Host Plants and Natural Enemies of Bemisia Tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in China
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/229965193 Host plants and natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in China ARTICLE in INSECT SCIENCE · JANUARY 2011 Impact Factor: 2.14 · DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01395.x CITATIONS READS 22 196 8 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Shaojian Li Muhammad Z Ahmed South China Agricultural University University of Florida 9 PUBLICATIONS 105 CITATIONS 24 PUBLICATIONS 222 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Andrew G. S. Cuthbertson Fera 92 PUBLICATIONS 731 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, Available from: Muhammad Z Ahmed letting you access and read them immediately. Retrieved on: 18 November 2015 Insect Science (2011) 18, 101–120, DOI 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2010.01395.x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Host plants and natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in China Shao-Jian Li1,XiaXue1, Muhammad Z. Ahmed1, Shun-Xiang Ren1, Yu-Zhou Du2, Jian-Hui Wu1, Andrew G. S. Cuthbertson3 and Bao-Li Qiu1 1Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 2School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, 3The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK Abstract The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, has been a destructive pest in China for over the past two decades. It is an extremely polyphagous insect, being recorded feeding on hundreds of host plants around the world. Potential host plants and natural enemies of B. tabaci in the south, southeast, middle, north and northwest of China were investigated during the last decade. In total 361 plant species from 89 families were recorded in our surveys. Plants in the families Compositae, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae and Leguminosae were the preferred host species for B. tabaci, which therefore suffered much damage from this devastating pest due to their high populations. In total, 56 species of parasitoids, 54 species of arthropod predators and seven species of entomopathogenic fungi were recorded in our surveys. Aphelinid parasitoids from Encarsia and Eretmocerus genera, lady beetles and lacewings in Coleoptera and Neuroptera were found to be the dominant arthropod predators of B. tabaci in China. The varieties of host plant, their distribution and the dominant species of natural enemies of B. tabaci in different regions of China are discussed. Key words Bemisia tabaci, China, host plant, natural enemy, survey Introduction and their products is considered as one of the key reasons for this pests’ global invasion (Dalton, 2006; Qiu et al., Invasive insect pests can greatly affect the community 2007a). structure of native insects and cause substantial damage in Bemisia tabaci was first recorded in China in the late agricultural and forest ecosystems (Pimentel et al., 2000). 1940s (Chou, 1949), but it was not considered a seri- Among these invasive pests, the sweetpotato whitefly, ous pest until outbreaks were recorded in the mid-1990s, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), which were due to the invasion of the B biotype (Wu et al., has been found globally distributed except in Antarctica 2003; Qiu et al., 2007a). Previous investigations have re- (De Barro, 1995; De Barro et al., 2000; De Barro et al., ported that this pest can damage a wide range of host 2005). B. tabaci remains a serious pest of many agri- plants, including vegetables, economic crops and orna- cultural and ornamental crops worldwide, being recorded mental plants; for example, Avidov and Harpaz (1969) re- on a large range of host plant species (Nomikou et al., ported 52 host plants in Israel, Azab et al. (1971) reported 2001; Cuthbertson et al., 2007). Furthermore, the in- 172 plant species in Egypt and Gameel (1972) recorded creasing international trade and transportation of plants 115 plants of B. tabaci in Sudan. On a global basis Mound and Halsey (1978) reported 420 host plant species in 74 families and Greathead (1986) recorded more than 500 Correspondence: Bao-Li Qiu, Department of Entomology, host plant species worldwide. Recently, Gelman et al. South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, (2005) reported that B. tabaci can attack more than China. Tel: +86 20 85283717; fax: +86 20 85280316; email: 600 species of host plants in both field and greenhouse [email protected] settings, including food, fiber and ornamentals. C 2011 The Authors 101 Journal compilation C Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 102 S. J. Li et al. In China, the earliest report concerning host plants of B. southeast (Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang), north (Beijing), tabaci was by Chang (1969) who recorded 87 host plant northwest (Xinjiang) and the middle of China (Shanxi) species in Taiwan. Afterwards, Luo et al. (2000) reported from 1999 to 2009. The investigated plants included veg- 74 species (including variants) in 24 families in Beijing. etables, ornamentals, economic crops and fruit trees, as Qiu et al. (2001) recorded 176 plant species in 46 families well as weeds on farmland, roadsides and hills. in the Guangzhou area. In the investigations of Zhou et al. Host plants with whitefly adults, eggs and nymphs si- (2003) and He et al. (2003), 101 species in 31 families multaneously present on the same plant or with “pupae” and 62 species in 17 families were recorded in Jiangsu (a short term of pharate adult) were recorded. During the and Fujian Provinces, respectively. Moreover, 103 species surveys, 15 leaves (five from the top, middle and bottom, of B. tabaci host plants were reported by Zhang et al. respectively) of one plant were removed and taken back to (2005) in Shanxi Province. Although there are several the laboratory where the B. tabaci nymphs and pupae on published investigations concerning the host plants of B. the leaves were examined under a binocular microscope. tabaci in China (Luo et al., 2000; Qiu et al., 2001; He The plant species were identified by Dr. Tong-Xing Sun et al., 2003; Zhou et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2005; Xu (Qingdao Agricultural University, China). The whitefly et al., 2007a; Xu et al., 2007b), providing essential and species were identified either according to the morphol- important information in the development of biological ogy of the pupa stage or by comparing their mitochondrial and integrated management strategies for the pest, all of cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) sequencing with B. tabaci them were in very localized regions or at the most limited (Qiu et al., 2009b). to one or two provinces. To date, no survey has been reported concerning the host ranges of B. tabaci nation- Natural enemies investigation wide in China. Bemisia tabaci continues to show an increasing level During the investigation of natural enemies, the leaves of resistance to a range of chemical insecticides, includ- with parasitized whitefly nymphs or pupae were put into ing imidacloprid, pyrethroid, acetamiprid and nitenpyram Petri dishes and taken back to the laboratory. Predatory (Morin et al., 2002; Horowitz et al., 2008; Byrne et al., lady beetles, lacewings and bugs were captured by remov- 2010; Feng et al., 2010; Schuster et al., 2010). Several ing the plant leaves gently and placing the living insects recent studies in China have shown that most of the rou- either into Petri dishes or directly into 95% ethanol. The tine pesticides available have lost their effectiveness in B. emerged parasitoids were identified by Dr. Jian Huang tabaci control (He et al., 2009; Qiu et al., 2009a; Wang (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China) and et al., 2009). Therefore, there is an urgent need for the the predatory natural enemies were identified by Dr. development of alternative means of control. Biological Shun-Xiang Ren in the Department of Entomology, South control agents and associated technologies have now be- China Agricultural University (SCAU). Collected ento- come the main areas of research in B. tabaci management mopathogenic fungi were incubated, isolated and identi- studies over the last two decades (Huang & Polaszek, fied by Dr. Qiong-Bo Hu in SCAU and Prof. Zong-Qi 1998; Gerling et al., 2001; Ren et al., 2001; Huang, 2002; Liang in Guizhou University, China. All the specimens of Cuthbertson & Walters, 2005; Qiu et al., 2007b, 2008; natural enemies collected were kept in SCAU. Cuthbertson et al., 2008, 2010; Stansly & Naranjo, 2010). Some references about host plants and natural enemies In this study, we list the results of two systematic surveys of B. tabaci were also cited in current surveys. outlining the host plant species and natural enemies of B. tabaci recorded throughout China. The latter survey in- cludes both insect natural enemies and entomopathogenic Data analysis fungi. This report will provide a clear understanding of the current status of both the host plant species and natural The infestation rate of host plants by B. tabaci was enemies of B. tabaci in China. evaluated according to the average population level of B. tabaci nymphs and pupae on the leaves. To make the sample size uniform, the whitefly nymphs and pupae pop- Materials and methods ulations per leaf were converted to numbers in 10 cm2/leaf area, irrespective of the size and type of leaves of differ- Host plants investigation ent plant species (Attique et al., 2003). The infestation rates of host plants were categorized as four grades; they The host plants and natural enemies of B. tabaci were were recorded as 4th grade when the average number investigated in south (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan), of B. tabaci nymphs and pupae were more than 50 in C 2011 The Authors Journal compilation C Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Insect Science, 18, 101–120 Plants and natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci 103 the 10 cm2/leaf area; recorded as 3rd grade when the species Amitus longicornis and A. hesperidum. Among nymphs and pupae were between 31–50 individuals in the the aphelinid parasitoids, one species of Ablerus genus 10 cm2/leaf area; recorded as 2nd and 1st grades when was recorded along with 41 and 12 species of Encarsia the nymphs and pupae were between 11–30 or ≤ 10 in- and Eretmocerus parasitoids, respectively.