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Towards Urban Growth Analytics for Yangon a Comparative Information Base for Strategic Spatial Development

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Towards Urban Growth Analytics for Yangon a Comparative Information Base for Strategic Spatial Development Towards Urban Growth Analytics for Yangon A comparative information base for strategic spatial development An LSE Cities exploratory report commissioned by the Myanmar Country Office of the International Growth Centre Research Manager Catarina Heeckt Project Manager, LSE Cities LSE Cities Research Team LSE Cities London School of Economics Alexandra Gomes and Political Science Research Officer Houghton Street David Ney London Researcher WC2A 2AE Nuttavikhom Phanthuwongpakdee United Kingdom Researcher Marion Sabrié [email protected] Researcher lsecities.net Advisors @LSECities Tim Dobermann LSE Cities Hub Economist, International Growth Centre LSE Cities Philipp Rode Executive Director, LSE Cities and Associate Professorial Research Fellow, LSE Graphic Design AtelierWorks LSE Cities would like to thank the International Growth Centre and in particular of the IGC Myanmar Country Office for supporting this first foray into research on urban policy in Myanmar. We would also like to thank the following organisations and individuals for providing us with access to data and invaluable feedback on our findings: Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) Bureau of Registration Administration, Thailand (BORA) Dr. Toe Aung, Director, Urban Planning Division, YCDC Michael Slingsby, Advisor, YCDC Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU) Myanmar Ministry of Construction, Department of Housing and Urban Development Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) International Growth Centre London School of Economics This Report is intended as a basis for discussion. While every effort has been made to and Political Science ensure the accuracy of the material in this report, the authors and/or LSE Cities will not be liable for any loss or damage incurred through the use of this report. 32 Lincoln’s Inn Fields Houghton Street Published by LSE Cities, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2017. London Photo credits: Cover: Axel Drainville WC2A 2AE Page 2: Ladislav Beneš United Kingdom Page 20: Axel Drainville Page 67: Eddy Milfort Page 76: Delphinidaesy [email protected] 4 Towards Urban Growth Analytics for Yangon A comparative information base for strategic spatial development An LSE Cities exploratory report commissioned by the Myanmar Country Office of the International Growth Centre 2 Table of Contents Tables and figures 4 Acronyms 5 ၁။ အစီရင္ခံစာ အက်ဥ္းခ်ဳပ္ 6 Executive summary 12 1 Introduction 18 1.1 Project objectives 19 1.2 Methodological approach 19 2 Data collection 22 2.1 Introduction to data collection process 23 2.2 Data availability overview 24 2.3 Discussion and limitations 24 3 Data visualisation and description 28 3.1 Overview of case study cities 29 3.2 Population 33 3.3 Economy 40 3.4 Urban form 46 3.5 Transport infrastructure 50 3.6 Mobility 55 3.7 Urban governance 59 4 Yangon and Bangkok in a global urban context 68 4.1 Population and density 69 4.2 Economy and society 72 4.3 Transport and air pollution 72 5 Conclusions 74 6 Annex 78 Bibliography 86 3 Tables and Figures Table 2.1: Selection of available spatial data and imagery 26 Table 2.2: Selection of available numerical indicators 27 Figure 3.1: Yangon and Bangkok geographical context 29 Figure 3.2: Yangon boundaries under British Administration 30 Figure 3.3: Yangon administrative boundary changes 31 Figure 3.4: Bangkok urban boundaries around 1800s 32 Figure 3.5: Bangkok administrative boundary changes 32 Figure 3.6: Estimate of city and metropolitan populations in Yangon and Bangkok 33 Figure 3.7: Country and city population in Yangon and Bangkok (2000 and 2014) 34 Figure 3.8: Population change in Bangkok and Bangkok Metropolitan Region (2000-2014) 35 Figure 3.9: Contribution to global population of cities above 0.5 million (2012 and 2030) 36 Figure 3.10: Population size (2012) and annualised population growth (2012-2030) of cities above 0.5 million 36 Figure 3.11: Ambient population density of Yangon (2010) 38 Figure 3.12: Ambient population density of Bangkok (2010) 38 Figure 3.13: Contribution to global GDP of cities above 0.5 million (2012 and 2030) 40 Figure 3.14: GDP per capita (2012) and annualised GDP growth (2012–2030) of cities above 0.5 million 41 Figure 3.15: Share of employment per economic activity in Bangkok (2013) 43 Figure 3.16: International tourists at national and city level (2010-2014) 44 Figure 3.17: Total administrative area of Yangon and Bangkok compared (2016) 46 Figure 3.18: Yangon historical planned growth 47 Figure 3.19: Bangkok historical urban growth 47 Figure 3.20: Built-up area expansion beyond Bangkok Metropolitan Region 48 Figure 3.21: Infrastructure of mobility in Yangon (2016) 51 Figure 3.22: Infrastructure of mobility in Bangkok (2016) 51 Figure 3.23: Registered motor vehicles in Yangon and Bangkok (1999-2014) 56 Figure 3.24: Modal share in Yangon (2013) 57 Figure 3.25: Modal share in Bangkok (2013) 57 Figure 3.26: Yangon’s four Districts 59 Figure 3.27: Bangkok and its neighbouring provinces in Bangkok Metropolitan Region 60 Figure 3.28: Yangon’s 33 Townships 60 Figure 3.29: Bangkok’s 50 Khets 61 Figure 3.30: Yangon’s 630 Wards 61 Figure 3.31: Yangon governance structure 62 Figure 3.32: Yangon political representation 63 Figure 3.33: Bangkok governance structure 64 Figure 3.34: Bangkok political representation 65 Table 4.1: International city comparison: How Yangon and Bangkok compare 70 Table 6.1: Data availability table 80-85 4 Acronyms and abbreviations BMA Bangkok Metropolitan Area BMR Bangkok Metropolitan Region BTS Bangkok Mass Transit System BRT Bus Rapid Transit CBD Central Business District (Yangon) DHSHD Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information System GPP Gross Provincial Product (Thailand) GVA Gross Value Added IGC International Growth Centre JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LSE London School of Economics and Political Science MIMU Myanmar Information Management Unit MRT Metropolitan Rapid Transit (Bangkok) NLD National League for Democracy UN United Nations UNFPA United Nations Population Fund US United States VGI Volunteered Geographic Information YCDC Yangon City Development Committee 5 ၁။ အစီရင္ခံစာ အက်ဥ္းခ်ဳပ္ 6 ၁။ အစီရင္ခံစာ အက်ဥ္းခ်ဳပ္ တစ္ကမ႓ာလံုးရွိ ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္ႀကီးမ်ားသည္ မည္သည့္အေၾကာင္းေၾကာင့္၊ ယခု ကနဦးေလ့လာဆန္းစစ္မႈသည္ ကနဦးအဆင့္သာျဖစ္ၿပီး ၿမိဳ႕ျပဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးမႈ မည္သည့္ပံုစံျဖင့္ မည္သည့္လားရာသို႔ ဦးတည္ၿပီး ဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးႀကီးထြား ေနၾက ဆိုင္ရာမူဝါဒမ်ား၏ အားသာခ်က္မ်ားႏွင့္ အကန္႔အသတ္မ်ားကို အေသး သည္ကို နားလည္ရန္ ခက္ခဲလာေနၾကသည္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ ေရရွည္တည္တံ့ စိတ္္ အတြင္းက်က် ေလ့လာမည္ေတာ့ မဟုတ္ပါ။ ထိုသို႔ အေသးစိတ္ ႏုိင္ၿပီး တန္းတူညီမွ်မႈလည္းရွိေသာ ၿမိဳ႕ျ့ပဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးမႈကို အားေပးႏုိင္ရန္အတြက္ ဆန္းစစ္မႈသည္ အေရးပါေသာ ေနာက္တစ္ဆင့္ျဖစ္သည္။ လက္ရွိ သုေတ ဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးမႈကို လိုသလို အတိအက်ပဲ့ကိုင္ႏုိင္ရန္၊ ထိုနားလည္မႈမွာ မရွိမျဖစ္ သန၏ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္မွာမူ လက္ရွိ ရွိေနေသာ အခ်က္အလက္မ်ားကို ျခံဳငံု လိုအပ္သည္။ မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ ႐ႈပ္ေထြးဆန္းၾကယ္ ေနေလ့ရွိေသာ ၿမိဳ႕ျပ သံုးသပ္ျခင္းႏွင့္ လက္ရွိ ၿမိဳ႕ျပဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးမႈ အေျခအေနကို သ႐ုပ္ေဖာ္ တင္ျပျခင္း ဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးႀကီးထြားမႈပံုစံမ်ားကို တိုင္းတာျခင္း၊ ပံုေဖာ္ျခင္းႏွင့္ ခြဲျခမ္းစိတ္ျဖာသံုး အတြက္သာျဖစ္သည္။ သပ္ႏိုင္ျခင္းတို႔သည္ ထိေရာက္ေသာ ေပၚလစီဒီဇိုင္းမ်ားႏွင့္ အေကာင္ ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံမွ မူဝါဒခ်မွတ္သူမ်ားႏွင့္ IGC Myanmar အဖြဲ႕တို႔ တိုင္ပင္ အထည္ေဖာ္မႈမ်ား ျဖစ္လာေရးတြင္ မ်ားစြာအေထာက္အကူျပဳသည္။ ေဆြးေႏြးၿပီးေနာက္ ယခုကနဦးဆန္းစစ္မႈအတြက္ ႏိႈ္င္းယွဥ္မႈျပဳရမည့္ ၿမိဳ႕ ထိုအေျခအေနတြင္ IGC Myanmar ႐ံုးႏွင့္ LSE Cities တို႔ ပူးေပါင္းၿပီး ေတာ္ကို ဘန္ေကာက္ဟု သတ္မွတ္လိုက္သည္။ ေဒတာ အခ်က္အလက္ ရန္ကုန္၏ ၿမိဳ႕ျပဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးမႈႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္၍ ပိုမိုနက္နဲေသာ သုေတသန ရရွိႏုိင္မႈ အေျခအေနကို ဆန္းစစ္ၿပီးေနာက္တြင္ ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္ႏွစ္ခုၾကားတြင္ အစီအစဥ္မ်ား ေဖာ္ေဆာင္ႏိုင္ရန္အတြက္ ကနဦး ေျခလွမ္းတစ္ခုကို ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္သံုးသပ္ႏုိင္မည့္ အဓိကအၫႊန္းကိန္းမ်ားကို သတ္မွတ္ေရြးခ်ယ္ ပူးေပါင္းေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ့ျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ရလာဒ္အေနႏွင့္ ေရွ႕ဆက္ေဆာင္ သည္။ ေနာက္ပိုင္းတြင္ ယင္းအၫႊန္းကိန္းမ်ားကိုသံုးၿပီး အေရးပါေသာ ရြက္မည့္ ေလ့လာဆန္းစစ္မႈမ်ားႏွင့္ မူဝါဒဆိုင္ရာ သုေတသန လုပ္ငန္းမ်ား ၿမိဳ႕ျပ ဖြံ႔ၿဖိဳးမႈပုံစံမ်ားကို ပံုစံထုတ္ေဖာ္ျပ ႏိုင္မည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ထို႔အျပင္ သင့္ အတြက္ လက္ေတြ႕အခ်က္အလက္ အေထာက္အထားမ်ားကို ပံ့ပိုးေပးမည့္ ေလ်ာ္ေသာေနရာမ်ားတြင္ အျခားေသာ ၿမိဳ႕ႀကီးမ်ား၏ အခ်က္အလက္မ်ား ႏႈိႈင္းယွဥ္တိုင္းတာႏိုင္ေသာ အခ်က္အလက္ အေျခခံ အေဆာက္အဦး ကိုပါထုတ္ႏုတ္ေဖာ္ျပၿပီး ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ႏွင့္ ဘန္ေကာက္ၿမိဳ႕ကို ႏိႈင္းခ်ိန္ တစ္ခုကို တည္ေဆာက္ႏုိင္ခဲ့သည္။ ထိုမွတစ္ဆင့္ အနာဂတ္တြင္ ရန္ကုန္ သံုးသပ္မႈ ျပဳသြားမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ မဟာၿမိဳ႕ျပေဒသႀကီးကို မဟာဗ်ဴဟာေျမာက္ ႀကီးထြားဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳး လာေစေရး ယခုေဆာင္ရြက္သည့္ ကနဦးသုေတသနသည္ အနာဂတ္တြင္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ အတြက္ အလြန္အေရးႀကီးေသာ အခ်က္အလက္မ်ားကို ေပးႏုိင္လိမ့္မည္ မည့္ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ျပ ဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးမႈ မူဝါဒသုေတသနမ်ားအတြက္ ခိုင္မာေသာ ဟုေမွ်ာ္လင့္ပါသည္။ အေျခခံ သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္ အေထာက္အထားမ်ားကို ေပးႏိုင္မည္ျဖစ္ ၿပီးခဲ့သည့္ ဆယ္စုႏွစ္အတြင္းက LSE Cities သည္ Urban Growth သည္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ အလြန္လ်င္ျမန္ေသာ အရွိန္အဟုန္ျဖင့္ ေျပာင္းလဲေန Analytics ဟုေခၚတြင္ေသာ သုေတသန နည္းစနစ္တစ္ခုကို တီထြင္ခဲ့ သည့္ လူမႈစီးပြားႏွင့္ ႏိုင္ငံေရးအေျခအေနမ်ားကို ၾကံဳေတြ႕ေနရခ်ိန္တြင္ သည္။ ယင္းသည္ ယခုကဲ့သုိ႔ ေဒတာအခ်က္အလက္ အေျချပဳ မူဝါဒ ခိုင္မာေသာ အခ်က္အလက္မ်ားကို အေျခခံၿပီး မဟာဗ်ဴဟာက်ေသာ ေလ့လာဆန္း စစ္မႈမ်ားေဆာင္ရြက္ရာတြင္ အေျခခံသည့္ မူေဘာင္တစ္ရပ္ မူဝါဒမ်ား ခ်မွတ္ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏုိင္ေရးမွာ အလြန္အခရာက်သည္။ ေဒသတြင္း ျဖစ္လာသည္။ Urban Growth Analyticsသည္ အေရးပါသည့္ၿမိဳ႕ျပဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးမႈ တစ္ျခားနိုင္ငံမ်ားနွင့္ယွဥ္လ်င္ ဘန္ေကာက္သည္ ရန္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕အတြက္ စံနမူ ဆိုင္ရာ ေဒတာအခ်က္အလက္မ်ားအားလံုးကို စုေဆာင္းျခင္း၊ ပံုစံထုတ္ နာေကာင္းတစ္ခုျဖစ္ၿပီး ယေန႔ ရန္ကုန္ဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးေနသည့္အတိုင္း လြန္ခဲ့ေသာ ယူျခင္း (visualization) ႏွင့္ ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္သံုးသပ္ျခင္းမ်ားကို ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏုိင္ၿပီး အတိတ္ကာလတစ္ခုက စတင္ဖြံ႕ၿဖိဳးခဲ့ၿပီး ယေန႔အခ်ိန္တြင္ အေရွ႕ေတာင္ ႀကိဳတင္ျပဌာန္းသတ္မွတ္ထားေသာ
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