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Invasion Genetics of Chromolaena Odorata (Asteraceae): Extremely Low Diversity Across Asia

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Invasion Genetics of Chromolaena Odorata (Asteraceae): Extremely Low Diversity Across Asia Biol Invasions DOI 10.1007/s10530-014-0669-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Invasion genetics of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae): extremely low diversity across Asia Xiangqin Yu • Tianhua He • Jianli Zhao • Qiaoming Li Received: 22 August 2013 / Accepted: 5 March 2014 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 Abstract Chromolaena odorata is a native of and identify possible source locations of C. odorata America while a weed in many parts of tropical and from America to Asia, with attempt to evaluate the subtropical regions in the world. Research into the possible mechanisms facilitating the successful inva- invasion mechanisms of C. odorata contributes to a sion of this species. Despite two recorded independent broader understanding of factors that facilitate plant introductions, DNA sequence data revealed only one adaptation, and also helps developing effective man- single haplotype of C. odorata present throughout agement strategies. In this study, we used three DNA tropical Asia. All six microsatellite loci consistently fragments and six microsatellite loci: (1) to compare exhibited extremely low genetic diversity in Asian genetic diversity of C. odorata in its native and populations compared to those from native ranges. invaded regions; (2) to elucidate the invasive routes Our results implied that there was likely only a single introduction to Asia, and Trinidad, Tobago and adjacent areas in the West Indies were the most likely Electronic supplementary material The online version of source location of that introduction. The successful this article (doi:10.1007/s10530-014-0669-2) contains supple- mentary material, which is available to authorized users. invasion of C. odorata in Asia may have been facilitated by the genotype with strong competitive X. Yu Á Q. Li (&) ability. Laboratory of Plant Phylogenetics and Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, Keywords Chromolaena odorata Á Genetic People’s Republic of China diversity Á Haplotype network Á Invasion e-mail: [email protected] genetics Á Phylogeography Á Source location X. Yu Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China Introduction T. He The study of evolutionary changes in genetic archi- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia tecture and introduction history of invasive species is of significance in understanding the ecological and J. Zhao evolutionary factors underlying successful invasions The Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, (Sakai et al. 2001; Roman and Darling 2007). Under- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun 666303, Yunnan, standing to the evolution of invasiveness in plant People’s Republic of China species is also central to the success of management 123 X. Yu et al. efforts, particularly in the face of anthropogenic to opportunities for admixture, and genetic diversity redistribution of species at global scale, and predicted may be further elevated as a result of recombination. increases in species motility due to climate change Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King and H. (Dukes and Mooney 1999; Stachowicz et al. 2002; Robinson (Asteraceae), native to the Americas from Mu¨ller-Scha¨rer et al. 2004). Molecular methods and southern USA to northern Argentina, is a major threat associated statistical analyses provide great opportu- to diversity and function in a wide variety of nities to explore the ecological and evolutionary issues ecosystems, ranging from tropical rain forests to regarding biological invasions (Ward and Jasieniuk savannas in many humid tropical and subtropical 2009). Molecular approaches are particularly power- biodiversity hotspots of Oceania, Micronesia, Africa ful in tracking geographical origin and introduction and Asia (McFadyen and Skarratt 1996; Kriticos et al. histories of invasive species, and in assessing the role 2005; Raimundo et al. 2007). C. odorata was supposed of genetic variation and natural selection in invasion to be apomictic autohexaploid (2n = 60) originated success (Estoup and Guillemaud 2010; Perdereau et al. from triploid C. squalida (DC.) R. M. King and H. 2013). Rob. (Coleman 1989). Though it is mainly reproduced Genetic variation plays an important role in the by seeds (Coleman 1989), C. odorata is also reported success of invasion in the stages of establishment and to be capable of clonal propogation (Gautier 1993; Liu range expansion (Sakai et al. 2001). Although it has et al. 2006 and our filed observation). This species is been suggested that genotypic diversity could enhance pollinated by insects; and the small and light seed is the invasive ability (e.g. Wang et al. 2012), invasive principally dispersed by wind (Ghazoul 2004; La- species are capable of achieving prosperous coloniza- kshmi et al. 2011). C. odorata has caused serious tion (Prentis et al. 2008) regardless of the risk of problems in plantations of perennial crops, pastures extinction due to low genetic diversity (Frankham and and vacant land in regions that have been invaded (De Ralls 1998). Founder effect can occur when a poten- Rouw 1991; Muniappan et al. 2005) and has been tially invasive species is introduced into a new listed as one of the world’s 100 worst invasive weeds environment (Novak and Mack 2005; Hawley et al. (Lowe et al. 2000). Historical records have indicated 2006). Consequently genetic diversity is reduced and that a number of introductions of C. odorata have such a decrease in genetic diversity has even been occurred in Asia and invasion of C. odorata across presumed to be a feature of invasive species (Dlugosch Asia was possibly initiated from at least two different and Parker 2008). Some invasive species can be source locations (Muniappan et al. 2005). C. odorata successful only because of the low genetic diversity. was first introduced to the Calcutta Botanic Garden in For example, low genetic diversity reduces intraspe- India as an ornamental plant in 1845 from where the cific (inter-nest) aggression in ants (Tsutsui 2000). species escaped to many other localities in Asia Several researchers have proposed that invasive (McFadyen 1989; Muniappan et al. 2005). Jamaica genotypes characterized by better adaptive ability was considered as the possible geographic source of C. might facilitate successful invasion (Fuentes-Contre- odorata to India, as at that time, Calcutta and Kingston ras et al. 2004; Le Roux et al. 2007; Zepeda-Paulo (Jamaica) was the capital of British India and the et al. 2010; Harrison and Mondor 2011). Such administrative center for the British West Indies, genotypes may be novel and were generated through respectively. Officials within the British Colonial recombination resulting from multiple introductions Service, such as the government botanist or govern- or hybridization (Ellstrand and Schierenbeck 2000; ment medical officer were regularly transferred Lavergne and Molofsky 2007), or genotypes with between India and Jamaica (McFadyen 1993). This stronger competitive ability, i. e. more invasive than species was again accidentally introduced, possibly others (Allendorf and Lundquist 2003; Zhang et al. from the West Indies, in the ballasts of cargo boats into 2010). On the other hand, some studies have also Singapore and Malaysia around 1920 (Biswas 1934; shown that some invasive plants are often genetically Bennette and Rao 1968). C. odorata was recorded in diverse (Bossdorf et al. 2005), partially because northern Australia around 1994 (Waterhouse 1994), multiple introductions are common (Genton et al. notably as two morphological forms. Scott et al. 2005; Kirk et al. 2011). Different lineages sometimes (1998) sequenced the ITS1 (internal transcribed colonize geographically proximate locations leading spacer) fragment of 11 samples from native regions 123 Invasion genetics of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) representing three countries (USA, Colombia and 155 individuals from 17 locations (Table 1;Fig.1a). Brazil), 12 samples from Australia, seven from Java In Asia (invaded region), 367 individuals from 29 (Indonesia) and one from Thailand. Those authors locations were sampled from ten countries across found that the more widespread form from Australia tropical and subtropical Asia (8°S–25°N) (Table 1, genetically matched the Asian biotype, whereas the Fig. 1a). Healthy leaves of C. odorata were harvested more localized form matched the biotype from and stored in zip-locked bags containing activated southern Brazil that was accordingly proposed as silica gel before further processing. Total genomic one source location. DNA was extracted from the leaf tissues following a Previous researches have been conducted on the modified cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide genetic diversity of C. odorata, but some important (CTAB) method (Doyle and Doyle 1987)as questions remain unresolved. Ye et al. (2004)reported describedinYuandLi(2011). All leaf materials low genetic variation in C. odorata in southern China and DNA samples were deposited in Laboratory of (27 populations) using inter-simple sequence repeats Plant Phylogenetics and Conservation at Xishuangb- (ISSRs). Recently, a study applying the same molecuar anna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy markers (ISSRs) revealed that C. odorata in Southern of Sciences. Africa originated from Jamaica and Cuba, and the samples from Asia showed an affinity with samples DNA sequencing from Trinidad, Florida and Venezuela (Paterson and Zachariades
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