Bulletin 14 – 2018
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Beyond the Acropolis
1 3 ∫·ÏˆÛÔÚ›Û·Ù ÛÙ‹Ó \∞ı‹Ó·! ^∏ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· ‰¤Ó ͯÒÚÈÛ ÔÙ¤ Ù‹Ó àÏ‹ıÂÈ· Ù˘ àfi Ù‹ ˙ˆ‹ Ù˘. ^∏ οı ʿÛË ÙÔÜ âÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÔÜ ‚›Ô˘, ì ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË, ì Ù¤¯ÓË, ì ÊÈÏ·ÓıÚˆ›·, ï ÌÔÓ·¯ÈÛÌfi˜ ÂrÓ·È ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈΤ˜ Ê·ÓÂÚÒÛÂȘ Ùɘ ηıÔÏÈÎɘ àÏ‹ıÂÈ·˜ η› àÔηχÙÔ˘Ó Ù‹Ó àÏ‹ıÂÈ· Ùɘ ηıÔÏÈÎɘ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜. ^∏ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ àÓ¿ÁÎË Ô‡ Û˘Ó¤ÛÙËÛ ‰Ô̤˜ õ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜, ΛÌÂÓ·, ‰fiÁÌ·Ù·, ηÓfiÓ˜ ̤۷ ÛÙ‹Ó \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· qÙ·Ó ì âÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ àÓ·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÛˆ˜ Ùɘ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ ó˜ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔÜ ÃÚÈÛÙÔÜ Î·› ëÓÒÛˆ˜ ÙÔÜ £ÂÔÜ Ì¤ ÙfiÓ ôÓıÚˆÔ. °È\ ·éÙfi η› ì ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ- ΋ îÂÚ·Ú¯›· ÙáÓ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎáÓ ‰ÔÌáÓ ñËÚÂÙÔÜÛ àfi Ù‹Ó àÚ¯‹ Ù‹ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ·éÙ‹ âÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ àÓ·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ·, Ùfi ú‰ÈÔ ¬ˆ˜ η› Ùfi Ù˘ÈÎfi Ùɘ Ï·ÙÚ›·˜, ì êÁÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· õ ì àÚ¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙáÓ Ó·áÓ: Ù‹Ó àÁ·ËÙÈ΋, ÊÈÏ·Ó- ıÚˆÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË Ùɘ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ à¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙfiÓ ôÓıÚˆÔ, ó˜ àÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ùɘ ӛ΢ ¿Óˆ ÛÙfiÓ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ. Δfi öÓÙ˘Ô Ô‡ ÎÚ·ÙÄÙ ÛÙ¿ ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜, ÊÈÏÔÙ¯ÓË̤ÓÔ Ì¤ ÌÂÚ¿ÎÈ àfi Ù‹Ó \∞ÔÛÙÔÏÈ΋ ¢È·ÎÔÓ›· ̤ Ù‹Ó ÂéÏÔÁ›· ÙÔÜ ª·Î·ÚȈٿÙÔ˘ \∞Ú¯ÈÂÈÛÎfiÔ˘ \∞ıËÓáÓ Î·› ¿Û˘ ^∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ Î. ^πÂÚˆÓ‡ÌÔ˘ η› Ùɘ ^πÂÚĘ ™˘Ófi‰Ô˘ η› Û¤ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ̤ Ùfi ™˘ÓÔ‰ÈÎfi °Ú·ÊÂÖÔ \∂ÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎáÓ ¶ÂÚÈËÁ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ùɘ \∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Ùɘ ^∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜, ÂrÓ·È ≤Ó· ΛÓËÙÚÔ ÁÈ¿ Ó¿ âÈÛÎÂÊıÂÖÙ ÛÙ‹Ó \∞ı‹Ó· η› ÛÙ‹Ó ÂéÚ‡ÙÂÚË ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ùɘ \∞ÙÙÈÎɘ «Ì¤ ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ àÔ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ» ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ¿ ÌÓËÌÂÖ·, Ó·Ô‡˜, ÌÔÓ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈ· η› ÚÔÛÎ˘Ó‹Ì·Ù· ù¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ¿ Ó¿ ı·˘Ì¿ÛÂ- Ù Ùfi àÚ¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎfi οÏÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜, àÏÏ¿ η› Ó¿ àӷηχ„ÂÙÂ Ù‹Ó ÂûÁψÙÙË ÛȈ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ¿ Ù‹ ÓÔËÌ·ÙÔ‰fi- ÙËÛË ÙÔÜ ‚›Ô˘ η› Ù‹ ¯·Ú¿ Ùɘ ˙ˆÉ˜. -
The Phokikon and the Hero Archegetes (Plate54)
THE PHOKIKON AND THE HERO ARCHEGETES (PLATE54) A SHORT DISTANCE WEST of the Boiotian town of Chaironeia the Sacred Way I Lcrossed the border into Phokis. The road went past Panopeus and on toward Daulis before turning south toward the Schiste Odos and, eventually, Delphi (Fig. 1). To reach the famous crossroads where Oidipos slew his father, the Sacred Way first had to pass through the valley of the Platanias River. In this valley, on the left side of the road, was the federal meeting place of the Phokians, the Phokikon.1 This is one of the few civic buildings from antiquity whose internal layout is described by an eyewitness.2 Pausanias says, Withrespect to size the buildingis a largeone, and withinit thereare columnsstanding along its length; steps ascend from the columnsto each wall, and on these steps the delegatesof the Phokianssit. At the far end there are neithercolumns nor steps, but a statuegroup of Zeus, Athena, and Hera; the statueof Zeus is enthroned,flanked by the goddesses,with the statueof Athenastanding on the left (1O.5.2).3 Frazersuggested that the interior of the building resembledthe Thersilion at Megalopolis.4 The location of a federal assembly hall so close to the border with Boiotia, an often hostile neighbor, seems puzzling, but given the shape of the entire territory of Phokis, the position of the Phokikonmakes sense (Fig. 2). As Philippson noted, "Die antike Landschaft Phokis ist nicht nattirlichbegrenzt und kein geographisch einheitliches Gebiet."5 Ancient Phokis was dominated by Mount Parnassos, and the Phokians inhabited two distinct 1 An earlier draft of this paper was delivered at the 92nd Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America (San Francisco 1990; abstract, AJA 1991, pp. -
Pausanias' Description of Greece
BONN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY. PAUSANIAS' DESCRIPTION OF GREECE. PAUSANIAS' TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH \VITTI NOTES AXD IXDEX BY ARTHUR RICHARD SHILLETO, M.A., Soiiii'tinie Scholar of Trinity L'olltge, Cambridge. VOLUME IT. " ni <le Fnusnnias cst un homme (jui ne mnnquo ni de bon sens inoins a st-s tlioux." hnniie t'oi. inais i}iii rn>it ou au voudrait croire ( 'HAMTAiiNT. : ftEOROE BELL AND SONS. YOUK STIIKKT. COVKNT (iAKDKX. 188t). CHISWICK PRESS \ C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT, CHANCEKV LANE. fA LC >. iV \Q V.2- CONTEXTS. PAGE Book VII. ACHAIA 1 VIII. ARCADIA .61 IX. BtEOTIA 151 -'19 X. PHOCIS . ERRATA. " " " Volume I. Page 8, line 37, for Atte read Attes." As vii. 17. 2<i. (Catullus' Aft is.) ' " Page 150, line '22, for Auxesias" read Anxesia." A.-> ii. 32. " " Page 165, lines 12, 17, 24, for Philhammon read " Philanimon.'' " " '' Page 191, line 4, for Tamagra read Tanagra." " " Pa ire 215, linu 35, for Ye now enter" read Enter ye now." ' " li I'aijf -J27, line 5, for the Little Iliad read The Little Iliad.'- " " " Page ^S9, line 18, for the Babylonians read Babylon.'' " 7 ' Volume II. Page 61, last line, for earth' read Earth." " Page 1)5, line 9, tor "Can-lira'" read Camirus." ' ; " " v 1'age 1 69, line 1 , for and read for. line 2, for "other kinds of flutes "read "other thites.'' ;< " " Page 201, line 9. for Lacenian read Laeonian." " " " line 10, for Chilon read Cliilo." As iii. 1H. Pago 264, " " ' Page 2G8, Note, for I iad read Iliad." PAUSANIAS. BOOK VII. ACIIAIA. -
Athens After the Liberation Planningthe New Cityand Exploringthe Old*
ATHENS AFTER THE LIBERATION PLANNINGTHE NEW CITYAND EXPLORINGTHE OLD* (PLATES80-86) A THENS on the eve of the Greek Revolution of 1821 displayeda three-dimensional record of the city's historical development; it was also a remarkablypicturesque place. Monuments of antiquity and of the Roman period, elegant Byzantine churches, remains of the Frankish conquest, mosques with tall minarets, and secular buildings were still preserved almost intact, while the houses, all built of stone, with their ever present courtyardsand verdant gardens, completed the picture. The wall of Haseki, built in 1778, surroundedthe city, and the Acropolis, "the Castle", with its successive fortificationsconstituted an invulnerable fortress. On its summit an entire quarter for the Turkish garrisonand their families had been created, and a small mosque had been constructedwithin the Parthenon after its destruction by Morosini in 1687 (Fig. 1, Pls. 80, 81). The Athenians, with the help of the villagers of Attica, revolted against the Turks on the 25th of April 1821, and on the 10th of June 1822 they gained control of the Acropolis. During this siege the first destruction of Athens and its monuments oc- curred. In the four subsequent years, however, when the Athenians ruled their own city, they were able to display notable cultural achievements. At that time they also took care of their antiquities:on the initiative of the Philomousos Society, founded in 1813, they collected various antiquities, decided to found a temporary museum and simultaneously brought to light many monuments by removing the buildings which kept them from view. In the same period, Kyriakos Pittakis, the first Greek archaeologist, having been appointed supervisor of the water supply, discovered at the northeast corner of the Acropolis, below the cliffs, the famous Klepsydra spring mentioned by Pausanias (X.28.4).It was the first certain identificationof an ancient monument at a time when students of Athenian topography were trying unsuccessfully to identify the various monuments. -
Roman Walks in the Provinces: a Comparison Between Delphi and Warwickshire a Lord Rootes Memorial Fund Project
Roman Walks in the Provinces: A comparison between Delphi and Warwickshire A Lord Rootes Memorial Fund project REPORT Thomas Matthews Boehmer 1 Abstract This report documents the results of a twelve-day project carried out in early September 2014, followed by an exhibition and talk in November 2014. ‘Roman Walks in the Provinces: A comparison of Delphi and Warwickshire’ was an attempt to compare the classical evidence, as represented by Pausanias’ 2nd century travelogue, and the physical experience of moving through landscapes in the present-day. The project was split between five days in Greece, and four in Britain, and culminated with the exhibition two months later. The evidences were supplemented by local archaeological data gathered along the journey, and by interacting with local people met on the walks. Through the walks I learned a great deal about the ways in which landscapes are thought about, and routes conceived (both by ancients and moderns), and the different ways heritage and legacy are dealt with in the two countries. Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Lord Rootes Memorial Fund for their generous financial assistance in allowing me to carry out and complete this project. Thanks should also be given to family and friends who supported me in this venture, most especially to Joe Gough and David Klemperer who, self-funded, accompanied me on my Greek leg of these walks and gave continued support along with many valuable insights. 2 Table of Contents Title page and related: pgs. 1-5 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..…………... pg.2 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………..……. pg.2 Table of contents……………………………………………………….…………………..…….pg.3 List of illustrations………………………………………………………………….……………pg.4 Structure of report……………………………………………………………………..……….. -
Religion and Reconciliation in Greek Cities (2010)
Religion and Reconciliation in Greek Cities AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION american classical studies volume 54 Series Editor Kathryn J. Gutzwiller Studies in Classical History and Society Meyer Reinhold Sextus Empiricus The Transmission and Recovery of Pyrrhonism Luciano Floridi The Augustan Succession An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History Books 55 56 (9 B.C. A.D. 14) Peter Michael Swan Greek Mythography in the Roman World Alan Cameron Virgil Recomposed The Mythological and Secular Centos in Antiquity Scott McGill Representing Agrippina Constructions of Female Power in the Early Roman Empire Judith Ginsburg Figuring Genre in Roman Satire Catherine Keane Homer’s Cosmic Fabrication Choice and Design in the Iliad Bruce Heiden Hyperides Funeral Oration Judson Herrman Religion and Reconciliation in Greek Cities The Sacred Laws of Selinus and Cyrene Noel Robertson Religion and Reconciliation in Greek Cities The Sacred Laws of Selinus and Cyrene NOEL ROBERTSON 1 2010 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright q 2010 by the American Philological Association Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. -
Defense and Strategy Among the Upland Peoples of the Classical Greek World 490-362 Bc
DEFENSE AND STRATEGY AMONG THE UPLAND PEOPLES OF THE CLASSICAL GREEK WORLD 490-362 BC A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by David Andrew Blome May 2015 © 2015 David Andrew Blome DEFENSE AND STRATEGY AMONG THE UPLAND PEOPLES OF THE CLASSICAL GREEK WORLD 490-362 BC David Blome, PhD Cornell University 2015 This dissertation analyzes four defenses of a Greek upland ethnos (“people,” “nation,” “tribe”) against a large-scale invasion from the lowlands ca.490-362 BC. Its central argument is that the upland peoples of Phocis, Aetolia, Acarnania, and Arcadia maintained defensive strategies that enabled wide-scale, sophisticated actions in response to external aggression; however, their collective success did not depend on the existence of a central, federal government. To make this argument, individual chapters draw on the insights of archaeological, topographical, and ethnographic research to reevaluate the one-sided ancient narratives that document the encounters under consideration. The defensive capabilities brought to light in the present study challenge two prevailing paradigms in ancient Greek scholarship beyond the polis (“city-state”). Beyond-the-polis scholarship has convincingly overturned the conventional view of ethnē as atavistic tribal states, emphasizing instead the diversity of social and political organization that developed outside of the Greek polis. But at the same time, this research has emphasized the act of federation as a key turning point in the socio- political development of ethnē, and downplayed the role of collective violence in the shaping of upland polities. In contrast, this dissertation shows that upland Greeks constituted well- organized, efficient, and effective polities that were thoroughly adapted to their respective geopolitical contexts, but without formal institutions. -
Syndiakonia-September 2018
SYNDIAKONIA THE MONTHLY BULLETIN OF THE HOLY TRANSFIGURATION GREEK ORTHODOX CHURCH ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΟΡΘΟΔΟΞΟΣ ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΜΕΤΑΜΟΡΦΩΣΕΩΣ ΤΟΥ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ Marietta, GA SEPTEMBER 2018 Holy Transfiguration GREEK ORTHODOX CHURCH 3431 Trickum Road Marietta, GA 30066 Tel. 770 924-8080 Fax 770 924-3030 Website: www.holytrans.org CHURCH OFFICE Open Monday-Friday, 9:30 am - 5:30 pm Parish Administrator: Anne Willcocks E-mail: [email protected] SUNDAY SERVICES Orthros....... 8:30 am Divine Liturgy...... 10:00 am PARISH CLERGY Rev. Father Panayiotis Papageorgiou, Ph.D. Presiding Protopresbyter Rev. Father George Pallas, Protopresbyter Rev. Father John Brown, Protopresbyter PARISH COUNCIL MEMBERS Ken Bilson-Education, Youth, Culture Ellen Linebaugh-VP/Parish Life-Lead Terry Bliss-Philanthropy Paul Markley-Secretary/Liturgical Dennis Christopher-Parish Life Harry Mavromatidis-Parish Life Mike Jacobs-Stewardship Jon Papastrat-Outreach Zack Kollias-Ass’t Treasurer Steve Tingas-President Dennis Koutouzis-Facilities Danny Vlahiotis-Treasurer Directions to our Parish: FROM I-75 Exit at 267-A. At 1st light, turn right (Sandy Plains Road). Continue for 3-4 miles until you see a CVS Pharmacy on your left. At that light turn left onto Trickum Rd. Proceed Approx 1/2 mile. Church will be on your left. You can’t miss it! http://www.holytransfiguration.info/directions/ Fr. Panayiotis’ Message September 2018 A Gate to Heaven Our parish of Holy Transfiguration has been very blessed. We have have been able to build up our facilities and expanded them to serve us better. We have upgraded the older ones and raised up new ones. We are now expanding the land footprint of the parish thinking ahead for the future needs and future ministries. -
The Search for Immortality in Archaic Greek Myth
The Search for Immortality in Archaic Greek Myth Diana Helen Burton PhD University College, University of London 1996 ProQuest Number: 10106847 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10106847 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This thesis considers the development of the ideology of death articulated in myth and of theories concerning the possibility, in both mythical and 'secular' contexts, of attaining some form of immortality. It covers the archaic period, beginning after Homer and ending with Pindar, and examines an amalgam of (primarily) literary and iconographical evidence. However, this study will also take into account anthropological, archaeological, philosophical and other evidence, as well as related theories from other cultures, where such evidence sheds light on a particular problem. The Homeric epics admit almost no possibility of immortality for mortals, and the possibility of retaining any significant consciousness of 'self' or personal identity after death and integration into the underworld is tailored to the poems rather than representative of any unified theory or belief. The poems of the Epic Cycle, while lacking Homer's strict emphasis on human mortality, nonetheless show little evidence of the range and diversity of types of immortality which develops in the archaic period. -
Αthens and Attica in Prehistory Proceedings of the International Conference Athens, 27-31 May 2015
Αthens and Attica in Prehistory Proceedings of the International Conference Athens, 27-31 May 2015 edited by Nikolas Papadimitriou James C. Wright Sylvian Fachard Naya Polychronakou-Sgouritsa Eleni Andrikou Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-671-4 ISBN 978-1-78969-672-1 (ePdf) © 2020 Archaeopress Publishing, Oxford, UK Language editing: Anastasia Lampropoulou Layout: Nasi Anagnostopoulou/Grafi & Chroma Cover: Bend, Nasi Anagnostopoulou/Grafi & Chroma (layout) Maps I-IV, GIS and Layout: Sylvian Fachard & Evan Levine (with the collaboration of Elli Konstantina Portelanou, Ephorate of Antiquities of East Attica) Cover image: Detail of a relief ivory plaque from the large Mycenaean chamber tomb of Spata. National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Department of Collection of Prehistoric, Egyptian, Cypriot and Near Eastern Antiquities, no. Π 2046. © Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Archaeological Receipts Fund All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Printed in the Netherlands by Printforce This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Publication Sponsors Institute for Aegean Prehistory The American School of Classical Studies at Athens The J.F. Costopoulos Foundation Conference Organized by The American School of Classical Studies at Athens National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Department of Archaeology and History of Art Museum of Cycladic Art – N.P. Goulandris Foundation Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports - Ephorate of Antiquities of East Attica Conference venues National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (opening ceremony) Cotsen Hall, American School of Classical Studies at Athens (presentations) Museum of Cycladic Art (poster session) Organizing Committee* Professor James C. -
Phokis, Thessaly and Persia
PETER LONDEY War and memory in central Greece: Phokis, Thessaly and Persia Phokians and Thessalians1 In the course oF his account oF Xerxes’ invasion in 480 BC, Herodotos recounts some stories From an earlier war, when the Thessalians and their allies had invaded Phokis in Full Force2. The chronology is loose: this war had happened “not many years beFore” (οὐ πολλοῖσι ἔτεσι πρότερον) Xerxes’ expedition (8,27,2). Herodotos tells oF two stratagems employed by the Phokians. First, at the suggestion oF a mantis, Tellias oF Elis, From their base on Parnassos 600 young men sallied out, aFter covering themselves and their armour with chalk, and attacked the Thessalians at night; the Thessalians, seized with superstitious dread, Fled with heavy casualties. Secondly, near Hyampolis the Phokians dug a pit and buried pots under a screen oF earth straddling a pass which the Thessalian cavalry would use; the horses’ legs were duly broken and the Thessalians again thwarted. After the First victory, the Phokians dedicated captured shields at Abai and Delphoi, and with a Further tenth oF the booty dedicated large male statues which (presumably in Herodotos’ time) stood “around the tripod in Front oF the temple” at Delphoi, and similar statues at Abai3. 1 I would like to thank Elena Franchi For inviting me to contribute this article, and both her and the journal’s two anonymous reviewers For valuable comments on earlier drafts. 2 Hdt. 8,27–28. 3 Pausanias mentions three statue groups regarded in his day as Phokian dedications after victories over the Thessalians (10,1,10 and 10,13,6; 10,13,4; 10,13,7; cF. -
The Morals, Vol. 4 [1878]
The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Plutarch, The Morals, vol. 4 [1878] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. LIBERTY FUND, INC.