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The Economy of the Roman South Pennines with Particular Reference to the Lead Extraction Industry in Its National Context

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The Economy of the Roman South Pennines with Particular Reference to the Lead Extraction Industry in Its National Context THE ECONOMY OF THE ROMAN SOUTH PENNINES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE LEAD EXTRACTION INDUSTRY IN ITS NATIONAL CONTEXT by Martin J. Dearne A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Department of Archaeology and Prehistory, University of Sheffield in March 1990. Martin J.Dearne The Economy of the Roman South Pennines with Particular Reference to the Lead Extraction Industry in its National Context (Ph.D. Thesis,Department of Archaeology,Sheffield University,March 1990) Summary This thesis aims to assess the archaeological evidence for the economy of the upland south Pennines in tl-e Romano—British period.It is particularly directed towards examining the role of lead mining in the national context of that industry.The initial chapters examine the Iron Age,historical and natural backgrounds,the probable size of the population and the available transport system of the area.Chapter 6 examines the major sites within and on the periphery of the area,paying particular attention to the economic basis of military vici and the contrast with civil towns. Chapter 7 examines the highly limited evidence for rural settlement.The evidence for the lead (and perhaps silver) extraction industry,mainly the pigs or inscribed blocks which it produced, is examined in detail from a number of standpoints in Chapter 8.The evidence for the national industry,not just that of Derbyshire,is examined since it provides a vital context for the specific example under study.All the extant pips are listed in a detailed catalogue (Appendix 1) and some further implications of their study are considered in Appendices 2 and 3.Ancient and modern comparative evidence is also cited for the lead industry and a model for its nature is suggested in Chapter 9. A number of conclusions,mainly provisional because of the often incomplete evidence,are reached.It is suggested that military vici en,loyed only a limited integration into the more peneral economy of the area.However,it is clear that the south of the study area was more derreloped than the north.This is attributed to three factors,the importance of the lead industry,the spa function of Buxton and to strategic concerns. i Contents Page List of Figures ii Abbreviations iii Acknowledgements v Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Natural Resources and Environment 4 Chapter 2: The Native Iron Age Background 21 Chapter 3: The Historical Context 33 Chapter 4: Population 49 Chapter 5: Transport and Communications 60 Chapter 6: The Major Sites 92 Chapter 7: Rural Settlement and Agriculture 167 Chapter 8: The South Pennine Lead and Silver 212 Extraction Industries in the Context of British Production: the Direct and Comparative Evidence and some Implications Chapter 9: Lead Extraction (and other Industries) 319 in the Study Area: Discussion and Synthesis Chapter 10: The Economy of the Roman South 355 Pennines: Synthesis Conclusion and Future Work 375 Bibliography 378 Appendix 1: A Catalogue of Romano-British Lead Pigs 406 Appendix 2: The Inscriptions and Weights of Lead Pigs 491 Appendix 3: The Economic Geography of Lead Supply Within Britain 517 Collected Figures 538 List of Figures Emt Figure, No. 1 The Study Area: Major Sites, Roads and Finds 538 2 The Study Area: Geology 539 3 Melandra: The Fort and Vicus 540 4 Brough: The Fort and Vicus 541 5 The Inputs to Vicanal Micro-Economies 542 6 The Circulation of Money in Vicanal Micro- Economies 543 7 The Micro-Economy of Vici: a Model 5)4J4 8 The Study Area: Rural Settlement Patterns 545 - 54%- 9 Carsington: The Building Outside the Settlement 546 10 The Form of Romano-British Lead Pigs 547 11 The Weights of Romano-British Lead Pigs 548 12 The Weights of Dated Romano-British Lead Pigs 549 13 The Distribution of Romano-British Lead Pigs 550 14 The Silver Contents of Romano-British Lead Pigs 551 15 The Economic Geography of Lead Supply in Roman Britain 552 iii Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used in the text and bibliography. For abbreviations used only in the notes to Appendix 1 see p.45(). References to Br. and J.R.S. in the text refer to the 'Roman Britain in ... ' sections of those journals. A.J.A. American Journal of Archaeology Ant.J. Antiquaries Journal A.A. Archaeologia Aeliana Arch.Camb. Archaeologia Cambrensis Arch.J. Archaeologists Journal B.A.R. British Archaeological Report Br. Britannia C.I.L. Hubner (1873) D.A.J. Derbyshire Archaeological Journal G.M.A.J. Greater Manchester Archaeological Journal H.S.T. Hunter Society Transactions I.J.N.A.U.E. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration J.Brit.Arch.Ass. Journal of the British Archaeological Association J.C.A.S. Journal of the Chester Archaeolo g ical Society (also Journal of the Chester an. 'North West Archaeological Society) (formerly Chester Arc'''. and Nat.Hist.Soc.J. which is retained in Appendix 1) J.R.S. Journal of Roman Studies N.S.J.F.S. North Staffs. Journal of Field Studies iv Phil.Trans.Royal Soc. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society P.B.N.H.A.F.C. Proceedings of the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club Proc.Soc.Ant. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London P.U.B.S.S. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Speleological Society P.U.D.P.S. Proceedings of the University of Durham Philosophical Society P.S.A.N.H.S. Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society Proc.Yorks.Phil.Soc. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society Rev.Arch. Revue Arch4?Thlogique R.I.B. Collingwood and Wright (1965) T.B.G.A.S. Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucester Archaeological Society T.C.W.A.A.S. Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society T.S.A.N.H.S. Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society V.C.H. Derbyshire Haverfield (1905) V.C.H. Somerset Haverfield (1906) Y.A.J. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal Acknowledglements A number of people provided valuable assistance during the preparation of this thesis. Clive Hart and Pauline Bestwick of Sheffield Museum helped greatly with information and discussion, particularly on the rural sector, as did Ken Smith of the Peak District National Park and Graham Makepeace, who allowed me access to his M.A. thesis on the subject. Liz Wright provided useful information on quern production in the area. Dr. M. Bishop brought certain parallel evidence from Germany to my attention, the sources for which were kindly translated by Mrs. Monica Rorison. For access to unpublished work on the major sites I am grateful to Dr. J.P. Wild of Manchester University and to Chris Drage of the Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust. Particular thanks must go to Dr. Robert Maltby who spent much time helping me with Latin, particularly for Appendix 1, and to Dr. David Kennedy for advice on obscure inscriptional matters. Mrs. Julie Kennedy provided in- valuable tuition and advice on the drawing of the figures. I would like to thank my father for reading innumerable drafts of parts of the work and Dr. John Lloyd for continuing to read and advise on the work after he ceased to be my supervisor. The preparation of Appendix 1 would have been quite impossible without the help of many museum and private vi collection staff who provided details of the lead pigs in their keeping and allowed me access to their collections. They are too numerous to thank here but are mentioned in many cases in the notes to Appendix 1. I would like to thank the Petrie Watson fund, University of Sheffield for giving me a grant to travel to certain of these museums to examine the pigs in 1988. Neil Morris, Main i McKerr, Karen Hudson and Rob Harborne all assisted in various ways in checking the pigs and I would like to thank them all. Thanks are also due to the keepers of the county S.M.Rs used in this work, and other staff of the relevant county archaeolo o-ical units, particularly Bob Yarwood, Sarah Johnson and Melanie Francis. 1 Introduction The intention of this thesis is to examine the evidence, almost exclusively archaeological, for the economy of the upland south Pennines in Roman times. The study area is principally within Derbyshire, North Staffs and West Yorkshire, but also includes small parts of South Yorkshire and Cheshire. Though including lower lying areas in the south and north east it is principally an upland landscape (Fig.1), largely consisting of the white and dark peak areas. Convenient boundaries are provided to the west, east and south by the edges of the Pennines. To the north a rather more arbitrary boundary has been set approximately along the line of the R. Calder. A number of major Roman sites lay around the periphery of the area, though the upland area itself is sparsely covered with such sites. A number of the peripheral centres are included in Chapter 6 since it is likely that they played some role in the economy of the study area. The study area lies in the so-called 'upland military zone' of Roman Britain, though it can perhaps be regarded as at the extreme southern edge of it. This is reflected in the fact that only two of the major sites, in or on the edge of the area, do not have proven military roles. Indeed, both of these (Buxton and Carsington) have been the subject of speculation in connection with forts. 2 The evidence for the economy of the area is limited, though some sectors are better represented than others.
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