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Zwemer–Into All the World ''INTO ALL THE WORLD'' THE GREAT COMMISSION: A VINDICATION AND AN INTERPRETATION by SAMUEL M. ZWEMER Professor Emeritus of The History of Religion and Christian Missions, Princeton Theological Seminary CHRISTIAN PUBLICATIONS, INC. THIRD AND REILLY STREETS, HARRISBURG, PA. Copyright MCMXLIII by Zondervan Publishing House FOREWORD The International Missionary Council appointed Dr.H. Kraemer, of Leyden University, to prepare a volume for the Madras meeting (1938) on the evangelistic approach to the great non-Christian faiths, and to define the fundamental position of the Christian Church as a witness-bearing body in the modern world. He executed his difficult task with consummate skill, and as a result his book will re­ main for many years to come the classical treatment of missions from a Biblical standpoint. The present critical situation calls for this very fundamental re­ orientation. "The tempest of contemporary history is forcing back the Christian Church to fundamentals, to such a radically religious conception of life as is revealed to us in the Bible." In his epilogue to this remarkable volume, Kraemer writes: "The three main things that are needed are a deepening and vitalizing of the religious and theological background of missions and the Christian churches, a determined effortto build everywhere strong indigenous churches ...and a genuine evangelistic or apostolic spirit." It is on these lines that we have tried to make our small contribution and call the reader back to the teaching of the apostles and their example. An emasculated Christianity has no power of propaganda and no missionary passion. The present­ day trend of theological thought, however, is away Eight Forty-Seven Ottawa Ave. from yesterday's naturalism and relativism. So we Grand Rapids, Michigan have tried in this little book, in some small degree, to weigh the overwhelming evidence for the genuineness 6 FoREWoan of Christ's Great Commission and for the finality of His teaching. Three chapters deal with the place of Jesus Christ in the Old and New Testaments; five CONTENTS chapters with the Great Commission, its authority and its implications; while the remaining chapters Chapter Page tell of apostolic aims, methods, dynamic, qualifica­ I. The Missionary BackgroWld of the Old Testament tions, message and call. As the critical days in which and the Fullness of Time.......................... 9 we live call for heroism in defence of the liberty and truth so the present opportunities and difficulties of II. The Finality of Jesus.................................... ........ ..... 23 the missionary enterprise challenge the youth of to­ III. The Universality of Jesus ............_ ........ 43 day. Saint Paul has much to teach us, and in going IV. The Authenticity and Genuineness of the Great Com- back to him we go hack to Christ. mission ·-----··········-···············-----·-----____________ ...... ____ ..... _ ... __ 57 Some of the chapters were given as lectures at the V. The Last Twelve Verses of the Gospel of Mark........ 69 Missionary Training Institute, Nyack, N. Y., the Biblical Seminary in New York, and two of them at VI. The Fivefold Commission....................... 89 the Dallas Theological Seminary, Texas. VII. Beginning at Jerusalem·················-···············-····· 99 Chapter IV appeared in the Union Seminary Re­ VIII. Israel in God's Program................................................ 109 view (Richmond, Va., November, 1942). This and chapter V deal with the results of textual criticism, a IX. The Apostolic Aim and Goal........................................ 131 field in which I am, like Browning's Arab physician, X. Apostolic Methods ................................ 145 Karshish, only "a pickerup of learning's crumbs." XI. The Apostolic Dynamic.................................................. 159 But like him one can be an accurate observer of what one does not fully understand. And the miracle of XII. Apostolic Qualifications ................................................ 171 the resurrection of Lazarus was not too great for XIII. The Apostolic Message.................................................. 185 Karshish, "one not in-curious in God's handiwork." XIV. What Constitutes a Call..................................... ........... 197 Neither is the miracle of the inspiration of the Gospel too great for those who believe in the Risen Saviour. List of Books ........... .................. ........ ... ....... ..... ........ ...... 215 Questions New York City SAMUEL M. ZWEMER For Further Study........................................ 218 CHAPTER I THE MISSIONARY BACKGROUND OF THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE FULLNESS OF TIME Now the Lord had said unto Abram, Get thee out of thy coun­ try, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, unto a The Great Commission which Jesus Christ gave to land that I will show thee: and I will make of thee a great His apostles was latent in the promises and prophe­ nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou sh.alt be a blessing: and I will bless them that bless thee, and cies regarding the Messiah found in the Old Testa­ curse him that curseth thee: and in thee shall all families of the ment. So Dr. George Smith in his Short History of earth be blessed. Missions devotes an entire chapter to the Old Testa­ -GENESIS 12:1-3 ment preparation and begins the history of missions with the call of Abraham. He was the father of all believers, the first exile from home in whom all the His name shall endure for ever: his name shall be continued families of the earth were to be blessed. Where now, as long as the-sun: and men shall be blessed in him: all nations shall call him blessed. Blessed be the Loril God, the God of at the junction of Ur on the Iraq State Railway, Israel, who only doeth wondrous things. And blessed be his passengers from Baghdad stop for breakfast, "the glorious name for ever: and let the whole earth be filledwith his God of Glory appeared to Abraham and gave the glory; Amen, and Amen. first missionary call." "It has," writes Dr. Smith, -:PSALM 72:17-19 "been often repeated since to prophet and apostle by the Angel of the covenant, by the Lord of glory in the flesh, by the Lord in glory especially to Paul - re­ peated not less really though in the still small voice, in dream and vision, or in startling providence, to the modern missionary. The call has been always the same, to get out from home, to come to the land of God's choosing, to go to the people who cry for help, to leave kindred and all things for My sake and the Gospel's." By Abraham's obedience, Palestine became the greatest missionary center of the race, the land chosen by God's providence to be the cradle of Old Testa- 9 10 INTO ALL THE WORLD THE MISSIONARY BACKGROUND 01! THE OLD TESTAMENT II ment prophecy, the Messiah's birthplace and the Deliverer would belong to the Semitic race ( Gen. focus of apostolic missions. Abraham was not only 9 :26-27). Afterwards God appeared unto Abraham the heir of God's promise for world-wide salvation, (Gen. 12) and gave him the promise: "I will bless but he was the recipient of a covenant of grace. thee, and make thy name great; and thou shalt be a The Gospel was before preached to Abraham blessing . and in thee shall all families of the (Gal. 3 :8). God gave Himself to him, as He had earth be blessed." This promise was reiterated and never done to man before, in a covenant, made not made more definite to Isaac and to Jacob. Then on with the race, as in Noah's time, to save the bodies of his deathbed Jacob singled out Judah in his prophetic men, but with the spiritual father of all who should blessing as the ancestor of the coming Deliverer: "The believe. Next to the gift of His own Son, in the In-_ sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver carnation and its message to the virgin mother and from between his feet, until Shiloh [the Rest-Giver] the watching shepherds, there is no such example of come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people God's grace to sinful man as the firstof all covenants, be" ( Gen. 49 :10). the conditioned pledge to Abraham, and through him Later we have the remarkable prophecy of Balaam to the whole race. "From sundown on one day to (Numbers 24:17) when he fell into a trance and saw dark night on the next, the first missionary, in the a vision of the Almighty: "I shall see him, but not prime of life, sat in watchful meditation or lay in now: I shall behold him, but not nigh : there shall wrapt vision (Gen. 15) beside the five sacrificial ani­ come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out mals which he had divided, so that God might visibly of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and pass between them. Against the midnight horror of destroy all the children of Sheth . out of Jacob great darkness, Abraham saw God as a pillar of fire shall come he that shall have dominion." enwrapped in smoke, ratifying the covenant. It was Like a pyramid these prophecies rise from a wide Abraham's Gethsemane, a type of the agelong suffer­ base and become more definite, distinct and glorious ing of Israel. Abraham believed in God and saw as they are built higher and higher by the later Christ's day. One may even say that it is the fulfill­ prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah and Daniel. In these great ing of that covenant, apparently now slow, now by visions the coming of the Redeemer is to be a con­ leaps, but always according to what has been called flict with evil until He is victorious and returns upon God's leisure and God's haste, which constitutes the the clouds of heaven to triumph over the Antichrist.
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