DOCSLIB.ORG

For Review Only

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
For Review Only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0180.R3 Chaiklieng Work-related Diseases among Agriculturists in Thailand: A Systematic Review Journal: Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology Manuscript ID SJST-2019-0180.R3 Manuscript Type:ForReview Review Article Only Date Submitted by the 25-Apr-2020 Author: Complete List of Authors: Chaiklieng, Sunisa; Khon Kaen University, Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health Poochada, Worawan; Khon Kaen University Faculty of Public Health, Environmental Health, Occupational Health and Safety Suggaravetsiri, Pornnapa; Khon Kaen University, Faculty of Public Health Keyword: agriculture, health effect, hazard, injuries, meta-analysis For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0180.R3 Chaiklieng Page 2 of 26 1 2 3 4 Review Article 5 6 7 Work-related Diseases among Agriculturists in Thailand: 8 9 A Systematic Review 10 11 12 13 14 Sunisa Chaiklieng1* Worawan Poochada1 Pornnapa Suggaravetsiri2 15 16 17 18 19 1Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of 20 For Review Only 21 Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand 22 23 2 24 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon 25 26 Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand 27 28 *Corresponding author, Email address csunis@kku ac th 29 : . 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For Proof Read only Page 3 of 26 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0180.R3 Chaiklieng 1 2 3 4 Abstract 5 6 7 This systematic review aimed to summarize the prevalence of work-related 8 9 diseases among agriculturists in Thailand. A meta-analysis was done in prespecified 10 11 subgroups of health hazards and effects from primary studies. The articles were searched 12 13 14 for by using the following electronic databases: PubMed, TCI, and ThaiLIS published 15 16 between 2007 and 2017. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed by using the I2 and 17 18 Chi-square test. Data from 34 articles were analyzed using STATA and a comprehensive 19 20 meta-analysis on the prevalence of diseases. The highest estimated pooled prevalence 21 For Review Only 22 23 (random effects model) was that of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) at 67.8% (95%CI 24 25 66.3-69.3), followed by those of chemical hazard at 52.8% (95%CI 50.5-55.1), and other 26 27 health effects, including heat effects, skin irritation and injuries, at 53.1% (95%CI 51.7- 28 29 30 54.4). This review shows that a health surveillance program using big data management 31 32 to show work-related diseases and Thai government support in strategic planning to 33 34 decrease prevalence of MSDs and pesticide exposure among agriculturists are a priority. 35 36 37 Keywords: agriculture, health effect, hazard, occupational disease, injuries, meta- 38 39 analysis 40 41 42 43 1. Introduction 44 45 46 The National Statistical Office (NSO) of Thailand collected informal employment 47 48 data in 2017. It was revealed that 55.6% of the 38.3 million workforce were informally 49 50 employed (NSO, 2017). The agricultural sector had a majority of informal workers and 51 52 53 almost all of them were engaged in crops (NSO, 2013). They lacked employee status as 54 55 defined under the Labor Protection Act (LPA). Typically, they were not working in the 56 57 status of an employee; they were working at home or maybe self-employed, or were 58 59 60 For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0180.R3 Chaiklieng Page 4 of 26 1 2 3 4 temporary workers. Epidemiological studies of adverse health effects among 5 6 7 agriculturists have been reported with regard to health risk and risk factors of exposure to 8 9 health hazards, and injuries caused by agricultural activities (Suggaravetsiri & 10 11 Chaiklieng, 2017; Veerast, Suggaravetsiri & Chaiklieng, 2013). 12 13 14 According to a global report on work-related diseases, the highest prevalence of 15 16 the work-related diseases of agriculturists was work-related musculoskeletal disorders 17 18 (MSDs) at 43.2% to 91.3% (Yee, Tamrin, Yik, Yusoff, & Mori, 2014; Jo et al., 2016; 19 20 Osborne et al., 2010; Kearney, Allen, Balanay, & Barry, 2016; McMillan, Trask, 21 For Review Only 22 23 Dosman, Hagel, & Pickett, 2015; Dong, Li, & Yu, 2012), followed by skin irritation at 24 25 86.0% (Oesterlund et al., 2014) to 87.3% (Kim et al., 2013), injuries caused by all kinds 26 27 of accidents at 26.3% to 60.0% (Kim, Lee, & Räsänen, 2016; Mayrhofer, Quendler, & 28 29 30 Boxberger, 2014; Browning, Westneat, & Reed, 2016; Prasanna & Dewangan, 2009), 31 32 heat-related illness at 4.0% (Banerjee, 1993) to 50.0% (Sahu, Sett, & Kjellstrom, 2013), 33 34 toxicity from pesticide at 10% (Kamel et al., 2007) to 22.5% (Zare et al., 2015), infectious 35 36 37 diseases at 0.7% to 28.6% (Dahal et al., 2016; Adesiyun et al., 2010; Fiecek, 38 39 Grochowalska, Chmielewski, & Tylewska-Wierzbanowska, 2012), and lower respiratory 40 41 tract complaints at 2.7% to 26.0% (Kim et al., 2013; Hoppin et al., 2008; 2009), 42 43 respectively. 44 45 46 In Thailand, occupational and environmental diseases among the Thai population 47 48 visiting public hospitals are reported to the Health Data Center (HDC). It was reported 49 50 between 2013 and 2016 that the highest prevalence among agriculturists was injuries 51 52 53 (0.6%), followed by MSDs (0.3%), hearing loss and diseases caused by heat (0.2%), and 54 55 pesticide toxicity (0.1%) (Health Data Center, 2017). The statistics were compiled from 56 57 diagnosed cases of the passive surveillance report in Thailand and largely contradicted 58 59 60 For Proof Read only Page 5 of 26 Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0180.R3 Chaiklieng 1 2 3 4 the global statistics mentioned in the research, which were mostly based on the complaints 5 6 7 or health screening data reports of the study participants. Some work-related diseases 8 9 were indicated in the previous studies, but there was no general report from the HDC on 10 11 cases as occupational diseases, such as skin diseases and infectious diseases. One cross- 12 13 14 sectional study indicated the prevalence of skin diseases, calculated from the self-reported 15 16 symptoms of the agriculturists, at 71.5% (Lueangektin & Wongvigitsuk, 2010); this was 17 18 19 much higher than the incidence rate calculated from diagnosed cases of skin diseases 20 21 (6.2%) and infectiousFor diseases Review (3.5%) in a retrospective Only cohort study of agriculturists 22 23 (Phuengsangpaen & Chaiklieng, 2017). There was a higher incidence of MSDs (39.2%) 24 25 and pesticide toxicity (0.4%) among the agriculturists of the previous study report 26 27 28 (Phuengsangpaen & Chaiklieng, 2017) when compared to those reports from the passive 29 30 surveillance database of HDC. Although there have been studies about the prevalence of 31 32 work-related diseases, they are not representative of the national prevalence of 33 34 35 occupational diseases of agriculturists according to the surveillance report of health data 36 37 and its studies. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to summarize the prevalence 38 39 of work-related diseases among agriculturists in Thailand. 40 41 42 43 44 2. Materials and Methods 45 46 2.1 Search Strategy 47 48 This review was carried out by searching the following electronic databases for 49 50 51 primary studies: PubMed, TCI (Thai Journal Citation Index Centre), and ThaiLIS 52 53 (Thailand Library Integrated System), published between January 2007 and September 54 55 2017. The search strategy included incorporation of the following terms: agriculture, 56 57 58 59 60 For Proof Read only Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology SJST-2019-0180.R3 Chaiklieng Page 6 of 26 1 2 3 4 agriculturist, farmers, planter, grower, prevalence, injuries, work-related, occupational 5 6 7 diseases, health hazard, health effect, and Thailand. 8 9 2.2 Study Selection 10 11 The search strategy aimed to identify all the available publications in Thai or 12 13 14 English language that reported data on the prevalence of work-related diseases, including 15 16 injuries among agriculturists in Thailand. Two reviewers independently reviewed titles 17 18 and abstracts to identify acceptable studies from all sources which met the inclusion 19 20 criteria: 1) there was a full-text article available, 2) the type of agriculture was presented 21 For Review Only 22 23 and located in Thailand, and 3) the sample size of agriculturists and the prevalence of 24 25 disease were identifiable enough to be classified according to health hazard, MSDs and 26 27 other health effects groups. 28 29 30 2.3 Data Extraction 31 32 Two reviewers independently extracted data from the acceptable studies. Any 33 34 differences of opinion were discussed and the cases of disagreement were resolved by a 35 36 37 third reviewer, who was an epidemiologist to meet the eligibility criteria of a cross- 38 39 sectional study designed for agriculturists. The data was extracted from 34 acceptable 40 41 studies of a cross-sectional study, which included the names of the authors and the year 42 43 of article publication. The recorded parameters were province of study (from the 44 45 46 following regions of Thailand: North, Northeast, Central, East and South) or locality, 47 48 survey year, number of participants, type of agriculture, type of health hazard or health 49 50 effects of exposure, and prevalence of work-related diseases and injuries according to the 51 52 53 complaints or health screening data of the participants.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rural Population Ageing and Farm Structure in Thailand
    Rural population ageing and farm structure in Thailand by John Bryant and Rossarin Gray Population and Development Service Sustainable Development Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations September 2005 The designations employ ed and the pres ent ation of mat erial in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whats oev er on the part of the Food and A griculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or dev elopment st at us of any country, territory, city or area or of its aut horities, or c onc erning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The word “countries” appearing in the text ref ers to countries, t erritories and areas without distincti on. The Food and A griculture Organiz ation of t he Unit ed Nati ons encourages the dissemination of material contained in t his publicati on, provided that ref erenc e is made t o t he s ource. All rights res erved. Reproducti on and diss emination of mat erial in this inf ormation produc t for educ ational or ot her non-commercial purposes are aut horized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided t he source is fully acknowledged. Reproducti on of material in this inf ormation product for resal e or other commercial purpos es is prohibit ed without written permission of the c opyright hol ders. A pplications for suc h permission should be address ed t o the Chief , Publishi ng Management S ervice, Inf ormation Division, FAO, Vial e delle Terme di Carac alla, 00100 R ome, Italy or by e-mail to c [email protected] g © FAO 2005 Table of contents 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................1 2 Background information on ageing and agriculture in Thailand .....................2 2.1 Demography..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Agricultural Leaders in Farmer Associations and the Implications to Agricultural Extension Education in Thailand
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1988 The oler of agricultural leaders in Farmer Associations and the implications to agricultural extension education in Thailand Pornchulee Nilvises Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agricultural Education Commons Recommended Citation Nilvises, Pornchulee, "The or le of agricultural leaders in Farmer Associations and the implications to agricultural extension education in Thailand " (1988). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8879. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8879 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Asia and the Pacific
    Cover photo: Marie Ange Sylvain-Holmgren Sustainable agriculture and in Asia and the pacific The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) is the regional arm of the United Nations, playing a unique role as the only intergovernmental forum for all countries and territories of the Asian and Pacific region. Established in 1947, ESCAP currently consists of 53 members and nine associate members, covering over 60 per cent of the world’s population, or 4.1 billion people. ESCAP’s mission is to serve as the regional hub promoting cooperation among member States to achieve inclusive and sustainable economic and social development in the Asia-Pacific region. ESCAP provides the strategic regional link between global-, subregional- and country-level programmes and concerns. ESCAP is headquartered in Bangkok and has a Pacific office in Suva. For more information, please visit our website at <http://www.unescap.org>. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has been issued without formal editing. It follows United Nations practice in references to countries. Bibliographical and other references have, wherever possible, been verified. Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • Contracted Garage
    Contracted Garage No Branch Province District Garage Name Truck Contact Number Address 035-615-990, 089- 140/2 Rama 3 Road, Bang Kho Laem Sub-district, Bang Kho Laem District, 1 Headquarters Ang Thong Mueang P Auto Image Co., Ltd. 921-2400 Bangkok, 10120 188 Soi 54 Yaek 4 Rama 2 Road, Samae Dam Sub-district, Bang Khun Thian 2 Headquarters Ang Thong Mueang Thawee Car Care Center Co., Ltd. 035-613-545 District, Bangkok, 10150 02-522-6166-8, 086- 3 Headquarters Bangkok Bang Khen Sathitpon Aotobody Co., Ltd. 102/8 Thung Khru Sub-district, Thung Khru District, Bangkok, 10140 359-7466 02-291-1544, 081- 4 Headquarters Bangkok Bang Kho Laem Au Supphalert Co., Ltd. 375 Phet kasem Road, Tha Phra Sub-district, Bangkok Yai District, Bangkok, 10600 359-2087 02-415-1577, 081- 109/26 Moo 6 Nawamin 74 Road Khlong Kum Sub-district Bueng Kum district 5 Headquarters Bangkok Bang Khun Thian Ch.thanabodyauto Co., Ltd. 428-5084 Bangkok, 10230 02-897-1123-8, 081- 307/201 Charansanitwong Road, Bang Khun Si Sub-district, Bangkok Noi District, 6 Headquarters Bangkok Bang Khun Thian Saharungroj Service (2545) Co., Ltd. 624-5461 Bangkok, 10700 02-896-2992-3, 02- 4/431-3 Moo 1, Soi Sakae Ngam 25, Rama 2 Road, Samae Dam 7 Headquarters Bangkok Bang Khun Thian Auychai Garage Co., Ltd. 451-3715 Sub-district, Bang Khun Thien District, Bangkok, 10150 02-451-6334, 8 Headquarters Bangkok Bang Khun Thian Car Circle and Service Co., Ltd. 495 Hathairat Road, Bang, Khlong Sam Wa District, Bangkok, 10510 02-451-6927-28 02-911-5001-3, 02- 9 Headquarters Bangkok Bang Sue Au Namchai TaoPoon Co., Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Labor Migration from Agriculture in Thailand
    IDRC4Th SEAPRAP RESEARCH REPORT NO. 55 LABOR MIGRATION FROM AGRICULTURE IN THAILAND PRADIT CHARSOMBUT Department of Economics Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Kasetsart University Bangkok, Thailand May 1981 A report of research undertaken with the assistance of an award from the Southeast Asia Population Research Awards Program (SEAPRAP), Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Republic of Singapore RCHIV (an edited version) D358 ACKNOWLEDGE2IENP This study was made possible through an award from the Southeast Asia Population Research Awards Program (SEAPRAP), a joint program of the International Development Research Centre and the Ford Foundation. A special debt of gratitude is due to Dr. Wilfredo F. Arce, Program Coordinator, and Ms. Suzanne Ilak, Program Assistant. I also wish to acknowledge the help of Professor Sopin Tongpan, the Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, aaetsart University. The Dean has provided suggestions and support in many ways. I am also thankful to Mr. Noppadol Thiyachai a graduate student in Economics; Mr. Preecha Muenprasertdi, Lecturer in Business and Ms. Wilailuck Phaiutsa, Assistant Professor in Economics, for their help in the survey and data processing. Pradit Charsombut Department of Economics Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Kasetsart University, Bangkok May 1981 - o: TABL1 OP CONTE1TS Page Introduction I 1.1 Problems I 1.2 Objectives 1.3 ?Iethodoloy 5 Employment Patterns in Hum]. Areas 8 2.1 The Tota]. Labor Force 8 2.2 Employment by Industry 10 2.3
    [Show full text]
  • A Statistical Method for Estimating Under-Reported Incidence Rates with Application to Child Diarrhea in Thai Provinces Bordering Cambodia
    A STATISTICAL METHOD FOR UNDER-REPORTED CHILD DIARRHEA A STATISTICAL METHOD FOR ESTIMATING UNDER-REPORTED INCIDENCE RATES WITH APPLICATION TO CHILD DIARRHEA IN THAI PROVINCES BORDERING CAMBODIA Sulawan Yotthanoo1 and Chamnein Choonpradub2 1Department of Statistics, School of Science and Technology, Naresuan University, Phayao; 2Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani, Thailand Abstract. Diarrhea is a major health problem in Thailand, but reported data of disease incidence are known or suspected to be under-reported. This study aimed to develop a statistical model for estimating the annual incidence of hospital diarrhea cases among children under five years. Data regarding diarrhea patients 0-4 years old were col- lected for the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance (Report 506) about Thai prov- inces bordering Cambodia during 1999-2004 by the Ministry of Public Health. A log- linear regression model based on the prevailing seasonal-trend pattern was used for diarrhea incidence as a function of quarter, year and district, after imputing rates where under-reporting was evident, using populations obtained from the 2000 population census. The model also takes any spatial correlation between districts into account, using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) method. Diarrhea incidence had sea- sonal peaks in the first quarter (January to March) and the trend steadily increased from 1999 to 2004. Results from such studies can help health authorities develop pre- vention policies. Key words: child diarrhea, statistical model, BEE method, linear regression INTRODUCTION third of all deaths in this age group are as- sociated with diarrhea. Approximately 1.5 Diarrhea is one of the world’s top five billion diarrhea episodes and 4 million infectious disease causes of death (Brownlie deaths occur annually among children age et al, 2006) and remains a major cause of less than five years (Vargas et al, 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • 4. Counter-Memorial of the Royal Government of Thailand
    4. COUNTER-MEMORIAL OF THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF THAILAND I. The present dispute concerns the sovereignty over a portion of land on which the temple of Phra Viharn stands. ("PhraViharn", which is the Thai spelling of the name, is used throughout this pleading. "Preah Vihear" is the Cambodian spelling.) 2. According to the Application (par. I), ThaiIand has, since 1949, persisted in the occupation of a portion of Cambodian territory. This accusation is quite unjustified. As will be abundantly demon- strated in the follo~vingpages, the territory in question was Siamese before the Treaty of 1904,was Ieft to Siam by the Treaty and has continued to be considered and treated as such by Thailand without any protest on the part of France or Cambodia until 1949. 3. The Government of Cambodia alleges that its "right can be established from three points of rieivJ' (Application, par. 2). The first of these is said to be "the terms of the international conventions delimiting the frontier between Cambodia and Thailand". More particuIarly, Cambodia has stated in its Application (par. 4, p. 7) that a Treaty of 13th February, 1904 ". is fundamental for the purposes of the settlement of the present dispute". The Government of Thailand agrees that this Treaty is fundamental. It is therefore common ground between the parties that the basic issue before the Court is the appIication or interpretation of that Treaty. It defines the boundary in the area of the temple as the watershed in the Dangrek mountains. The true effect of the Treaty, as will be demonstratcd later, is to put the temple on the Thai side of the frontier.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Productivity in Thailand
    Agricultural Productivity and Poverty Reduction in Thailand 1 Peerapan Suwannarat Abstrtact Thailand’s growth used to rely on agriculture as a main driver for a long period of time. However, in 1980s, agriculture has been demoted from an engine of growth because a supply of labor came to an end. Thai economy shifted the concentration to industrial and service sectors instead. Nonetheless, it is unreasonable to overlook its importance since the majority of labor forces still lives in this sector. While agriculture is devaluated in Thai economy, population in agricultural sector suffer from a natural disaster and interference in an industrial production solely. That is why more than half of poor belong to agricultural sector. Poverty is then an everlasting issue that Thailand confronts with. Enhancing agricultural productivity might be one of many solutions to aid escaping from poverty. In the study, agricultural productivity would be introduced as the key determinant for Thailand’s poverty reduction in four aspects: the poverty rate measuring by national poverty line; an employment in overall and sectoral issues; a migration from rural to urban areas; and the purchasing power. The study would begin with understanding the measurement of Thai agricultural productivity learnt from various studies. The following section would construct the model to examine the pattern of agricultural productivity to the poverty. The results from the model are discussed in the next section. Lastly, the paper would end with suggesting the policy recommendation in hope of solving Thai poverty situation. 1 Undergraduate student, B.E. International Program, Faculty of Economics, Thammasat University ~ 1 ~ Table of Contents I.
    [Show full text]
  • Preah Vihear World Heritage Sit
    No. 678, Group 1, Phum Tavien, Siem Reap City, CAMBODIA H/P: +85512 971 645 E-maiL: [email protected], [email protected] WebSite: www.cambodiatraveLtraiLS.com …………………………………………………………………………………………….......................................... Tour Name: Preah Vihear WorLd Heritage Site Guided ExcurSion Tour Code: A1N Tour Duration: 1 day Tour Operates: alL year round / on demand Number of Pax: avaiLable upon requeSt Tour Price: avaiLable upon requeSt Pick-up and drop off location Can be anywhere upon request HoteL in Siem Reap Upon arrivaL in Siem Reap airport Upon arrivaL in Siem Reap buS Station Upon arrivaL in boat pier in Chong Kneah fLoating viLLage Any AirBnB and residences in Siem Reap. Pick-up and drop-off direction Kindly provide your pick-up and drop-off StyLes for direction! PREAH VIHEAR WORLD HERITAGE SITE GUIDED EXCURSION Preah Vihear – in the morning, you will be met and welcomed by our English Speaking guide, picked up and tranSferred onward to viSit Preah Vihear TempLe. It iS Situated atop cLiff in the Preah Vihear province of northern Cambodia (180 kiLometerS from Angkor Wat) and on the border of KantharaLak diStrict (amphoe) in SiSaket province of eastern ThaiLand. In 1962, folLowing a Lengthy diSpute between ThaiLand and Cambodia over ownerShip, a majority of the International Court of Justice in The Hague awarded the temple to Cambodia. Affording a view for many kiLometerS acrosS a pLain, PraSat Preah Vihear haS the most SpectacuLar Setting of aLL the tempLeS buiLt during the Six-centurieS-long Khmer Empire. AS a key edifice of the empire's Spiritual life, it waS supported and modified by successive kings and so bears eLements of severaL architecturaL styLes.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade, Culture and Society in Thailand Before 1200 Ad
    TRADE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY IN THAILAND BEFORE 1200 AD Helen James Abstract This paper discusses the development of the vibrant socio- cultural complexes inhabiting the geographic area between the Mekong and the Salween river systems in pre- and proto-historic times up to 1200 AD. Our knowledge of these cultures has increased in recent decades thanks to the multidisciplinary research under- taken by Charles Higham, Dhida Saraya, Srisakra Vallibhotama, Bennet Bronson, Donn Bayard and others whose work has comple- mented that of the linguists, art historians and scientists to bring to life the sophisticated societies which evolved on the Khorat plateau in northeast Thailand, in the Chao Phraya valley, and on the penin- sula of southern Thailand long before the declaration of indepen- dence from the Khmer overlord at Sukhothai in the mid-thirteenth century. Far from being a vacuum with little social, cultural or political development, we now know that these socio-cultural complexes had extensive intra-regional, interregional, and interna- tional trading networks complementing their own indigenous developments, long before the appearance of the Greco-Roman trading ships in the harbours of the Coromandel and Malabar coasts of India in the first and second centuries AD. The pattern of indig- enous relationships gave rise to the early Bronze and Iron Age civilizations in this region and made these socio-cultural complexes a cornerstone in the reinterpretation of Thai history. Introduction The geographical area now delineated by the nation state, Thailand, had a sophisticated cultural history characterized by complex interregional, intraregional and international relationships long before the officially constructed Sukhothai- Ayutthaya-Bangkok march of modern history minimized the socio-cultural devel- opments of earlier times.
    [Show full text]
  • I-San Lower Northeast Phanom Rung Historical Park Nakhon Ratchasima • Buri Ram • Surin • Ubon Ratchathani Yasothon • Si Sa Ket • Chaiyaphum • Amnat Charoen Contents
    I-San Lower Northeast Phanom Rung Historical Park Nakhon Ratchasima • Buri Ram • Surin • Ubon Ratchathani Yasothon • Si sa Ket • Chaiyaphum • Amnat Charoen Contents Nakhon Ratchasima 12 Yasothon 36 Buri Ram 22 Si Sa Ket 40 Surin 26 Chaiyaphum 46 Ubon Ratchathani 30 Amnat Charoen 50 Bangkok Sam Phan Bok Pa Hin Ngam National Park 10 11 Northeast Thailand, or I-san as it is called in Thai, covers roughly one-third of the Kingdom’s land area, and for ease of travellers’ orientation it is best divided into upper and lower regions. All of the Northeast is exceptional in its rural landscapes, history and folk culture, while the upper and lower regions have their own distinct attractions, the latter most notably has the finest Khmer ruins to be seen in Thailand, as well as towns and villages with individual character and sights. Namtok Heo Suwat, Nakhon Ratchasima Phrathat Kong Khao Noi, Yasothon I-San Lower Northeast Thailand as its most traditional, friendly, charming, and endlessly fascinating. From tranquil villages to awesome temple ruins, it’s a world of discovery. 12 13 Gateway to the Lower Northeast is Nakhon Ratchasima, also known as Khorat. This is I-san’s largest province, covering an area of 20,494 sq. km., with the provincial capital of the same name located 259 km. northeast of Bangkok. The city has since ancient times been a key administrative centre and remains the main transportation hub and economic heart of the Lower Northeast. Historic importance is witnessed in a number of superb ancient Khmer ruins, while scenically the province is rich in nature’s bounty with forests, hills, and waterfalls, the best scenery being preserved and readily accessible in Khao Yai National Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Notification of the Central Committee on the Price of Goods and Services No
    Notification of the Central Committee on the Price of Goods and Services No. 4, B.E. 2560 (2017) Regarding Control of Transport of Paddy, Rice ------------------------------------ Whereas the Central Committee on the Price of Goods and Services has repealed the Notification of the Central Committee on the Price of Goods and Services No. 1, B.E. 2559 (2016) regarding Determination of Goods and Services under Control dated 21 January B.E. 2559 ( 2016) , resulting in the end of enforcement of the Notification of the Central Committee on the Price of Goods and Services No. 4, B.E. 2559 (2016) regarding Control of Transport of Paddy, Rice dated 25 January B.E. 2559 (2016). In the meantime, the Central Committee on the Price of Goods and Services has already reconsidered the exercise of its power regarding the stipulation of the aforesaid measure, it is of the view that the measure of the control of transport of paddy, rice should be maintained in order to bring about the fairness of price, quantity and the maintenance of stability of the rice market system within the Kingdom. By virtue of Section 9 (2) and Section 25 (4), (7) of the Price of Goods and Services Act, B.E. 2542 ( 1999) , the Central Committee on the Price of Goods and Services has therefore issued this Notification, as follows. Article 1. This Notification shall come into force in all areas of the Kingdom for the period of one year as from the day following the date of its publication.1 Article 2. In this Notification, “rice” means rice, pieces of rice, broken-milled rice.
    [Show full text]