DOCSLIB.ORG

Linde: a History of a Technology Corporation, 1879-2004'

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Linde: a History of a Technology Corporation, 1879-2004' H-German Schneider on Dienel, 'Linde: A History of a Technology Corporation, 1879-2004' Review published on Sunday, January 1, 2006 Hans-Liudger Dienel. Linde: A History of a Technology Corporation, 1879-2004. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. 352 pp. $65.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-4039-2033-1. Reviewed by Andrea Schneider (Gesellschaft für Unternehmensgeschichte e.V., Frankfurt, Germany) Published on H-German (January, 2006) From Ice Machines to Forklifts Dienel's book adheres to the high standards of modern business history. Not only is the work based on a wide range of sources, clearly explained and noted, Dienel also weaves the particular history of the Linde company into general historical developments as well as the company's market and industry sectors. Dienel presents detailed biographical accounts of the Linde family and the company's leading managers. Underpinning the work is a comprehensive and informative look at the relevant technical innovations. By focusing on five sections of the Linde company, Dienel paints a portrait of an internationally oriented group whose main strengths of scientific and technological leadership--buttressed by cartel formation, family linkages, strategic sales and acquisitions since the 1920s--allowed the firm to maintain a high international market share. While studying the driving forces of the company, Dienel does not ignore its competitors, with the consequence that he often puts the company into the context of its whole market sector. This volume is a company-sponsored history, which lends the book its quality. Linde did not merely provide Dienel with the historical documentation, it also built and organized an archive to house the material. Due to a series of studies on Linde already completed by family and company members, the firm had a huge collection of historical documentation. With this solid base, Dienel could focus on several special questions in the company's past. Using several interesting theoretical approaches applied to aspects of Lindes history, Dienel locates the company in Germany's general economic history. For example, Dienel discusses several of Linde's major markets. He begins with a market analysis of breweries, the largest clients of both Linde and its competitors, the "natural ice" producers. Lager beer made the refrigerator industry a success. Refrigeration's second market, slaughterhouses, soon followed. In Germany, at least, a third major source of demand came from the appearance of the Volkskühlschrank in the 1930s. When Carl von Linde founded the company in 1879, he was a scientist who soon developed into a businessman. The German engineers of refrigerating systems always longed for a situation like that in the United States, where refrigerating food and even ice-skating were already popular. In turn-of- the-century Germany, need for ice machines was limited to the beer industry and chemical products. But Linde developed the production of ice machines so that it became a German export specialty in the late nineteenth century. The Gesellschaft für Lindes Eismaschinen was innovative and internationally competitive. Linde not only revolutionized ice-machine construction by inventing new systems, but also by developing new methods to create artificial crystal ice. Linde was founded as a Citation: H-Net Reviews. Schneider on Dienel, 'Linde: A History of a Technology Corporation, 1879-2004'. H-German. 09-30-2014. https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/reviews/44490/schneider-dienel-linde-history-technology-corporation-1879-2004 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 1 H-German joint-stock company. At the end of the nineteenth century its largest shareholders were banks, but it was not a typical stock company. Engineers dominated the company. For that reason, company headquarters in Wiesbaden were kept rather small. The engineers who managed the plants, however, such as the one at Höllkriegelskreuth, took on more importance than the managers at headquarters. In the 1880s the science-oriented company added gas splitting and gas liquefaction to its ice-making activities. With cryogenic engineering in the 1930s, Linde entered the oxygen market. In 1934, Carl von Linde died. His sons Richard and Fritz, as well as his son-in-law Rudolf Wucherer, joined the firm's management board. They upheld the family tradition and one core principle: the reliability of the company's products. What Carl von Linde was once in one person--businessman and scientist-- remained on the board, but now in two people with Richard as inventor and researcher, and Rudolf as manager and controller. Early in the 1930s, profit margins and orders decreased, leading to big losses. Linde became the primary supplier of oxygen facilities to the IG Farben businesses. Dienel takes us to Obersalzberg, where the Linde family owned a vacation home not far from Hitler's, and to life inside the company, where Jewish employees were transferred to foreign subsidiaries in London and Paris. In the 1930s, profits came from ice skating rinks and refrigeration houses. Linde profited from National Socialist autarky policy, but at the same time suffered from increasing export problems. Linde's most spectacular activity in the NS-period was its participation in the V2 missile program, to which it delivered oxygen installations for the rocket. But Linde also was involved in darker sides of the system, especially forced labor. Dienel provides a very short overview and evaluation of this topic. Taking all factories of Linde together, the number of forced laborers does not seem to have exceeded 400 to 500, one fifth of the total staff. Given its status as a producer of important war material, this percentage of forced labor is not astonishing. Since the book is not focused on the NS period, it is understandable that Dienel does not go into more detail, although specialists in this area may be dissatisfied with the book's failure to attend to working conditions or living circumstances. After the war, like many other companies, Linde went through a crisis. But by the 1950s, refrigerators entered the German kitchen. Houses constructed in the postwar period no longer necessarily included cellars for food storage. Realizing, however, that this housing style would come to an end in the late 1960s, management adjusted its planning and organization. Linde now concentrated on commercial refrigeration (especially for self-service shops). The refrigeration department was not the only one to be reorganized during the twentieth century; the Linde tractor division changed its face as well. The tractor was developed in one of Linde's machine factories (Güldner) near Aschaffenburg, which in 1929 had joined the Linde group. The company ceased producing the Güldner tractor in 1969, and turned its attention to hydrostatic transmissions. But it was through tractors that the company moved on to hydraulics, which became the new core of the company. Hydraulics and forklifts effectively replaced tractor production. In 1971, the development of an electronic forklift marked a breakthrough for the company. With the impact of the oil crisis, like many other companies, Linde witnessed a structural, managerial shift. The change from a family-run company to one that was management-led had a deep, long- lasting impact on the company's strategies, organization, and activities. During these years, the firm developed good trading relations with Eastern Europe as well as with other Common Market Citation: H-Net Reviews. Schneider on Dienel, 'Linde: A History of a Technology Corporation, 1879-2004'. H-German. 09-30-2014. https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/reviews/44490/schneider-dienel-linde-history-technology-corporation-1879-2004 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 2 H-German countries--opening new markets aiding in the decisive move to market leadership in some fields. For example, Linde--despite its brief participation in the area--became the market leader in snow-making machines. The succession of Hans Meinhardt to Hermann Linde's position marked the transition to decentralized, impersonal management and economic priorities over technological ones. The tradition of research, development, and technology faded away. No longer under the influence of the family, the board aggressively sought to improve profits by product re-diversification. In the long run the management change even affected the structure of shareholding in the company, insofar as it led to the withdrawal of the main shareholders--the insurance company Allianz and several banks--and the increasing weight of capital funds. Throughout the book, Dienel sticks to his guiding principle of always telling the Linde history in isolation, so we learn about technical innovations, strategic shifts, the change from family capitalism to a managerial style with Meinhardt's succession, structural changes inside sales divisions, and the reaction of the company to political changes in 1990s Europe. Moreover, the book includes a discussion of why only 15 percent of Linde employees are female (mostly at lower income levels) and analyses of the environmental movement's impact. Dienel concludes his history and gives us a glimpse into the future by recounting Linde's merger with the Swedish company AGA, which made Linde a market leader in many European countries. The Linde study makes a worthwhile contribution to the literature. It is a very readable, compact history, not overburdened by its chronological approach, with different foci for each period. Interesting questions and debates are to be found in it, as well as a deep analysis of technological developments, strategic shifts and the effects of external shocks on the company's evolution. In the end it is a very interesting story of an engineering company that successfully changed its face in the 1970s. Printable Version: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=11364 Citation: Andrea Schneider. Review of Dienel, Hans-Liudger,Linde: A History of a Technology Corporation, 1879-2004.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Turbine Expanderexpander
    CryogenicsCryogenics –– whywhy?? MaciejMaciej ChorowskiChorowski WroclawWroclaw UniversityUniversity ofof TechnologyTechnology FacultyFaculty ofof MechanicalMechanical andand PowerPower EngineeringEngineering European Cryogenic Course Wroclaw 20 - 25 April, 2009 T, K 10 10 The word cryogenics was introduced by Core of the hottest stars 9 Kamerlingh Onnes and is formed from the 10 8 Greek: 10 Fusion reaction of hydrogen 7 10 Core of the Sun 6 – cold 10 5 10 – generated from TEMPERATUREVERY HIGH Plasma 4 10 Surface of the Sun 3 According to the convention adopted at the 10 Steam turbine Biological processes XIIII Congress of the International Institute of 2 10 High temperature superconductivity Boiling temperature of nitrogen Refrigeration, cryogenics treats concepts and Low temperature superconductivity 10 technologies connected to reaching and Boiling temperature of helium Superfluid helium 4 applying temperature below 120 K. 1 -1 In cryogenic temperatures: 10 -2 10 -3 - new physical phenomena are visible (liquefaction 10 Superfluid helium 3 -4 of gases, superfluidity, superconductivity); 10 -5 - all the reactions are slowed down; 10 The lowest measured temperature in the whole volume of a probe -6 - dis-order in the matter is vanishing, noises are 10 VERY LOW TEMPERATUREVERY LOW -7 avoided (cryo-electronics). 10 The lowest temperaure of copper nuclei -8 European Cryogenic Course 10 CERN Geneva 2010 -9 10 Bose-Einstein condensate HistoricalHistorical developmentdevelopment ofof cryogenicscryogenics andand relatedrelated technologiestechnologies
    [Show full text]
  • Merger Agreement Between Linde Intermediate Holding
    Notarial deed by Notary Dr. Tilman Götte, Munich, as of November 1, 2018 - UR 2924 G/2018 Convenience Translation MERGER AGREEMENT BETWEEN LINDE INTERMEDIATE HOLDING AG AND LINDE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT Merger Agreement between Linde Intermediate Holding AG, Klosterhofstraße 1, 80331 Munich, – hereinafter also referred to as “Linde Intermediate” or the “Acquiring Company” – and Linde Aktiengesellschaft, Klosterhofstraße 1, 80331 Munich, - hereinafter also referred to as “Linde AG” or the “Transferring Company” – Acquiring Company and Transferring Company also referred to as “Parties” or individually referred to as a “Party” – - 2 - Preliminary Remarks I. Linde Intermediate is a stock corporation, incorporated under the laws of Germany and registered with the commercial register of the local court of Munich under HRB 234880, having its registered office in Munich, whose shares are neither admitted to trading on the regulated market segments of a stock exchange nor traded on an over-the-counter market of a stock exchange. The nominal capital of Linde Intermediate registered with the commercial register amounts to € 50,000. It is divided into 50,000 registered shares with no par value each having a notional value of € 1.00. The fiscal year of Linde Intermediate is the calendar year. The sole shareholder of Linde Intermediate is Linde Holding GmbH, registered with the commercial register of the local court of Munich under HRB 234787, having its registered office in Munich (“Linde Holding GmbH”). The nominal capital of Linde Holding GmbH is, in turn, fully held by Linde plc, a public limited company incorporated under the laws of Ireland, having its registered office in Dublin, Ireland, and its principal executive offices in Surrey, United Kingdom (“Linde plc”).
    [Show full text]
  • Rudolf Diesel — Man of Motion and Mystery Jack Mcguinn, Senior Editor
    addendum Rudolf Diesel — Man of Motion and Mystery Jack McGuinn, Senior Editor You have to admit, having an In 1893, he published his treatise, “Theory engine named after you is a and Construction of a Rational Heat singularly impressive achieve- Engine to Replace the Steam Engine and ment. After all, the combustion the Combustion Engines Known Today.” It engine isn’t named for anyone. No one was the foundation of his research that led refers to the steam engine as “the Watt” to the Diesel engine. But later that year, it engine. was back to the drawing board; Diesel came But then along came Rudolf Diesel to realize that he wasn’t there yet, and later (1858–1913), and with him — the that year filed another patent, correcting his Diesel engine, the engine that liter- mistake. ally took the steam out of a wide range Central to Diesel’s game-changing engine of engine applications. Born in Paris creation was his understanding of thermo- to Bavarian immigrants in some- dynamics and fuel efficiency, and that “as what humble circumstances — his much as 90%” of fuel energy “is wasted in father Theodor was a bookbinder and a steam engine.” Indeed, a signature accom- leather goods manufacturer — Rudolf plishment of Diesel’s engine is its elevated was shortly after birth sent to live for efficiency ratios. After several years of fur- nine months with a family of farmers ther development with Heinrich von Buz in Vincennes, for reasons that remain of Augsburg’s MAN SE, by 1897 the Diesel sketchy. Upon return to his parents, Rudolf was excelling in engine was a reality.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Separation Plants. History and Technological Progress in the Course of Time
    Air separation plants. History and technological progress in the course of time. History and technological progress of air separation 03 When and how did air separation start? In May 1895, Carl von Linde performed an experiment in his laboratory in Munich that led to his invention of the first continuous process for the liquefaction of air based on the Joule-Thomson refrigeration effect and the principle of countercurrent heat exchange. This marked the breakthrough for cryogenic air separation. For his experiment, air was compressed Linde based his experiment on findings from 20 bar [p₁] [t₄] to 60 bar [p₂] [t₅] in discovered by J. P. Joule and W. Thomson the compressor and cooled in the water (1852). They found that compressed air cooler to ambient temperature [t₁]. The pre- expanded in a valve cooled down by approx. cooled air was fed into the countercurrent 0.25°C with each bar of pressure drop. This Carl von Linde in 1925. heat exchanger, further cooled down [t₂] proved that real gases do not follow the and expanded in the expansion valve Boyle-Mariotte principle, according to which (Joule-Thomson valve) [p₁] to liquefaction no temperature decrease is to be expected temperature [t₃]. The gaseous content of the from expansion. An explanation for this effect air was then warmed up again [t₄] in the heat was given by J. K. van der Waals (1873), who exchanger and fed into the suction side of discovered that the molecules in compressed the compressor [p₁]. The hourly yield from gases are no longer freely movable and this experiment was approx.
    [Show full text]
  • Paving the Way for LNG
    Plants, terminals and equipment for the entire LNG value chain Paving the way for LNG Making our world more productive 2 LNG value chain Introduction Driven by increasing natural gas demand and decreasing costs along the whole LNG value chain (due to significant economies of scale, improvements in technologies, etc.), investments in LNG infrastructure are growing rapidly in the last years. LNG has turned from being an expensive and regionally traded fuel to a globally traded source of energy with rapidly diminishing costs. In China, Norway and lately in particular in the US, petroleum fuels With more than 125 years of comprehensive experience in the Linde offers innovative and economical solutions for the entire LNG have been successfully substituted by LNG in various applications, handling of cryogenic liquids, Linde Engineering has a track record in value chain and has more than 40 years experience in designing, mainly for heavy trucking, remote-power generation and marine the design and performance of a wide range of natural gas projects building and operating LNG plants and proprietary cryogenic fueling. Today the volumes are still relatively small, however studies including upstream natural gas liquids recovery (NGL plants), feed equipment. indicate substantial demand for additional domestic LNG capacities in gas pre-treatment and liquefaction, transport and distribution of LNG many countries. These include the entire Baltic Area (ECA) and South regasification in both LNG import and export terminals. East Asia. As a consequence, an appropriate infrastructure consisting of small- to mid-scale LNG liquefaction plants, import terminals and Linde Engineering is well recognised as a reliable technology refuelling stations will be built up and/or expanded.
    [Show full text]
  • Mergers & Acquisitions in the US Industrial Gas Business
    Mergers & Acquisitions in the US Industrial Gas Business PART II – THE MAJOR INDUSTRY SHAPERS By Peter V. Anania, Leaders LLC he Industrial Gas (IG) industry has seen tremendous growth a process to separate oxygen in 1880. In 1886 the brothers Brin started over the past 100 years, fueled by rapidly expanding technol- commercially developing the use of oxygen. T ogy in market leading countries that required more mixes of Interestingly, one of BOC’s first mergers — and now its last — was gases (including the exotics), purer gases for high-tech applications, with Linde. In 1906, Linde joined with Brin Oxygen by contributing as well as new applications of traditional gases. With the develop- its British Linde patents. These patents represented a new method for ment of industry in emerging economies, demand for industrial producing oxygen by cryogenic distillation of air. The resulting gases continues to grow worldwide. This is Part II of this series that merged entity was renamed British Oxygen Company or BOC. In the examines mergers and acquisitions activity in the industrial gas busi- 1920s, a process for the large-scale production of liquid oxygen ness. In this feature we look at some of the “majors” and how they allowed the oxygen to be delivered in liquid form by road tanker and have grown over the years through acquisitions. In compiling this greatly expanded its market applications. article, we researched the websites of many of the companies men- BOC’s growth in the first half of the 20th century was achieved tioned herein, had access to the archives of JR Campbell Associates, largely by developing or acquiring rights to new technology and Inc., along with discussions with Buzz Camp- processes, including further improvements in liq- bell, and used The History of Industrial Gases, uefaction and cryogenic cooling in the 1930s.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction
    1 1 Introduction The history of industrial gases is inextricably linked to the rapid pace of industri- alisation that marked the nineteenth century. The large-scale generation of certain gases opened the door for new types of technologies and production processes. Acetylene, for example, was discovered by E. Davy in 1836. A signifi cant landmark followed in 1862, when F. Wöhler succeeded in producing acetylene from the reaction between calcium carbide and water. Then, in 1892, T. L. Wilson and H. Moissan discovered a process for generating calcium carbide in an electric furnace. This paved the way for industrial-scale production of acetylene in 1895 (see also Section 8.2). Initially, acetylene was mainly used for lighting purposes due to its bright fl ame. Later, its high combustion temperature in oxygen prompted development of autogenous cutting and welding technology, starting in 1901. An even more important step from today’s perspective was the liquefaction of air by Carl von Linde, marking the birth of an entirely new industry. C. v. Linde employed the Joule–Thomson effect, decreasing the temperature of the gas by adiabatic expansion. In 1895, he achieved continuous generation of liquid air at a yield of three litres per hour using a laboratory plant [1.1]. The following years saw the construction and delivery of the fi rst small commercial air liquefaction plants. Figure 1.1 shows a typical early air liquefi er (ca. 1899). Fig. 1.1 Typical assembly of a Linde air liquefi er (ca. 1899). Industrial Gases Processing. Edited by Heinz-Wolfgang Häring Copyright © 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
    [Show full text]
  • How Liquid Helium and Superconductivity Came to Us
    IEEE/CSC & ESAS EUROPEAN SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (ESNF), No. 16, April 2011 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and the Road to Liquid Helium Dirk van Delft, Museum Boerhaave – Leiden University e-mail: [email protected] Abstract – I sketch here the scientific biography of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who in 1908 was the first to liquefy helium and in 1911 discovered superconductivity. A son of a factory owner, he grew familiar with industrial approaches, which he adopted and implemented in his scientific career. This, together with a great talent for physics, solid education in the modern sense (unifying experiment and theory) proved indispensable for his ultimate successes. Received April 11, 2011; accepted in final form April 19, 2011. Reference No. RN19, Category 11. Keywords – Heike Kamerligh Onnes, helium, liquefaction, scientific biography I. INTRODUCTION This paper is based on my talk about Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (HKO) and his cryogenic laboratory, which I gave in Leiden at the Symposium “Hundred Years of Superconductivity”, held on April 8th, 2011, the centennial anniversary of the discovery. Figure 1 is a painting of HKO from 1905, by his brother Menso, while Figure 2 shows his historically first helium liquefier, now on display in Museum Boerhaave of Leiden University. Fig. 1. Heike Kamerling Onnes (HKO), 1905 painting by his brother Menso. 1 IEEE/CSC & ESAS EUROPEAN SUPERCONDUCTIVITY NEWS FORUM (ESNF), No. 16, April 2011 Fig. 2. HKO’s historical helium liquefier (last stage), now in Museum Boerhaave, Leiden. I will address HKO’s formative years, his scientific mission, the buiding up of a cryogenic laboratory as a direct consequence of this mission, add some words about the famous Leiden school of instrument makers, the role of the Leiden physics laboratory as an international centre of low temperature research, to end with a conclusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of Gas Liquefaction Cycles for Cryogenic Applications
    Journal of Thermal Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 62-75, January, 2019 Yildiz Technical University Press, Istanbul, Turkey THERMODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF GAS LIQUEFACTION CYCLES FOR CRYOGENIC APPLICATIONS C. Yilmaz1,*, T. H. Cetin2, B. Ozturkmen2, M. Kanoglu2 ABSTRACT In this paper presents an analysis of the thermodynamic cycles the most commonly used for the liquefaction of gases in order to evaluate and compare their performance under given working conditions and system component efficiencies. The cycles considered are simple Linde-Hampson cycle, precooled Linde- Hampson cycle, Claude cycle, and Kapitza cycle. First and second law relations are investigated for each cycle and performance parameters are evaluated. Thermodynamically performances criteria are compared of cycles with respect to the each other. Cycles are model in the computer environment and analyzed with Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software program. Cycles of the liquefaction fractions, coefficient of performances and second law of efficiencies are calculated for the liquefaction of different gases. Second law efficiencies are calculated as 13.4%, 21.8%, 62.9%, and 77.2% for simple Linde-Hampson cycle, pre-cooled Linde-Hampson cycle, Claude cycle, and Kapitza cycle, respectively. Claude and Kapitza cycles give better performance but simple and precooled Linde-Hampson cycle has the advantages of the simplicity of their setup. Keywords: Cryogenic Cycles, Linde-Hampson, Claude, Kapitza, J-T Expansion, Thermodynamic Analysis INTRODUCTION Liquefaction is a key branch of cryogenics and has wide application areas including producing commercial liquid gases and cryogenic engineering applications. The main scope of cryogenic engineering is the design, development and improvement of low temperature systems and components.
    [Show full text]
  • 125 Years of Linde 125 Years of Linde of 125 Years a Chronicle
    chronik_Cover_gb 05.07.2004 17:54 Uhr Seite 1 Idea no 0001– no 6385 125 Years of Linde 125 Years of Linde of 125 Years A Chronicle Idea No 0001 – No 6385 “The only thing I find comparable to the great satisfaction of a scientific endeavor pursued together with ambitious and productive men is production carried out on one’s own and in one’s own area of expertise.” Carl von Linde in a letter to Göttingen mathematician Felix Klein, 1895 Inventive spirit and innovation are still our mainsprings A look back at the achievements of engineer/inventor Carl von Today, Linde is the world’s largest supplier of industrial and Linde and at the development of the company he helped found, medical gases. We stand for cutting-edge technology in inter- the “Gesellschaft für Linde’s Eismaschinen,“ into today’s Linde AG national facilities engineering, hold a leading position among means more to us than fond memories – it is also a commitment the most important manufacturers of forklift trucks and warehouse to the future. equipment and are the market leaders in refrigeration technology The abilities and characteristics exemplified by scientist and in Europe. With some 46,500 employees, we achieved sales of inventor Carl von Linde during his lifetime are, today more than approximately 9 billion euro in fiscal year 2003. ever, a model for corporate leaders who want to lead a technol- This impressive corporate development did not happen on its ogy group like Linde into a long-term, successful future. His own, and it is certainly no guarantee of future success.
    [Show full text]
  • Keeping You Cool. Delivering Your Refrigerant Gas and Service Needs
    Keeping you cool. Delivering your refrigerant gas and service needs. 02 Delivering your refrigerant gas and service needs Delivering your refrigerant gas and service needs 03 Why choose Linde Gas? A global leader and trusted partner. Linde Gas is a global leader in refrigerant solutions and services. Our products span both traditional fluorocarbon and natural refrigerants making us a trusted partner to a vast range of industries around the world. They are vital for refrigeration, process chilling and heat extraction applications used in the food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, industrial manufacturing, chemical and petrochemical industries. They also provide air conditioning in our transport, shops, offices and public buildings and homes. Whatever your application, wherever you are, Linde Gas can meet all your needs relating to the delivery, handling and management of refrigerant gases. Proven industry expert. Meeting your refrigerant gas and service needs. Linde Gas solutions and services span: Wide product range Total solution and services • Refrigerant gases including fluorocarbon and environmentally friendly, • Specialist services such as refrigerant recovery and reclamation, on site natural gases such as refrigerant-grade carbon dioxide (R744), ammonia audits and risk assessment (R717), hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon blends • Safe and legal waste management • A wide choice of packaging – cylinders, drums, ISO tanks and bulk road • Technical and operational expertise – advice on the best gas for your tankers needs, local legislation/regulatory • Pressure testing and leak detection gases compliance and environmentally friendly alternatives • Cutting and welding gases • Training tailored to end user needs Global branch network • Best in class logistics ensuring optimal product quality and security of supply • Local customer service 04 Delivering your refrigerant gas and service needs Delivering your refrigerant gas and service needs 05 Serving you wherever you are.
    [Show full text]
  • CO2-Refrigeration in a Historic Perspective CO2 Is Back!
    CO2 is back! CO2-refrigeration in a historic perspective (2000) Prof. Dr.-Ing. Armin Hafner Professor Refrigeration Technology NTNU, EPT 7491 Trondheim Norway GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 Professor Gustav Lorentzen 1915-1995 First draft made for a patent application on how to operate and control transcritical CO2- vapour compression systems November 1988 CO2-refrigeration technology prior 1988? GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 3 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 4 Inventors and pioneers of mechanical refrigeration Content Vapour compression cycle: – Oliver Evans (1755-1819), USA • How developed refrigeration technology? ”The Abortion of the Young Steam Engineer’s Guide”, 1805 • Factors which contributed to the development – Jacob Perkins (1766-1849), American living in London British Patent No 6662, 14. August 1834 •CO2 i relation to other working fluids Machine applying sulphur-ether, build by John Hague • The people behind the innovations • Synergies to todays situation • CO2 processes / system configurations and modifications • Reasons why CO2 refrigeration technology was absent between 1960 to 1990 MOTIVATION: Can we learn something when studying the historic CO2 refrigeration systems? GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 5 GIAN @ Indian Institute of Technology Madras; October 2017 6 Inventors and pioneers of mechanical refrigeration Inventors and pioneers of mechanical refrigeration
    [Show full text]