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Extension of the Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles Is a Huge Asset That France Cannot Ignore

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Extension of the Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles Is a Huge Asset That France Cannot Ignore OPINIONS OF THE OPINIONS ECONOMIC, OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL AND COUNCIL ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL The Convention of Montego Bay of 1982, «true constitution of the oceans», and more precisely its article 76, gives the coastal states the possibility to extend the continental shelf beyond 200 marine miles. Thus, France thanks to its overseas territories can expect to expand its sovereign rights on the natural resources of the seafloor by about 2 millions km2. The note from the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council tends to complete the Extension of the EXTRAPLAC programme which France made in order to reach this goal. It also aims to draw conclusions from the acquisition of these sovereign rights in terms of knowledge of the marine Continental shelf environment and its resources; their preservation and their exploitation; the legal framework of beyond 200 nautical miles: the activities implemented on the ultramarine territories as part of their sustainable development. The ESEC recommends the definition of a real naval policy appropriate for a country present on an asset for France every ocean thanks to the overseas territories. The extension of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles is a huge asset that France cannot ignore. Gérard Grignon October 2013 THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL COUNCIL 9, place d’Iéna 75775 Paris Cedex 16 Phone: +33.1.44.43.60.00 Directorate for Legal and www.lecese.fr Administrative Information Commercial reception: +33.1.40.15.70.10 No 41113-0022 Price: € 23.50 Order: ISSN 0767-4538 ISBN 978-2-11-120932-9 Administration des ventes 23, rue d’Estrées, CS 10733 75345 Paris Cedex 07 Fax: +33.1.40.15.68.00 ladocumentationfrancaise.fr Edition OFFICIAL JOURNAL 2013-22 NOR : CESL1100022X Thursday 24th October 2013 OFFICIAL JOURNAL THE FRENCH REPUBLIC Mandate 2010-2015 – Session of 9 October 2013 EXTENSION OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF BEYOND 200 NAUTICAL MILES: AN ASSET FOR FRANCE Opinion of the Economic, Social and Environmental Council on the report submitted by Mr. Gérard Grignon, Rapporteur on behalf of the Delegation for Overseas Territories Question referred to the Economic, Social and Environmental Council by a decision of its office dated 14 May 2013 applying Article 3 of the Ordinance Nor 58-1360 from 29 December 1958 amended, concerning the organic law relating to Economic, Social and Environmental Council. The office has charged the Delegation for Overseas Territories with the draft of an opinion and a report with the title Extension of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles: an asset for France. Overseas delegation, chaired by Mr. Gérard Grignon, has appointed Mr. Gérard Grignon as a Rapporteur. Table of contents ■ Summary of the Opinion ____________________ 7 ■ Opinion __________________________________ 13 Introduction 14 The conquest of the continental shelf resources: Difficulties encountered 16 International legal framework 16 Ê UN Convention on the Law of the Sea from 1982: the outer limits of the continental shelf 16 Ê Definition of the continental shelf 17 Ê Commission on the limits of the continental shelf (CLCS) 18 Ê The criteria for the extension of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles 19 Implementation by France of the Programme for the extension of the continental shelf (EXTRAPLAC) and its results 20 Ê The filed claims have been the object of the recommendations by the CLCS 21 Ê The claims to be examined before the CLCS 23 Ê Preliminary information filed 23 Ê The territories offshore for which no claim or preliminary information has been filed 25 Managing the extension of the Continental shelf 25 Ê Rights and resources defined by Montego Bay Convention 26 Ê A legal framework to be defined with regards to the exploration and exploitation activities (EEA) of the resources of the extended continental shelf 28 Ê The State facing its environmental responsibility 30 Recommendations 31 Completion of the programme EXTRAPLAC 31 2 – OPINION OF THE EconomIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIronmental COUNCIL Ê Identify and secure funding for the completion of the programme EXTRAPLAC 32 Ê File the claims which have been the object of the preliminary information 32 Ê Resolve diplomatic problems preventing a process of the Caledonian case 33 Ê Publish the outer limits of the extended continental shelf 33 Ê Strengthen the means of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf 35 An exemplary France with regards to a new maritime area 35 Ê The obligation of knowing the resources and marine ecosystems 36 Ê A responsibility regarding the legal framework for the exploration and exploitation activities to be established 37 Ê An obligation to involve and integrate the ultramarine territories for the elaboration of the maritime policy of our country 38 Ê The elaboration of a truly ambitious maritime policy 39 Conclusion 41 ■ Declarations by the Groups __________________ 43 ■ Voting ___________________________________ 56 EXTENSION OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF BEYOND 200 NAUTICAL MILES: AN ASSET FOR FRANCE – 3 ■ Report ___________________________________ 60 Introduction 60 The conquest of the continental shelf resources 64 International legal framework 64 Ê Various Conventions on the Law of the Sea and the continental shelf 64 Ê The place of the extended continental shelf in the main marine spaces defined in the CNUDM 65 Ê The international authorities and seabed 68 Ê The procedure of the extension of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles 70 The national framework for the extension of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles 72 Ê Legal framework 74 Ê The main authorities 76 Ê The programme of Reasonable extension of the Continental shelf (EXTRAPLAC) 79 Ê Publication of the outer limits of the extended continental shelf 83 The results of the EXTRAPLAC action at the beginning of 2013 85 Ê The filed claims have been the object of the recommendations by the CLCS 86 Ê The applications awaiting examination before the CLCS 103 Ê Preliminary information filed 116 Ê The territories offshore for which no claim or preliminary information has been filed: Scattered Islands and Mayotte 129 Conclusion 133 Managing the extension of the Continental shelf 135 Ê Resources of the Extended Continental shelf, know-how and preservation 135 Ê Energy mineral resources: hydrocarbons 137 Ê Hydrothermal sulphides 141 4 – OPINION OF THE EconomIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIronmental COUNCIL Ê Cobalt crusts 141 Ê Polymetallic nodules 142 Ê Natural hydrogen 142 Ê Rare earths 142 Ê Biological resources 143 Ê Living organisms belonging to sedentary species 144 Which legal framework with regards to the exploration and exploitation activities (EEA) of the resources of the extended continental shelf? 145 Ê The specific situation of the extended continental shelf within the maritime areas 146 Ê The necessary adaptation of the Mining Code to the extended continental shelf 147 The Coastal State facing its responsibilities and its duty to protect the environment of the soil and subsoil 149 Ê Dangers caused by the marine biodiversity and ecosystems as part of the EEA 150 Ê The responsibilities and obligations of the State towards the environment 151 Overseas Territories at the forefront of this management 154 Ê A reform of the regulation in matters of exploitation of the marine resources including the Overseas Territories and taking their interests into account 155 Ê An economic environment that needs to be strengthened for greater competitiveness and employment 157 Ê Reinforce the international influence of our country and the EU in the naval areas by reinforced regional cooperation with the Overseas Territories 158 Conclusion 159 EXTENSION OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF BEYOND 200 NAUTICAL MILES: AN ASSET FOR FRANCE – 5 Annexes ___________________________________ 160 Annex 1: List of members of the Delegation for Overseas Territories on the voting date ____________________ 160 Annex 2: List of personalities interviewed in delegation or received in private conversation by the rapporteur __________ 162 Annex 3: Articles 76 and 77 of the Montego Bay Convention ____________ 164 Annex 4: Bibliographical references __________________________________ 166 Annex 5: Table of acronyms __________________________________________ 170 Annex 6: List of illustrations _________________________________________ 172 6 – OPINION OF THE EconomIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIronmental COUNCIL EXTENSION OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF BEYOND 200 NAUTICAL MILES: AN ASSET FOR FRANCE Summary of the Opinion1 The issue of the extension of the French continental shelf is totally strange to the public opinion, unknown in the political environment and generally absent in seminars and conferences on the offshore as well as in the debates on the maritime policy of our country. Except for some specialists and a very narrow sphere of personalities in charge of the execution of the national program for the Reasonable Extension of the Continental Shelf (EXTRAPLAC) aimed at the extension of the French continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, this issue has been ignored. What is the Extended Continental shelf? For France which already occupies the second maritime area in the world after the United States, with 11 millions of km² distributed among all the oceans, thanks to the Overseas territories this is the possibility: – to expand its sovereign rights on the natural resources of the seabed and marine subsoil on nearly 2 millions of supplementary km²; – to acquire sovereign rights for the exploration and exploitation of natural
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