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Hyperborea.Pdf 1 1 2 INTRODUCCION En torno a HYPERBOREA y Clark Ashton Snith Detrás Del Viento Del Norte Nunca encontrarás por tierra o por mar el maravilloso camino que conduce a la fiesta de los hyperbóreos PINDARO ara los antiguos griegos, el fabuloso país de Hyperbórea constituía un paraíso idílico..., un Edén de los paganos. Eran muchas las historias que P poseían sobre Hyperbórea... Hércules la visitó, fue allí donde Perseo cortó la cabeza de la Gorgona, y en ese país había nacido el abuelo de Apolo. Los mejores relatos se referían a un trotamundos hyperbóreo, un mago— sacerdote llamado Abaris, quien visitó Grecia, estudió magia con Pitágoras e impidió que una plaga destruyese Esparta, antes de volver a su país. Homero, que siempre fue un tanto inexacto en cuanto a teoría geográfica, nunca mencionó el país de los hyperbóreos, al contrario que el historiador Herodoto (IV, 36), quien además recuerda que Hesíodo lo había mencionado, al igual que un perdido poema épico del ciclo tebano llamado el Epígono. De entre todos los poetas, fue Píndaro quien caracterizó a Hyperbórea en su décima oda pítica. Según la encantadora traducción de Richmond Lattimore, Píndaro la describía de la siguiente manera: Nunca se ausenta la Musa de sus caminos: chocan las liras y lloran las flautas envolviendo todo los coros de doncellas. No se mezcla ni la enfermedad ni la ingrata vejez en su sangre sagrada; lejos del trabajo y de la batalla viven. Los antiguos críticos no tenían muy bien concepto de esta última oda. Decían que era un fracaso, y lo que es peor, un fracaso impertinente: fracaso porque al parecer la introducción de Hyperbórea en el cuerpo de la poesía carece de sentido; e impertinente porque, contradiciendo de plano a otros escritores, Píndaro dice que Perseo mató a Medusa en Hyperbórea (el resto dice que ocurrió en Libia). Desgraciadamente, se ha perdido la mayor parte de lo escrito por los griegos acerca de Hyperbórea. Aproximadamente al mismo tiempo que Platón escribía su historia sobre la Atlántida, un joven escritor llamado Theopompus se estaba inventando una fábula maravillosa relatando la aventura de un navío de gigantes procedentes del continente desconocido, más allá del Río Océano que rodea al mundo, y que fueron los primeros en invadir Hyperbórea; pero, al encontrarlo tan aburrido y malo, dieron media vuelta y regresaron a su patria. 2 3 También durante esa época, un joven historiador llamado Hecateo de Abdera recogió todos los relatos conocidos sobre los hyperbóreos y publicó un extenso tratado sobre los mismos, describiendo sus inocentes existencias de felicidad bucólica en una isla tropical situada al norte de Europa. Tanto el libro de Hecateo, como el Meropis del anteriormente mencionado Theopompus, se han perdido1. Aunque muy indirectamente, Homero es el abuelo del mito hyperbóreo. Aunque no menciona a Hyperbórea en las obras que han llegado hasta nosotros, de hecho inició la idea de inventar una geografía que se adapte a las necesidades de la historia del autor. Dicha idea consiste, en su caso, en esparcir islas como Ogygia y Aeaea por todo el Mediterráneo, olvidando conscientemente la verdadera geografía de esos parajes, llegando con sus referencias a reinos y pueblos más o menos imaginarios, como las tierras de los cimerios y de las amazonas. Escritores posteriores llegaron a la noción de Hyperbórea partiendo de especulaciones geográficas anteriores. Decían que los hyperbóreos eran maravillosos seres desnudos que vivían en el lejano norte —de hecho, se piensa que el nombre de Hyperbórea viene de Υπερβορεοι, un término griego que significa “detrás del viento del Norte”—, y describían su país como una isla, y a veces como parte de la costa norte de Asia o Europa. Por último, lo localizaban detrás de una cordillera igualmente imaginaria, llamada de los montes Rifeños. En su excelente libro sobre geografía imaginaria, Los Continentes Perdidos (Lost Continents), mi amigo L. Sprague de Camp comenta lacónicamente: “Sin haber estado allí nunca, los griegos imaginaron que el Ártico sería un lugar balsámico, con un clima maravilloso, donde la gente llegaba a los mil años”. Cabe añadir que esto ocurría con los autores clásicos tanto como con los medievales cuando escribían acerca de países de los cuales sabían muy poco o nada. Estas tierras gloriosas y desconocidas necesariamente tenían que ser maravillosas y llenas de leche y miel; pero al hablar así, los griegos se limitaban a obedecer una regla básica de la naturaleza humana, regla que he descubierto y a la cual he dado el nombre de “La ley de los pastos más verdes”. Las especulaciones en torno a Hyperbórea no terminaron con el cierre de la era clásica, sino todo lo contrario. Alrededor de la década de 1880, cuando los geógrafos habían reunido más conocimientos, los escritores ocultistas seguían añadiendo ideas al mito. La señora Helena Petrovna Blawatsky, fundadora de la Sociedad Teosófica, inventó una cosmogonía un tanto ostentosa a la medida de su síntesis de ciencia, magia, religión y estupidez llamada La Doctrina Secreta. Según su sistema, la vida humana se desarrollaba a través de varios ciclos, cada uno de los cuales estaba dominado por su propia Raza Raíz. La primera de estas razas habitaba en algo llamado “La Tierra Sagrada e Imperecedera”, conocida en otros sitios como Polarea. La primera Raza Básica se parecía a la amoeba ectoplásmica, pero la segunda Raza Básica, que habitaba Hyperbórea, era más sólida y consistente. Por otro lado, la señora Blawatsky pensaba que Hyperbórea era la consecuencia de un antiguo continente Ártico 1 Para referencias exactas a Hyperbórea en los textos clásicos, véase Apolodoro: II, V, 11; Diodoro de Sicilia: II, 47; Herodoto: IV, 32 y 36; Pausanias: I, IV; III, XIII; Píndaro; Pythias: 10; Platón: Carmides; Plinio: IV, XXVI; y Estrabón: I,V, 3—4; II,IV,1; IV,V,5; y XV, I, 57. 3 4 perdido en un cataclismo, como ocurriera con Mu, Atlantis y Lemuria. La mayoría de los ocultistas que sucedieron a la señora Blawatsky han adoptado más o menos la misma línea. En el mes de noviembre de 1931, Weird Tales (Relatos extraños) publicó un relato extenso y muy bueno de Clark Ashton Smith, titulado “El relato de Satampra Zeiros”, desarrollado en Hyperbórea. Según el concepto de Smith, Hyperbórea sería un continente polar a punto de ser hundido por los glaciares de la era glaciar. Smith sólo había vendido nueve o diez cuentos a Weird Tales hasta entonces, y al parecer estaba buscando salida a su oficio (métier). Por aquel entonces, el escritor más popular de Weird Tales era H. P. Lovecraft, que ya había publicado unas veintidós historias de terror, y puede que este hecho constituyese el factor determinante que impulsase a Smith a intentar su suerte en la redacción de una serie de relatos para esta revista. Robert E. Howard, uno de los tres escritores más importantes que dominaban entonces la revista (siendo los otros Lovecraft y Smith), había publicado sus dos historias de King Kull con anterioridad a la aparición del primer ciclo hyperbóreo de Smith, pero aún le faltaba por escribir la primera de sus historias Conan. Es posible que Smith haya adoptado de Howard la idea de un ciclo de historias basadas en una prehistoria mítica, pero dado que la primera historia Conan, “El Fénix en la Espada”, no apareció hasta el número del mes de diciembre de 1932 de Weird Tales, lo cierto es que Smith llegó antes; en consecuencia, es fácil suponer que ante el éxito de las historias de Hyperbórea, Robert E. Howard se decidiese a situar sus relatos de Conan en una “Hyperbórea” inventada: es decir, la Edad Hyperbórea. Sea como fuere, la aceptación de “El relato de Satampra Zeiros” supuso para Smith la confirmación de que había encontrado su “meta”, ya que durante el siguiente año Weird Tales publicó otras dos historias de Hyperbórea: “Lo extraño de Avoosl Wutthoqquan”, en el número de junio, y “El testamento de Athammaus”, en el de octubre. Un tercer relato, “La Puerta de Saturno”, apareció en el mismo año en otra revista de la competencia, Strange Tales (Relatos Insólitos). En los últimos años de la década de los treinta aparecieron otras cuatro historias, así como una poesía en prosa. Por último, otro de sus cuentos, “La llegada del Gusano Blanco”, se publicó en abril de 1941 en una revista titulada Stirring Science Stories (Inquietantes historias de ciencia), mientras que la última perteneciente al ciclo hyperbóreo, un divertido cuento llamado “El robo de treinta y nueve fajas”, apareció en la revista, cuya vida por cierto fue muy corta, titulada Saturno, en el número de Marzo de 1958. Cabe añadir que esta última historia de Hyperbórea es la continuación de la primera, ya que el ladrón, Satampra Zeiros, reaparece por vez primera desde su introducción veintisiete años antes. En el presente libro, Hyperbórea, he recogido los diez relatos y una poesía que comprenden el ciclo de Hyperbórea de Clark Ashton Smith, presentándolos de acuerdo con lo que, a mi parecer, constituye un orden cronológico. Smith no dejó datos acerca de una secuencia concreta, pero me he permitido ordenarlos a la luz de lo que nos sugiere un estudio de evidencias internas. Para dar mayor coherencia a la obra, he incluido algunos cuentos cortos relacionados con el ciclo principal, bajo el título genérico de “El Borde del Mundo”. Me atrevo a adelantar que estos cuentos reunidos en “El Borde del Mundo” bien pudieran 4 5 representar los restos deslavazados de otro ciclo de historias, que por alguna razón u otra nunca llegó a salir a la luz. El ciclo de Hyperbórea ocupa el segundo lugar inmediatamente después de los relatos de Smith sobre el Continente Perdido, relatos que tuve igualmente ocasión de reunir en un libro titulado Zothique, publicado en 1970 por Ballantine Books.
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