate was who Koscielski, der to hired run been in a 1957 had He Texas. of sity Modi Weather the seedingfor inprogram Oregon Severe inthe working Inwas Co. 1965 he fication Ser Weather Local National office the Storms of his vice (NWS) Missouri. However, in Kansas City, still After seedingalive. was he incloud interest of Schleusener IAS the visited offices in November, began He accepted. he which him a position, fered IAS with work in April, 1966. the leased he IAS. the join not However, sodid and IAS to the sum firm the Apache his from new for 1966, of hired Flanagan and Melvin mer to fly it. Marine U.S. the with pilot a Flanaganbeen had His rank major. of the with retired had Corps, and being Marine that One, piloting included resume City, and we contracted with Snedigar’s, a local a Snedigar’s, with contracted we and City, We pilot. and aircraft a seeding to provide firm, hadIt no serious Project. Rapid the effort this called ques design, statistical not answer so could and tions about the effectiveness of cloud seeding. How seeding. cloud of effectiveness the tions about as IAS was it important, learned staff about ever, into a project getting in involved problems many the northern the locatedin field.the Another project, project, Shadehill the called and state, the of part a con Inc., Atmospherics, by totally wasoperated tracting firm based in Fresno, California. Ray Dr. by Project Rapid the to support provided a graduate stu while it had who developed Booker, and 1, May us about joined State.He Penn at dent John summer. the during himself flew aircraft the staff our State, joined a graduate Penn of Hirsch, Apache.” the aboard actedand as observer the 4 History 1960’s-1970’s operation at five sites the in states. three for the others. At one time, 19 radar systems were in instrumented an ing Piper Apache, and contracted InstituteThe operated several includ of the aircraft, and aseries gauge of rain and hailpad networks. involved cloudradar coverage, by seeding aircraft, Southed in Dakota, North Dakota, and Nebraska ics, and radar meteorology. fieldThe work conduct field weather programs in modification, cloud phys erundertook sponsors, several the important IAS support Skywater, from Project the NSF, and oth new Departmentfledgling of Meteorology. With would yield results. significant thating it would be several years before project this developed the software that was needed, recogniz arecent graduateBoardman, University, of McGill had be programmed to machine in James language. puter, a 12-bit for PDP-8, purpose. PDP-8 The this bought earlytime. an IAS The model of minicom routines radarscanning and data analyzing real in offered possibilities the intriguing of programming ers. Hooking acomputer the to radar directly set data on magnetic tape for later analysis by comput some engineers the had recording radar begun photography of radar scopes. By the mid-1960s with weather radar sets often involved time-lapse a computerwas link to aradar set. to Early work dide. forms ofstructures various crystalline of silver io - crystallography, and joined the group study to the the department Geology Mines was expert in an cloud physicsIAS laboratory. Dr. BriantDavis of tracted with Reclamation for work under Skywater. as increases for other institutions that had con for workinclude South in Dakota, $600,000 as well learned that the Federal budget would 1966 for FY senseThe increased when of urgency at it IAS was Research Projects Carol (Vande Bossche) Hirsch. (Lundy) Helen Schock, Smith, Joie Robinson, and Brown, Helen Karen Alberts, Englebert, Carol sonnel period this were during Mona Young, Jean executive Knecht. Other Doris per office secretary Howard as administrative Elshire assistant and Early radars used by the team at IAS. at team the by Early used radars Those wereThose busy and times the for the IAS One crucial decisionOne crucial that was made early on saw also of yearThe 1965 an the beginnings ------mal sessions,mal that diverting Federal new funds to a friendly way, aconversation in outside of the for Pennsylvania State University, told Dr. in Dennis meteorology. One of them, Panofsky Hans Prof. of universities with long-established departments of Colorado, which drew attendees from some of the a workshop on meteorological satellites Boulder, in community. the of Dr. 1965 In fall attended Dennis universal approvalwin the in larger meteorological institutionssmall the in Reclamation states did not associates helpresearch to with projects. as it advantageousalso provided graduate IAS, to coursework offered by the department today. It was lum these in early days recognizable the isstill in equipment, and cloud modeling codes. curricu The work with novel radar data, cloud physics laboratory participate state-of-the-art in field experiments and December allowed in Mines This students of 1965. to tablishment meteorology programin of M.S. at an important developmentAn was for the es the IAS Connection Academic www.ias.sdsmt.edu. tive, see Dr. Dennis’s Arnett article posted at http:// account events of the flood from a scientific perspec from theport Bureau of Reclamation. For adetailed activityseeding around the and Black the Hills sup led adecline cloud change. to in to This was difficult that the was seeding associated with the flooding or contribute but the to the flood, public perception determined that the activity seeding did not cause outcarried earlier on the day Studies of the flood. Hygroscopic (salt) experiments seeding had been program from 1972 until 1976. funded operationalLegislature an cloud seeding Partly as a resulthail. the of research, this S.D. and suppress increase rainfall to be modified can which cumulus clouds the in northern Great Plains thoseing years. merical modeling studies were undertaken also dur North Dakota 1971-72. in Basic laboratory and nu radar siteDakota. was A fifth located at Berthold, North Dakota; and Lemmon and Rapid City, South multaneously Nebraska; at Watford Alliance, City, four 1969, in areas; fielding sites were operated si Related projects1969-72. were initiated neighbor in be supplanted to 1968, by Cloud Project Catcher in showers.rain Rapid The continued Project through ducted study to cloud effects on seeding convective thein the same area, Rapid was Project being con outcarried studies. hailstorm At the same time and country and overseas converged on Rapid City and nel from seventeen organizations from around the HailswathProject was hosted Rapid in City. Person studies of nucleating agents for cloud seeding. output. laboratory The work involved cloud-chamber of punch-card decks and line-printer and microfilm computermospheric (NCAR) Research the lab in era many weekend the trips to National Center for At The start-up ofThe new academic departments at The Rapid City flood occurred in June in of RapidThe 1972. occurred City flood helped research establishIAS the extent to theIn summer amajor of 1966 field effort called numericalThe cloud modeling work involved ------5 History 1960’s-1970’s ------

The 1970’s IAS staff and the of The faculty in major had years early inthose meetings of in a variety volvement American Meteorolog the of ‑ those Modi (AMS),ical Society Weather (WMA), Association Amer fication Civil of Society ican Engineers, and groups. trade/business of a number AMS on A national conference in hosted was modification weather 1970’s The T-28 storm penetrating aircraft ac was penetrating The T-28 storm a it T-28 made the of capabilities The unique of Bureau the by research support The major Rapid City in 1972 (shortly after the flood) after the (shortly one in and 1972 City Rapid pub were WMA papers the by Numerous in1976. IAS, the of research efforts the concerning lished on A book reputation. scientific their establishing seeding,written by cloud by modification weather in 1980. Arnett published Dennis, was champi had MacCready Paul quired in 1969. Dr. After during Project Hailswath. this cause oned armor of 700 lbs. including modifications, extensive flights test were a few all edges, on leading plating Hills Black in the 1970 of summer inthe conducted Colorado Northeast during the area Colorado and T-28, the piloted Youngren Bud HailExperiment. Alex Kosci meteorologist guidance radar by under T-28 in the hired was to Sand pilot Wayne elski. participation prevented problems engine but 1971, After larger season. new a field 1971 duringthe research first installed, of the was series engine National 1972 during the conducted flights were Colorado. Hail in Research Northeast Experiment aircraft serviced by TheT-28 was technicianJon to the 1996. 1972 from Leigh During 1970’s, the Sand, Wayne Youngren, Bud by piloted T-28was Prodan. Killinger, John Joe and the over programs fixturefield of variety in wide a changed packages instrument the Although years. researchobjectives and on went years the as - pro T-28 have the by collected data the changed, theses student of largea number for material vided 2000’s. the into extending In research papers and the for an as ambassador T-28 served the addition, field. the into went it IAS wherever general with along in 1975, ended Reclamation so that research expenditures, in federal cutbacks longer no were programs field modification weather this funding, of end the Mines. With at supported IAS. at staff employment many left Personnel Vice to become on moved Schleusener Dr. In1974, School Dean Engineeringof the and of President Dennis- be Dr. President). its thereafter soon (and Orville Dr. and Head Institute Directorcame the of 1970’s the Over Meteorology. of Department the of Meteorologist for a short time following his gradua following time short a for Meteorologist tion in 1969. Two notable post-doctoral members of of members post-doctoral in 1969. Two notable tion Marianne Philip were and English Department the two for served later Chen Chang-ShinDr. Chen. professor. an as years assistant ------Dr. Schleusener assigned the job of preparing preparing of job the assigned Schleusener Dr. started program in meteorology The graduate also Department the of members Thefaculty Skywater colleagues at Mines, the University University Mines, the at colleagues Skywater The T-28 shortly after its Rapid arrival in shortly City. The T-28 cism. The resolve was to build a new research group research group a new to build was The resolve cism. depart established with competitive be would that universities, prestigious more and larger at ments IAS staffto recruit the well-qualified and intended IAS the that The fact ran mainly that. to on do were positions its of none that meant money” “soft joining IAS a persons toso the have had tenured, a of than that attitude adventurous more slightly some Nevertheless, professor. typical university ap engineers and scientists young well-qualified grow and a new to join opportunity the preciated ing research group. to department new the for a budget and a syllabus toDrs. Orville graduate- Dennis. In and addition undergrad to program some had they courses, level fields from students incoming which courses, uate prerequisites as take could than meteorology other offer The standard courses. level graduate the for beginning M.S. the the ings at of program were physi meteorology, synoptic and incourses general courses specialty and cal dynamic meteorology and and physics nucleation, of fundamentals in radar, and physics precipitation and clouds, dynamics of weather modification. nationally-supported than the smaller much out IASresearch The first program. M.S. two degrees and Liu in 1968, Yu-Ming to John awarded were 200 Martin degrees over time that Schock.Since generally have The students awarded. been have research assistant graduate by supported been this TheIAS ships. provided research sponsors been M.S. have the of theses so most and support area IAS of some writtenon research. from Results injournal pub appeared have half these of roughly lications. IAS, the research Depart for the and conducted a Martin for to joined Schock grow. continued ment on moved then but after stint his graduation, short weath program inoperational state S.D. the to lead Dennis Musil Air veterans modification. er Force M.S. Miller and also degrees received James and Depart in the teach research to and do on stayed a Research as Curt Hartzell employed ment. was of Wyoming and elsewhere shrugged off such criti off such shrugged elsewhere and Wyoming of research groups, instead of increasing support to support increasing of instead researchgroups, unwise. was researchers, established 6 History 1970’s-1980’s a meteorologist. a Weatheral requirement Service for employment as credit hours meteorology in and satisfy the Nation dergraduate students obtain 18 to or more semester level allows program 1978. in un was This started on campus, a minor programat the undergraduate viously received degree from SDSM&T. M.S. an cooperative 1987. in finishing He program, had pre- was Sarma student the first R.A. complete to the operative Ph.D. program was established 1977. in were held with Colorado State University and- aCo sufficient. thecertainly In mid-1970’s discussions Ph.D.port work, although monies research were the at wasprogram narrow that too time sup to the assess possibilities.to conclusion The was that program and had employed aconsultant 1969 in faculty had been a Ph.D. interested starting in ments Wyoming in and Montana. Department The between quality and the our air energy develop ducted quality and on research the air relationship 1974,riculum in con and several of of the IAS staff Department. pollution Air of became the part cur and aperiod of new course offerings the began in 1970’sThe was era an of diversification the in IAS Connection Academic newly this efforts in developing field. scale meteorology and the Department’s teaching obtained meso efforts in and- grants led the IAS learned the published language, scientific papers, little English when he country, came this to André into mesoscale meteorology. Although he knew very 80’s. worked the between in office the mid-70’s and early Sheryl Hunter, Kathy Newkirk, and Pat Lemer also Tech graduates whothe in early joined 70’s. IAS Johnson, and Doug Halvorson Jerry Cain, were ued and extended the atmospheric electricity effort. Helsdon, Jr., joined the faculty 1979 in and contin by carbon monoxide poisoning 1978. in Dr. John (and trification, until his family’s) his tragic death complished pioneering work modeling in cloud elec pursueto studies atmospheric in electricity. He ac ment as aPost (and Doc later assistant professor) initiated. 1974 In Timothy Chiu joined the Depart and new of and areas research instruction were several additional faculty joined the Department In 1977 the IAS and the 1977 DepartmentIn the IAS moved orderIn broaden to the appeal of meteorology Richard Farley,Richard Kopp, Johnson, Fred Ron Gary meteorology, broadening broadening meteorology, took up studies of radar entist and Professor, and then Sci as a Research as aVisiting Scientist, 1978, in initially IAS to topics.logical He came and books on meteoro - many written ing articles country, his in gist hav meteorolo dynamic nent 1977.in He was emi an Romania from emigrated Dr. Doneaud André ------using facilities at NCAR, tripsBoulderusing facilities to at became NCAR, much of the computational work was performed still ics and possible effects of cloud seeding. Although of these studies concentrated on precipitation phys Most field and HIPLEX. projects, especially NHRE variety of cloud models support in of many of these 1970’s: the during projects versity with statistical aspects of the study. Paul Mielke of and Colorado Ken Berry State Uni Sengupta (part-time) assist to joined Drs. the IAS Brown effort. Barbara and Ms. this Dr. Sumedha wereMontana. staff involved Most of the IAS in HiPLEX-1 experiment out carried southeastern in and Texas), Kansas, tana, which focused on the a few years earlier with sites states three in (Mon tion; exploratory phases of project this had started for by the the run High Plains Bureau of Reclama was enhancement arain project. HiPLEX project tract for the design and evaluation of the HiPLEX late 1980’s and early 1990’s. fugitive dust problem the in Rapid the in City area ity group went on perform to studies related the to addition Montana to and Wyoming. qual air The of South Dakota, North Dakota, and Nebraska, in surements over involving a circuit the five states which involved quality related avariety of air mea Davis and Johnson Ron pollution the in air effort, Dr. Paul Yue 1974 in joined assist to Dr. IAS Briant from thefunding Department of 1976. Energy in aspecially-equippeding motorhome obtained with Much of pollution the air work was accomplished us Research of the staff. mitory building, was there reunited with the rest been temporarily housed the in lower level of ador Group, building. Engineering ry The which had from the Industries Mineral the building to McLau The modelingThe group developed and applied a • • • • scientists participatedIAS the in following Early was 1978 awarded in the IAS the con as T-28 pilot.as T-28 Norman, Oklahoma with John area Prodan mesoscale circulations, conducted the in tigate between the links storm-scale and inves ’79) to scale Experiment (SESAME Severe Environmental Storms and Meso- ect; was the also pilot of the for T-28 proj this Cape Canaveral 1978. in Johnarea Prodan derstorm electrical processes, held the in investigation an (TRIP’78), gram of thun Thunderstorm International- Research Pro as theJohn pilot); Prodan took place the in 1978, same in with area Wayne Sand as the pilot (a follow-on project wasT-28 akey project, this facility in with formation and methods it. The modify to northeastern Colorado investigate to hail which from 1972-1976 ran (NHRE), in National Experiment Research Hail with faculty from other departments; Mines Briant Davis and associates, association in alaboratory project involvingTHEMIS, ------7 History 1970’s-1980’s - The T-28 in Switzerland in 1982 for the Grossversuch the Grossversuch for 1982 in Switzerland in The T-28 Project. Swiss officials greet the crew. Jon Leigh standsJon as the cockpit in the plane is towed to Switzer in project its the hangar Grossversuch during land. Various radar equipment and on-site labs were used labs were and on-site radarVarious equipment Dakota the North during Thunderstorm Project (NDTP). Dr. Paul Smith, Mr. John Hirsch, and Dr. William William and Dr. Hirsch, John Mr. Smith, Paul Dr. discussing DakotaHughes the North Thunderstorm 1989. Bismarck in in field project scientist for the T-28 in 1987, and Dr. Paul Smith Smith Paul Dr. and T-28 in 1987, the for scientist Vine Norm manager. facility the as named was during the duties Dan shared piloting Custis and 1980’s. ------

reau of Reclamation in Denver. Dr. Dr. in Denver. Reclamation of reau of position the assumed Smith Paul IAS, Directorthe Orville of Dr. and Meteorology to as serve continued The 1980’s Personnel IAS the of in changed Leadership to Dennis become left Dr. when 1981 Bu the at a research administrator 1980’s A new addition to the IAS and department IAS to the department and addition A new during included: this time staff members Other The T-28 made its first international ventures ventures first its international TheT-28 made 28 entered into a formal NSF facility mode of op of mode facility NSF a formal into 28 entered ‑ Department Head. James Simmons retired in retired 1986 Simmons James Head. Department and after serving Department 20 the with years IASthe Di Assistant and Associate as Professor Department’s the became and respectively, rector, Miller succeeded James professor. first emeritus IAS. Director Assistant as the of Simmons Den in 1990, professor an as retired associate nisMusil a on T-28 projects various on to work continued but contin Schleusener 1995. until Dr. part-time basis his until retirement School the of President as ued in death untimely After Doneaud’s Dr. in 1987. SDSM&T (an Hjelmfelt Mark Dr. 1987, December staff the in 1988 to joined in 1975) M.S. recipient research efforts. mesoscale advance IAS the joined who Welch, Ronald Dr. was faculty sensing in remote studies performed in 1982. He radiative developed and meteorology satellite and incourses the meteorology satellite and transfer sens a remote assembled later Welch Department. (see 1990’s). ing group Lee, Alan Jonathon Linda Allen, Bob Thompson, Priegnitz, Hart Pretre,Ken Art Dave DeGaetano, mann,Tracy Schilling, Saskia Willemse, Tongli secretarial staff: Robinson, seven and Shen, Joie Marga Lowther, Tom Hirsch, Carol Sandi Palmer, Joie Mary and Holter. Peterson, Pat Nickeson, ret Department/IAS the with began Carol and in the early 1970’s. Research 1980, through and TheHiPLEX continued project the as served Montana Miles City, at facilities the a project, CCOPE 1981 the for operations of base The T-28 storms. convective of study large field the encountered it in CCOPE, where participated updraft history. storm in its strongest 1983 to in and par 1982 toa trip Switzerland with ticipate in the Grossversuch IV in 1985 and project, Grossversuch in the ticipate hailto Alberta, suppression were These Canada. acquisition data the Priegnitz built Dave projects. T-28, the on computer microNova the for software in later and project firstGrossversuch in used the the In 1987, Canadian projects. and MayPole the T cost fundsfor state of an increment with eration, hired was facility as Andrew Detwiler sharing.Dr. puters via terminals and telephone modems in the in the modems via terminals telephone and puters 70’s. late less necessary due to remote access to com NCAR’s access to remote necessary due less 8 History 1980’s-1990’s ficer (SOO) atficer (SOO) the Rapid City station. doctorate,his and now is a Science Operations Of Weatheral Rapid in Service City while pursuing Matt was employee a full-time 2005. of the Nation and1993 degree in aPh.D. obtained in M.S. an graduate whoB.S.I.S. continued with our program, ate work meteorology. in Matt Bunkers, another completed programand this later went on gradu to Jason Shane Hansen, and Kyle Goehring, Brehe Meteorology. in a B.S. the In 1990’s, John Salmen, astudentgram may obtain adegree equivalent to Science was initiated at pro this - Through Mines. 1989, a BachelorIn of Science Interdisciplinary in Connection Academic used atis still WSR-88D sites around the world. OpenProduct Generator Radar and the NEXRAD ofcame the apart Human Computer Interface for software be- users and COMET. of IRAS this Part level2 data software package used by NEXRAD facilitiesing at NCAR. modems connection as the primary the to comput internet The Spain. in Basin replaced telephone Enhancement the in (PEP) Duero River Program forport the internationally-sponsored Precipitation ing, and was contracted provide to modeling sup microbursts, cloud electrification and cloud seed these field projects, addressing topics such as hail, performed avariety of studies association in with cloud modeling IAS The 1986. group in Alabama Meteorological in ville Experiment (COHMEX) wasalso akey platform the in Cooperative Hunts conductedProjects under programincluded: this its Federal-State Cooperative 1980. in Program entered theAdministration picture (NOAA) with National The research. and Atmospheric Oceanic volvement of Reclamation weather in modification Station on campus 1990. in andbecome Experiment of the Director Mining quality laboratory work and to Dr. Davis left IAS derstorm Project). decade This saw the end of air took placeT-28 (the 1989 in North Dakota Thun In 1989, DaveIn developed Priegntiz IRAS an was T-28 The involved those in projects and • • • 1980’sThe saw also the end in of significant A major North Dakota field project with the

1990’s North Dakota Thunderstorm (1989). Project periment (PACE) (1989) Illinois, in Precipitation Augmentation for Crops- Ex (1987), North Dakota Cloud Modification Project 1995. Also in 1995 the 1995 National in local Also 1995. State Cooperative ended Program in of Graduate Education. Federal- The before being transferred the to Office for few theaged by first years IAS 1990’s, and activities local were man sortium came into being the in early SouthThe Dakota Space Grant Con The 1990’s ------man, Donna Kliche and Feind Kliche Rand Donna man, performed his research administration research his duties. retired at the end of took over 1997; Carol Hirsch Dr. Welch’s group moved Jim Miller Alabama. to er, who had become systems manager shortly before systems administrator, succeed to Kathy Fryberg Lalonde as computer Karl 1999 in was hired of IAS. assumedand Research, the role Director of Acting of as Dean Graduate 1995 in Mines to Education Dr. wife. ill Sherry Farwell,minally who had come Smith chose retirement spend to time terwith his John and Paul Hirsch 1996, Smith Dr. retired; and was succeeded by Dr. Hjelmfelt 1997. in In John Helsdon became the Department’s chair first continuedDr. Orville work, research his and Dr. supported rotating positions chair campus-wide. when Department Heads where replaced by non- steppedville down as Department Head 1994, in changes for the meteorology department. Dr. Or remained with IAS. abama-Huntsville. Feind Rand and Kliche Donna continue1997 to their work at the University of Al most ofremote his sensing group in left SDSM&T Dr. Oleg Vassiliev (1992). However, Dr. Welch and Kwo-Sen Kuo and Visiting 1994) (both in Scientist Ph.D. Coop grads Christopher Sundar SDSMT and (1993), Kliche and (Vulcan) Donna and CSU/ Hui-Yun “Joyce” Chou (1993), Feind Rand (1992), grads Todd (1991) and Denise (1993) Berendes, 1992), in Tech (hired Han sisting of Dr. Qingyuan Dr. Welch assembled aremote sensing group con Personnel expected to last through the year 2002. last through to expected the year 2002. programs which were several in search NASA/EOS facultya SDSM&T member: for re- $15,000,000 the largest contract ever awarded at that time to ries of experiments. research continued T-28 The se participate to a regular in with universities offices er Service when possible. modernize and co-locate the NWS National Weath complex Village Star of the as part national move to above the to hill campus eastAirport gional of the Weather moved Service from the Rapid- City Re (radiosondes) dayfor every data-gathering. are released building white-domed where balloons weather the is The campusMines (on hill the of campus). on side west the on SD the co-located is Weather National Service The For Dave research, T-28 Ken Hart Priegnitz, mid-The late-1990’s to saw also some major Dr. Welch Ron was the recipient of1992 in ------9 History 1980’s-1990’s - - - - - Convection and Precipitation/Electrifica and Convection in the conducted (CaPE), Experiment tion area in 1991; Canaveral Cape Real-Time of Prediction Analysis and (RAPS) CO inStorms 1992; in Greeley, (NDTE)Experiment Tracer Dakota North in ND Bismarck, in 1993; Rainfallin Augmenting Experiment Texas Seeding (TEXARC) Cloud through in Big TXSpring, sponsored in 1994 and August Cooperative NOAA the by Federal-State Program; Ex- in Tornadoes Rotation of Verification 95) (VORTEX VORTEX and periment 1995, 1994 and springs, two ran for which the and region; OK Norman, in the Collection Data Turbulence Convective in 1999. Program Colorado in northeast • • • • • • during efforts thisperiod modeling Numerical The first major Institute-wide project under Dr. Dr. under project Institute-wide The first major continued in the traditional areas of cloud seeding areas cloud of traditional in the continued proj field various for processes precipitation and ects but broadened to include studies of convective convective of studies to include broadened ects but cold- and clouds, marine boundary layer initiation, Hills Black region. the over precipitation season to a 3D expanded modeling electricity Atmospheric dis lightning simulated included and framework of much on took computers Department charges. NCAR at done previously work computational the in-house replaced models externally-developed and stud modeling mesoscale for especially programs, ies. Basin Missouri River Upper the was Zimmerman to undertaken Pilotwas Project (UMRBPP),which budget water the understand and establish better researchproject, This region. collaborative the for - - - - ing the T-28 and the atmospheric electricity electricity atmospheric the T-28 and ingthe Institute Mexico New the at research group Miningof Technology; and ProfilerStudies Oklahoma Cooperative OK Norman, inthe conducted (COPS-91), area; Small-scale instrument test projects involv projects test instrument Small-scale sity of Alabama at Huntsville. Pictured, left Alabama standing, to of Steve right: Stender, at Huntsville. Trimarchi,sity Anthony Z. Li, Donald Sedlacek, Trace Dale Hjermstad, Wang, Bowen, Chengshu unidentified an student Kuo Sen-Kwo, Hirsch, Donna Orville, Harry Orville, Krcil, John Dr. Ron Kevin Johnson, behind Kliche, Denise and Berendes, Todd and another unknown Rand Detwiler, Andy Feind, Fred Kopp, student. Seated, Kristine Scheier, front: Allison (Wozniak) Barbieri, X. back: Zhang, Spencer Jin; Q. Chou. and Joyce ChrisCaldwell, Waits, One of the larger classes of ATM students (circa 1995) and staff, taken on the occasion of Dr. Orville’s taken and the occasion staff, Orville’s on Dr. of One classes 1995) the larger of ATM students of (circa last class. dynamics This and his is the group departing Univer also Ron for Welch just prior to Dr. • • Mesoscale modeling efforts were bolstered by by bolstered were efforts modeling Mesoscale pated in a number of field projects, most of which which of most projects, field of ina number pated T-28 aircraft: the involved During this decade, the scientists at IAS at partici scientists During the this decade, Research ley (1992) and Qixu Mo (1998) served as post-doc post-doc as Qixuserved and (1992) (1998) Mo ley Root, Tom Summers, Charlie researchscientists. T-28 the piloting time spent each Warner Tom and 1990’s. the of decade during the in 1996 and Derickson Russell Dr. of addition the Zimmer Patrick Dr. William inDr. 1997. Capehart Director IAS the man of became as and, in 1997, Group Sensing Remote the of most earlier, noted to sought Zimmerman to Alabama. Dr. relocated to focus departmental and Institute the broaden on emphasis new with an approach, Earth Systems change, global interactions, atmosphere-biosphere very board some on brought He earthand systems. The first of faculty. young capable and energetic Dr. was Zimmerman hired Dr. by faculty new the specializing in biosphere- a biologist Lee Vierling, who sensing, remote and interactions atmosphere retired Robinson board in on Fall, 1999. Joie came Specialist in Production Publications of position the 1996; Crandall Connie position. filled that data processing and analysis and Drs. Richard and Kel analysis and processing data 10 History 1990’s-2000’s volving climate change, agriculture, and the earth- Meteorologist. Wildfire nor’s aState office: Carbon Scientist and aState tional positions were instituted through the Gover state-supported addi Two positions IAS. within Gov. Janklow of the William need for additional chemistry. Dr. Zimmerman was able convince to Baker, whose specialty atmospheric was analytical Dr. Vierling was followed by Dr. Bradly 2000 in Personnel 2002. in Zhang program was Xingjun atmospheric sciences Ph.D. graduate of the AEWR wasresearch emphasized the in program. first The courses from the other university. Interdisciplinary dents reside to at one university and take required Telecommunications allowed Network stu (RDTN) work taken over South Dakota’s Development Rural sphere, environment, and water resources.- Course atmo areas, three - take all courses to in required and South Dakota State University. Students were vironmental and Water between Resources Mines proved ajoint Ph.D. Atmospheric, programin En instrumentation. and ics-intensive, but more requires chemistry, biology, Systemstems. Earth The track is less mathemat lished, one Meteorology in and Sys one Earth in and somewhat later tracks two were M.S. estab ment of Atmospheric Sciences the of in 1997, fall departmentThe name was changed the to Depart Connection Academic region springBlack 1999. in Hills was centered period forserving over UMRBPP the was supported intensive An by NSF-EPSCoR. ob was initiated under Smith Drs. and Farwell and provided. Early preparatory work for project this and seeing was in that was influential funding studies the within Upper River Missouri Basin, Pressler was a strong proponent of water budget tal-scale International (GCIP). Project Sen. Larry and Water-cycle Continen Experiment (GEWEX) ofwas the as part funded Global by NASA Energy involving various universities and federal agencies, completely building by the to 2007. MI inventory and all was 2004 moved after service for McLaury in awhile, the was T-28 retired from Building. Although the laboratory T-28 remained ences department for more space the in McLaury The StateThe Carbon Scientist works on issues in 2000’s the 1994 In South ofDakota Regents Board ap need by the Math and Computer Sci January due in ing 2001, a growing to back the to Industries Mineral build and the Department IAS The moved bon cycle and carbon sequestration. much stronger emphasis on the car systemsearth emphasis a to shifted By the the middle of the year 2000, A NewCentury ------member throughout the radar community. as aconsultantas well as serving and committee projects, papers writing and mentoring students, tinues work to avoluntary in capacity on research twiler was named the to position. Dr. Smith con for a permanent head came up empty and Andy- De search spring dean.2012external interim In an 2011, at which time Dr. Andy Detwiler took over as until June basisa part-time of director as interim August of 2010, Dr. Paul Smith work to agreed on of Graduate Education. John’s After retirement in he assumed also role the 2008 half-time in of Dean Dr. after Zimmerman’s Director ing departure, and corporation.C-Lock Dr. John Helsdon served as Act join to Dr. newly-formed Zimmerman his the in IAS left employment while PhD at his earned IAS, with tion private efforts in industry. Lalonde, Karl who concentrate to signed 2007 in on carbon sequestra Dr. Zimmerman re- as Department 2006. in Chair Dr.sition Hjelmfelt 2003. in second began his term with Dr. Detwiler the assuming 2000, - in po Chair 2011.I in position, which was Assistant updated Program to Pam Cox currently holds and 2004. 2003 thatin and Nancy Kuster serveduntil 2009, as secretary carbon sequestration and served 2003 in research assist to wastist, with policy hired issues for the tus. Dr. Updegraff, a post-doctorate Karen scien and Johnson Ron were emeritus granted all sta Smith, Miller Orville, positionspart-time 2004. in and Dr. Smith Johnson2003, and Gary from their Kopp and Fred Dr. in Orville Johnson 2000, in which after the position2005, was discontinued. and continued 2003 in Director of until Associate succeeded the in Elaine upgradedCarville position Caroling Hircsh’s retirement Dr. 2001. in Mc Kata (Foy) follow Baker as Assistantwas Director hired the until T-28 its Elaine retirementMs. 2004. in He continued serve to as the Facility Manager for sis following wife’s his passing the in year 2000. graduate of our program. M.S. position. this in ing Clabo isa2009 Darren programwhile serv Ph.D. the his earned in AEWR take aposition private in industry. Dr. Benson Dr. after Benson left to by 2009 Clabo in Darren by and Dr. Bensonfilled October, in Randall 2002, currentlyteam, housed at the Rapid City airport. closely with the suppression state fire wildland thein Atmospheric Sciences department. He works meteorologistthe fire serves instructor also as an addition In Hills. being to on duty wildfires, during the in ticular heavily-forested of areas the Black by drought conditions across the state, and par in ed due number the to growing created of fires large 2003, currently holds2003, the position. Dr. P.V. 2005. to Sundareshwar, who in was hired from 2004 Zhang and Dr. Quinlai 2003, to 2001 West for ofPeng Dr. 2001, part Changui from late by four individuals five the years: in Dr. first Ann atmosphere carbon cycle. position This was filled Dr. Zimmerman took arotation as Department Other retirements time this were during Ron onDr. ba a part-time Smith returned IAS to Meteorologist StateThe Wildfire position was The fire meteorologist fire The position had been creat ------History 1990’s-2000’s 11 observa- in situ situ in The IAS has a number of numerical models and and models numerical The IAS of number a has T-28the also came the of retirement the With active from retired was plane the Although com- IAS driving in the high-end has been force The A-10 “Warthog” - the next penetrat- generation storm The A-10 ing aircraft. erect a second flux tower, a 7-meter tower, at the the at tower, a 7-meter flux a second erect tower, was It station. agricultural experiment Cottonwood IAS the by 2004- from operated and instrumented NOAA part became by and 2008,over taken then Ameriflux the in retired of 2010. was It program. moni- and to simulate techniques sensing remote On the processes. hydrologic regional local tor and (SEM) Model Electrification Storm the scale, cloud (NOx) oxide nitrous to include extended has been discharges. lightning with associated chemistry towa- applied been have models mesoscale Various snow lake-effect UMRBPP, for studies budget ter IAS studies. climate regional and alsostorms, is sedi- mitigating toward applicable tools developing examining and agricultural from practices ment is sensing Remote issues. resource water regional fire determining burn sever- and for danger used the post-fire the environment, of hydrology the ity, defi- water of modeling for and stress, vegetation is to estab- future emphasis and Current ciencies. fire toHills study Black a laboratory as lishthe processes behavior. and weather airborne the anof archive for need T-28 historysummer during of the obtained tions and data All projects. available field thunderstorm in a housed are being T-28 activity from reports Earth the Observing Laboratory at location central Colorado. NCARat in Boulder, A-10 inthe sought was in 2005,duty a replacement successfully submitted was A proposal “Warthog”. plane. a new for Foundation Science National tothe Air “Warthog” the from Force an A-10 of Transfer is The Institute approved. has been Navy to the Inter- for Center the with collaborating currently Aircraftdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Studies in School Postgraduate Naval U.S. the at (CIRPAS) even- and California development inthe Monterey, “SPA-10”. the of tual operation Mines. of School the at use visualization and puter an IAS Onyx SGI at include: capabilities Current UNIX software, immersive various processor, 16 proces- (34 a 17-node and Linux workstations, and cluster. computational dual-Athlon sor) Dr. Sundareshwar also conceived of the idea of of idea the of also conceived Sundareshwar Dr. to an a effort erect led Zimmerman Pat Dr. developing a center to study the influence air- of the to study a center developing Funding to health. human particulates on borne Senator through obtained was this effort support NOAA. by office administered and Tim Johnson’s Hu- and Atmosphere for Plains Center The Great enter- private two of partnership a was manHealth Research Alliance Western the Foundation prises, American Indian for Hills Black Center the and SDSM&T universities, public two and Health, for (Center (IAS)Hills University Black State and Dur- Resources). Biological of Conservation the considerable this life project, of 24-month ing the to infrastructure devoted development was effort re- research developing team and the (assembling A preliminary assess- techniques). quired and tools conducted was data atmospheric and health of ment cardiovascular for records hospitalization on based Regional City Rapid at ailments respiratory and 2000 period the 2006 through for and Hospital associated and measurements particulate matter par- with period, same the for data meteorological large relatively of to periods given ticularemphasis other and size sample wildfires. to Due inadequate un- were tests statistical data, the with problems fundingand significantto detect correlations able wasnot continued. Hills Black National in the tower walk-up 22-meter NOAA be- by and instrumented was that Forest This Amerifluxa part tower the came of network. In 2001-2009. from 2004, operated Drs. system to collaborated Baker and Vierling, Zimmerman, Research biogeochemistry Sundareshwar’s Dr. of The focus cycles biogeochemical coupled is on research work sulfurand in phosphorus nitrogen, carbon, of and terrestrialaquatic ecosystems, ecosystem dy- structure ecosystem ecology, microbial namics and issues, quality water ecology, wetland function, and human and natural coupled dynamics of the and equipment In 2005, a major systems. obtained he Foundation. Science National the grant through Facility Core Biogeochemistry the this money, With utilizing the projects and (BCF)established was and graduate several supporting and equipment are underway. students undergraduate The Biogeochemistry Lab Facility Core is a second home to students conducting Masters their thesis and PhD research. The lab is used departments several by on Pictured Richard campus. Lebeau, are above Mebratu Upadhayay, Abessa, and Sikchya Shawn Honomichl, M.S. degree students 2010. in 12 History 1990’s-2000’s week-long camp at 2012. in Mines SD such science activities fair by participating a in which allows Dr. prepare to Kliche students for following spring. Asecond hasbeen grant awarded tries for Science the Regional Fairthe Plains High several of the camp participants preparing in en Dr. worked Kliche Donna the ofing 2008, fall with background of these important sites. cultural Dur scientific principles andlearned also the scientific camps, students attended several presentations of Butte South these in Dakota. summer During Badlands, Mt. Rushmore, Horse, Crazy and Bear falo Jump and Devil’s Tower Wyoming, in and the ited sites of interest cultural such as the Vore Buf Theylong vis summer and 2008. camps 2007 in along with member, a family participated week- in tive middle American and school high students, Groups andarea. Black surrounding Hills of Na through the exploration of places special the in science paired cun with Native culture American creasing need for the space. but 2007, building in closed 2010 in due in an to Laboratory ofchanics the wing Civil/Mechanical the to Building newthe MI Computational Me- results. visualization The equipment moved from ization were teach used to and understand model on learning experiences on campus. SD the Mines experiences on learning hands- had but also they their heritage, to significant Not only many visit science. students the did places cultureNative American in combination with learning opportunity the allowed students study2008 to their Summer Oyate He Camp Sapa program in held The An NSF projectAn entitled He Sapa Bloketu Woe- Various forms of interactive, immersive visual Wyoming. Sundance, near Devil’sto Tower program hike Summer Camp Oyate He Sapa of the Students ------gineering, as wellgineering, as Atmospheric Sciences. and Environmental Civil Engineering, logical En of the School ofincluding Mines, - and Geology Geo is program interdepartmentalThe on the campus programat andes, separate SDSU. AES from an Atmosphericchange to and Environmental Scienc underwentgram reorganization, resulting the in pro- the AEWR program. By 2005, from the AEWR aPh.D. graduating from Mines, earn to 2005 in BennettT. was Native the (Bull) M. first American Connection Academic effects on the rivers and Chile. streams in de for Chile, work his the regarding didymo the Nacional Congreso Senado medal by Republica awarded by the Senate 2010, acivilian Chilean in Dr. Sundareshwar received the highest honor 2010 by invitation special of the Senate of Chile. ers of and Chile, attended aworkshop in Chile in donealso on research same this diatom the in riv invadewhich to hasstarted Rapid Creek. He has on invasive an diatom, and Mr. Dick Farley. on Assisting theect. project Dr. are Kliche Donna appreciation for from NATO their work on the proj Capehart and Dr. Hjelmfelt received of certificates of confidence level for numerical predictions. Dr. numericalin weather prediction, and estimation complexin better use of observations terrain, local provements low-level to numerical forecasts wind by the U.S. Army. hasfocused research on im This Capehart have been working on a project supported time, and Dr.time, and T.M. (Bull)2005. Bennett, FarwellDr. (acting the at Head Sherry Department In 2009, Dr. P.V. 2009, In Sundareshwar began research Dr. Mark HjelmfeltSince 2005, and Dr. Bill Didymosphenia geminata, Didymosphenia and its - - - - -

Dr. Orville took sabatticals with the National Service to the professional field of Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), atmospheric science travelling extensively around the world. Dr. Arnett Dennis also spent time at NOAA. The IAS and Department faculty and staff con- tributed much service to several meteorological pro- Honors and awards fessional societies, primarily the American Meteo- rological Society (AMS), the Weather Modification Dr. Orville received the Charles Franklin Brooks Association (WMA), and the World Meteorological Award, for outstanding and sustained contributions Organization (WMO). Many of our staff, students, to the advancement of AMS publications and educa- and alumni are members of the Black Hills Chapter tional goals. of the American Meteorological Society. Drs. Schle- In 2006, Dr. Paul Smith received the AMS Re- usener and Dennis served terms as president of the mote Sensing Lecturer Award for his work in ad- WMA. Dr. Orville was elected a councilor of the vancing the quantitative use of radar in cloud and American Meteorological Society (AMS) and served precipitation physics. He was invited to give the Honor & Service as a STAC Commissioner. Drs. Smith, Dennis, and keynote speech at the AMS International 33rd Con- Orville served or chaired various committees of the ference on Radar Meteorology in Australia in 2007. WMO and helped organize international cloud phys- Dr. Smith continues to serve on a consulting basis ics and numerical modeling workshops. Many of the throughout the radar community, serving on many faculty and staff members chaired or served on com- committees. mittees of the AMS, helping organize and sponsor John Helsdon and Andrew Detwiler received scientific meetings concerning meteorological radar, Editors’ Citations for Excellence in Refereeing by cloud physics, weather modification, and atmospher- the American Geophysical Union for their work in ic electricity. reviewing submissions to JGR-Atmospheres. The faculty members of the Department have Dr. Donna Kliche was invited to present a paper also achieved distinction, several of them having at the American Meteorological Society’s 33rd Conf. been with the Department for periods ranging more on Radar Meteorology, Cairns, Australia in 2007. than 30 years. They serve on national and interna- Through the 1990s, the IAS consistently ranked tional committees, help plan national programs in in the top 10 - 15 percent of those organizations re- meteorology, contribute to field programs and pub- ceiving funds from the National Science Founda- lish many scientific papers every year. tion in atmospheric science. Total research funds In addition to these services, staff members for the IAS have been as high as $2.5 million per served on or chaired committees for the National year. The faculty and staff have taken sabbaticals Academy of Sciences, the National Science Founda- or short term work assignments to McGill Univer- tion, the National Center for Atmospheric Research, sity, University of Helsinki, University of California, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the National Ocean- Berkeley, Brigham Young University, NASA Lang- ic and Atmospheric Administration, among others. ley Research Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory and They have also participated as reviewers for many the Navy Postgraduate School, National Center for scientific journals, and served on review panels for Atmospheric Research, the World Meteorological NSF and other research proposals. Organization, NOAA, USAF Air Weather Service, The faculty and staff have also helped edit some Air Force Geophysics Lab, and the Alberta Research of the AMS scientific journals. IAS took over pro- Council. Drs. Dennis, Orville, and Smith have all duction of the Journal of Weather Modification, a been honored as Fellows of the AMS. All of the IAS publication of the Weather Modification Association and Department members have contributed signifi- (WMA), in 1993. Jim Miller served as Editor from cantly to education and research in meteorology. 1993 through 2001, assisted initially by Joie Robin- Drs. Richard Schleusener, Arnett Dennis, Harry son, and then by Connie Crandall following Joie’s re- Orville, Andy Detwiler and Paul Smith have all re- tirement. Production of this journal was transferred ceived the Weather Modification Association’s pres- to Desert Research Institute in 2002. IAS again re- tigious Thunderbird Award. sumed production of this journal from 2006 through 2011; Dr. Detwiler served as Editor, with assistance from Connie Crandall. In April 2003, the WMA held its annual meeting A note about our students in Rapid City. The day preceding the conference was The M.S. in Meteorology/Atmospheric Sciences devoted to the Orville Symposium, an event honor- graduates have been very successful. More than a ing 40 years of cloud modeling work by Dr. Orville; third of them have gone on to earn doctoral degrees various presentations were given by colleagues and at universities such as Penn State, Colorado State, former students. Illinois, Chicago, Wyoming, Utah State, Denver, Dr. Andy Detwiler served full-time as a program Yale, Princeton, and Iowa State. Some of the gradu- director in the Physical and Dynamical Meteorology ates have gone into state government, led weather program at NSF for 2006-2007, and part-time for modification programs, or entered into private in- 2009-2010. dustry or the federal government. Several went back

13 to their own countries and are leading very impor- tant programs. Notable among these graduates are Collaborations and partnerships a group of Moroccan students and another group of The Institute of Atmospheric Sciences partners with Thai students who were sent to the U.S. in the mid- many other agencies in research work, some of which 1980’s, supported by the U.S. Agency for Internation- include the National Weather Service, the North Da- al Development, to study cloud physics and weather kota Atmospheric Resource Board, EROS Data Cen- modification at Mines. ter and US Geological Survey, Satellite Data and Our graduate student population has been quite Water Resources, SD DENR and US Bureau of Recla- diverse. Nearly 40% of the graduates of our programs mation, South Dakota State University, MESONET, are from foreign countries. Taiwan has provided the Forest and Wetlands Ecology Lab, and the newly-des- greatest share of these (32), being a major source of ignated DUSEL underground laboratory. foreign students up to 1990. The People’s Republic of China has provided the second largest contingent of foreign students (23); most of these have been post- 1990. These are followed by India (10), Morocco (6), Romania and Thailand (3 each), Korea, Belize, and Nepal (2 each), and one each from Bangladesh, Ger- many, Jordan, Russia, Ukraine, Vietnam, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe. The USAID program funded most of the students from Morocco and Thailand. Foreign student numbers dropped dramatically following re- strictions put in place as a result of security concerns in the wake of the events of 9/11/2001. Most states are represented among our Ameri- can students. The largest contingent of these is from South Dakota, with strong representation from neighboring states and the upper Midwest. New York and Pennsylvania have provided the majority of stu- dents from eastern states. Several of our graduates came into our programs as a result of being stationed Service & Honor at Ellsworth Air Force Base; most of these were dur- ing the 1970s.

14 IAS LEADERSHIP

The Institute has had at its helm several distinguished scientists since its inception in 1959. Although the Institute started in 1959, the first official director was appointed in 1965. Service & Honor & Service

Dr. Richard Schleusener Dr. Arnett Dennis Dr. Paul Smith 1965-1974 1974-1981 1981-1996; 2010-2011

Dr. Pat Zimmerman Dr. John Helsdon Dr. Andrew Detwiler 1997-2005 2005-2010 2011-current

In 2011, a transition began to change our faculty from non-tenure track positions to tenure-track and to create an official “Atmospheric Sciences Department” at the Mines. Dr. Andy Detwiler is currently serv- ing as the Department Head.

The distinction of IAS as a research institute is also in transition, as there is a proposal to create four research institutes on campus, into which IAS would be absorbed.

15 The Harold D. Orville Symposium

Forty Years’ of Modeling Clouds and Weather Modifi cation The Harold D. Orville Symposium was held on Saturday, April 26, 2003, to celebrate Dr. Harold Orville’s more than 40 years of contributions to atmospheric sciences. A special banquet attended by over 130 of Dr. Orville’s colleagues, former students, family and friends provided a time for celebration and reminiscences. Dr. Orville hosted a golf tournament and brunch the next day at Arrowhead Country Club.

Front row, seated, left to right: James Miller, Dick Schleusener, Rick Anthes, Bill Cotton, Paul Smith, Harry Orville, Laura Orville, Nancy Knight, Arnett Dennis, Dick Orville, Barbara Orville, and Ed Boyd.

Second row, left to right: Katy (Fitzpatrick) Branham, Tom Henderson, Bill Capehart, Steve Chai, George Farazoulis, Chin Ho Moeng, Y. Lin, Mike Yeh, Donna Kliche, Elaine (Foy) Baker, Madeline Dessens.

Back rows, left to right, but staggered ordered front to back as they are standing: Erin Landguth, Patrick Zimmerman, L. Ron Johnson, R.A. Sarma, Shane Hansen, Tom Henderson, An- drey Sinkevich, Larry Hjermstad, Johnny Medina, Chandan Das, Mark Hjelmfelt, Joe Dreher, Fred Kopp, Fanthune Moeng, Brad Ferrier, Jason Goehring, Charlie Knight, Jim Renick, Jim Heimbach, Gary Riley, Roger Reinking, Aaron Gilstad, Maury Roos, Don Griffith, Joe Golden, Jeff French, Andy Detwiler, Bruce Boe, John Helsdon, Laron L. Smith, Matt Bunkers, Bob Riggio, Dick Farley, Curt Hartzell, Jean Dessens, John Eylander, Simon Chang, unknown, Bill Kuo, Duncan Axisa.

16 Often the focus of the modeling work was on un- derstanding and properly simulating basic physical Dr. Harold Orville processes, but as the capabilities improved it became possible to simulate effects of cloud seeding in the models as well. The first journal publication deal- Dr. Harold “Harry” Orville, ing with glaciogenic cloud seeding appeared in 1980, 79, Distinguished Professor and many followed. Harry understood that models Emeritus of Atmospheric offer a unique capability to compare the behavior Sciences at the South Da- of the same cloud with and without the application kota School of Mines and of seeding treatments. He thus became an interna- Technology, died 6 June tional leader in the application of numerical cloud 2011 at a Rapid City nurs- modeling to the simulation of cloud seeding process- ing home. Over a long and es. Work expanded to cover seeding for precipitation distinguished career he enhancement from both summer convection and contributed much to the winter orographic storms, for hail suppression, and even for trying to enhance convection through wide- science of weather modi- Honor & Service fication and the use of nu- spread dispersal of carbon black dust. More recent merical cloud models in support of weather modifi- years saw the addition of hygroscopic- seeding simu- cation research. Harry was a long-time member of lations (though some simulations of salt seeding had the WMA and received its Schaefer, Thunderbird been carried out in the 1970s). In 1990 and 1996 he and International awards (the only WMA member published important surveys of the role of numeri- to hold all three). cal cloud modeling in weather modification research Harry was born 23 January 1932 in Baltimore, and operations. MD to Capt. Howard and Lillian Orville. He grew Harry helped set up the Department of Meteo- up in Arlington, VA, graduating from high school rology (now the Department of Atmospheric Scienc- in 1950. He received a degree in political science es) – the academic arm of the Institute – in 1966, from the University of Virginia in 1954, along with became department head in 1974, and served for a commission in the U.S. Army, and married Laura over twenty years in that position. He also served Milster the same year. In his senior year he gave a as interim vice president at SDSM&T in 1987 and speech in speech class on the newly developing field 1993, and as acting director of IAS. Upon retiring of weather modification by cloud seeding. In those from fulltime teaching in 1996, Orville was named days Harry’s father chaired President Eisenhower’s a distinguished professor emeritus. Committee on Weather Control. Harry, now fol- He successfully advocated for cloud seeding tri- lowing in his father’s footsteps, served as a Signal als, sponsored by the West Dakota Water Develop- Corps meteorologist at Ft. Huachuca, AZ, and was ment District and the City of Rapid City, to enhance honorably discharged in 1956 as a 1st Lieutenant. reservoir levels in the Black Hills during 1989. He He subsequently received his M. S. degree in meteo- organized a local workshop with invited national rology from Florida State University and his Ph.D. speakers, spoke at council meetings, and partici- from the University of Arizona in 1965. pated in on-air call-in shows on the topic. In the In February 1965 Dr. Orville came with his early 1990’s he conducted local research involving family to the Black Hills to join Dr. Richard Schle- microwave radiometer measurements of the vapor usener, Dr. Arnett Dennis and other colleagues at flux over the Black Hills region and, in collaboration the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences at the South with Richard Farley and several students, simulated Dakota School of Mines and Technology. His main Black Hills spring storm cases to explore the poten- activity was developing numerical cloud models as tial enhancement due to seeding of these storms. a major component of the Institute’s weather modi- Dr. Orville and Nancy Knight collaborated on fication research program, being carried out under two NSF-sponsored Research Experiences for Un- what came to be known as the Bureau of Reclama- dergraduates projects associated with major convec- tion “Skywater” program. His Ph.D. research in- tive-storm field projects conducted in Bismarck, ND, volving cloud photogrammetry led him into cloud in 1989 and 1993 to study potential for hail damage physics, and Harry and his students and colleagues mitigation using cloud seeding. He helped organize were careful to include cloud microphysics as well a program development workshop for the Board on as dynamics in their models. They developed mi- Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of the National crophysical parameterization schemes to represent Academies of Science in November 2000, to assess the generation, growth and interactions of different whether a new study of the scientific underpinnings classes of cloud and precipitation particles. As com- of weather modification was needed. It led to a study puter capabilities advanced, these schemes became that resulted in the National Research Council re- more complicated and sophisticated and the models port on Critical Issues in Weather Modification Re- moved from clouds containing only liquid particles search, issued in 2003. (cloud droplets and raindrops) to incorporate various Dr. Orville was a Fellow of the American Me- forms if ice including cloud ice crystals, snow, grau- teorological Society and in 1993 was awarded the pel and hail. Furthermore, Harry always paid close Charles Franklin Brooks Award, the highest AMS attention to comparisons between the model simula- award for service. He served the AMS in many ca- tions and corresponding observations. pacities, including AMS councilor and member of 17 the Executive Committee from 1983-1986, and letics, including being a boxer in college. In 1965 he Scientific and Technical Activities Commissioner became the manager of Harney Little League teams, from 1989-1996. In addition, he chaired the AMS and was also active in the Boy Scouts of America Committee on Weather Modification on two differ- and served as PTA President. He was an avid golf- ent occasions and also served on the Committees er, becoming a member of the Hole in One Club in on Cloud Physics and on Severe Local Storms. He 1998, and initiated the annual South Dakota School was a member of the International Commission on of Mines and Community Golf Tournament (which Cloud Physics from 1971 to 1980, spent the aca- has raised tens of thousands of dollars for scholar- demic year 1972-73 working with the NOAA Office ships). The seventh annual event took place on the of Environmental Modification (dealing with their day that Dr. Orville passed away. Survivors include weather modification programs), and spent a 1982 his wife, Laura Orville, Rapid City; their golden re- sabbatical in the Weather Modification Office at the triever, “Breezy;” four children, six grandchildren, World Meteorological Organization headquarters in and three great grandchildren; and two brothers, Geneva. He later chaired the WMO Executive Coun- of whom Richard Orville of Texas A&M University cil Panel of Experts/Committee on Atmospheric Sci- will be familiar to many WMA members. Memo- ences Working Group on the Physics and Chemistry rials will be placed towards the Harold and Laura of Clouds and Weather Modification Research from Orville Graduate Fellowship or to the South Dakota 1991-1997. He chaired the organizing committees School of Mines and Community Golf Tournament for WMO scientific conferences on weather modi- through the SDSM&T Foundation. fication in Italy (1994) and Thailand (1999), and ---Dr. Paul L. Smith was instrumental in initiating the series of Interna- Reprinted by permission tional Cloud Modeling Workshops conducted under from the Journal of Weather Modification WMO auspices. Harry had a lifelong interest in sports and ath-

A Tree is Planted in His Memory Service & Honor

On July 31, 2011, a honey locust tree was planted in front of the Min- eral Industries building on the campus of SDSM&T in memory of Dr. Harry Orville. Dr. Orville, who passed away in June, was a distinguished professor emeritus of the atmospheric sciences department and was also a generous benefactor to the department and the School of Mines. In ad- dition to being a favorite professor of the students, he also conducted re- search work, served as department chair, and served as an interim vice president of the university. He was a strong supporter of sports activities, both in the community and on campus.

18 Photos

19 20 Equipment through the years has varied, from the Cloud Chamber top left to the lab equipment bottom right.

21 The T-28 Armored Research Aircraft

1969

1989

2000

The “SPA-10”: Our Next Generation Storm Penetrating Aircraft

22 Left: Dr. Richard Schleusener, Dr. Paul MacCready, and Dr. Paul Smith on the wing of the T-28 in the Rapid City hangar (2005).

T-28 pilots: Norm Vine, Dan Custis, Charlie Summers, Charlie Summers and Tom Root, and Tom Warner

Below left: 1972 crew and Right: 2004 crew & staff

23 On the lighter side...

Remind you of anyone you know?

Oops!

Paul Smith and Nancy Knight with some interesting hailstones.

Gary Johnson - feeling all boxed in (bottom left), and auditioning for the part of T-28 pilot (below).

24 Getting older at IAS...

you never know what may show up in your office

Pam cooked up a special treat - homemade ice cream - but the students had to make it them- It’s a ghoulish good time in 2008 with the students selves by tossing the bags back and forth! at IAS!

No, it’s not a student SDSM&T holds an an- gone mad... it’s just Kelly nual “Parade of Trees” Malone (ATM 2009), get- and IAS has been ting a really good view of notorious for presenting the radar tower at New the “most unique” tree Underwood. Dr. Hjelmfelt as its entry. The 2010 often treated the students model depicts various in his radar meteorology storm events through the class to a field trip to view decades on empty bottles the inner workings of the attached to a welded tower. tree, and was completed with the help of the blacksmithing group on campus.

25 ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE GRADUATES 1978 1968-PRESENT Biltoft, Christopher M.S. Chen, Chaing-Heins M.S. 1968 Eckhoff, Peter M.S. Liu, John M.S. Ekern, Michael M.S. Schock, Martin M.S. Hsie, Eirh-Yu M.S. 1969 Laco, Carlton M.S. Hartzell, Curtis M.S. Sarma, R. Ananthakrishna M.S. Huang, Yi-Hui M.S. 1979 Musil, Dennis M.S. Chen, Wen-Dar M.S. 1970 Dixon, Robert M.S. Chang, Chai-Bo M.S. Hwang, Chang-Sik M.S. Lai, Han-Wei M.S. Jameson, Terry M.S. Petersen, Ronald M.S. Malo, Jane M.S. Wisner, Chester M.S. Peak, James M.S. 1971 Santhanam, Suresh M.S. Chen, Y-Hsiung M.S. 1980 Miller, James M.S. Kuo, Ying-Hwa M.S. 1972 Lin, Yuh-Lang M.S. Chang, Simon M.S. 1981 Gelhaus, James M.S. Chen, Jeng-Ming M.S. 1973 Hsiao, Hui-I M.S. Chong, Shu-Lin M.S. Jansen, Douglas M.S. Farley, Richard M.S. 1982 Hubbard, Kenneth M.S. Arnesen, Keith M.S. Riggio, Robert M.S. Chen, Wen-Tsann M.S. Schroeder, Melvin M.S. Liu, Henry F.C. M.S. 1974 Melita, David M.S. Lee, Rueen-Yuh M.S. Viswanath, Lakshmana M.S. Leichter, Irving M.S. 1983 May, Edwin M.S. Day, Robert M.S. Moeng, Fanthune M.S. Ewald, Rick M.S. Sand, Wayne M.S. Ionescu-Niscov, Stefano M.S. Shaw, William M.S. Lai, Li-Jane M.S. 1975 1984 Hjelmfelt, Mark M.S. Kuo, Shu-Ling M.S. Lin, Chin-Hoh M.S. 1985 Pellett, Jackson M.S. Fakhruzzaman, Khan M.S. Wilhelm, Dale M.S. Krause, Todd M.S. 1976 Parker, Lindsay M.S. Chang, Lang-Ping M.S. Tyler, Kelly M.S. Chen, Ching-Sen M.S. Wu, Ling May M.S. Cho, Nam-Kun M.S. 1986 Haggard, Steven M.S. Bachmeier, A. Scott M.S. May, Laurence M.S. Deola, Regina M.S. Spahn, John M.S. Johnson, Bryan M.S. Wang, Sue-Lee M.S. Kubesh, Rodney M.S. Weber, Steven M.S. Price, Pamela M.S. This & That This Yeh, Hwa-Young M.S. Rajan, Sudhir M.S. 1977 Sarma, R. Ananthakrishna PhD (Coop) Birkenheuer, Daniel M.S. 1987 Bradley, Michael M.S. Chen, Jen Ping M.S. Chang, Chen-Hung M.S. Fuhs, Michael M.S. Loukah, El Bachir M.S. 26 Makarau, Amos M.S. Wu, Gang M.S. 1995 1988 Kondrasuk, Gregory M.S. Blackmore, William M.S. Rife, Daran M.S. El Mokhtari, Mohammed M.S. Chang, Wen-Yu M.S. Hammer, Robert M.S. French, Jeff M.S. Kuo, Kwo-Sen M.S. Larsen, Scott M.S. Tao, Ningsheng M.S. Li, Xiang M.S. Yan, Wei M.S. McGrath, Kevin M.S. Zebic, Dawn M.S. Wojcik, William M.S. 1989 1996 El Majdoub, Ali M.S. Bloomer, Mark M.S. Jung, James M.S. Chen, Hui M.S. Peterson, Bret M.S. Hjermstad, Dale M.S. 1990 Isakov, Vladilen M.S. Abidi, Azzouz M.S. Kraaijenbrink, Gerald M.S. Addison, Roy M.S. Krcil, Kevin M.S. Anantharaj, Valentine M.S. Stender, Anthony M.S. Anderson, Darcy M.S. VanderVorste, Michael M.S. Chi, Yue-Chen M.S. Zhang, Yong M.S. Christopher, Sundar M.S. Hoffmanm, Randall M.S. Christopher, Sundar PhD (Coop) Huston, Michael M.S. Kuo, Kwo-Sen PhD (Coop) Todey, Dennis M.S. 1997 Vulcan, Donna Veturia M.S. Barbieri, Kristine M.S. Wang, Shaohua M.S. Jin, Qiaolin M.S. 1991 Li, Zhen M.S. Berendes, Todd M.S. Schimelfenig, Todd M.S. El Hilali, Mohammed M.S. Waits, Charles M.S. Lee, Bruce M.S. Wozniak, Allison M.S. Liu, Zhong M.S. 1998 Murtha, Debra M.S. Cooper, Kevin M.S. Zhang, Shengyu M.S. Grimaldi, Richard M.S. 1992 Salmen, John M.S. Chou, Hui-Yun M.S. Trimarchi, Strephen M.S. Khantiyanan, Warawut M.S. 1999 Mayer, Kurt M.S. Covert, Josiah M.S. Ross, Craig M.S. Cruickshank, Tyler M.S. Searles, Jay M.S. Gattaleeradapan, Sirin M.S. Sukarnjanaset, Wathana M.S. Salmen, John M.S. 2000 This & That Nair, Udaysankar PhD (Coop) Meng, Fanguang M.S. 1993 2001 Feind, Rand M.S. Connelly, Michael M.S. Stoppkotte, John M.S. Eylander, John M.S. Viswanathan, Krishnaswamy M.S. Gonguez, Dennis M.S. Zhu, Tianri M.S. Rudge, Scott M.S. 1994 Sus, Inna M.S. Bunkers, Matthew M.S. 2002 Chen, Liqiang M.S. Dykstra, Denise M.S. Huang, Nu-Ling M.S. Tao, Jin M.S. Nguyen, Phuong M.S. Ramachandran, Rahul M.S. Wang, Jianzhong PhD Wu, Ting M.S. Zhang, Xingjun PhD 27 2003 Axford, Timothy M.S. Tao, Jin M.S. George, Joanna M.S. Harrelson (Nelson), Sarah M.S. Grimaldi, Richard PhD Liske, Edward M.S. Ott, Jeremy M.S. 2004 Wetenkamp, John M.S. Dreher, Joseph M.S. Zimmerman, Andrew M.S. Fersdahl, Mark M.S. 2009 Fitzpatrick, Katy M.S. Honomichl, Shawn BSIS-ATM Jardine, Kolby M.S. Lynch, Ryan BSIS-ATM Landguth, Erin M.S. Toomey, Michael M.S. Clabo, Darren M.S. Warner, Tom M.S. Jacobs, Shawn M.S.

Song, Xianzhi PhD Verwolf, Adrian PhD 2005 2010 Nelson, Kurtis M.S. Berg, Gretchen BSIS-ATM Rowell, Eric M.S. Cowing, Tyler BSIS-ATM Ewy, Katie BSIS-ATM Bennett, T.M. Bull PhD Hammrich, Christopher BSIS-ATM Chen, Xuexia PhD Konold, Amanda BSIS-ATM Das, Chandan PhD Luze, Jason BSIS-ATM 2006 Elsen, Jessica BSIS-ATM Carroll, Kathleen M.S. Preiss, Brian BSIS-ATM Meyer, Jonathan M.S. Sadler, Stacey BSIS-ATM Mohn, Cory M.S. Phillips, Lisa M.S. Franks, Chris M.S. Stauffer, Phillip M.S. Goehring, Jason M.S. 2011 Hansen, Shane M.S. Honomichl, Shawn M.S. Holm, Meagan M.S. Upadhayay, Sikchya M.S. Poeppel, Kurt M.S. 2012 Aguilar, Theresa M.S. Benson, Randall PhD Berg, Gretchen M.S. Bunkers, Matthew PhD Brewer, Joshua M.S. Lalonde, Karl PhD Caye, Heather M.S. 2007 D’Amico, Dan M.S. Richards, Lance BSIS-ATM French, Emily M.S. McKemy, Dan M.S. Beals, Matt M.S. Sewell, Frances M.S. Brehe, Kyle M.S. Clawges, Rick M.S. Cousins, Dave M.S. Franks, Chris M.S. Hulka, James M.S.

Feind, Rand PhD Kliche, Donna PhD

This & That This 2008 Hertz, Terri BSIS-ATM Jorde, Sarah BSIS-ATM Pellatz, Doug BSIS-ATM Tate, Andrew BSIS-ATM

28 HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTE OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND THE DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY (ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES) A BRIEF TIMELINE OF EVENTS

1959 IAS was established in 1959 by Special Resolution No. 30-1959 of the SD Board of Regents. 1962 An NSF-sponsored conference outlined recommendations for the research and educational program. 1963-64 Limited field programs were carried out in the summers of these two years. 1964 Dr. Richard Schleusener was hired to head the IAS as its first full-time director. 1965 S.D. Board of Regents approved the M.S. degree in Meteorology at SDSM&T; Dr. Schleusener became Department Head in addition to being the Director of IAS. 1966 Project Hailswath was hosted in Rapid City. Personnel from 17 organizations from around the country converged in Rapid City to carry out hailstorm studies.

Rapid Project was conducted at this same time to study cloud seeding effects on convective rain showers. This project continued through 1968. 1968 John Yu-Ming Liu and Martin Schock received the first M.S. degrees in Meteorology. 1969 Rapid Project was supplanted by Project Cloud Catcher in 1969-1972. Four field sites were operated simultaneously in Alliance, Nebraska; Watford City, ND; and Lemmon and Rapid City, SD. 1970 IAS received the T-28 aircraft in January. Additional modifications were made to the plane during the spring and summer. In July/August , the T-28 was part of the Joint Hail Research Project (JHRP) in Greeley, CO. It flew 16 flights and logged 25.6 hours. 1972 The Flood of ’72 occurred on June 9th; cloud seeding activity was curtailed due to controversy over cloud seeding activities that were carried out at that time.

National AMS Conference on Weather Modification was hosted in Rapid City.

The T-28 participated in the second year of the National Hail Research Experiment (NHRE) from Cheyenne, Wyoming. Although scheduled to participate in the first year’s work, mechanical problems caused the T-28 to be grounded for the field season in 1971. 1974 General cutbacks in federal research expenditures ended the support of weather modification field programs. Dr. Schleusener became VP and Dean of Engineering of Mines (and later President of the university); Dr. Arnett Dennis became This & That Director of the Institute and Dr. Harold Orville became Head of the Department of Meteorology.

The T-28 participated in the third year of the NHRE.

Support for the Institute was provided by the Bureau of Reclamation. 1975 The major research support by the Bureau of Reclamation ended. 1976 The Weather Modification Association held its annual meeting in Rapid City. The T-28 participated again in the NHRE.

29 1977 The Cooperative PhD project with Colorado State University was established.

The Institute/Department of Atmospheric Sciences was moved from the Mineral Industries building to offices in the McLaury Building. 1978 The Minor in ATM was established. 1981 Dr. Dennis resigned as Director to join the Bureau of Reclamation as a research administrator. Dr. Paul Smith succeeded him as Director. 1987 IAS officially became the NSF national facility for the T-28 Storm Penetrating Aircraft, with Dr. Smith as the facility manager. 1989 A BSIS degree was initiated at SDSM&T, allowing a degree equivalent to a B.S. in Meteorology (now Atmospheric Sciences). 1994 The PhD program in Atmospheric, Environmental and Water Resources was established jointly with SDSU.

Dr. Orville retired from active research and teaching, although he remained a steady support and presence for the Institute and especially the Department.

Dr. Mark Hjelmfelt is Chair of the Atmospheric Sciences Department. 1996 Dr. Paul Smith retired; Dr. Sherry Farwell became Acting Director. 1997 Dr. Patrick Zimmerman was chosen to become the new director of IAS; Dr. John Helsdon is Department Chair. 1998 The Remote Sensing group left IAS to take positions at the University of Alabama- Hunstville. 2000 IAS moved from the McLaury Building back to the Mineral Industries building, where it had its start. 2004 Timothy “Bull” Bennett was the first Native American to graduate with a PhD degree from Mines. He received his PhD in the AEWR program. 2005 Dr. Zimmerman left IAS after forming his own company (C-Lock Technologies). Dr. John Helsdon was named as Interim Director for the Institute. The T-28 was retired from active duty. 2007 Dr. P.V. Sundareshwar was recognized by Seed magazine as one of the world’s Revolutionary Minds. 2009 IAS is officially 50 years old. 2011 Dr. Harry Orville passed away after a lengthy illness. 2012 Dr. Andrew Detwiler named Department Chair. This & That This

30 RESEARCH PROJECT LIST

1965-68 Shadehill Project Lemmon, SD 1965-68 Rapid Project Black Hills area 1966 Project Hailswath Black Hills area 1967-70 Western Nebraska Project Hemingford and Alli- ance, NE 1967 East River Project Huron, SD 1967-74 Project Skywater Black Hills 1967-69 Hailstorm Models Project Black Hills area 1970 Grand River Project Northwestern SD 1969-72 North Dakota Pilot Project (NDPP) Western ND 1972 THEMIS School of Mines 1972-76 National Hail Research Experiment (NHRE) (T-28) Northeast CO 1977-81 HiPLEX Southeastern MT 1978 TRIP ‘78 Cape Canaveral, FL 1979 SESAME ’79 (T-28) Central Oklahoma 1980 Norman, OK (T-28) 1981 Modeling project from Spain Duero River Basin 1981 CCOPE Project (T-28) Miles City, MT 1980-95 North Dakota Cloud Modification Project Western ND 1982-83 Grossversuch IV (T-28) Switzerland 1985 Alberta Hail Project (T-28) Red Deer, Canada area 1986 COHMEX (T-28) Huntsville, AL 1987 North Dakota Federal/State Weather Modification Dickinson, ND Project (T-28) 1989 Precipitation Augmentation for Crops Experiment Champaign, IL (PACE) (T-28) 1989 North Dakota Thunderstorm Project (NDTP) (T-28) Bismarck, ND 1989-98 MOLAS (Mono Lake APIPs) (T-28) Mono Lake, CA 1990 NMEX (T-28) Socorro, NM 1991 Cooperative Oklahoma Profiler Studies (COPS-91) (T- Norman, OK 28)

1991 Convection & Precipitation/Electrification (CaPE) (T-28) Melbourne, FL This & That 1992 RAPS (T-28) Greeley, CO 1993 North Dakota Tracer Experiment (NDTE) (T-28) Bismarck, ND 1994 Texas Experiment in Augmenting Rainfall through Cloud Big Spring, TX Seeding (TEXARC) (T-28) 1994 VORTEX (T-28) Norman, OK 1995 Verification of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment Norman, OK (VORTEX 95) (T-28) Ft. Collins, CO 1997 NMEX 97 (T-28) Socorro, NM 1999 Convective Turbulence Data Collection Program (T-28) Northeast, CO COMET project 1999 Upper Missouri River Basin Project (UMRB) Black Hills area

31 2000 Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Goodland, KS Studies (STEPS) Project (T-28) 2001-2009 Ameriflux Tower Network Black Hills area 2003 NDARB WEATH Damage Report 2003 Last actual flights of T-28 for projects Norman, OK Greeley, CO (T-28) 2004-2010 Cottonwood Tower project Cottonwood, SD 2005 Biogeochemistry Core Facility established School of Mines 2005-current ARDEC Department of Defense School of Mines 2007-2008 He Sapa Bloketu Woecun Project Black Hills Area 2007-2008 NOAA-WRAF Atmosphere and Human Health Black Hills Area 2008 T-28 Data Archive Project School of Mines and Boulder, CO LAKE-Ice Project Michigan 2008-current USGS Pothole Project South Dakota 2009 He Sapa Oyate Embracing Science Project Black Hills area 2009-2011 Didymo Project Rapid Creek and in Chile, South America 2011-2012 He Sapa Oyate Field to the Fair Project Black Hills area 2012-2014 Lightning Studies (UPLIGHTS) Black Hills area 2012-2014 SPA-10 Project This & That This

32