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Sahizer Samuk 2015 IMT Institute for Advanced Studies Lucca, Italy Temporary Migration and Temporary Integration: Canada and the UK in A Comparative Perspective PhD Program in Institutions, Politics and Policies, Cycle XXVII by Sahizer Samuk 2015 The dissertation of Sahizer Samuk is approved. Program Coordinator: Prof. Giovanni Orsina, IMT Institute for Advanced studies Tutor: Asst. Prof. Maria Elena Cavallaro, IMT Institute for Advanced Studies Supervisors: Prof. Andrew Geddes, University of Sheffield and Dr. Michael Collyer, University of Sussex This dissertation of Sahizer Samuk has been reviewed by: Prof. Stefania Panebianco, University of Catania and Prof. Leonardo Morlino, Luiss Guido Carli University IMT Institute for Advanced Studies, Lucca 2015 Acknowledgement I would like to thank first of all Prof. Andrew Geddes for supporting, helping and advising me from the beginning with is indispensable comments, corrections, approaches and questions. I am grateful to Dr. Michael Collyer for all the supervision he has provided me in the last year during my research abroad period at the University of Sussex. Without his assistance, patience and contributions this thesis would not have finished. I owe a great deal of courage and academic skills to both of them for supervising me without having any interest in return. I also would like to thank IMT, especially to Giovanni Orsina, Maria Elena Cavallaro and Antonio Masala for being my tutors and coordinators as well as INTEGRIM Research Group who have given me the resources, background and opportunities to do my research. I owe so much to my interviewees in Canada and the UK, without their contributions and collaboration this thesis would have been impossible. I also am very grateful to Patti Tamara Lenard for giving me the background to do my research as well as theoretical applications of temporariness and ethical concerns in migration policies. I am thankful to my friends Marina Andric, Rafael Bruno Uriarte, Laurence Connell, Evinç Doğan, Emi Ferra, Iole Pina Fontana, Ajay Kumar, Srdjan Milosevic, Pantelis Sopasakis, Mine Tafolar, Öznur Özdamar, Ünal Seven and Yeşim Tonga. Without them I would neither be able to write and continue to dream. In addition to these friends, I need to add my colleague Erica Consterdine who had improved my style, discipline and inspired me to do further research on the UK. And Prof. Raymond Taras who I have shared a room with at the University of Sussex should be added to the list of those people I should thank to as he has showed me how a young researcher should be courageous and multi-tasking. I am also thankful to my nephews Kerim Can and Deniz Han, as they have always supported me with their love, patience and truthful remarks about my psychology and intelligence. During this period, my sister and my brother supported me sincerely both emotionally and materially in my hard times. And finally I would like to thank my dad, who has always encouraged me to do PhD and to my mother who has taught me the meaning of perseverence and independence. I love them both dearly. TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………………..vi LIST OF TABLES………..………………………………………………………………………........ix VITA AND PUBLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………….....xi ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………….xiii 1.INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………...1 1.1 Definitions: Migrant, Temporary Migrant, Temporary Foreign Worker, Integration and Temporary Integration………………………………………………………………......5 1.2 Numbers and Nationalities………………………………………………………………8 2.LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………………………...12 2.1 Temporary Foreign Workers, Migrants’ Rights and Temporary Integration…......12 2.2 Does Inclusiveness have to be Permanent?...................................................................12 2.3 The Liberal/Ethical and Neo-Marxist Perspectives, and their Implications for Temporary Integration……………………………………………………………………...15 2.4 Differences between the Low and the High Skilled TFWs………………………….17 2.5 Rights of the TFWs and Measures to Protect them From Exploitation………….....18 2.6 Integration as a Long-term Endeavour …………………………………………….....24 2.7 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..30 3. METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………………..…….32 3.1 Methodology: Comparing the UK and Canada…………………….………………...34 3. 2 Case Selection…………………………………………………………………………....34 3.2.1 Differences and Similarities Between Cases………………………………………...34 3.3 Why are Case Studies and Comparisons Important?..................................................38 3.3.1 Comparative Works in Migration Studies………………………………………......38 3.3.2 Limitations and Opportunities for doing a small- N Comparative Work……….40 3.4 Research Ethics: Anonymity and Confidentiality……………………………………43 3.5 Interviews as a Method: Limitations and Opportunities……………………………43 3.6 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..46 4. CONTEXTUAL CHAPTER: Comparisons of Histories of Immigration in Canada and the UK………………………………………………………………………………………………..........48 4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………48 4.2 A Brief History of Canada’s Immigration and Temporary Migration Policies…... 50 4.3 Temporary Migration …………………………………………………………………..54 4.3.1 Data on Temporary Stay…………………………………………………...…54 4.3.2 Transitions from Temporariness to Permanency: Trends in Different Provinces……………………………………………………………………………...56 4.3.3 Summary of the Data: Transitions from Temporariness to Permanency: General Trends in Canada………………………………………………………….58 4.4 A Brief History of Immigration Policies in the UK…………………………………..60 4.4.1 Labour Party and Its Immigration Policies………………………………….61 vi 4.4.2 Restrictions and Salience of Immigration in the UK……………………….66 4.5 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………....67 5. Integration Policies and Their Implications for Temporary Integration in the UK………...70 5.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………70 5.2 The UK case: the limits of labour market integration..................................................72 5.3 The Labour Administration and Integration Policies: Priorities and Changing Understandings………………………………………………..………...74 5.3.1 Policies for the High-Skilled Migrant Workers…………………….……….76 5. 4 The Coalition Administration (2010-2015): Undermining Integration?...................77 5. 4.1 Citizenship and Language Tests as Requirements…………………....…...80 5.4.2 Changing rules and the Rationale behind These Changes…………….......80 5.5 EU Policies’ Effects on Integration……………………………………………………..85 5.6 ‘No Country for Temporary Migrant Workers’………………………………………87 6. Integration Policies of Canada…………………………………………………………………...91 6. 1 Introduction: Is the Organic Link Between Immigration and Integration Broken for the TMWs?.........................................................................................................................91 6.2 Multiculturalism and Organizational Setting…………………………………….......93 6.3 Main Programs and Their Transformation throughout the Years…………...……..97 6.4 Barriers and Cracks…………………………………………………………………….100 6.5 Integration for Temporary Migrant Workers: Any Place for Temporary Integration?............................................................................................................................104 6.6 Conclusions: Ambiguities in Discourses…………………………………………….107 7. Rights of Temporary Migrant Workers: Gaps and Dilemmas……………………………...110 7.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..110 7.2 Rights of Temporary Migrant Workers: Preliminary Debates regarding Canada and the UK…………………………………………………………………………………..113 7.2.1 Challenging the Differentiation of Low and High-Skilled Migrant Workers……………………………………………………………………………...113 7.2.2 Rights of the Migrant Workers and International Conventions………....117 7.3 UK: Actors Involved and Their Roles………………………………………………..120 7.3.1 Rights of temporary migrant workers and their living conditions in the UK……………………………………………………………………………………123 7.3.2 Domestic Workers’ Rights…………………………………………………..126 7.3.3 Political Rights for the EU citizens and non-EU citizens…………………129 7.4. Canada: Rights of Temporary Migrant Workers……………………….…...…….. 130 7.4.1 Actors Involved for the Rights of the Temporary Migrant Workers in Canada……………………………………………………………………………....130 7.4.2 Rights of Temporary Migrant Workers in Canada……………………….132 7.4.3 Political Rights for the TMWs: Findings from Interviews……………….133 7.4.4 Rights of Domestic Workers………………………………………………...135 7.5 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………..136 vii 8. Temporary Migration and Temporary Integration: UK and Canada from a Comparative Perspective………………………………………………………………………………………….139 8.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….139 8.2 The Logic behind Integration Policies and Their Implications for Temporary Integration…………………………………………………………………………………..139 8.2.1 Integration Policies in the UK and their Transformation: Implications for Temporary Integration…………………………………………………………… 141 8.3 The Transformation of Integration Policies in Canada: Implications for Temporary Integration…………………………………………………………………………………..145 8. 4. Common Points Regarding Integration between the UK and Canada………….148 8. 4.1 Exploitation and No Integration…………………………………………………...148 8.4.2 Language Skills for Temporary Migrant Workers………………………………..150 8.5 The Politics of Immigration: Convergences in Approaches to Multiculturalism and Migrant Workers…....……………………………………………………………………...150 8.5.1 Selectivity Criteria of Temporary Migrant Worker Programmes and Their Similarities in terms of Employers’ Perspectives...……………………………...151 8.6 Divergences regarding Temporary Migration in the
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