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LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER Houston, Texas January 1976

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LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER Houston, Texas January 1976 NASA CR- TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM SATELLITES FOR LIFE SCIENCES Job Order 92-105 I{N ASA-CR-144'75) SATELLITES FOR LIFE N76-21243 SCIENCES- (Lockheed MLectronics Co.) 65 p HC $4.50 CSCL 22B Unclas _G3/15 23693 Prepared By Life Sciences Applications Department Lockheed Electronics Company,. Inc. Aerospace Systems Division Houston, TexasA Contract NAS 9-12200 For HEALTH APPLICATIONS OFFICE BRI&M, LIFE SCIENCES DIRECTORATE National Aeronautics and Space Administration LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER Houston, Texas January 1976 LEC-7737 TECHNICAL REPORT INDEX/ABSTRACT (See instructions on reverse side.) I. TITLE AND SUBTITLE OF DOCUMENT 12. JSC NO. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM SATELLITES FOR LIFE SCIENCES 3. CONTRACTOR/ORGANZATON NAME 4. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. Lockheed Electronics Co., Inc. NAS 9-12200 S. CONTRACTOR/ORIGINATOR DOCUMENT NO. 6. PUBLICATION DATE (THIS ISSUE) LEC-7737 January 1976 7. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION B. OPR (OFFICE OF PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY) Unclassified C. M. Barnes 9. LIMITATIONS 10. AUTHOR(S) GOVERNMENT HAS UNLIMITED RIGHTS I-YCs FJNO IF NO, STATE LIMITATIONS AND AUTHORITY L. B. Giddings N/A II. DOCUMENT CONTRACT REFERENCES 12. HARDWARE CONFIGURATION .WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE NO. SYSTEM N/A N/A CONTRACT EXHIBIT NO. SUBSYSTEM N/A N/A DRL NO. AND REVISION N/A MAJOR EOUIPMENT GROUP ORL LINE ITEM No. NIA N/A 13. ABSTRACT This document summarizes the potential of all available satellites for adaptation of earth resources technology to life science problems. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Manned & Unmanned Sat. ATS Satellites NIMBUS Satellites Military Satellites Meteorological Sat. Geosynchronous Sat. Earth Resources Sat. Sensors NOAA's Satellites JSC Form 833 (Rev Sep 74) NASA-JSC Contract NAS 9-12200 Job Order 92-105 JSC-10856 TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM SATELLITES FOR LIFE SCIENCES By L. E. Giddings Approved By LEC NASA Frank C. Forsberg, Man ger Charles M. Barnes, Manager Life Sciences Applica ions Health Applications Office Department Prepared By Lockheed Electronics Company, Inc. For Bioengineering Systems Division NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER HOUSTON, TEXAS January 1976 LEC-7737 CONTENTS Section Page PREFACE.............. .. .. vi, 1. INTRODUCTION......... .......... 1 2. SOURCES OF INFORMATION.. ............ 3 3. MANNED NASA SATELLITES.. ............ 9 4. UNMANNED NASA SATELLITES. ...... 12 S. APPLICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SATELLITES (ATS) ...... 16 6. NIMBUS SERIES OF EXPERIMENTAL SATELLITES .... 19 6.1 TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY .INFRARED RADIOMETER (THIR) ............... 19 6.2 THE ELECTRICALLY SCANN-ING MICROWAVE RADIOMETER (ESMR) ............... 22 6.3 THE' HIGH RESOLUTION INFRARED RADIATION SOUNDER (HIRS) (ref. 39) ..... ... 22 6.4 THE SCANNING MICROWAVE SPECTROMETER (SCAMS) ..... ............ ........ .... 25 6.5 AVAILABILITY OF NIMBUS DATA .. .......... 25 7. NOAA's POLAR ORBITING SATELLITES .......... 28 7.1 HISTORY .................... 28 7.2 SENSORS ON NOAA-2 THROUGH NOAA-5. ....... 30 7.3 TIROS-N AND TIROS-H THROUGH J (refs. 48 and 49) .................... 31 8. NOAA's GEOSYNCHRONOUS SATELLITES .... ...... .. 37 9. EARTH RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY SATELLITES. ....... 40 10. MILITARY SATELLITES (refs. 45 and 46) ........ 43 11. FOR THE FUTURE.... ............ 45 i.I HEAT CAPACITY MAPPING MISSION . .... 45 iii Section Page 11.2 THE NEXT GENERATION OF SATELLITES ...... 45 12. REFERENCES ............. ........... .. 49 APPENDIX A BROAD RANGE MARKS ATS-F EXPERIMENTS. ...... A-1 iv TABLES Table Section I SPACECRAFT TOTALS (,AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1974). 2 II NASA UNMANNED PROGRAMS (from ref, 25)... ...... 13 III RUSSIAN PROGRAMS (from ref. 26) ............ 14 IV CURRENT LAUNCHINGS (from ref. 12). ....... 15 V ATS-6 EXPERIMENTS (ref. 27). .......... 17 VI NIMBUS 5 EXPERIMENTS (ref. 33) ... ....... .. 20 VII NIMBUS 6 EXPERIMENTS (ref. 34) ........ ... 21 VIII CURRENTLY ACTIVE DIRECT READOUT SATELLITES (as of 1 Sept. 1975) ....... ........ .. 29 IX SENSORS OF ITOS-D THROUGH ITOS-G OPERATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES (ref. 41) ........ ... 32 X RESOLUTION OF SELECTED SATELLITES (ref. 42 & 44) ....... .............. 33 XI TIROS-N and ITOS-H through ITOS-J SENSORS (OPERATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES) (from ref. 42.a) ....... ............. 34 XII SENSORS OF LANDSAT-1 AND LANDSAT-2 (ref. 47) .......... ................ 41 V FIGURES Figure Page 1. Satellite Situation Report (ref. 3) box score. ., 2. Satellite Situation Report (ref. 3) page of data................. ...... 7 3. Sample Citations................ 8 4. Results of the infrared interferometer experiment on Nimbus 3 (ref. 36) .... ...... 26 S. Evolution of geosynchronous satellites (ref. 50) ................ ......... 3 6. Geostationary Satellite Network (ref. 50).... 36 7. Planned Data Acquisition Stations for the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission ............. 46 vi PREFACE The Health Applications Office of NASA is the pioneering organiza­ tion charged with applying space technology to problems in the life sciences. This office adapts NASA-developed earth resources technology to life science problems, developing new techniques as necessary. The Health Applications Office uses earth resources survey tech­ niques in many of its projects. It differs from other users in the types of projects that it unddrtakes; it applies these tech­ niques to projects on the life sciences. However, these projects do not include certain life science fields that have been pre­ empted by other users, such as agriculture and forestry. In the early days of the Health Applications Office, its new personnel, including the author of this document, needed orienta­ tion on satellites that were available for their use. In parti­ cular, there appeared to be no document which summarized, in a meaningful way, the potential of all available satellites. This document was prepared to satisfy this need. It has been revised several times, but this is its first major rewriting. In addition to many new references, it also includes references to manned satellites. It is about twice as large as the first edition (ref. 1), which was issued in 1973. vii INTRODUCTION The launching of Sputnik I by Russia in 1957 ushered in the space age. Since then about 1,600 satellites have been launqhed to scan the earth and its atmosphere, the moon and its sister plan­ ets, and the sun (ref. 2). As of December 31, 1974, 718 satel­ lites in several thousand fragments remain in space, a few in active missions, most waiting to decay and fall out of orbit (ref. 3). The United States and Russia have launched the largest number of satellites, but other countries have also participated. Table I shows the countries and consortia that have participated in this newest adventure of mankind (ref. 2). NASA's Health Applications Office in its missions uses data from satellites. For the benefit of this office, this report will give perspective to NASA's range of satellite.programs. It will be concerned primarily with the technical details of the satel­ lite sensors which show potential for applications to the public health or to the biological sciences; by and large, these are the same sensors that are useful for studies of earth resources. 1 TABLE I. - SPACECRAFT TOTALS (AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1974) SPACECRAFT ORBITED Planetary Sponsor Earth Orbit Lunar Missions Impact/Orbit Solar Orbit Totals 1 Australia 2 - - - 2 Canadal 6 - - - 6 ESROI1 7 - - - 7 France 12 - - - 12 1 Germany 4 - - 1 5 Intelsatl 18 - - 18 Japan 5 - - - 5 NATO1 2 - - - 2 Proc 2 - - - 2 UK1 11 - - - 11 US2 697 29 1 16 743 USSR3 834 23 9 8 874 Netherlandsl - - - 1 1 Spain 1 - - 1 Italyl 4 - - - 4 TOTALS 160-6 .52 10 25 1693­ 1Includes launches from the U.S. or by U.S. boosters, of satellites built by sponsors or built jointly under cooperation agreements with the U.S. 2U.S. totals consist of exclusively U.S.-sponsoredsatellites,including unidentified satellites,but not including Atlas-Centaur, Saturn, or Titan Ill non-runcrional payloads. 3USSR totals include unidentified Russian spacecraft; do not inclUde Earth-parking platforms used for injecting payload spacecraft into other orbits. SPACECRAFT STILL IN ORBIT Solar/Planet Sponsor Earth Orbit' Lunar Orbit Orbit Totals Australia 1 - - Canada 6 - - 6 ESRO 2 - - 2 France 11 - - .11 Germany 4 - 1 5 Intelsat 18 - - 18 Japan 5 -- 5 NATO' 2 - - 2 Proc 2 - - 2 UK 9 - - 9 US '330 5 16 351 USSR 281 6 16 303 Netherlands 1 - - 1 Spain 1 - -1 Italy 1 - - 1 TOTALS 674 11 33 718 *Doesnot include non-functional payloads, nor parking-orbit platforms. MANNED SPACE FLIGHT RECORDS Total Earth Lunar Total Flights Missions Missions Man-Hours United States 30 21 9 21,851 5 USSR 23 23 - 5,965.5 TOTALS 3 4 9 27,817.0 First Manned Flight: Vostok 1 First Lunar Orbit: Apollo 8 First EVA: Voskhod 2 First Crew Exchange: Soyuz 4 and 5 Longest Flight: Skylab 4 First Manned Lunar Landing, Apollo 11 (84 days 1 hr. 16 min.i First Triple Spacecraft Launch: First Rendezvous Mission: Gemini 7 and 6 Soyuz 6, 7 and 8 First Docking Flight: Gemini 8 Heaviest Spacecraft: Skylab 1 (164,597 Ibs.) 2 REPRODUCIBILITY OP THE ORIGINAL PAGE IS POOR 2. SOURCES OF INFORMATION References on NASA space programs are not always well indexed. The profusion and confusion of names and acronyms for satellites hamper persons learning about NASA programs for the first time. Access to even the available references is sometimes difficult, but with persistence, most documents can be examined. The National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) is charged with supplying the professional community with general information on satellites and space experiments. This organization furnishes
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