6.5 X 11 Threelines.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85302-6 - The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef: Development, Diversity, and Change David Hopley, Scott G. Smithers and Kevin E. Parnell Index More information

Geographic index

Abrolhos Reef (see also Houtman–Abrolhos 320, 325, 332, 338, 339 Fig. 10.9, 340, Islands), 400 341 Fig. 10.11, 342, 343, 369, 370, 381 Africa, 136 Big Bank Shoals, 185, 187 Agincourt Reef, 121 Fig. 4.12, 141 Fig. 5.1, Bikini Atoll, 6, 13, 395 142 Table 5.1, 286 Binstead Cay, 322, 325, 330, 342 Airlie Beach, 196 Bird Cay, 325 Aitutaki, 408 Black Rock, 2 Fig. 1.1, 34 Alacran Reef, 400, 402, 405, 407 Bligh Trough, 20 Fig. 2.1, 27, 30 Aladdin’s Cave, 51 Boot Reef, 2 Fig. 1.1, 38, 271 Ambergris Cay, 400 Boulder Reef, 2 Fig. 1.1, 35, 36 Fig. 2.11, 38, 39, 40, Anchor Cay, 34 59 Fig. 3.5, 60, 75, 79, 108, 234 Table 8.1, Antarctic, 74, 85 237 Fig. 8.2, 239, 249, 250 Table 8.2, 267, Antarctica, 18 268 Fig. 8.15, 372, 373, 381 Antigua, 402 Bowden Reef, 107 Arc Reef, 421 Bowen, 23, 54, 63 Fig. 3.6, 77, 93 Fig. 4.1, Arlington Reef/Cay, 316, 322, 323, 417 Fig. 12.3 97 Table 4.1, 118, 122 Table 4.2, 168, 381 Ashmore Reef/Cay/Banks, 271, 322, 323 Bowl Reef, 54, 60, 80, 179, 180, 236 Fig. 8.1, Asia, 136 273 Table 9.1, 289, 292, 292 Fig. 9.14, Atherton Tableland, 2 Fig. 1.1, 19, 424, 445 294 Fig. 9.16, 295 Fig. 9.17, 373, 375, 381, Atui, 408 418 Fig. 12.4, 421 Fig. 12.7 Ayr, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1 Bowling Green Bay, 179, 424 Fig. 12.8 Bramble Cay, 34, 170, 451 Bacchi Cay, 323 Brazil, 400 Baird Island, 325 Breaksea Spit, 2 Fig. 1.1, 8, 24 Balding Bay, 63 Fig. 3.6, 66, 67 Brisbane, 345 Bali, 15 Britomart Reef, 80, 82, 84, 108, 234 Table 8.1, Bantem Bay, 432 236 Fig. 8.1, 237 Fig. 8.2, 240, 249, 250 Table 8.2, Barbados, 5, 43, 52, 53, 59, 59 Fig. 3.5, 60, 251, 253, 258, 266, 268, 268 Fig. 8.15, 369, 371 296, 437 Broad Sound, 82, 83, 100, 102, 122 Table 4.2, 123, Barnett Patches/Shoals, 79, 150 Fig. 5.7 132, 134, 178, 217 Barron River, 21 Fig. 2.2, 23, 177, 440, 441 Broomfield Reef, 173 Barrow Point, 93 Fig. 4.1, 94 Bundaberg, 82, 87, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1, Bathurst Bay, 122 Table 4.2, 124 122 Table 4.2 Beanley Islands, 334 Fig. 10.6, 342 Bunker–Capricorn Reef/Island Group, 32, 83, 159, Beaver Cay, 318, 330, 354 162, 169 Fig. 6.1, 172, 173, 236 Fig. 8.1, 245, Beesley Cay, 323 246 Fig. 8.7, 247, 269, 271, 272, 309, 310, 314, 315, Belize, 3, 353, 400, 401 Fig. 11.11, 402, 408 320, 332, 334 Fig. 10.7, 337, 345, 355, 358, 361, Bell Cay, 323, 345 370, 390, 414, 418, 423, 448, 451, 453, 465 Bench Point, 107 Burdekin Dam, 127 Beverley Island Group, 210 Burdekin River, 19, 21 Fig. 2.2, 23, 25 Fig. 2.5, 37, Bewick Reef/Island, 77, 144, 144 Fig. 5.3, 145, 127, 129, 131, 176, 178 Fig. 6.3, 179, 236 Fig. 8.1, 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, 237 Fig. 8.2, 238–239, 272, 414, 415, 418 Fig. 12.4, 421, 440, 443 238 Fig. 8.3, 250 Table 8.2, 254, 268 Fig. 8.15, Burnett River, 127

519

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85302-6 - The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef: Development, Diversity, and Change David Hopley, Scott G. Smithers and Kevin E. Parnell Index More information

520 Geographic index

Bushy Island (see also Bushy-Redbill Island, Cockatoo Reef, 81, 142, 143 Fig. 5.2, 144, Redbill Reef), 237 Fig. 8.2, 319, 345, 362, 363, 236 Fig. 8.1, 273 Table 9.1, 297 Fig. 9.18, 300, 427, 445, 453, 453 Table 13.3, 455, 459 300 Fig. 9.21, 301, 304 Fig. 9.24, 369, 376, Bushy–Redbill Island, 323 383, 448 Bylund Cay, 323 Cockburn Reef, 184 Fig. 6.5 Cockermouth Reef/Island, 54, 75, 81, 204, 214, Cairns, 1, 7, 9, 10, 18, 19, 23, 30, 32, 34, 37, 55, 368, 376 77, 87, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1, 111, 112 Fig. 4.9, Cockle Bay, 69, 204 113, 118, 122 Table 4.2, 123, 124, 128, 159, 168, Cocoa Creek, 69 Table 3.2 171, 173, 176, 177, 178 Fig. 6.3, 180, 200, 225, Coconut Island, 249, 453, 454 Fig. 13.9, 456, 275, 285, 286, 314, 338, 344, 345, 347, 354, 355, 462 Fig. 13.11 365, 369, 416, 421, 423, 440, 442, 444, 451, Cocos–Keeling Islands, 393–395, 394 Fig. 11.9, 452, 465 404 Table 11.2, 407 Cairns Reef, 79 Coen, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1 Camp Island, 54, 81 Coil Reef, 421 Campeche Bank, 404 Cook Islands, 395 Canning Basin, 414, 415 Fig. 12.2 Cooktown, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1, 122 Table 4.2, Cape Bedford, 24, 184 Fig. 6.5 124, 159, 185, 187, 218, 369, 370, 372, 381 Cape Capricorn, 24, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1 Coolgaree Bay, 203, 207 Cape Clinton, 2 Fig. 1.1, 23, 24, 169 Fig. 6.1, 422 Coombe Island, 323 Cape Conway, 196 Coquet Island, 325, 340, 342 Cape Ferguson, 87 Coral Sea, 19, 27, 32, 35, 37, 96, 99, 111, 118, 425 Cape Flattery, 24, 25 Fig. 2.5 Coral Sea Basin, 20 Fig. 2.1, 27, 30 Cape Gloucester, 196, 422 Corbett Reef, 177, 393 Cape Grafton, 23 Cowley Beach, 182 Cape Grenville, 120, 121 Fig. 4.12, 197, 271 Cullal Cullal Reef, 197 Cape Hillsborough, 2 Fig. 1.1, 19 Cumberland Island Group, 2 Fig. 1.1, 26, 82, 160, Cape Kimberley, 197 199, 370, 371, 424, 426 Cape Melville, 55, 77, 86, 197, 370 Cungulla, 54 Cape Tribulation, 2 Fig. 1.1, 23, 23 Fig. 2.4, 75, Curacoa Island, 228, 350 122 Table 4.2, 174, 195 Fig. 7.2, 197, 198 Fig. 7.3, Curtis Island, 2 Fig. 1.1, 21 Fig. 2.2, 24 203, 207, 212, 214, 220, 376, 381, 426, 433, 433 Table 13.1, 434 Fig. 13.1, 435 Fig. 13.2, Daintree, 93 Fig. 4.1, 96 436 Fig. 13.3, 13.4, 437, 438, 438 Table 13.2, 440, Daintree River, 174, 177, 441 447, 449 Darley Reef, 81, 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, Cape Upstart, 174, 196, 422 237 Fig. 8.2, 243–244, 243 Fig. 8.5, 249, Cape Weymouth, 18, 200 250 Table 8.2, 251, 253, 268 Fig. 8.15, 381 Cape York, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1, 118, 125, 159 Darnley Island, 2 Fig. 1.1, 34, 184 Fig. 6.5 Cape York Peninsula, 26, 32, 96, 130, 197, 200 Darnley Valley, 179 Capricorn Basin, 20 Fig. 2.1, 34 Dauar Island, 34 Capricorn Channel, 2 Fig. 1.1, 32, 55, 100, Davies Reef, 108, 110, 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, 169 Fig. 6.1, 171, 179, 236 Fig. 8.1, 274 Fig. 9.1, 237 Fig. 8.2, 242, 243 Fig. 8.5, 250 Table 8.2, 253, 296, 414, 416, 417, 421, 423 254, 268, 268 Fig. 8.15, 372, 418 Fig. 12.4 Capricorn Coast, 111, 112 Fig. 4.9, 113 Day Reef, 236 Fig. 8.1, 282, 412 Captain Billy Landing, 197 Daydream Island, 438 Cardwell, 122 Table 4.2, 128, 423 Digby Island, 51, 54, 204, 210, 368, 369, 372 Caribbean, 117, 136, 384, 400–403 Dip Reef, 418 Fig. 12.4 Carmila, 199 Double Island, 200 Carter Reef, 77, 78, 273 Table 9.1, 280, 283, 284 Douglas Island, 351 Cato Trough, 418 Fig. 12.4 Dunk Island, 79, 177, 203, 207, 214 Cay Cay, 354 Centipede Reef, 27 Eagle Cay, 323, 331 Central America, 136 East Fairfax Island (see also Fairfax Islands/ Central Queensland Shelf, 54 Reef), 336 Channel Reef, 79 East Hope Reef/Island (see also Hope Reef, West Chapman Cays, 322, 325 Hope Reef/Island), 79, 234 Table 8.1, Clack Island, 325 236 Fig. 8.1, 237 Fig. 8.2, 238 Fig. 8.3, 239, Clack Reef, 160, 177 250 Table 8.2, 251, 267, 323, 332 Clairview, 122 Table 4.2 East Hoskyn Island (see also Hoskyn Reef/Island, Clare, 127 West Hoskyn Island), 323, 336 Cleveland Bay, 132, 133, 182, 222 Eastern Plateau, 19, 20 Fig. 2.1, 27, 236 Fig. 8.1

Geographic index 521

Ecuador, 89 Glasshouse Mountains, 19 Eddy Reef, 177 Gloucester Island, 199 Edgecombe Bay, 442 Glovers Reef, 400, 402 Elizabeth Reef, 391, 392, 392 Table 11.1 Goble Reefs, 244 Elliot River, 54 Goold Island, 79, 218 Ellis Island, 317, 322, 335, 354 Grafton Passage, 124, 181 Fig. 6.4, 416, Ellison Reef, 79, 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, 417 Fig. 12.3 237 Fig. 8.2, 240, 250 Table 8.2, 376, 381 Grand Cayman, 407 Emmagen Reef, 79, 203 Great Australian Bight, 412 Endeavour River, 69 Great Detached Reef, 183, 271, 276, 278, 371 Enewetak Atoll, 6, 13, 34, 185, 393, 395, Great North East Channel, 93 Fig. 4.1, 94 404 Table 11.2 Great Palm Island, 80 Table 3.3, 195 Fig. 7.2, Erskine Island, 323, 332, 334 Fig. 10.7, 355, 203 Table 7.2, 205, 207, 214 357 Fig. 10.14, 362, 453, 455, 456, 459 Green Island, Moreton Bay, 345 Eulalie Reef, 285, 285 Fig. 9.9 Green Reef/Island, 2 Fig. 1.1, 7, 102, 140, Euston Reef, 417 Fig. 12.3 141 Fig. 5.1, 142 Table 5.1, 171, 184 Fig. 6.5, 323, 332, 345, 355, 358, 361, 362, 417 Fig. 12.3, 427, Fairey Reef, 150 Fig. 5.7 444, 445, 446 Fig. 13.6, 451, 452, 453, 455, 456, Fairfax Reef/Islands (see also East Fairfax Island), 458, 459 81, 83, 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, 237 Fig. 8.2, Greenland, 74 247, 248 Fig. 8.8, 249, 250 Table 8.2, Grub Reef, 80, 177, 179, 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, 268 Fig. 8.15, 269, 314, 320, 337, 345, 370, 237 Fig. 8.2, 241–256, 241 Fig. 8.4, 250 Table 8.2, 372, 383 256 Fig. 8.9, 266, 267, 381, 418 Fig. 12.4 Family Island Group, 200 Guam, 5, 437 Fantome Island, 80, 203, 219, 222, 376 Gulf of Carpentaria, 84, 96, 199, 432, 450 Faraday Reef, 179, 418 Fig. 12.4 Gulf of Papua, 34, 35, 37, 55, 94, 170, 279 Fife Island, 323 Fin Reef, 417 Fig. 12.3 Halifax Basin, 20 Fig. 2.1, 32, 236 Fig. 8.1, 275 Fisher Reef/Island, 59 Fig. 3.5, 77, 78, 325, 442 Halifax Bay, 197, 199, 213, 222, 236 Fig. 8.1, Fitzroy Island, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1, 200 449, 450 Fitzroy Reef, 81, 83, 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, Hammond Island, 59 Fig. 3.5, 78, 203, 207, 237 Fig. 8.2, 247, 250 Table 8.2, 253, 254, 268, 218, 376 268 Fig. 8.15, 370, 371, 372, 383 Hampton Island, 78, 325 Fitzroy River, 19, 21 Fig. 2.2, 22, 24, 37, 127, 178, Hanauma Bay, 396, 397 Fig. 11.10 179, 414, 440, 443 Hannah Island, 340 Fig. 10.10, 342 Flinders Island, 78 Hastings Reef, 417 Fig. 12.3 Flinders Island Group, 314 Hawaii, 135, 216, 396, 397 Fig. 11.10, 407, 409, 437 Flinders Passage, 174 Hayman Island, 59 Fig. 3.5, 60, 81, 82, 93 Fig. 4.1, Flinders Reef, 29 97 Table 4.1, 204, 207, 209, 214, 217, 218, 368, Flora Pass, 178, 181 Fig. 6.4, 182, 416 369, 372, 373, 423, 424 Florida, 437 Hazard Bay, 80 Florida Keys, 437 Hedge Reef, 269 Fly River, 128, 170 Hedley Reef, 79 Flynn Reef, 417 Fig. 12.3 Helix Reef, 173, 174, 418 Fig. 12.4 Forbes Island, 26, 184 Fig. 6.5 Herald Island, 68, 80, 82 Four Mile Beach, 196 Herbert River, 21 Fig. 2.2, 22, 128, 174, 175 Fig. 6.2, Fraser Island, 2 Fig. 1.1, 18, 21 Fig. 2.2, 24, 125 176, 178, 178 Fig. 6.3 Frigate Cay, 185, 323 Heron Island, 2 Fig. 1.1, 9, 12, 14, 32, 34, 38, 48, 49, Funafuti Atoll, 6, 9, 183, 393, 404 Table 11.2 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1, 230, 314, 315, 319, 323, 332, 335 Fig. 10.8, 358, 370, 451, 453, 455, 456, Gable Reef, 14 Fig. 1.4, 81, 234 Table 8.1, 458, 459, 465 236 Fig. 8.1, 237 Fig. 8.2, 244–245, 245 Fig. 8.6, Hicks Reef, 236 Fig. 8.1, 282, 412 250 Table 8.2, 253, 254, 262–265, 263 Fig. 8.13, High Island, 224, 442 264 Fig. 8.14, 268, 370, 383 High Peak Island, 81, 204, 376 Galeta Point, 402 Hinchinbrook Channel, 24, 26 Fig. 2.6 Gannet Cay, 323, 458 Hinchinbrook Island, 2 Fig. 1.1, 21 Fig. 2.2, 24, 82, Geoffrey Bay, 204, 223 177, 199, 311 Geranium Passage, 178 Holmes Reef/Cay, 29, 329 Fig. 10.3 Gilbert Islands, 395 Hope Reef (see also East Hope Reef/Island, West Gladstone, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1, Hope Reef/Island), 417 Fig. 12.3 122 Table 4.2, 465 Hopkinson Reef, 418 Fig. 12.4

522 Geographic index

Horn Island, 315 Little Pioneer Bay, 80 Hoskyn Reef/Islands (see also East Hoskyn Island, Liverpool Creek, 177 West Hoskyn Island), 150 Fig. 5.7, 320, 337, 345 Lizard Island, 2 Fig. 1.1, 8, 11 Fig. 1.3, 26, 159, 167, Houghton Island, 78, 325, 342 171, 183, 184 Fig. 6.5, 187, 188, 236 Fig. 8.1, 314, Houtman–Abrolhos Islands (see also Abrolhos 315, 317, 423, 458 Reef), 391, 392, 392 Table 11.1, Lockhart River, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1, 404 Table 11.2, 407 122 Table 4.2, 124 Howick Group, 144 Lodestone Reef, 418 Fig. 12.4 Howick Island/Reef, 26, 160, 167, 169 Fig. 6.1, Long Reef, 78 325, 370 Lord Howe Island, 391, 392, 392 Table 11.1 Hull River, 127 Fig. 4.14, 177 Louisiade Archipelago, 422 Huon Peninsula, 43, 46 Fig. 3.1, 50 Fig. 3.2, 51, 52, Low Isles, 1, 2 Fig. 1.1, 7, 10, 10 Fig. 1.2, 11, 12, 59 Fig. 3.5, 60, 63 Fig. 3.6 63 Fig. 3.6, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1, 128, 177, 312, Hydeaway Bay, 23, 81, 196, 204, 223 314, 315, 325, 343, 348, 350, 440, 441, Hydrographers Passage, 286, 287 Fig. 9.10 441 Fig. 13.5, 453, 458 Low Wooded Island, 59 Fig. 3.5, 75, 77, 78, 320, Indian Ocean, 125 325, 338, 340 Indonesia, 3, 183, 432 Lowrie Island, 325 Ingham, 34, 93 Fig. 4.1, 96, 97 Table 4.1 Lowry Pass, 177 Ingram Island, 325, 332, 334 Fig. 10.6, 342, 343 Loyalty Islands, 412 Innaminka Shoal, 169 Fig. 6.1 Lucinda, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1 Innisfail, 23, 70, 82, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1, Lugger Bay, 79, 222 286, 388 Lugger Shoals, 203, 207, 220 Fig. 7.12, 221, 222, 229 Iris Point, 63 Fig. 3.6, 75, 80, 195 Fig. 7.2, Lynches Reef, 150 Fig. 5.7 198 Fig. 7.3, 200, 203, 211, 214, 219, 226, 227, 228, 229 MacGillivray Reef, 318 Table 10.1, 331 Isbell Shoal, 173 Mackay, 22, 32, 87, 89, 93 Fig. 4.1, 96, 97 Table 4.1, Isla Perez Reef, 404 111, 112 Fig. 4.9, 122 Table 4.2, 345, 369, 370, 442 Mackay Cay, 322, 323 Jamaica, 437 MacLennan Cay, 323, 457 Fig. 13.10, 459 Jenny Louise Shoal, 285, 285 Fig. 9.9 Madagascar, 3 John Brewer Reef, 418 Fig. 12.4 Magnetic Island, 63 Fig. 3.6, 66, 67, 81, 82, 204, 219, Johnstone River, 178 222, 223, 224, 314, 433, 438 Joist Reef, 285, 285 Fig. 9.9 Magnetic Passage, 418 Fig. 12.4 Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, 50 Fig. 3.2, 53 Magpie Reef, 269 Magra Island, 323 Kalukalukuang Bank, 185, 190 Mahakam Delta, 185 Kaneohe Bay, 135, 437 Makassar Strait, 185, 190 Kapingamarangi Atoll, 353 Makatea Island, 412 Karamea Bank, 169 Fig. 6.1 Maldives, 125, 463 Kay Islet, 323, 331 Mare´, 412 Keeper Reef, 80, 179, 180, 418 Fig. 12.4 Maria Creek, 177 Kennedy River, 177 Marion Plateau, 19, 20 Fig. 2.1, 27, 29, 41, 275, 299 Keppel Island Group, 199, 209 Marion Reef, 29 Kimberley Coast, 417 Martin Reef, 317, 318 King Island, 78 Masig–Kodall (see also Yorke Island), 320, 337, King Reef, 196, 207 338, 345, 358, 359 Fig. 10.15 Kurramine Beach, 196 Masthead Island, 324, 331, 351, 358, 362, 453, 455, 457 Fig. 13.10, 459, 465 Lady Elliot Island, 86, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1, 114, Mauritius, 399, 400, 407 115, 312, 319, 323, 335, 336, 337, 349, 452 Mayotte Island, 399, 400, 407 Lady Musgrave Reef/Island, 265, 319, 323, 335, 336 Mer Island, 34 Lark Pass Reef, 78, 273 Table 9.1, 283 Mexico, 400 Layoak Island, 359 Fig. 10.15 Michaelmas Reef/Cay, 2 Fig. 1.1, 9, 34, 38, 48, 49, Leggatt Island, 78, 325 79, 324, 417 Fig. 12.3, 451, 451 Fig. 13.8, 452, 465 Lifou, 412 Middle Cay, 141 Fig. 5.1 Lighthouse Reef, 400, 402 Middle Island, 81, 82 Lihou Reef, 29 Middle Percy Island, 204 Linden Bank, 417 Fig. 12.3 Middle Reef, 222, 229, 435, 449 Line Islands, 395 Middleton Reef, 391, 392, 392 Table 11.1 Linnet Reef, 317, 318 Midway Atoll, 13, 34

Geographic index 523

Milln Reef, 417 Fig. 12.3 North West Island, 324, 331, 362 Milman Island, 332 Northumberland Island Group, 2 Fig. 1.1, 26, 160, Missionary Bay, 24, 69 199, 371, 422, 424, 426 Moa Island, 203, 207, 368 Northwest Reef/Island, 173, 459 Molar Reef, 81, 236 Fig. 8.1, 297 Fig. 9.18, 300, Nymph Island, 78 Table 3.3, 325, 342 300 Fig. 9.21, 448 Mombasa, Kenya, 225 Okinawa, 15 Mooloolaba, 111 Ollera Shoals, 229 Moonlight Bay, 196 Olympic Reef, 297 Fig. 9.18, 307 Moreton Bay, 345 One Tree Reef/Island, 81, 83, 108, 234 Table 8.1, Morgan River, 69 236 Fig. 8.1, 237 Fig. 8.2, 245, 247, 248 Fig. 8.8, Morris Cay, 324 Table 10.2 249, 250 Table 8.2, 253, 258, 260, 265, 266, 267, Moss Reef, 79, 236 Fig. 8.1, 240, 285 Fig. 9.9, 268, 268 Fig. 8.15, 315, 319, 324, 336, 337, 349, 286–289, 288 Fig. 9.11, 292, 292 Fig. 9.14, 368, 370, 371, 375, 383, 387, 394, 396, 456 293 Fig. 9.15, 295 Fig. 9.17, 307, 376, 381 Onyx Reef, 417 Fig. 12.3 Mossman, 199 Opal Reef, 79 Mount Bartle Fre` re, 19, 21 Fig. 2.2 Orpheus Island, 63 Fig. 3.6, 109, 110, 124, 196, 200, Mount Bellenden Ker, 19, 21 Fig. 2.2 200 Fig. 7.4, 203, 207, 219, 222, 223, 224, 226, 315 Mount Dalrymple, 19, 21 Fig. 2.2 Osprey Embayment, 20 Fig. 2.1, 27 Mount Elliott, 19, 23 Fig. 2.4 Ouvea, 412 Mount Inkerman, 54 Oyster Reef, 141 Fig. 5.1, 142 Table 5.1, 415 Fig. 12.2 Mowbray River, 196, 197, 442 Mozambique, 222 Palau, 396, 398–399, 405, 407, 416, 419 Fig. 12.5 Mulgrave River, 178 Palfrey Island, 171 Murdoch Island, 319, 337, 345 Palm Island Group, 2 Fig. 1.1, 26, 77, 82, 178, Murray Islands, 2 Fig. 1.1, 22, 22 Fig. 2.3, 32, 424, 426 184 Fig. 6.5 Palm Passage, 178, 418 Fig. 12.4 Murray River, 69 Paluma Shoals, 80, 193, 195, 195 Fig. 7.2, 197, 204, Mururoa Atoll, 6, 13, 34, 393, 404 Table 11.2 207, 209, 220 Fig. 7.12, 221, 222, 229, 435, 449 Mustard Patches, 53, 285, 285 Fig. 9.9 Panama, 402 Mutchero Inlet, 70 Pandora Cay, 324 Myall Reef, 79, 203, 207 Pandora Reef, 26, 318, 327, 330 Fig. 10.4 Myrmidon Reef, 2 Fig. 1.1, 42, 53, 54, 60, 80, 99, Pandora Trough, 20 Fig. 2.1, 27, 30 102, 105, 106, 111, 179, 180, 236 Fig. 8.1, Papua New Guinea, 1, 3, 18, 43, 46 Fig. 3.1, 167, 273 Table 9.1, 285 Fig. 9.9, 286, 289, 170, 177, 368, 416, 422 290 Fig. 9.12, 291 Fig. 9.13, 292, 293 Fig. 9.15, Pelican Cay, 324 295 Fig. 9.17, 296, 368, 381, 390, 415, 450 Penrith Island, 81, 83, 86, 204, 214, 215 Fig. 7.11, 368, 371, 376 Naracoote, South Australia, 48 Percy Island/Isles, 81, 376 Needle Reef, 418 Fig. 12.4 Petherbridge Island, 325 Nelly Bay, 224 Petricola Shoal, 188 New Caledonia, 3, 225, 393, 396–398, Pickard Island, 322 397 Fig. 11.10, 407 Pickersgill Cay, 316, 317, 318, 350, 362 New South Wales, 86, 87, 196 Pine Inlet, 97 Table 4.1 New Zealand, 73, 99 Pine Island, 93 Fig. 4.1 Newton Island, 325, 342 Pioneer Bay, 63 Fig. 3.6, 80, 203, 207, 208 Fig. 7.8, Nicaragua, 185 219, 222, 223, 224, 226 Nicholas Reef, 377 Fig. 11.3 Pioneer Bay, Whitsunday Coast, 196 Night Island, 319, 337, 345 Pioneer River, 21 Fig. 2.2, 22 Ningaloo Reef, 391, 392, 392 Table 11.1, Piper Island, 325 404 Table 11.2 Pipon Island, 325 Noah Head, 197 Pith Reef, 418 Fig. 12.4 Noble Island, 78 Table 3.3 Pixie Reef, 173, 354 Nonsuch Bay, 402 Pompey Reefs/Complex, 2 Fig. 1.1, 40, 41, 53, 77, Norman Reef, 377 Fig. 11.3 83, 153, 159, 167, 168, 169 Fig. 6.1, 171, 173, 180, Normanby River, 69, 127, 177 233, 236 Fig. 8.1, 269, 271, 272, 274, 274 Fig. 9.1, North Direction Island, 26 275, 276, 285, 296–309, 297 Fig. 9.18, North Keppel Island, 315 298 Fig. 9.19, 299 Fig. 9.20, 302 Fig. 9.22, North Pickersgill Cay, 322, 354 303 Fig. 9.23, 306 Fig. 9.25, 308 Fig. 9.26, 310, North Reef, 453, 459 345, 369, 370, 383, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 419, North Stradbroke Island, 111, 112 Fig. 4.9 423, 448

524 Geographic index

Port Douglas, 93 Fig. 4.1, 96, 97 Table 4.1 Saxon Reef, 417 Fig. 12.3 Portlock Reef, 2 Fig. 1.1, 38, 271 Scawfell Island, 81, 195 Fig. 7.2, 202, 204, 210, 376 Poruma (see also Coconut Island), 317, 358 Seychelles, 462 Potter Reef, 79, 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, Shelburne Bay, 2 Fig. 1.1, 24, 142 237 Fig. 8.2, 240, 249, 250 Table 8.2, 254, 376, 381 Sherrard Reef/Island, 317, 325 Price Cay, 324 Shoalwater Bay, 193, 229 Princess Charlotte Bay, 24, 32, 86, 105, 118, 159, Showers Reef, 449 Fig. 13.7 167, 171, 177, 184 Fig. 6.5, 189, 269, 317 Sinclair Island, 325 Puerto Rico, 400, 402, 403, 437 Sir Charles Hardy Islands, 2 Fig. 1.1, 26, 184 Fig. 6.5 Queensland Plateau, 19, 20 Fig. 2.1, 27, 29, 37 Slashers Reef, 418 Fig. 12.4 Queensland Trough, 20 Fig. 2.1, 27, 30, 168 Small Detached Reef, 271 Quoin Island, 26, 184 Fig. 6.5 Society Islands, 395 South America, 136 RAAF Shoal, 285, 285 Fig. 9.9 South Direction Island, 26 Raine Island, 183, 236 Fig. 8.1, 272, 273 Table 9.1, South Johnstone, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1 276–278, 277 Fig. 9.2, 9.3, 284, 369, 371, 373, 375, South Myall Reef, 79, 195 Fig. 7.2 376, 381, 384, 387, 451, 452, 453, 455, 464 South Pickersgill, 322 Raine Island Entrance, 189, 271 St. Croix, 400 Raine Reef/Island, 78, 312, 314, 324, 335, 345, 349, Stainer Reef/Island, 78, 324, 332 352, 353 Stanley Reef, 81, 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, Rattlesnake Island, 80, 82, 204, 207, 314 237 Fig. 8.2, 244, 250 Table 8.2, 251, 253, 255, Rattray Island, 105, 107 257 Fig. 8.10, 268 Fig. 8.15, 368, 369, 381 Red Sea, 42, 437, 459 Stapleton Reef/Island/Cay, 234 Table 8.1, 235, Redbill Reef (see also Bushy Island, Bushy–Redbill 236 Fig. 8.1, 237 Fig. 8.2, 250 Table 8.2, 251, 252, Island), 26, 75, 81, 83, 86, 171, 200, 228, 319, 324, 331, 332, 333 Fig. 10.5, 361, 373 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, 237 Fig. 8.2, 245, Stephens Island, 34 246 Fig. 8.7, 249, 250 Table 8.2, 253, 258, Stewart River, 177 259 Fig. 8.11, 266, 268, 269, 368, 371, 372, Stingaree Reef/Bay, 203, 207 383, 453 Stone Island, 81, 311 Reef 17–065, 79, 178, 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, Sudbury Cay, 322, 324, 330, 459 240, 250 Table 8.2, 376, 381 Surfers Paradise, 122 Table 4.2 Reef 17–066, 178 Swain Reefs, 2 Fig. 1.1, 77, 100, 120, 121 Fig. 4.12, Reef 20–374, 236 Fig. 8.1, 297 Fig. 9.18, 300, 448 153, 159, 160, 161, 169 Fig. 6.1, 171, 185, 187, 188, Reef 20–389, 236 Fig. 8.1, 297 Fig. 9.18, 300, 448 190, 236 Fig. 8.1, 271, 272, 309, 331, 344, 345, 352, Reunion Island, 399, 407 362, 363, 414, 417, 423, 448, 451, 453, 458 Rib Reef, 175 Fig. 6.2 Ribbon 3 Reef, 189 Tahiti, 15, 57, 59 Fig. 3.5, 60, 254, 396, Ribbon 4 Reef, 189 397 Fig. 11.10, 398, 404, 407, 409 Ribbon 5 Reef, 35, 35 Fig. 2.10, 36 Fig. 2.11, 38–39, Tarawa Atoll, 393, 395–396, 404 Table 11.2 40, 53, 54, 77, 79, 236 Fig. 8.1, 272, 273 Table 9.1, Tasman Sea, 18, 391 281, 281 Fig. 9.6, 282 Fig. 9.7, 283, 284, 289, 309, Taylor Reef, 79, 82, 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, 371, 372, 381, 404 Table 11.2, 412 237 Fig. 8.2, 240, 249, 250 Table 8.2, 255, 267, 376 Riptide Cay, 236 Fig. 8.1 Tern Reef, 26 Rockhampton, 23, 178 Thailand, 139 Rodrigues Island, 394 Fig. 11.9, 399 Thetford Reef, 79, 141 Fig. 5.1, 142 Table 5.1, Rollingstone, 54 417 Fig. 12.3 Rosslyn Bay, 87 Thimble Reef, 418 Fig. 12.4 Russell River, 178 Thomas Island, 324 Rykers Reef, 79, 203 Thread Reef, 418 Fig. 12.4 Three Isles, 78, 325, 326, 340, 343, 348, 350, 453, Sabai Island, 368, 369 453 Table 13.3 Sabari Island, 420 Fig. 12.6, 422 Thursday Island, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1, 455 Sand Bank Number 6, 322 Tongue Reef, 377 Fig. 11.3 Sand Bank Number 7, 322, 344 Torilla Plains, 82 Sand Bank Number 8, 324, 344 Torres Strait, 1, 2 Fig. 1.1, 16, 20 Fig. 2.1, 26, 32, 34, Sand Cay, 322, 325 51, 54, 55, 57 Fig. 3.4, 77, 89, 92, 94, 100, 140, 170, Sandfly Creek, 69 173, 174, 192, 205, 207, 209, 210, 211, 218, 231, Sandpiper Cay, 322 258, 260, 275, 276, 278 Fig. 9.4, 279, 301, 312, 317, Saunders Beach, 69 319, 320, 336, 337, 344, 345, 349, 358, 369, 370, Saunders Island, 324 380, 381, 425, 453, 458, 461, 463

Geographic index 525

Townsville, 22, 26, 30, 32, 34, 42, 71, 85, 86, 87, West Hope Island/Reef (see also East Hope Reef/ 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1, 100, 111, 112 Fig. 4.9, Island, Hope Reef), 238 Fig. 8.3, 326, 338, 340 121 Fig. 4.12, 122 Table 4.2, 123, 132, 133, West Hoskyn Island (see also Hoskyn Reef/Islands, 159, 173, 174, 182, 197, 213, 218, 222, 229, East Hoskyn Island), 324 258, 286, 314, 345, 370, 381, 383, 421, 435, 438, West Java, 432 449, 450 Wheeler Reef/Cay, 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, Townsville Trough, 20 Fig. 2.1, 27, 30 237 Fig. 8.2, 241 Fig. 8.4, 242, 249, 250 Table 8.2, Tregrosse Reef, 29 251, 252, 252 Table 8.3, 253, 254, 258, 260, Trinity Opening, 124, 177, 416 261 Fig. 8.12, 262, 266, 267, 269, 318, 322, 330, Tropic of Capricorn, 314 345, 347, 354, 355, 356 Fig. 10.13, 362, 364, 373, Tryon Island/Reef, 150 Fig. 5.7, 324, 362, 453, 375, 381, 418 Fig. 12.4, 453, 453 Table 13.3, 455, 459 455, 458 Tully River, 168, 177 Whitsunday Island Group, 2 Fig. 1.1, 26, 82, 105, Turneffe Islands, 400, 402 107, 119, 123, 142, 159, 160, 168, 196, 199, 207, Turtle Reefs/Islands, 322, 324, 326, 340, 342, 348 218, 227, 425, 442, 443 Twin Reef/Cays, 318, 331 Whitsunday Passage, 2 Fig. 1.1, 23, 438 Two Isles, 326 Williamson Reef, 79, 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, Tydeman Cay, 345 237 Fig. 8.2, 239, 250 Table 8.2, 251, 252, 270, 373, 381 Undine Cay, 322, 354, 459 Willis Reef/Island, 29, 93 Fig. 4.1, 97 Table 4.1 Upolu Reef/Cay, 141 Fig. 5.1, 142 Table 5.1, 324, Wilson Island, 324, 453, 459 332, 417 Fig. 12.3 Wreck Reef/Island, 2 Fig. 1.1, 34, 38, 81, 83, Upstart Bay, 179 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, 237 Fig. 8.2, 245–246, 246 Fig. 8.7, 249, 250 Table 8.2, 268 Fig. 8.15, Valla Beach, 67 269, 324, 332, 383, 459 Vanuatu, 43 Victoria, 412, 413 Fig. 12.1 Yam Island, 57 Fig. 3.4, 59 Fig. 3.5, 78, 203, 207, Viper Reef, 80, 173, 236 Fig. 8.1, 273 Table 9.1, 289, 218, 368, 376 292, 292 Fig. 9.14, 293 Fig. 9.15, 295 Fig. 9.17, Yamacutta Reef, 150 Fig. 5.7 373, 381, 390 Yankee Reef, 179, 421 Vlasoff Reef, 142 Table 5.1 Yellowstone National Park, 447 Vostok, 45, 46 Fig. 3.1 Yeppoon, 87, 122 Table 4.2, 196 Ylig Bay, 437 Waier Island, 22 Fig. 2.3, 34 Yonge Reef, 77, 78, 236 Fig. 8.1, 273 Table 9.1, Warraber Reef/Island, 78, 234 Table 8.1, 235, 280 Fig. 9.5, 283, 283 Fig. 9.8, 284, 292, 369, 236 Fig. 8.1, 237 Fig. 8.2, 250 Table 8.2, 258–260, 371, 376, 387 261, 266, 268 Fig. 8.15, 269, 348, 349, 376, 416, Yorke Island (see also Masig–Kodall), 320, 420 Fig. 12.6, 453, 455, 456, 461, 463 337, 345 Warrior Islet, 345 Yosemite National Park, 447 Warrior Reefs, 94, 184 Fig. 6.5 Yule Detached Reef, 271 Water Park Point, 196 Yule Entrance, 236 Fig. 8.1, 275 Waterwitch Cay, 322, 353 Yule Point, 79 Table 3.3, 196, 197, 207, 221, 223, Watson Island, 322, 326, 338, 342 224, 442

Subject index

Aboriginal/indigenous peoples, 312, 428, 429 Beachrock/conglomerate, 8, 54 Table 3.1, Acanthaster plancii (crown of thorns), 135 63 Fig. 3.6E, 67–68, 77, 82, 133, 228, Accommodation space, 39, 40, 48, 191, 210, 211, 322 Table 10.2, 331, 332, 335 Fig. 10.8, 336, 214, 307, 402 338, 342, 343, 348, 349, 353, 354, 355, 358, Aeolianite (eolianite, dune calcarenite), 54 Table 3.1, 359 Fig. 10.15, 360, 393, 464 68,205,214,391 Beach ridges/barriers, 24, 25 Fig. 2.5A, 123, 174, Agassiz, Alexander, 8 182, 196, 348, 413, 414, 416, 422, 428 Algae, see also Cheniers blooms, 131, 444 Beˆche-de-mer, 314, 452 coralline, 38, 42, 183, 196, 309, 370, 386, 387, 388, Beechey, Frederick William, 6 396, 398, 399, 400 Bernoulli effect, 104, 105, 189, 190 macro, 443, 444 Bioerosion, 72, 444, 446 Caulerpa sp., 185 Bioturbation, 109, 224 Lithophyllum sp., 398 Blackwood, Capt. F. P., 8 Pencillus sp., 185 Bleaching, see Climate change (Greenhouse effect) Udotea sp., 185 Blue holes, 41, 300, 300 Fig. 9.21, 305, 392, 414, 448 Algal pavement, 113, 227, 228, 279, 338, 464 Boulder beaches/tracts, 54 Table 3.1, 72, 77, 197, Algal ridges/rims, 64, 83, 258 200, 200 Fig. 7.4, 202, 214, 226, 227, 228 microbialite reefs, 401–402, 406 Fig. 11.12, 409 British Association for the Advancement Algal turf, 227, 338 of Science, 10 Andrews, E. C., 8, 9 Bryozoa/bryozoan sediments, 29, 39, 170, 171, Antecedent karst control hypothesis, 13, 183, 305 187, 295 Anthropogenic impacts, 3, 23, 134–135, 136, 192, Bureau of Mineral Resources Canberra (now 219, 226, 230, 232, 314, 428, 429, 432, Geoscience Australia), 242, 244, 258 433–435, 434 Fig. 13.1, 435 Fig. 13.2, 438 Table 13.2, 439, 445, 459, 468 Calcrete, 62, 370 see also Cays, use; Fertilizers; Land-use, Callianassa sp., 109, 185 deforestation; Nutrients, enhanced; Cays (reef islands), 10, 249, 311, 468 Reefs, stresses and disturbance; Reefs, cementation, see Basset edges; Beachrock/ use and management; Sediments, conglomerate; Platforms, promenades, impacts on corals and reefs, yield cemented to GBR; Tourism classifications, 160, 315–343, 318 Table 10.1, 320, Aragonite saturation state, 42, 444 327 Fig. 10.2, 364 Fig. 10.16 Atolls, 1, 3, 6, 396–399, 400, 402 climate controls, 317, 353, 355, 357 Fig. 10.14, Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), 358, 453–455 242, 315 distribution, 312, 344 Fig. 10.12 Australian National Tidal Facility, 87 dynamics/erosion, 117 Fig. 4.11, 314, 315, 316–317, 330, 343, 351, 352–358, Bacteria, 443 356 Fig. 10.13, 359 Fig. 10.15, 360–365, 445, Banks, Joseph, 6 446 Fig. 13.6, 451, 452–455, 453 Table 13.3, Barnacles, 66 456, 457 Fig. 13.10A, 458, 463 Basset edges, 226, 227, 330, 341 Fig. 10.11B effects of man-made structures, 446 Fig. 13.6, see also Platforms, promenades, cemented 454 Fig. 13.9B, 456–458

526

Subject index 527

formation, 116, 346, 455 depth range, 42, 289 numbers/size, 148, 160, 161 Table 5.8, environmental influences, 42–43 322 Table 10.2 larval dispersal/refuges/recruitment, 107–108, terraces, 332, 342, 343, 348–349, 351 373, 416, 425, 432, 438, 450, 468 types, sea-level indicators, 61–62, 64 multiple, 318 Table 10.1, 320, 337–338, 345 tolerance to sediments, 432–439, 438 mangrove, 318 Table 10.1, 320, 337, 345 Acropora sp. 63 Fig. 3.6B, 216, 217, 223, 227, 228, low wooded island, 160, 161 Table 5.8, 162, 279, 386, 388, 392, 398 226, 228, 235, 238, 249, 318 Table 10.1, 320, Acropora cervicornis, 400, 402, 407 322 Table 10.2, 327 Fig. 10.2, 338–343, Acropora dana, 400 339 Fig. 10.9, 340 Fig. 10.10, 344 Fig. 10.12, Acropora palmata, 62, 400, 401 Fig. 11.11B, 409 345, 347, 381, 427, 453, 458 Acropora robusta, 400, 409 unvegetated sand and shingle, 160, Dendrophyllia sp., 187 161 Table 5.8, 240, 241 Fig. 8.4B, 242, Endophyllia sp., 289 317–331, 318 Table 10.1, 320, 322 Table 10.2, Favia sp., 187, 223, 226, 386 329 Fig. 10.3, 330 Fig. 10.4, 343–345, Galaxea fascicularis sp., 221 344 Fig. 10.12, 350, 354–355, 356 Fig. 10.13, Goniastrea sp., 212, 221, 223, 227, 228, 453, 458, 459 229, 400 vegetated sand, 160, 161 Table 5.8, 235, 239, Goniopora sp., 386 245, 247, 277 Fig. 9.2, 318 Table 10.1, 320, Leptoseris sp., 289 322 Table 10.2, 331–335, 333 Fig. 10.5, Montipora sp., 223 334 Fig. 10.6, 10.7, 344 Fig. 10.12, 345, Pachyseris sp., 289 349–350, 355–358, 451 Fig. 13.8, 453, Pocillopora sp., 386 457 Fig. 13.10B, 458, 459 Porites sp., 130, 187, 212, 216, 217–218, 221, 223, vegetated shingle, 160, 161 Table 5.8, 247, 227, 228, 229, 386, 398 248 Fig. 8.8B, 318 Table 10.1, 320, 336–337, Platygyra sp., 386 349–350 Symphyllia sp., 386 vegetated, mixed, 335–336 Corals, morphotypes, 63, 279, 387 use, 312–314, 450–452 Crocodiles, 416 see also Chapter 10 Currents Chamisso, Albert, V., 6 mean circulation, 44 Cheniers, 24, 71, 83, 174 topographic modification, 103, 105–108 Chlorophyll, 444 within reefs, 108–109 Climate, present, 93 Fig. 4.1, 94–99, 95 Fig. 4.2, within reef framework, 109–110 97 Table 4.1 see also Eddies; Tides Climate change (Greenhouse effect), 3, 44, 87, 92, Cyanobacteria, 131, 188 135–136, 220, 231, 438, 459–461 bleaching, 228, 450, 459, 460, 462 Daly, R. A., 8 CO2 levels, 460 Darwin, Charles, 6, 8, 9 island effects, 459, 461, 463–467 Dates and dating ocean pH, acidity, 444, 460, 463 Accelerator Mass Spectrometer Dating (AMS), rainfall, 460, 461 68, 349 sea level, 5, 88 Fig. 3.10, 446, 460, 461, 464 ESR, 40 sea surface temperature, 459 radio carbon, 13, 15, 40, 43, 60, 61, 67, 69, 74, 75, Coastal plains, 19, 22–23, 414 76 Fig. 3.8, 77, 78 Table 3.3, 80, 124, Coastal ranges, 19 180–182, 188, 197, 203 Table 7.2, 204, 209, Coffee rock, 68, 196 210, 228, 233, 234 Table 8.1, 235, Continental drift/plate tectonics, 18–19, 27, 250 Table 8.2, 251, 252 Table 8.3, 255–258, 28 Fig. 2.7, 29, 43, 392–393, 408 262, 273 Table 9.1, 276, 283, 289, 305, 342, Continental islands, 18, 22, 26–27, 199–202 347–350, 371, 381–383, 382 Fig. 11.6, Continental shelf, 18, 27, 30–34, 31 Fig. 2.8, 393, 395 146 Fig. 5.4, 147 Fig. 5.5, 274, 274 Fig. 9.1, palaeomagnetic, 40 275, 279, 285, 290 Fig. 9.12, 291 Fig. 9.13, 309 strontium, 404 Table 11.2 Cook, James, 1, 6, 314 uranium-series, 40, 51, 52, 371, 391, 395, Corals, ahermatypic, 295 404 Table 11.2 Lobophyton sp., 228 David, T. Edgeworth, 6, 9 Sinularia sp., 228, 426 Davis, W. M., 7 Corals, hermatypic, 42, 459 Deltas, deltaic deposits, 22–23, 174, 177, 197, 207, calcification/skeletal growth, 42, 444, 446, 460, 214, 220, 223, 415, 416, 436 Fig. 13.4 462, 465, 466 Table 13.4 Denham, Capt. H. M., 8 community dynamics, 64 Diagenesis, 62, 187, 262, 301, 368, 371

528 Subject index

Drilling programmes, 9, 13, 14, 14 Fig. 1.4, 15, 34, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), 4, 138, 35 Fig. 2.10, 36 Fig. 2.11, 38–40, 48, 209, 233, 140–145, 141 Fig. 5.1, 142 Table 5.1, 234 Table 8.1, 236 Fig. 8.1, 256 Fig. 8.9, 144 Fig. 5.3, 148, 162–163, 363 257 Fig. 8.10, 259 Fig. 8.11, 261 Fig. 8.12, Geomorphology, 4–5, 431, 467–468 263 Fig. 8.13, 272, 277 Fig. 9.3, 283 Fig. 9.8, Gold mining, 444 286, 289–290, 293 Fig. 9.15, 294 Fig. 9.16, Grainstones, 38 297 Fig. 9.18, 301, 304 Fig. 9.24, 367 Great Barrier Reef Dugong, 412, 416 age, 34–37, 38–41 Dune calcarenite, see Aeolianite dimensions, 142 Table 5.1, 146, 146 Table 5.2, Dunes, 24, 25 Fig. 2.5B, 48, 129, 171, 174, 414, 428 147–160, 152 Table 5.4, 153 Table 5.5 Great Barrier Reef Committee, 1, 8, 9, 10, 314 East Australian Current (EAC), 100–102, 103 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP), 1, Ecology, 4, 468 2 Fig. 1.1, 140, 147–151, 162, 192, 447 Eddies, 105–107, 106 Fig. 4.7, 109 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority see also Currents; Tides (GBRMPA), 3, 139, 146, 162, 199, 244, 432, El Nino-Southern˜ Oscillation (ENSO), 87–89, 447, 448, 450 95 Fig. 4.2, 99, 135, 136, 216, 409, 429, gazetteer, 139, 140–145, 141 Fig. 5.1, 143 Fig. 5.2, 460, 461 151, 312, 343, 447 Estuaries, estuarine sediments, 174, 177, 180, 416, zoning, 142, 162–163, 163 Table 5.9, 421, 423 164 Table 5.10, 199, 447 Euphotic zone, 47, 57 see also Representative Areas Programme Eutrophication, see Nutrients, enhanced (RAP) Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area Fairbridge, Rhodes W., 12, 314, 316 (GBRWHA), 312 Fan deposits, 413 Groundwater Fertilizers, agricultural, 444, 445 discharge to continental shelf (‘‘Wonky holes’’), Flinders, Matthew, 8, 314 128–129, 131, 176, 444 Floods, flood plumes/runoff, 3, 23, 92, 102, Ghyben-Herzberg lens, 109–110, 110 Fig. 4.8, 465 125–128, 127 Fig. 4.14, 131, 139, 167, 199, layered-aquifer model, 465–467 200, 213, 218, 230, 385, 386, 433, Guano 276, 277 Fig. 9.2, 312, 336, 451, 436 Fig. 13.3, 440, 441, 443, 444, 446 452–455, 465 Foraminifera, 39, 45, 71, 170, 171, 174, 182, 187, see also Phosphatic cay sandstone 227, 309, 349, 362, 386, 445 Amphistegina sp., 227 Halimeda (Halimeda bioherms), 39, 103, 105, 145, Baculogypsina sp., 227 151, 153, 166, 170, 171, 173, 174, 184 Fig. 6.5, Calcarina sp., 227 186 Fig. 6.6, 6.7, 262, 276–278, 284, 289, 371, Freycinet, L-C de S., 6 386, 395, 422, 423, 425, 442 Fringing reefs, 18, 23, 60, 103, 105, 106, 140, 148, Halosteric effects, 90 149, 152 Table 5.3, 5.4, 154 Table 5.6, Hedley, Charles, 9, 314 155 Table 5.7, 159, 160, 161 Table 5.8, Heinrich events, 52 194 Fig. 7.1, 201 Fig. 7.5, 205 Fig. 7.6, High islands, see Continental islands 208 Fig. 7.8, 215 Fig. 7.11, 269, 396–399, 426, Holmes, Arthur, 7 438, 442 Holocene ‘‘high energy window’’, 64, 213, 218, 219, distribution, 193 Table 7.1 226, 227, 362, 381, 425, 427–428 drilling data, 203 Table 7.2, 204 Holothurians, 187 foundations, 203 Table 7.2, 204, 368, 369 Hydrographic survey, 12 incipient, 142, 148, 149, 152 Table 5.3, Hydro-isostasy, 44, 47, 75, 83, 84 Fig. 3.9, 85, 269, 152 Table 5.4, 154 Table 5.6, 155 Table 5.7, 275, 343, 345, 347, 348, 351, 370, 380, 383, 159, 192, 196, 199, 218 410, 426, 445 lateral growth, 211–222, 212 Fig. 7.9, 226, 230, 231, 428, 448 International Consortium for Great Barrier Reef low sea level, 416, 419–421 Drilling, 38–40, 239, 272 nearshore shoals, 193, 207, 209, 220 Fig. 7.12, International Society for Reef Studies (ISRS), 15 229, 449 Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), 96 vertical accretion, 211, 216, 219, 222, 225, Island research stations, 12, 315 227–228, 231, 385, 386, 428 Isostasy, 47, 58, 83–86 zonation, 222 see also Hydro-isostasy see also Chapter 7 James Cook University (of North Queensland), Gaimard, J. P., 6 14 Fig. 1.4, 236 Fig. 8.1, 242, 244, 258 Gardiner, J. S., 8 Jukes, J. B., 8, 314

Subject index 529

Karst (karstified reef), 41, 108, 110, 179, 398, 409, nutrient upwelling, 102, 104–105, 188–190, 296, 414, 417 422, 429, 442 see also Antecedent karst control hypothesis; yield to GBR, 130–131, 130 Table 4.3, 131, 422, 443 Pleistocene foundations King, Capt. P. P., 8 Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), 15, 27, 32, 35, 74, 275 Land-use, deforestation, 439, 440, 442, 443, 444 Oceanographic regions, 93 Fig. 4.1 Larvae, dispersal, 107–108, 425 Ooids, 171 recruitment, 432, 438 Orr, A. P., 11, 314 refuges, 373 Oxygen isotope analysis, 38, 39, 45, 48, 50, 51, 52, 74 Limestone islands (emerged reef, Makatea), 55, see also Paleoenvironmental analysis 180, 189, 409, 411, 412, 416, 419 Fig. 12.5, Oysters, 63 Fig. 3.6D, 66–67, 70, 82, 86 420 Fig. 12.6A, B, 421, 422, 423, 429 Lithoclasts, 38, 40 Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), 87, 89 Lithification (submarine), 390, 396 Packstones, 38 Lyell, Charles, 6 Paleo-drainage channels, 70, 129, 174, 175–180, 175 Fig. 6.2, 178 Fig. 6.3, 414, 417, 421, 425 MacGillivray, J., 314 incision into shelf, 175, 176, 178, 179 Madden-Julian circulation, 96 Paleoenvironmental analysis, 16, 45, 135, 212, Mainland coastline, 23–24 217–218, 384, 409, 417 Fig. 12.3, Main Dividing Ranges, 19 418 Fig. 12.4, 429, 444, 445 Mangroves Paleosols, 39, 48, 62, 242, 368, 372, 398 swamps, 24, 26 Fig. 2.6, 69 Table 3.2, 71, Phosphatic cay sandstone, 276, 278, 335, 336, 349, 174, 180–182, 196, 224, 411, 414, 416, 417 353, 465 Fig. 12.3, 418, 418 Fig. 12.4, 421–422, 423, see also Guano 424 Fig. 12.8, 425, 428, 429 Photosynthesis, Photosynthetically Active on low wooded islands, 144–145, 238, 249, 337, Radiation (PAR), 42, 44, 432, 444 340–342, 340 Fig. 10.10, 342 Pisonia grandis, 465 peats and muds, 63 Fig. 3.6F, 68–71, 82, 83, 180, Plankton, phytoplankton, 103, 105, 133, 189, 443, 444 181 Fig. 6.4, 173, 182, 209, 221, 348 Plate tectonics, see Continental drift Avicennia sp., 196, 224 Platforms, promenades, cemented, 338, 343, 348 Rhizophora sp., 196, 224, 337 Pleistocene clays, 70, 170, 172, 187, 202, 214, 219, 220 Marchant, E. C., 10 Pleistocene foundations, 149 Fig. 5.6, 152, 170, 173, Marginal plateaux, 27–29 180, 258, 269, 284, 288, 343, 389 Fig. 11.8, Marshall, Sheina, 11 411, 462 Maxwell, W. G. H., 12–13, 276, 305 constituents and age, 205, 207, 209, 210, 214, Meltwater discharge pulses, 58, 59–60, 72 283–284, 370–372, 398, 404 Table 11.2 Microatolls, 4, 64–66, 227, 229 depth, 60, 234 Table 8.1, 250 Table 8.2, 252, fossil, 63 Fig. 3.6C, 66, 75, 77, 82, 86, 211, 252 Table 8.3, 273 Table 9.1, 289, 301, 223, 227, 269, 342, 343, 347, 348, 368–372, 369 Fig. 11.1, 374 Fig. 11.2, 383, 381, 393 391, 393, 395, 398, 399, 400, 402, 408 Microbialite reefs, see Algal ridges/rims morphology and influence on modern reefs, 233, Microfossils, 71 251, 254, 269–270, 387 Milankovitch’s astronomical theory, 45 Pollen, pollen analysis, 71, 212, 228 Moating, 64, 65, 227, 228–229, 230, 231, Purdy, E. G., 13 232, 363 see also Shingle ramparts Quoy, J. R., 6 Mollusks, 170, 171, 180, 182, 187, 309, 349 Monitoring, 3, 5, 438, 467 Rainfall and runoff, 96, 126 Fig. 4.13 Moorehouse, F. W., 314 see also Floods, flood plumes/runoff Mudflats (saline flats), 24, 174 Reef islands, see Cays Reefs Navigation aids (light towers), 8, 276, 312, chronology/evolution, 265–270, 268 Fig. 8.15, 329 Fig. 10.3, 451, 452, 456, 458 306 Fig. 9.25, 361 Table 10.3, 363–365 Notches, drowned, 53, 54 Table 3.1, 68, 412 classification, 148, 149 Fig. 5.6, 150 Fig. 5.7, Nutrients, 18, 28 Fig. 2.7, 35, 40, 42, 129, 133, 419, 152 Table 5.3, 247–249, 250 Table 8.2, 428, 429 252 Table 8.3 effects on corals, 443, 444, 446, 447 distribution of reef types, 151–160, 156 Fig. 5.8, enhanced/eutrophication, 134, 296, 437, 442–444, 157 Fig. 5.9, 158 Fig. 5.10 462, 465 environmental controls and limits, 3, 42–43, 199, see also Fertilizers; Land-use, deforestation 212, 296, 391

530 Subject index

Reefs (cont.) 351, 352, 358, 360, 361 Table 10.3, 363, facies/internal structure/processes, 109–110, 364, 449 202–207, 255–260, 265–270, 386–390 other types Reefs, growth strategies deltaic, 272, 274, 275–276, 278–279, catch-up (‘‘Katch’’ up), 193, 233, 383, 388, 394, 278 Fig. 9.4, 299, 302 Fig. 9.22, 395, 398, 402, 407, 411, 425, 426 303 Fig. 9.23, 305–307, 412, 448 keep-up, 57, 60, 62, 254, 269, 295, 383, 384, 388, detached, 271, 272, 276–278, 349, 415 395, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 407 resorbed, 267, 305 turn-off/dead/give-up, 38, 40, 57, 216, ribbon, 64, 104, 142, 148, 152 Table 5.3, 5.4, 282, 282 Fig. 9.7, 283, 289, 293, 296, 384, 403 154 Table 5.6, 155 Table 5.7, 159, turn-on/take-off, 37, 49, 193, 222, 373, 390, 398, 161 Table 5.8, 163, 167, 183, 189, 251, 402, 408, 418, 419, 423, 425, 461 271, 272, 274, 275, 279, 280 Fig. 9.5, Reefs, stress and disturbance, 3, 135–137, 216, 217, 281 Fig. 9.6, 286, 307, 390, 412, 222, 230 413 Fig. 12.1, 415 Fig. 12.2, 416, see also Anthropogenic impacts 422, 425, 448 Reefs, structure and growth rates, 39, 210, 284, 289, see also Fringing reefs 301, 375–380, 378 Fig. 11.4, 383–385, 392, Reefs, use and management, 138, 165, 312–314, 438, 392 Table 11.1, 395, 396, 398, 399, 402, 409, 447–459, 467, 468 425, 427 see also GBRMPA detrital, 209, 210, 235, 249, 254, 258, 261, 262, Reefs, zonation, geomorphological features, 265, 268 Fig. 8.15, 284, 361 Table 10.3, 373, aligned coral zone, 284, 381 376–380, 378 Fig. 11.4, 386, 387, 388, 390, boulders, 8, 124, 125 395, 399, 410, 447, 448, 449 Fig. 13.7 channels, 94, 104, 105, 174, 189, 244, 275, framework, 209, 210, 235, 239, 240, 262, 266, 284, 278, 279, 298 Fig. 9.19, 299, 301, 305 292, 295 Fig. 9.17, 373, 374 Fig. 11.2, 375, double fronts, 240, 242, 244, 245 Fig. 8.6, 376–380, 377 Fig. 11.3, 378 Fig. 11.4, 260–265, 264 Fig. 8.14 379 Fig. 11.5, 385 Fig. 11.7, 387, hardline edge, 240, 242, 243, 247, 255, 260 389 Fig. 11.8, 390, 396, 399, 447, 448 lagoonal patch reefs, 48, 240, 242, 244, 254, 255, Reefs, types 258, 260, 266, 368, 380, 387, 392 Table 11.1, size as influence, 235, 249, 254, 266, 270, 448, 449 Fig. 13.7 346–347, 348 lagoonal ridge reefs, 301, 305, 307 see also Pleistocene foundations, morphology lagoons, 241, 244, 265, 301, 305, 308 Fig. 9.26, and influence on modern reefs 346, 392, 392 Table 11.1, 407, 448 types in evolutionary order reef flats and reef flat age, 249–253, 254, 380 submerged, 53, 57, 61, 142, 150, 152 Table 5.3, reef slope, 228, 281 Fig. 9.6, 282 Fig. 9.7, 5.4, 154 Table 5.6, 155 Table 5.7, 159, 290 Fig. 9.12, 291 Fig. 9.13, 161 Table 5.8, 163, 179, 183, 185, 199, 271, 421 Fig. 12.7 272, 274, 275, 285–296, 285 Fig. 9.9, reef terraces, 52, 53 287 Fig. 9.10, 288 Fig. 9.11, 298–299, sand slopes/aprons, 62, 266, 280, 284, 299 Fig. 9.20, 305, 360, 370, 403, 412, 413, 387, 388 415, 443, 448, 450, 468 spur-and-groove systems, 113, 279, 281 patch, 109, 150 Fig. 5.7, 152 Table 5.3, zonation, 113, 226–228, 229, 279, 284, 338, 380, 5.4, 154 Table 5.6, 155 Table 5.7, 388, 415 159, 161 Table 5.8, 163, 240, 247, 360, Remote sensing, 102, 138–139 427, 447 aerial photography, 12, 138, 139, 145, 183, 192, crescentic, 150 Fig. 5.7, 152 Table 5.3, 5.4, 199, 314, 343, 452, 455 154 Table 5.6, 155 Table 5.7, 159, Laser Airborne Depth Sounder (LADS), 145 161 Table 5.8, 235, 239, 240, 242, 244, 247, Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), 73, 166, 272, 249, 252–255, 266, 360, 427, 447 282, 285, 286–288, 412 lagoonal, 150 Fig. 5.7, 152 Table 5.3, 5.4, Satellite imagery, 89, 90, 138–139, 140, 145, 147, 154 Table 5.6, 155 Table 5.7, 159, 189, 192, 199, 343 161 Table 5.8, 240, 243 Fig. 8.5A, 242, 244, Representative Areas Programme (RAP), 145, 162, 245, 246 Fig. 8.7A, 247, 248, 248 Fig. 8.8, 447–448 249, 251, 253–254, 255, 258, 265–268, 360, see also Great Barrier Reef Marine Park 447, 448, 449 Fig. 13.7 Authority, zoning planar, 150 Fig. 5.7, 152 Table 5.3, 5.4, Rhodoliths (see also Algae, coralline), 34–37, 38, 154 Table 5.6, 155 Table 5.7, 159, 160–162, 40, 227 161 Table 5.8, 163, 235, 239, 241 Fig. 8.4B, Richards, Prof. H. C., 9, 314 242, 245, 246 Fig. 8.7B, 247, 249, 251–252, Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, 9 253, 254, 258–260, 317, 338, 343, 345, 346, Royal Society, London,

Subject index 531

1896–98 Funafuti Coral Reef Boring Expedition, rates of settlement, 180, 182, 188, 433 Table 13.1, 6, 9, 183 437–438, 438 Table 13.2, 440–442, 1928–29 GBR Expedition, 1, 7, 10 Fig. 1.2, 441 Fig. 13.5, 453 Table 13.3 11 Fig. 1.3, 128, 138, 452 reef production (carbonate), 5, 167, 199, 217, 218, 1973 Royal Society–Universities of Queensland 230, 266, 267–269, 350–351, 424, 462, Expedition to the northern GBR – 11, 462 Fig. 13.11, 463, 464, 466 Table 13.4 11 Fig. 1.3, 13, 14, 228, 235, 251, 315, 317, relict, 170, 171, 172 348, 452 resuspension, 132–133, 213, 218, 224, 225, 428, Royal Society of New South Wales, 9 433, 439, 440, 441 shelf zones, 94, 167–168, 169 Fig. 6.1 Salinity, 42 suspended, 129, 131, 132, 432, 433 Table 13.1, 440 Saville-Kent, I. W., 314 yield to GBR, 19, 127 Fig. 4.14, 130, 168, 170, Sclerochronology, 212 213, 218, 223, 225, 415, 419, 422, 424, 432, see also Paleoenvironmental analysis 433 Table 13.1, 435 Fig. 13.2A, 436 Fig. 13.3, Sea-level change 439–442 eustatic, 45, 47 Sediment compartments, 24 GBR response, 53–55 Sediment traps, 11, 433, 435 Fig. 13.2, 437–438, high-frequency oscillations, 55, 74, 87 438 Table 13.2, 440, 453 rates of change, 55–57 Sediment wedge/prism (inshore), 131–132, 168, relative, 43, 44, 395, 399, 400, 402, 405, 174–175, 180, 182, 213, 213 Fig. 7.10, 219, 408, 439 221, 428, 433, 439 see also Hydro-isostasy; Isostasy Seismic survey, 13, 14, 27, 48, 49, 53, 170, 171–172, Sea-level curves, 72, 73 Fig. 3.7, 77, 84 Fig. 3.9, 85, 173, 175, 175 Fig. 6.2, 176, 177, 179, 185, 187, 406 Fig. 11.12 233, 242, 244–245, 247, 250 Table 8.2, 253, Sea-level indicators, 61–72, 63 Fig. 3.6 261, 262, 272, 276, 284, 286, 288 Fig. 9.11, Sea levels, past 297 Fig. 9.18, 299 Fig. 9.20, 301, Cainozoic/Quaternary, 6, 29, 30, 37, 44–49, 303 Fig. 9.23, 412, 413 46 Fig. 3.1, 49–58, 272, 282 Shingle ramparts, 64, 68, 72, 226, 227, 228–229, 230, last glacial maximum (LGM), 44, 52–53, 232, 335, 336, 338–340, 339 Fig. 10.9, 340, 54 Table 3.1, 272, 309, 412–416 341 Fig. 10.11, 342, 349–350, 442 last interglacial, 40, 51, 54 Table 3.1, 57 Fig. 3.4, see also Basset edges/promenades 166, 269, 278, 305, 371, 408 Shore platforms, 72, 412 late Holocene, 86–87, 214, 226, 228, 230, 362, 426, Shorelines, submerged, 54 Table 3.1, 73, 412 428, 445, 463 Siboga Expedition, 183 low stands, 44, 271 Silcrete, 68 mid-Holocene, 13, 23 Fig. 2.4, 24, 58, 66, Solution unconformity, 14, 39, 48 75–86, 211, 214, 223, 228, 229, 231, 258, 347, see also Pleistocene foundations 351, 380 Spender, Michael, 7, 10, 314, 315 modern changes, 87–90, 88 Fig. 3.10, 102 Spiculite (Alcyonarian), 426 post-glacial/Holocene transgression, 58–61, Spits, island, 202, 207, 453, 454 Fig. 13.9A, 456 59 Fig. 3.5, 72–75, 166, 209, 295, 296, Sponges, 295 298–299, 372–375, 411, 416–426, Stanley, G. A. V., 314 417 Fig. 12.3, 418 Fig. 12.4, 419 Fig. 12.5, Stanley, Capt. Owen, 8 421 Fig. 12.7, 432 Steers, J. Alfred, 7, 10, 14, 314, 436 Fig. 13.3, 450, stadial/interstadials, 42–43, 50 Fig. 3.2, 52, 260, 451, 452 274, 275, 309, 408, 421 Stoddart, D. R., 11 Fig. 1.3, 14 see also Hydro-isostasy Storm deposits, 64, 336 Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs), 98–99 see also Boulder beaches/tracts; Shingle ramparts Seabirds, 314, 381, 412, 450, 451–452, Submersible, manned, 35 Fig. 2.10, 185, 272, 281, 451 Fig. 13.8, 465 281 Fig. 9.6, 289, 412 Seagrass, 133, 249, 362, 428, 429, 445, 446 Fig. 13.6 Taphonomy, 217, 221 Sediment, 18, 23, 29, 37, 432–442 Tectonic activity bedload, 129, 131, 440 earthquakes, 32–34, 33 Fig. 2.9 Halimeda production and sediments, 188 see also Continental drift/plate tectonics impact on corals and reefs, 5, 133, 134, 231, 432, subsidence, 30, 32, 43, 48, 85, 191, 275, 292, 370, 435, 437–438 372, 383, 425, 427 movement/dynamics, 24, 103, 106, 109, 116, 117, uplift, 19, 22, 43, 44, 63 Fig. 3.6A, 82, 83, 225, 266, 118, 119, 120–123, 168, 224, 353, 427, 440, 420 Fig. 12.6 453 Table 13.3, 461, 463, 465 Teichert, Kurt, 12, 314 offshelf flux, 57, 296, 423, 430 Thermocline, 102

532 Subject index

Thermosteric effects, 90 Tsunami, 94, 124–125 Tides and tidal currents, 92, 99–100, 100 Fig. 4.4 Tubeworms (Serpulids), 66, 67 currents, 94, 118, 132, 168, 170, 173, 179–180, Turbidites, 38 223–224, 275–276, 279, 286, 296, 298, 305, Turbidity, turbid environments, 39, 57, 132, 423, 433, 435, 437–438, 440, 445 133–135, 140, 197, 199, 210, 217, 218, effects on waves, 114 221–222, 224, 225, 229, 230, 385, 415, 419, internal tides, 102 432–435, 437, 442, 449, 450, 467 jets, 103, 104–105, 104 Fig. 4.6, 189, 422, 442 Turtles, 133, 314, 381, 412, 416, 451, 452 range, 61–62, 64, 68, 75, 100, 101 Fig. 4.5, 217, 275, 279, 363 Upwelling, 104, 105, 190, 450 velocities, 103, 104 see also Eddies Vermetid gastropods, 386 Tourism and the GBR, 314, 450, 451–452 Volcanic activity, 19–22, 32 Tridacna sp. 278, 336, 349, 350 Volcanic islands, 22 Fig. 2.3, 392, 396 Tropical cyclones, 4, 94, 96, 98 Fig. 4.3, 118–124, 221, 226, 354, 460, 462 Waves cyclones fringing reef interaction, 117, 224 Althea (1971), 123, 327, 355 gauges, recorders, 111, 112 Fig. 4.9 David (1976), 456 interaction with reefs, 113–117, 117 Fig. 4.11, 224, Emily (1972), 456, 458–459, 465 225, 307, 354, 398, 409, 435, 463–464 Ingrid (1984), 124, 343 low frequency, 102–103 Ivor (1990), 119, 280–281, 379 modeling, 111, 113, 116, 120–123, 121 Fig. 4.12 Mahina (1899), 124 refraction and diffraction, 116, 117 Fig. 4.11, 161, Manu (1986), 436 Fig. 13.3, 438 346, 352, 353 Sadie (1994), 128 setup on reefs, 114 Fig. 4.10, 115–116, 123 Simon (1980), 456–458 shoaling/breaking, 113, 114–115 Winifred (1986), 119, 127 Fig. 4.14, wind waves and swell, heights and periods, 167, 443 111–113, 112 Fig. 4.9 cyclonic surges, 118, 119, 120–124, 122 Table 4.2, 460, 462, 465 Yonge, C. A., 10, 14 effects on reefs and islands, 119, 229, 230–231, Younger Dryas, 51, 59, 72 280, 336, 343, 345, 351, 358, 361–362, 379, Yule, Capt. I., 8 388, 407, 438, 442, 456, 458, 465 past frequency, 218, 337 Zooxanthellae, 432, 444, 459