Barcham 156 Barclay

The of the on having been expelled from his native only manuscripts fragments I country the war are to two manu- ! for the sake of which Trojan appended religion ; statement, sub- if scripts of Lydgate's poem on the same however, cannot be correct, Barclay was in the or ject, one in the Bodleian and the other settled in England by 1508 earlier, up to Cambridge University Library. They have which time no religious disputes had oc- I been printed by the Early English Text So- i curred in Scotland (RrrsoN). Little impor- ' ' ciety. The Legends of the Saints exists I tance attaches to the cavil that, had Barclay in a in the same been a he would have taken more only single manuscript I Scot, ' Cambridge Library. The Legend of St. ! frequent opportunities of singing the praises ' it Horstmann of his land. This not Machar was printed from by | native would have ' in his neue , added to his comfort in Altenglische Legenden, Folge,' England ; moreover, Heilbronn, 1881, and the remainder, along one of his chief patrons, as will be seen, was ' with the fragments of the poem on the Trojan I the victor of Flodden Field. In the Ship of

1 ' war, were published by the same editor at Fools,' however (sec. Of the ruyne, &c. of the in 1882. to ' Heilbronn holy fayth ') occurs, subjoined a specyall exhortacion and lawde ' of a [For the facts of Harbour's life see Exchequer Henry VIII, of vols. ii. and iii. warm tribute to James IV of con- Eolls Scotland, ; Eegistrum Scotland, Episcoparus Aberdonensis, Spalding Society; sisting of several stanzas, one of them an Eymer's Fcedera. Brief memoirs are prefixed acrostic, and including a recommendation to the various editions of the Bruce, and his of a close alliance between the lion and the as a is in Warton's His- position poet estimated unicorn. At the time of their publication, tory of English Poetry, Irving's History of Scot- hardly any one but a Scotchman would have tish and Matzner's Poetry, Altenglische Sprach- indited these stanzas. Lastly, the argument JE. M. proben.] in favour of Barclay's Scottish nationality is still further strengthened the Scottish BARCHAM, JOHN. [See BARKHAM.] by element in his vocabulary. The words in BARCLAY, ALEXANDER (1475?- question are not numerous, but it is difficult 1552), poet, scholar, and divine, was born otherwise to account for their presence about the year 1475. The question whether (JAMIESON, i. xxix-xxx). he was by birth a Scotchman or an English- Possibly Barclay may have first crossed man has been abundantly disputed; Bale says the border with the view of obtaining a uni- ' of him, alii Scotum, alii Anglum fuisse versity education in England, according to ' contendunt (Scriptorum Brytannice Cen- a practice not unusual among his country- turies, ix. 723). But there is no evidence men even in his day (IRVING, 326). He is to support the latter contention. Pits con- conjectured to have been a member of Oriel sidered that Barclay's native district was College, as it would seem solely on the probably Devonshire, apparently on no other ground that he afterwards dedicated his ground than that of his having held prefer- chief literary work to Dr. Cornish, bishop of ment there. Wood adds a DE to his name Tyne (suffragan bishop of Bath and Wells), (for which the occurrence of the same prefix who was provost of Oriel from 1493 to 1507. ' in the Prologe of James Locker, Ship of As a matter of course, we have a suggestion Fools,' ed. Jamieson, i. 9, is hardly a suffi- that Cambridge and not Oxford, and a third cient voucher), and idly supposes him to that Cambridge as well as Oxford, may have have been born at Berkeley in Somerset- been Barclay's university. Warton cites a for ' all shire, which should be read Gloucester- line from Eclogue I,' which at events shire. On the other not do his shows that once visited hand, only Barclay Cambridge ; baptismal name and the spelling of his sur- to this it may be added that in the same ( ' l name primd facie suggest a Scotch origin; Eclogue Trompyngton and good Man- ' but there remains the distinct statement of chester (query Godmanchester, though the a contemporary, Dr. William Bulleyn, who reference may be to Manchester, with which lived many years in the northern counties James Stanley, bishop of Ely, 1506-15, was of England, that 'Bartley' was 'borne be- closely connected) are mentioned among the yonde the colde River of Twede.' In an well-known places of the world. But so earlier publication than that quoted above much familiarity with Cambridge and its (Illmtrium Majoris Britannice Scriptorum neighbourhood might well be acquired by Summarium) Bale introduces Barclay simply an Ely monk. At the one or the other of ' as Scotus and cited the if not at he ;' Holinshed, by Ritson, English universities, both, likewise calls him a Scot. The Scotchman may be assumed to have studied and to have Dempster also claims him as his countryman taken his degrees. In his will he calls him- (Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Scotorum, self doctor of divinity, but where and when i. 106), adding that he lived in England, he took this degree is unknown. Either Barclay 157 Barclay before or after his university career, while clay was a member, was founded in 1337 still ' in he resided at John of Exeter he was youth/ Croydon by Grandisson, bishop ; the

1 in Surrey, of which place repeated mention manor and hundred had been obtained by ' is made in Eclogue I.' him in exchange from, the dean and chapter Barclay's student life had, according to of Rouen, to whom they had been granted ' ' his own testimony in the Ship of Fools by Edward the Confessor. It was here that ' been full of in the (sec. Of unprofytable Stody '), Barclay, 1508, accomplished work to ' ' and it has been that this which he owes his chief the foly ; supposed fame, English ' may have induced him to travel abroad be- verse translation of the Ship of Fools,' first fore his entrance into holy orders (JAMIESON). published by Pynson in December 1509, with a The shepherd Comix, by whom in his dedication by the author to Bishop Cornish 'Eclogues' Barclay evidently, as a rule, on the back of the first leaf. In this dedi- ' designates himself, speaks of Rome, Paris, cation he speaks of the work as meorum Lyons, and Florence as towns which he primicise laborum quaB in lucem eruperunt/ visited among many others, when he saw but he had previously, in 1506, put forth ' the world in his youth. We know of no without his name a book called the Castell authority for Mackenzie's assertion that he of Laboure,' a translation from the French also travelled in the Netherlands and in poet, best known as a dramatist, Pierre ' ' Germany. In any case his years of travel Gringoire's Le Chateau de Labour (1499), must have fallen in a most active period of a moral allegory which, though of no novel the continental Renascence, when English- kind, was speedily reprinted by a second men were freely gathering in the learning publisher. which they were to acclimatise at home. It During his residence at Ottery St. Mary is impossible to determine how much of his Barclaymade some otherfriends and enemies. scholarship Barclay acquired in England. Among the former was a priest, John 'Bishop He seems to have had but a slight acquaint- by name,' his obligations to whom he * ' ance with Greek. Of his knowledge of warmly attests in the Ship of Fools (sec. his ' ' were to furnish * The of a man Latin poets Eclogues descripcion wyse '), gravely evidence of other writers he on his name as that of 'the first ample ; specially playing quotes Seneca. But the monument proper ouersear of this warke.' A certain 'mays- of his Latin scholarship is his translation of ter Kyrkham,' to whose munificence and Sallust's ' Bellum Jugurthinum,' which he condescension he offers a tribute in the ' published at some date unknown in obedi- same poem (sec. Of the extorcion of ence to the wish of the Duke of Norfolk. It Knyghtis '), professing himself, doubtless in ' is prefaced by a dedication to this nobleman, a figurative sense only, his chaplayne and * in which the author speaks of the under- bedeman whyle my lyfe shall endure,' is ' ' standyng of latyn as being at this time with much probability supposed to be Sir almost contemned by gentylmen,' and by a John Kirkham, high sheriff of Devonshire Latin letter, dated from [King's] Hatfield in in the years 1507 and 1523 (see the au- Hertfordshire, to John Veysy, bishop of thorities cited by JAMIESON i. xxxvii, and Exeter. His familiarity with French he cf. as to the family of Kirkham LTSONS, showed by composing for publication in Magna Britannia, part i. ccii-cciii). In the 1521, again at the command of the Duke of same section of the poem he departs from his ' Norfolk, a tractate Introductory to write general practice of abstaining from personal and to pronounce Frenche,' which is men- attacks, in order to inveigh against a fat officer ' ' tioned by Palsgrave in L'Esclaircissement of the law, Mansell of Otery, for powlynge ' de la in 1530. of the elsewhere ' langue Francoise,' printed A pore ; (sec. Inprofytable bokes the of ' ' copy of Barclay's treatise, probably unique, ') parsons Honyngton (Honiton) exists in the Bodleian. and Clyst are glanced at obliquely as time- In the of the sixteenth and and early years century serving sporting clergymen ; to learn- another section the union between clmrchmanship and (' Of hym that nought can less close in than and lerne ' ' ing was still hardly England nought wyll ') an addicion is it was in that group of continental scholars, made for the benefit of eight neighbours of a the among whom Sebastian Brant was already translator's, secondaries (priest-vicars) prominent figure. Soon after Barclay's return of Ottery St. Mary, without whose presence ' ' to England he must have been ordained by the ship would be incomplete. Bishop Cornish, through whom he was ap- Barclay's residence in Devonshire may pointed a priest in the college of Ottery St. have come to an end with Bishop Cornish's Mary, in Devonshire, of which the pluralist resignation of the wardenship of Ottery bishop held the wardenship from 1490 to 1511. St. Mary in 1511, which was followed two The college of secular priests, of which Bar- years later by the bishop's death. Remi- Barclay 158 Barclay niscences of the West occur even in his later and St. Ethelreda,' the last-named, of course, ' Bristowe ' in Ed. ' the Severn connects itself with poems (' iv., directly Ely. in Eel. but in the dedication of ' The Under for whom ii.) ; Henry VII, Barclay ' Myrrour of Good Maners, translated at the cherished, or professed to cherish, a deep re- and Eel. and desyre of Syr Gyles Alyngton, Knyght,' gard (see i.), learning letters were ' at the into printed without a date by Pynson already coming fashion, and the early instance and request' of Richard, earl of years of Henry VIII were the heyday of the ' Kent, Barclay calls himself prest : and English Renascence. It is therefore not ' ' is transla- that monke of Ely.' This Myrrour a surprising Barclay, whose efforts as an tion from Dominic Mancini's elegiac poem author began towards the close of the first ' 1 Virtutibus and the Tudor and achieved a suc- De quatuor (1516) ; reign, conspicuous cess at address prefixed to it contains the interest- the end of the second, should have had had a ing statement that Sir Giles Alington liberal experience of patrons and pa- requested Barclay to abridge or adapt Gower's tronage. He seems to have enjoyed the ' Confessio Amantis,' but that Barclay had goodwill of Henry VII's trusted adviser, declined the undertaking as unsuitable to Cardinal Morton, a prelate of literary tastes his and iii. and but this must age, infirmities, profession (WARTON, (see Eclogues iv.) ; ' iii. 195). The Eclogues,' the early editions have been in "the earlier part of his life, as of which are again undated, were manifestly Morton died in 1 500. Perhaps, as Archbishop also written at Ely (see in Eel. iii. the of Canterbury, he had come into some con- passage on Bishop Alcock, 'now dead and tact with Barclay at Croydon. He was be- the founder of Jesus friended in his duke of gone ;' Alcock, College, maturity by Thomas, is also lamented in Eel. the victor of Field Cambridge, who i., Norfolk, Flodden and died in 1500 and see in Eel. v. the reference lord treasurer of to as has ; England whom, ' to Cornyx whiche dwelled in the fen/ and been seen, he dedicated his translation of the ' the detailed description of a mural painting Jugurtha,' and the memory of whose second in Ely Cathedral). In the introductory lines son, Sir Edward Howard, he, after the death he states that he was thirty-eight years of of the latter off Brest, 25 April 1513, as lord age when he restimed a subject at which he high admiral in the war with France, sang worked in his and inas- in the of the ' Towre of had already youth ; graceful eclogue much as it is clear that at least one event Vertue and Honour,' introduced into his ' Eel. ' mentioned in the Eclogues,' the death of iv.' Other patrons of his, as has been seen, Sir Edward Howard (Eel. iv.) in 1513, could were Richard, earl of Kent, who died in not have occurred long before the allegory 1523, and Sir Giles Alington. To another concerning it was composed, the above-men- contemporary, of tastes and tendencies simi- tioned statement fixes his birth about the year lar to his own, he pays in passing a tribute 1475 (see the argument in JAMIESON, i. Iv- which to its object, Dean Colet, must have Ixiii, but here the death of Howard is mis- seemed the highest that could be received by dated 1514; see Lord HERBERT of Cher- him. 'This man,' we read in 'Eel. iv.,"hath bury's Life and Reign of Henry VIII, 31). won some soules.' Little is known as to his "While, then, still in the prime of life, Barclay relations to Cardinal Wolsey, an allusion to had taken the vows as a Benedictine monk, whom has been very unreasonably sought in ' ' and thus enrolled himself in the most con- the mention of butchers dogges wood (mad) aristocratic ' servative and of the orders (it is in the eulogy of Bishop Alcock in Eel. i.' curious that in Eel. v. he should rather con- On the other hand, Jamieson has directed ' temptuously introduce a gentell Cluner,' attention to a letter from Sir Nicholas Vaux i.e. Cluniac monk, as a purveyor of charms to Cardinal Wolsey, dated 10 April 1520, ' to women). At Ely he also translated from and begging the cardinal to send to them Baptist Mantuan the 'Life of St. George,' . . . Maistre Barkleye, the black monke and which he dedicated to Nicholas West, bishop poete, to devise histoires and convenient of from this translation raisons to florrishe the and Ely (FAIRHOLT) ; buildings banquet lines in ' Mackenzie (ii. 291) quotes some the house withal at the famous meeting called old fourteen-syllable metre, which are with- the Field of the Cloth of Gold (see Calendar out any striking merit. When certain lives i of State Papers, Foreign and Domestic,

of other ! saints, said to have been written by Henry VIII, vol. iii. pt. i. 259). It would

Barclay, but all non-extant, were composed, ! probably not have interfered with Barclay's ' can be the Life of St. i been the author only conjectured ; execution of his task had he Thomas of Canterbury' is thought by Jamie- of a tract against the French king's (query son to have been ! written when its author Lewis XII ?) oppression of the church, which had become a Franciscan at of ! ascribed to him. In the same connec- Canterbury ; has been the 'Lives of St. Catharine, St. tion it added that a Margaret, j maybe strong antipathy Barclay i 59 Barclay

a con- that seemed to those in for animated Barclay against prominent | good authority ; temporary man of letters. Against Skelton, not only did he hold Much Badew till his as a wanton and vicious writer, Barclay in- death, but he was in 1552 presented the j by veighed with little or no pretence of disguis- dean and chapter of Canterbury to the rectory ' his attack. At the close of the Ship of of All Hallows, Lombard Street, in the ing i city ' ' of the of London. Fools (sec. A brefe addicion syngu- j Jamieson has pointed out that he alludes with Ordinis laryte of some newe Folys ') Wadding (Scriptores Minorwri), who of | lofty contempt to the author and theme promotes Barclay to a suffragan-bishopric of the ' Boke of Phyllyp Sparowe,' a hit very Bath and Wells, probably confounds him with as it Gilbert who was conse- good-humouredly returned, seems, by I Berkeley, actually ' ' Skelton in his Garlande of Laurell (DYCE'S \ crated to that see in 1559, and that the same Skelton, i. 411-12). Very probably, also, it mistake may be at the bottom of a scandalous ' is in allusion to Skelton in his Eel. iv.,' anecdote related Bale and that, j against Barclay by l ' a laureat who is repeated by Wood, of which the scene is Barclay upbraids poete | laid at { a graduate of 'stinking Thais' (cf. DYCE, Wells, before he was Queen Mary's xxxv-xxxvi). But though Skelton para- chaplain.' Queen Mary did not ascend the phrased and presented to Wolsey three por- throne till more than a year after Barclay's ' tions of Locher's Latin version of the Ship of death. One is altogether inclined to regard j ' ' Fools under the title of the Boke of Three as resting on no better foundation Bale's cha- j Fooles' (see DYCE, i. 199-205, and cf. ii. 227), racteristic assertion that Barclay throughout ' neither jealousy nor partisanship, nor even remained not only ueritatis osor,' i.e. a Roman in professional feeling is needed order to ex- catholic at heart, but also 'sub coelibatus fuco plain Barclay's abhorrence of the Bohemian fcedus adulter.' vicar of Diss, with whose motley the sober A few weeks after his presentation to his hue of his own more sedate literary and sati- city rectory, Barclay died at Croydon, where in rical gifts had so little common. Bale he had spent some of his younger days. He mentions (Scriptorum Brytannice Centuria, was buried in the church there on 10 June l ix.) a book by Barclay, Contra Skeltonium,' 1552. Since, as has been seen, he was born ' which, according to Ritson, was probably in about 1475, he had attained to a good old metre, but appears neither to have been age. In his will, which is extant, he leaves ' printed, nor to be extant in manuscript.' bequests to the poor of Badew and of Owk- How Barclay fared at the time of the ley' (Wokey). The other bequests are nu- dissolution of the monasteries we do not merous, but have little significance for poste- know. Some time before this he had left a liberal of 8QI. to the rity ; legacy poor and Ely, where he had become a laudator tem- other gifts are dependent on the payment poris acti, and deprecated the violence which, of debts owing by one Cutbeard Croke, of ' in contrast with his "predecessors, the drede- Winchester (see JAMIESON, i. Ixxxvi-lxxxix). ' fnil Dromo used towards his flock (see Eel. Prefixed to Pynson's editions of Barclay's ' ' ' ' iii. One would be tempted to identify this Mirror of Good Manners and Sallust is personage with Thomas Goodrich, bishop of a representation of the author in monastic ' ' Ely, 1534-54, who reformed his see, but habit presenting a copy of his work to his ' ' that the Eclogue must have been written patron. The face is (at least in the Cam- far At some date unknown he as- ' Sallust but earlier). bridge ') interesting ; Jamieson sumed the habit of the more rigorous Fran- points out that the picture is used for a ciscan order at Canterbury (BALE, MS. Sloan, similar purpose in other publications, so that cited by Jamieson; cf. Dempster). It is its chief figure cannot be identified with probably a mere coincidence that an Alex- Barclay. is mentioned in 1528 as ander Barclay a Even considering the length of his life, vehement promoter of the Lutheran reforma- Barclay was a very productive writer. No tion and refugee in Germany (see Arber's intrinsic importance, however, belongs to any reprint of ROY and BARLOW'S Rede me and of his minor writings, incidentally mentioned be nott The reac- above in addition to wrothe, Introduction, 13). ; which there has also tion of the last years of Henry VIII's reign been attributed to him, on no very satisfac- was clearly not disadvantageous to Barclay, tory evidence, the English translation printed who was presented, 7 Feb. 1546, by Mr. John by Pynson, as is supposed, between 1520 and Pascal with the vicarage of Much Badew, in 1530, of the travels of Hayton, a Praemon- Essex, and 30 March of the same year with stratensian friar, in the Holy Land and Ar- the vicarage of Wokey, in Somersetshire. menia, originally written in French, and then During the reign of Edward VI, through rendered into Latin by command of Pope the greater part of which he survived, he Clement V. Warton further mentions, as in ' ' must have acquiesced the religious changes by Barclay, Orationes varise and a tractate, Barclay 160 Barclay

' rests The ballad in honour of De fide ortliodoxa.' His literary fame newe Folys '). the ' which concludes on his Ship of Fools/ and in a less degree Blessed Virgin, his work, < these works seems also to be his own. As to his on his Eclogues.' The former of general of his he on the remains essentially a translation, though execution task, whole manages to have added his seven-line stanza not and Barclay truly states himself unskilfully, to his work. thus invests his translation with a of and given an English colouring degree the It is in any case the most noteworthy trans- dignity wanting to original. LikaBrant, of his character as a lation into a living tongue of a production he never forgets plain The Jacob Locher produced his upon our literature, pre-eminently helping to ' celebrated Latin version, the Stultifera bury mediaeval allegory in the grave which Navis.' On this Barclay's translation was had long yawned before it, and to direct founded. He professes, indeed, to have English authorship into the drama, essay, ' ouersene the fyrst inuention in Doche, and and novel of character. * ' ' after that the two translations in Laten and Barclay's Eclogues (or Egloges/ as they ' first in deference a Frenche (see the Prologs of James Locher were called to ridiculous in JAMIESON, i. 9; the French translation etymology) were the first poetical efforts of was probably that of Pierre Riviere of Poi- the kind that appeared in English proper; tiers, whose original was Locher, and whom, in Scotland, as Sibbald points out, they had ' in 1498, Jehan Droyn paraphrased into prose). been preceded by Henryson's charming Ro- ' But at the conclusion of the argument bene and Makyne (dated about 1406 by H. (jAMiESON,i. 18) Barclay directly refers to cer- Morley). The earliest modern bucolics were ' tain verses by Locher as those of his Actour/ Petrarch's, composed about 1350, but these or and the order of the as are in Latin. more immediate original ; sections, Barclay's well as the additions made to the original predecessor, and one of his chief models, was German text, generally correspond to those Baptist Mantuan, whose eclogues appeared in of 1497. Even the 1400 and before the close of Locher's Latin version about ; the cen- ' ' ' preliminary stanzas, headed Alexander Bar- tury the Bucolics of Virgil had been trans- clay excusynge the rudenes of his translation/ lated into Italian by several poets. The ' ' ' correspond to the Excusatio Jacobi Locher/ first three of Barclay's Eclogues are, how- ' ' whereas Brant's Entschuldigung occurs ever, adaptations from the very popular ' ' near the end of the German book. Curiously Miseries Curialium of ^Eneas Sylvius (Pic- enough, however, the poem of Robert Gaguin, colomini, 1405-64). The theme was one of which Barclay inserted a version near the familiar enough to the Renascence age, and end of his work, had made its appearance, its echoes are still heard in our own literature not in Locher's Latin translation,' but in that in the poetry of Spenser. Though Barclay's of Jodocus Badius Ascensius (1505). On execution is as rude as his manner is prosy, his the other hand, the woodcuts of Barclay's very realistic complaints furnish a very lively translation are copied from the original picture of contemporary manners : thus, for it Basel edition, which has been supposed Eel. iii., which was probably known to that these illustrations, that contributed not Spenser, and perhaps to Milton, introduces a little to the popularity of the satire, were an excellent description of an inn; but a ' ' invented by Sebastian Brant himself (see more famous passage in this pastoral is the ZAKNCKE, 234 seq.) eulogy of Bishop Alcock. Eclogues iv. ' ' Barclay's additions are mostly of a per- and v. are imitations of the fifth and sixth of sonal or patriotic nature; but he also in- Mantuan. Into Eel. iv., which treats of dulges in an outburst against French fashions the neglect of poets by rich men, is intro- in ' dress (sec. Of newe fassions and disgised duced the allegory already mentioned in indites a the honour of Sir Howard the garmentes '), prolonged lament, Edward ; Duke refrain of which suggests a French origin, of Norfolk, the Earl of Shrewsbury, and on the of ' vanity human greatness (sec. Of King Henry VIII appear among the inhabi- the ende of worldly honour and power/ &c.), tants of the Tower of Virtue and Honour. and makes a noteworthy onslaught upon the The effort is as well sustained as any that false religious (this is the substance of his remains from Barclay's hand. The whole 'brefe addicion of the syngularite of some poem has a touch of bitterness reseni- Barclay 161 Barclay bling that in the October eclogue of the Scriptorum Brytannise Centuriae, 723, Basel, * the Pits's Relationes Historicse de rebus An- Shepherd's Calendar.' Eel. vi., under 1559; ' i. 1619 Th. His- title of the Cytezen and Uplondyshman,' glicis, 745, Paris, ; Dempster's toria Ecclesiastica Gentis 2nd treats the familiar theme of the relative ad- Scotorum, ed. i. 1829 of town and (Bannatyne Club), 106, Edinburgh, ; vantages and disadvantages ; Wood's Athenae Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, i. 205-9; country, here discussed by two shepherds , Warton's History of English Poetry, ed. Hazlitt, themselves in the straw at warming night. iii. Sibbald's 189-203, London, 1871 ; Chronicle After has related the curious and Amyntas of Scotish ii. 396-7; Ritson's Biblio- ' ' Poetry, tale of Comix concerning the un- 44-46* D. of pathetic graphia Poetica, ; Irving's History distribution Eve's children of equal among , Scottish Poetry, ed. J. A. Carlyle, Edinburgh, and the burdens of Faustus the honours life, , 1861. The article on Barclay in Mackenzie's on defends the shepherd's estate by dwelling Lives and Characters of Scottish Writers, ii. j' its representatives from Abel to Christ. In 287-95, is discursive and incorrect.] the entertaining colloquy which follows, the A. W. W. town has the worse of the dispute, decidedly j ANDREW WHYTE, M.D. though the author is man of the world ! BAKCLAY, (1817-1884), physician, was born at Dysart, enough to mingle a little satire in his praise N.B., and educated at the High School ofEdin- of rustic simplicity. burgh. He studied medicine at The following list of Barclay's extant Edinburgh and after Berlin and Paris i. University, visiting works is abridged from Jamieson, xcvii-cix. | took the M.D. degree in 1839. He afterwards The doubtful works are queried. Bale's list entered at Cains College, Cambridge, and is incomplete, as is that of Pits. Dempster's pro- ceeded to the M.D. in 1852. He was and Warton's include several works, already degree elected assistant to St. mentioned, which have been attributed to physician George's Hospital in 1857, and devoted much attention Barclay, but are not extant. 1. 'The Cas- to the interests of the medical lectur- tell of de 1506 school, Laboure,' Wynkyn Worde, ; < on medicine, and as from Pynson, n. d. 2. the Shyp of Folys of the ing serving physician 1862 to 1882. the 1509 &c. At College of Physicians he Worlde,' Pynson, ; Cawood, 1570, ' was examiner in medicine, &c. 3. The Egloges of Alexander Barclay, councillor, censor, Lumleian and Harveian orator n. d. John n. d. lecturer, (for Prest,' ; Herforde, ; Humfrey elected treasurer in 1884. He n. d. Eel. iv. n. d. Eel. v. 1881), being Powell, ; Pynson, ; was of the Medical and Chi- de n. &c. Powell's president Royal Wynkyn Worde, d., ; for the and con- edition is in the Cambridge University Li- rurgical Society year 1881, ' tributed to the transactions of that brary. 4. The Introductory to write and to society i two on heart disease. He was shrewd Frenche,' 1521. 5. The papers pronounce Coplande, j and cautious as a concise of Good n. d. physician, and Myrrour Maners,' Pynson, ; ' as a writer. He wrote the follow- Cawood, 1570. 6. Crony cle compiled in polished the renowned ing works: 1. 'A Manual of Medical Dia- Latyn, by Sallust,' Pynson, ' 2. On Medical Errors.' 3. * n. d. 1557 edition is in the gnosis.' On ; Waley, ; Pynson's ' Gout and Rheumatism in relation to Diseases Cambridge University Library. 7. ? Alex. of the Heart.' Barclay, his Figure of our Mother Holy Church oppressed by the Frenche King,' [Brit. Mecl. Jour. May 1884.] E. E. T. Pynson, n. d. 8. ' The Lyfe of the Glorious BARCLAY, DAVID. [See under BAR- Martyr saynt George, translated by Alex- CLAY, ROBERT, 1648-1690.] ander Barclay, while he was a monk of Ely,' ' Pynson, n. d. 9. ? The Lyfe of saynte BARCLAY, SIR GEORGE (f. 1696), Thomas,' Pynson, n. d. 10. ?' Haython's the principal agent in the assassination plot Cronycle,' Pynson, n. d. against William III in 1696, was of Scotch descent, and at the time of the plot about best account of and his works ' [The Barclay sixty years of age. He is characterised as a will be found to T. H. Jamieson's ex- prefixed man equally intriguing, daring, and cautious.' cellent edition of the of Fools, 2 vols. Ship He appears to have been a favourite officer of 1874. kind of information Edinburgh, Every Viscount Dundee, and at the battle of Kil- as to Sebastian Brant's Narrenschiff, with a re- liecrankie was joint commander of the regi- view of its reproductions, is supplied in Zarncke's ment of Sir Donald M 'Donald of Sleat, celebrated edition, Leipzig, 1854. Of the Ec- with that baronet's son there is no modern edition along (MACPHER- logues complete ; i. After the but Eel. v. is reprinted in Sibbald's Chronicle of SON, Original Papers, 370). death of Dundee he over into Scotish Poetry, ii. 393-424, and in vol. xxii. of passed Ireland, there from Mull the Percy Society's Publications, with a valuable landing with the Pink, 19 1690 i. introduction, containing extracts from Eel. iv., March (MACPHERSON, 173). Being l and notes by F. W. Fairholt. See also Bale's held by the Highlanders in high esteem/ VOL. III. Barclay 162 Barclay

' lie returned in 1691 to Scotland, with a 18 Jan. 1799 in Glasgow, where his father warrant under King James's hands to treat was a merchant. After serving his appren- ' with the Highland clans (CARSTAKES'S State ticeship as a law agent he was admitted a for a member of the in 1821. In Papers, 140). As an opportunity rising Glasgow faculty returned to 1829 he was sheriff substitute of did not present itself, he again appointed held the the western district of and in France : but though he appointment Perthshire, of lieutenant in the ex-king's regiment of 1833 sheriff substitute of the county. He the Duke of died at his residence at horse guards, commanded by Early-bank, Craigie, Berwick, he was also frequently employed near Perth, on 1 Feb. 1884, having for several in been the oldest in along with Captain Williamson negotia- years judge Scotland. ' tions' with the adherents of James in Eng- Sheriff Barclay was the author of A Digest land. In 1696 he arrived in England with of the Law of Scotland, with special re- a commission from James 'requiring our ference to the Office and Duties of the Justice 1 in and war of a lovino subjects to rise arms make the Peace,' 1852-3, work which has uponthe 'Prince of Orange, the usurper of passed into several editions, and has proved of our throne.' According to the Duke of'Ber- invaluable service to the class of magistrates wick, 2,000 horse were to be raised to join for which it was intended. Besides editions the king on his arrival from France, Sir John of various other legal works, he also pub- to be and Sir lished ' Law of 1847 ' Public Fenwick major-general, George Highways,' ; the Duke House 1862 ' Judicial Procedure Barclay brigadier (Memoirs of of Statutes,' ; i. inter- in Church 1876 and Berwick, 134). Barclay, however, Presbyterian Courts,' ; as him a other preted his commission allowing minor tractates, such as 'Hints to ' certain discretion in the methods to be em- Legal Students,' The Local Courts of Eng- the land ' ployed against 'the usurper.' Making and Scotland compared,' and The Out- his line of of piazza of Co vent Garden headquarters, the Law Scotland against Sabbath he gathered around him a body of conspi- Profanation.' He was a frequent contributor ' ' rators forty men in all, well mounted who to the Journal of Jurisprudence and other as he was return- his were to pounce on William legal periodicals, and papers on the .' Curi- ' ' ing from Richmond to London, the spot osities of the Game Laws and Curiosities ' selected^being a narrow lane between Brent- of Legislation were also published by him ford and Turnham Green, where his coach in a collected form. For many years he was and six could not turn. The time fixed was a prominent member of the general assembly 15 Feb., but the plot having been revealed, of the church of Scotland, and, taking an the king remained at home both on that day active interest in ecclesiastical and philan- ' and on the 22nd. The principal subordi- thropic matters, he published Thoughts on nates were captured, with the exception of Sabbath Schools,' 1855; 'The Sinaitic In- Barclay, who made his escape to France. scriptions,' 1866, and a few other small works In a narrative published in Clarke's 'Life of a similar kind. of James exonerates his master II,' Barclay [Scotsman, 2 Feb. 1884.] T. F. H. of the but that he from^all knowledge plot ; did not strongly reprobate it, is sufficiently BARCLAY, JOHN (1582-1621), author ' proved by the fact that he received Barclay of the Argenis,' was born 28 Jan. 1582 at again into his service. Duringthe negotia- Pont-a-Mousson, where his father, William tions with France in 1698, the Earl of Port- Barclay [q.v.], was professor of civil law in land demanded that Barclay should be deli- the college then recently founded in that town vered but Louis that the the Duke of Lorraine. His Anne up ; replied regiment by mother, he commanded had been disbanded, and that de Malleviller, was a French lady of dis- did not know what had become of him. birth but con- he tinguished ; Barclay always sidered himself a Life of James II Howell's State Scotsman and a subject [Clarke's ; of vol. xiii. Melville and Leven James I, and the to affiliate him Trials, ; Papers ; attempt Carstares's State to France, of which his native town at that- Macpherson's Original Papers ; Memoirs of the Duke of formed no has been renounced Papers ; Berwick; period part, Memoirs Burnet's of his even the French critics who have of late Dalrymple's ; History by Wilson's James II and the Duke of so own Times ; done much to elucidate the circumstances Berwick the Histories of and ; Macaulay, Kanke, of his life. He is said to have been educated T. F. H. Klopp.] by the Jesuits, and this may partially have been the case but his father is little to ; likely ^BARCLAY, HUGH (1799-1884), a have resigned the main charge of his educa- Scottish and sheriff substitute lawyer of tion to other hands, and his writings show was descended from old Perthshire, the Bar- no trace of the false taste which had already of and was born on clay family Fifeshire, begun to infect the Jesuit colleges. Like Barclay 163 Barclay

1 ' Pope's, his youthful fancy was captivated the Icon Animorum,' generally reckoned as his first was a the fourth of the ' an "by Statins, and performance ; part Satyricon,' animated ' commentary on the Thebaid,' composed at the and accurate sketch of the character of the age of nineteen. The Jesuits may well have chief European nations. In 1616 he quitted desired to enlist so promising a recruit in England for Rome, a step imputed by their order but the usual that his father himself to for ; story penitence having published carried him off to England to avoid their per- i and defended the errors of his father on the is rendered doubtful the differ- extent of the but which the secutions by papal authority ; ent account of the motive of his visit assigned ; internal evidence of his Latin poems shows by himself in one of his poems. The accession to have been rather occasioned by the dis- of a Scottish king to the English throne would : appointment of his hopes of reward and ad- seem quite sufficient inducement to draw a i vancement at the English court. Though his gifted and enterprising young Scotsman to i works continued to be prohibited at Rome, he

at the same time his to i was Paul V and well received London ; antipathy pensioned by it his old the from whatever cause have Bellarmine ; he Jesuits, may I by antagonist repaid their ' meliore arisen, was unquestionably very genuine, and j protection, voluntate quam found vent in his next work. The first part successu,' says one of his biographers, by a ' of the Satyricon,' published under the name controversial work against protestantism, the 1 of Euphormio Lusimnus, is said to have ap- Paraenesis ad Sectaries,' printed at Cologne peared in London in 1603, but no copy of the in 1617. It was probably discovered that edition has ever been found. A second edition was not his forte at all his theology ; events, was printed at Paris in 1605. Barclay's stay services were not again put into requisition, in was but short he first and he his last in England ; repaired spent years retirement, to Angers, and in 1605 to Paris, where he indulging the innate Scottish taste for gar- married Louise Debonnaire, daughter of an dening by cultivating tulips, and his special army paymaster, and herself a Latin scholar literary gift by the composition of his master- ' and poetess. The married pair removed in piece, the Argenis.' According to a manu- 1606 to London, where, in the same year, script note in a copy belonging to M. Dukas, Barclay published his Latin poems under the founded on information derived from Bar- ' title of Sylvse,' but the second part of the clay's son, this memorable work was com- * ' Satyricon was published at Paris in 1607, pleted on 28 July 1621; on 1 Aug. the an edition entirely unknown until recently author was stricken with a violent fever, brought to light by M. Jules Dukas. Barclay and he expired on the 15th. Ralph Thorie, continued to reside in London for nearly ten in his anonymous elegy on Barclay's death years, enjoying, as the statement of his friend (London, 1621), more than insinuates that Thorie and the internal evidence of his works he was poisoned, and the suddenness of his attest, the favour of James I as a countryman decease is certainly suspicious. His romance and a scholar but the assertions of of was the same at the ; some printed year Paris, under his biographers fail to convince us that he supervision of his friend Peirescius, whose was entrusted with state secrets or employed letters to him remain unedited in the public in foreign missions. The obloquy occasioned library at Carpentras. Barclay, by his own ' ' by the attacks made in the Satyricon on the direction, was interred in the church of St. Jesuits and the Duke of Lorraine compelled Onofrio, which also holds the remains of him in 1611 to vindicate himself by the pub- Tasso. A monument erected to him in an- ' lication of an Apologia,' usually but im- other church was subsequently removed, properly regarded as a third part of the either from the revival of suspicions respect- work. This has been stated to his to another usually have ing orthodoxy ; or, according been designed as a reply to a particular at- account, from his widow's displeasure at a tack of which the author has remained un- copy having been made for Cardinal Bar- known, but M. Dukas demonstrates that this berini as a monument to a tutor in his own latter cannot have been written before 1616 family. Barclay left a son, who became an or 1617. In 1608 Barclay lost his father, and abb6. His widow returned to France, and in 1609 he edited the latter's posthumous died at Orleans in 1652. ' treatise, De Potestate Papae,' a work boldly Barclay is a writer of the highest merit, who attacking the usurpations of the mediaeval has adapted the style of Petronius, elevated popes, which involved him in a controversy by the assiduous study of more dignified with Bellarmine. By other Jesuit adversaries models, with signal success to the require- ' ' he was accused of having dissembled or for- ments of his own day. His Satyricon shows saken his religion to gratify James I, a charge how completely at an early age he had ap- which could have been easily established if it propriated the fascinating elegance of Petro- liad been well founded. In 1614 he published nius, while good taste or good morals kept his M 2 Barclay 164 Barclay

his as is matter singularly pure, considering age [Barclay's biography, usually narrated, and in and his vocation as a satirist. There is more disfigured by many errors, many passages ' more his life are unknown or obscure. The notices of of youthful vigour in the Satyricon,' > and writers of the next and finish in the Argenis; which en- contemporaries genera- weight such as of an tion, Bugnot, Pona, Crassus, Erythrseus, joys the further advantages ' interesting were condensed, with many corrections, into an a serious The plot and purpose. Satyricon' article in which has since baaed on Bayle's Dictionary, is partly autobiographical, partly served as the standard source of information, but his father's and one main object adventures, which M. Jules Dukas, in the preface to hi& ob- is the ridicule of , persons individually bibliography of the Satyricon (Paris, 1880), has noxious to him, such as the Duke of Lor- shown to abound with errors. M. Dukas has the name of Callion. raine, who figures under discovered many new facts, and his essay is the attacked under the collective valuable on There The Jesuits are most modern work Barclay.

: and the is Latin dissertation on the designation of Acignii puritans, a good Argenis by whom Barclay hardly liked better, are im- Leon Boucher (Paris, 1874). See also Dupond, de Barclai There is no under the figure of CatharinuB. L'Argenis (Paris, 1875). personated | ' collected edition of works, and M. Du- In the Argenis,' though most of the charac- Barclay's kas's exhaustive of the Satyricon ters are real personages, the merely personal bibliography is the contribution to their lite- is less the author's only important element conspicuous ; pur- | de- rary history. His separate poems appear in the wider. | pose is graver, and his scope He ! Delitise Poetarum Scotorum. A fifth part was to admonish princes and politicians, signed added to the Satyricon by Claude Morisot, under and above all to denounce political faction the pseudonym of Alethophilus, and has fre- and and show how they might conspiracy, quently been published along with it. A trans- be The and the repressed. League Gunpow- lation of the Argenis by Ben Jonson was entered a im- der plot had evidently made strong at Stationers' Hall on 2 Oct. 1623, but was never | his mind. The valour pression on youthful published. Two other translations appeared and conduct of Archombrotus and Poliarchus shortly afterwards. The Icon Animorum was | (both representing Henry IV), the regal translated by Thomas May in 1633.] E. G. dignity and feminine weakness of Hyanisbe minister (Elizabeth), the presumptuous arrogance of BARCLAY, JOHN(1734-1 798), of the church of Scotland and the founder- Radirobanes (Philip II), are powerfully de- of the sect of the otherwise called picted. As a story, the work occasionally Bereans, main- or was born in 1734 flags, but the style and the thoughts Barelayites Barclayans, ' tain the reader's interest, FSnelon's Tele- at Muthill, in Perthshire, where his father, it Ludovic was a farmer and miller. machus' is considerably indebted to it, and Barclay, destined for is an indispensable link in the chain which From an early age he was the unites classical with modern fiction. It has church. He entered the university of St. took the of equally pleased men of action and men of Andrews, and degree M.A., the admiration of statesmen afterwards the theo- letters ; with passing through ordinary like Richelieu and Leibnitz may be asso- logical curriculum. He became an ardent ciated the enthusiastic verdict of Coleridge, supporter of the views of Dr. Archibald of who pronounces the style concise as Tacitus Campbell, then professor church history. and perspicuous as Livy, and regrets that the On 27 Sept. 1759 Barclay received license romance was not moulded by some English to preach the gospel from the presbytery of contemporary into the octave stanza or epic Auchterarder, and soon after became assist- blank verse. Barclay's own Latin verse is ant to the Rev. James Jobson, incumbent of elegant and pleasing, and rarely aspires to be the parish of Errol, with whom he remained anything more. Very little is known with nearly four years, when he was dismissed for certainty respecting Barclay's character and his inculcation of obnoxious doctrines. In minister to personal traits. His elegist Thorie extols June 1763 he became assistant of Fetter- his personal qualities with most affectionate the Rev. Antony Dow, incumbent warmth, but in very general terms. He is cairn, in Kincardmeshire, where he spent usually said to have been grave and melan- nine years. His eloquence filled the church in his choly, but Thorie celebrates his 'facilis lepor,' to overflowing. A change opinions andBugnot speaks of his 'frons ad hilaritatem was indicated by the publication, in 1766, of a ' porrecta.' He evidently sought the favour of Paraphrase of the Book of Psalms,' to which ' the great, and would concede much to obtain was prefixed a Dissertation on the Best Means of the of it, but he cannot be reproached with flattery of interpreting that Portion Canon of in or servility. His adherence to the catholic Scripture.' The presbytery Fordoun, religion was probably the result of a sincere which Fettercairn is situated, summoned Bar- preference, but his writings are by no means clay to appear before them. He escaped from those of a zealot. their bar without censure. The antagonism Barclay 165 Barclay against him was revived, however, by his re- was minister to from one thousand to twelve assertion of doctrines obnoxious to the pres- hundred communicants, all collected to- ' bytery in a small work entitled Rejoice gether by the industry of Mr. Barclay during ' evermore, or Christ All in All,' against the his nine years' labour at Fettercairn (Life dangerous teaching of which the presbytery of Mr. John Barclay}. Meanwhile Barclay himself had to the call to drew up a libel, or warning, to be read pub- preferred accept

! in view of he had licly on a specified day in the church of Fet- Edinburgh, which repaired ten-aim. The libel had little effect upon to Newcastle for ordination, to which he the people, whom Barclay continued to in- i was admitted 12 Oct. 1773. His followers, struct in his old methods, publishing in 1769 ' sometimes called Barclayans or Barclayites, one of the largest of his treatises, entitled i after their founder, designated themselves *

Without without God or an ! Bereans xvii. described Faith, ; Appeal (Acts 11). Barclay ' to God concerning IT is own Existence,' which himself as minister of the Berean assembly in Their doctrines are in the has been several times reproduced, either Edinburgh.' main alone or as of the works of the author. those of Calvinism but also hold part ordinary ; they He produced also in the same year a polemi- the opinions (1) that natural religion under- cal letter the ' Eternal Generation of the mines the evidences of that on Christianity ; (2) 1 Son of which was followed in 1771 assurance is of the essence of faith that God, by ; (3) a letter the ' of and a unbelief is the sin and that on Assurance Faith,' unpardonable ; (4) ' Letter on Prayer, addressed to a certain In- the Psalms refer exclusively to Christ. 'There dependent Congregation in Scotland.' The are Berean churches in Edinburgh, Glasgow, death of Mr. Dow, minister of Fettercairn, Crieff, Kirkcaldy, Dundee, Arbroath, Mon- 26 Aug. 1772, left Barclay to the mercy of trose, Brechin, Fettercairn, and a few other ' the presbytery, who not only inhibited him places in Scotland (Biographical Dictionary from preaching in the church of Fettercairn, of Eminent Scotsmen), where, however, they ' but used all their influence to close his are described as a small and diminish ing- ' mouth within their bounds, which lie in party of religionists (EADIE'S Ecclesiastical what is called the Mearns. The clergy of the Cyclopaedia), and there are, it is believed, a neighbouring district of Angus were much few congregations of them in America more friendly, and Barclay was generally (M'CLiNTOCK and STKONG'S Cyclopedia, &c., admitted to their churches, in which for New York). When Barclay had preached several months he preached to crowded con- for about three years in Edinburgh, he took a gregations. The parish of Fettercairn al- two years' leave of absence, during which he most unanimously favoured the claims of proceeded to London. Here he laid the Barclay to the vacant living, and appealed foundation of a church of Bereans, and also on his behalf to the synod of Angus and established a debating society. Barclay had Mearns, and then to the general assembly, to made ready his way as a propagandist by ' support him against his rival, the Rev. Robert the publication of a New Work in three Foote. But it was ordered that Foote should volumes, containing, 1. The Psalms para- be inducted. The presbytery of Fordoun phrased according to the New Testament. refused Barclay a certificate of character. 2. A select Collection of Spiritual Songs. The refusal of the presbytery was sustained 3. Essays on various Subjects,' 12mo, Edin- on appeal successively the and the 1776; besides the works by synod | burgh, including, a treatise ' general assembly, who dismissed the case \ already particularised, on the Sin 24 1773. was thus debarred the Ghost.' Other selected May Barclay j against Holy from holding any benefice in the church of works were published, both before and after Scotland. adherents of his teach- this date. To some of these are Hereupon j prefixed ing formed themselves into congregations in short narratives of Barclay's life, as in an ' Edinburgh and at Fettercairn, both of whom edition of the Assurance of Faith,' published invited him to become their minister. at in 1825 in an edition of his He Glasgow ; ' preached at Fettercairn two Sundays in July Essay on the Psalms,' &c., Edinburgh, ' 1 773 in the air to thousands of 1 820 and in an edition of his ; open hearers, , Works,' 8vo, and the people of that and the neighbouring Glasgow, 1852. In 1783 Barclay published parishes erected a large building for worship a small work for the use of the Berean at a called to the the l to the Hebrews place Sauchyburn ; pasto- churches, Epistle para- rate of which, in default of Barclay's ac- phrased,' with a collection of psalms and ceptance, James M'Rae was unanimously songs from his other works, accompanied ' ' called. He was accordingly set aside as by A Close Examination into the Truth their pastor early in spring, 1 774, by the as- of several received Principles.' Barclay sistance of Mr. who was died of at on Barclay, present ; suddenly apoplexy Edinburgh, and from that period till 1779 Mr. M'Kae Sunday, 29 July 1798, whilst kneeling in Barclay 166 Barclay

at which he 1813 he became and in 1814 retired prayer at the house of a friend, general, whilst from the service after continuous had called on finding himself unwell employ- ment for He went to live on his way to preach to his congregation. fifty-nine years. He was interred in the Calton old burying- at Taunton, where he died in November 1823. was erected to ground, where a monument [For Barclay's services see the Eoyal Military .his memory. Calendar, and occasional allusions in the common and naval H. M. S. to a &c., military histories.] [Foote's Essay appended Sermon, Short Account of the Aberdeen, 1775 ; A Early JOHN (1758-1826), anato- Life of Mr. John Barclay, prefixed to various BARCLAY, was born in Perthshire 10 Dec. 1758, works Thorn's Preface to Without Faith, with- mist, ; his father a brother of John Bar- out God, &c., 1836; Biog. Diet, of Eminent being farmer, founder of the Berean sect in Edin- Scotsmen, 1868; Scott's Fasti Ecclesise Scoti- clay [q. v.], vi. M'Clintock and a in St. Andrew's canze, pt. p. 867 ; Strong's burgh. Obtaining bursary and Eccle- he studied for the and Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, University, church, siastical Literature, 8vo, New York, 1867-81.] became a licensed minister; but entering the H. A. G. family of Mr. C. Campbell as a tutor, he de- voted his leisure to natural history, after- BARCLAY, JOHN (1741-1823), one of wards concentrating his attention especially the oldest and most distinguished officers on human anatomy. In 1789 he passed a& who ever served in the marines, entered that tutor into the family of Sir James Campbell corps in 1755 as a second lieutenant, and of Aberuchill, whose daughter Eleanora he became first lieutenant in 1756. He served long afterwards married, in 1811. The young first in throughout the seven years' war, at Campbells, his pupils, entered Edinburgh the Mediterranean, then in the expedition to University in 1789, and Barclay became an Belle Isle in 1760, and lastly on the coast of assistant to John Bell, the anatomist, and Africa he was in 1762. was also associated with his brother ; promoted captain Charles, He served with distinction through the Ame- afterwards Sir Charles Bell. To Sir James rican war, particularly at the Red Bank and Campbell Barclay owed the means of com- in the mud forts, and was in command of pleting his medical course. He became the marines on board the Augusta, when that M.D. Edin. in 1796, then went to London frigate answered the fire of the forts, and for a season's study under Dr. Marshall of was deserted on being herself set on fire in Thavies Inn, an eminent anatomical teacher, the Delaware river. For these services he was but returned to Edinburgh and established promoted major by brevet in 1777. He was himself as an anatomical lecturer in 1797. one of the commanding officers of marines in Thenceforward until 1825 he delivered 'two llodney's great action with De Grasse, and complete courses of human anatomy, a morn- was after it promoted lieutenant-colonel by ing and an evening one, every winter session, brevet in 1783. He saw no further active and for several years before his death gave service at sea, but was for the next thirty a summer course on comparative anatomy. on the staff of the classes in in years chiefly employed His gradually grew reputation ; marines in England. He became major in 1804 he was formally recognised as a lecturer the marines in 1791, and lieutenant-colonel on anatomy and surgery by the Edinburgh in the marines, and colonel by brevet in College of Surgeons, and in 1806 he became a 1794. In 1796 he became major-general, fellow of the Edinburgh College of Physicians. and in 1798 second colonel commandant in His style of lecturing was extremely clear, and his corps. In this capacity he had much illuminated by a thorough knowledge of the to do with the organisation of the marines, history of his subject. He contributed the- and effected many reforms in their uniform article Physiology to the third edition of the ' ' and drill. In 1803 he became lieutenant- Encyclopaedia Britannica (1797), and in it general and colonel commandant of the showed good scientific perception, although marines, and in 1806 resident colonel com- the amount of knowledge then available for mandant. He was now practically com- such an article appears extremely- small to a mander-in-chief of the whole corps under modern reader. He developed his ideas of a, the admiralty, and the imiversal testimony nomenclature of human anatomy based on borne to its good character testifies to the scientific principles, and ridiculed many ab- excellence of its organisation, and it must surdities, which, however, have for the most Ije remembered that not only in the mutinies part persisted, in 'A New Anatomical No- of ' Spithead and the Nore, but in all the menclature (1803). In 1808 he published ' mutinous manifestations which occurred, the a treatise on The Muscular Motions of the marines proved that they could be depended Human Body/ arranged according to regions on to check mutiny among the sailors. In and systems, and with many practical appli- Barclay 167 Barclay

cations to surgery. This was followed in the 60,000 Jews calculated to inhabit the 1812 by his 'Description of the Arteries of i town. Barclay stayed in Constantinople till the Human the result of much ori- 1861, making missionary journeys to the Body/ | ginal study and dissection. A second edition Danubian provinces, .Rhodes, and other nearer j districts. a appeared in 1820. He was ever on the look- i He acquired thorough knowledge out for opportunities of dissecting rare ani- of the Spanish dialect spoken by the Sephar- mals, and thus he acquired an unusual know- dic Jews, and diligently prosecuted his studies ledge of comparative anatomy, by which he in Hebrew. In 1861 he was nominated in- illustrated his lectures. He furnished de- cumbent of Christ Church, Jerusalem, a posi- scriptive matter to a series of plates illus- tion requiring energy and tact to avoid en- trating the human skeleton and the skeletons tanglement in the quarrels of the parties ' of some of the lower animals, published by whose rivalries Barclay describes as a fret- ' Mitchell of Edinburgh in 1819-20. Several ting leprosy neutralising his best efforts. of his lectures on anatomy were published In 1865 he visited England and Ireland on posthumously in 1827. He died on 21 Aug matters, received the degree of LL.D. 1826, after two years' illness, during which Erivateom his university, and married. On his his classes were carried on by Dr. Knox. He return he found it impossible to continue in left his large museum of anatomy to the Edin- his post unless his salary was increased, and burgh College of Surgeons, where it consti- the refusal of the London Society to do this tutes the Barcleian Museum. One of his necessitated his resignation. This was in most works is * An into 1870 he returned to and interesting Inquiry ; again England the filled for a the curacies of in Lin- Opinions, Ancient and Modern, concern- time Howe ing Life and Organisation,' published in 1822 colnshire and St. Margaret's, Westminster, (pp. 542). He paid considerable attention till in 1873 he was presented to the living also to veterinary medicine, and was chiefly of Stapleford in the St. Albans diocese. The instrumental in the foundation of a veteri- comparative leisure thus afforded him enabled nary school by one of his pupils, Professor him to publish in 1877 translations of certain Dick, under the patronage of the Highland select treatises of the Talmud with prolego- Society of Scotland. mena and notes. Opinion has been much divided as to the value of this work, but [Memoir by Sir G-. Ballingall, M.D., prefixed Jewish critics are unanimous in to Introd. Lectures to a Course of Anatomy by asserting that it is marked an unfair animus John Barclay, M.D., Edinburgh, 1827; Memoir by against their literature. 1880 by Gr. E. Waterhouse, prefixed to vol. viii. of Sir nation and In he re- W. Jardine's Naturalists' Library, Edinburgh, ceived the degree of D.D. from Dublin Uni- 1843; Struthers's History Sketch of Edin. Anat. versity. In 1881 the see of Jerusalem became School, Edinb. 1867.] G. T. B. vacant, and Dr. Barclay's experience and at- tainments marked him out as the only man BARCLAY, JOSEPH, D.D. (1831- likely to fill the post successfully. He was 1881), bishop of Jerusalem, was born near most enthusiastically welcomed to Jerusalem, Strabane in county Tyrone, Ireland, his and entered on his duties with his usual family being of Scotch extraction. He was vigour, but his sudden death after a short educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and illness in October 1881 put an end to the proceeded B.A. in 1854 and M.A. in 1857, hopes of those who believed that at last some but showed no particular powers of applica- of the objects of the original founders of the tion or study. In 1854 he was ordained to bishopric were to be realised. Bishop Bar- a at curacy Bagnelstown, county Carlow, clay's attainments were most extensive. He and on his residence there in and German taking up began preached Spanish, French, ; to show very great interest in the work of he was intimately acquainted with Biblical the London for Chris- and he was Society promoting Rabbinical Hebrew ; diligently tianity among the Jews. The question of ngaged at his death in perfecting his know- Jewish at conversion was that time agitating ledge of Arabic : and he had acquired some the religious world in England, and Barclay knowledge of Turkish during his residence supported the cause in his own neighbour- in Constantinople. hood with till in 1858 his great activity, [An elaborate critical biography of the bishop, enthusiasm resulted in his himself offering giving copious extracts from his journals and to the London as a He Society missionary. letters, was published anonymously in 1883.] left Ireland, much regrettedbyhisparishioners E. B. and friends, and, after a few months' study in London, was appointed to Constantinople. BARCLAY, ROBERT (1648-1690), The mission there had been established in quaker apologist, was born at Gordonstown, 1835, but no impression had been made on Moray-shire, 23 Dec. 1648. His father, David Barclay 168 Barclay

ancient a ' Truth Barclay, the representative of an. Mitchell, neighbouring preacher. born cleared of Calumnies ' in family formerly called Berkeley, was appeared 1670, ' ' in and served under Gustavus Adol- and William Mitchel unmasqued in 1672. 1610, ' On the outbreak of the civil war he In 1673 he published a Catechism and Con- plms. ' in Scotch fession of Faith and in 1676 two contro- accepted a commission the army. ; He was a friend of John, afterwards Earl i versial treatises. The first of these, called the ' of the was intended Middleton, who had also served in the thirty Anarchy Ranters,' of the to vindicate the from the of years' war. Barclay commanded part quakers charge whilst force with which Middleton repelled Mont- sympathy with anarchy, repudiating rose before Inverness in May 1646. On the claim to authority of the catholic and 26 Jan. 1648 he married Catherine, daughter other churches. The second was the famous of Sir R. Gordon, and bought the estate of 'Apology.' Barclay had already put forth 1 a series of fifteen Ury, near Aberdeen. During Hamilton's Theses Theologise,' propo- invasion of England in the same year he was sitions referring to quaker tenets. They were

at but or I in and left in a command home ; retired, printed English, Latin, French, Dutch, was dismissed, from active service when divines were invited to discuss them. A pub- entered Scotland after Preston, lic discussion took them March Cromwell j place upon (14 We are told that Barclay and Middleton 1675) in Aberdeen with some divinity stu- were ' always on that side which at least dents. It ended in confusion, and conflicting pretended to be in the king's interest.' Bar- in it clay's estate was forfeited, and, order, is said, to regain possession, he obtained a seat in the Scotch parliament after the death at Amsterdam in 1676. A copy of it was sent of Charles, and was also one of the thirty in February 1678 to each of the ministers members for Scotland returned to Cromwell's at the congress of Nimeguen : and an Eng- parliament of 1654 and 1656 (Acts of Scotch lish version was printed in the same year. It- iii. a and has been fre- Parliaments, part ii.). He was also provoked many replies, commissioner for the forfeited estates of the quently republished. loyalists. He was arrested after the Resto- Meanwhile Barclay was suffering persecu- ration, apparently in 1665 (see a warrant for tion at home. In 1672 he had felt it in- his committal to Edinburgh Castle, 23 Aug. cumbent upon him to walk in sackcloth in Additional MS. but was the streets of at 1665, 23123) ; through Aberdeen, though released by the interest, it is said, of his the cost of grievous agony of spirit (Season- friend Middleton. able Warning to the People of Aberdeen). He He had lost his wife in 1663, and at her was imprisoned at Montrose in the same year. dying request recalled his son Robert, -who In 1676 he travelled in Holland and Ger- had been sent for education to his uncle, then many, and there made the acquaintance of rector of the Scotch college at Paris. The Elizabeth, Princess Palatine, who had taken j father was afraid of catholic influences, and an interest in principles. She was, it I quaker

1 the son tells us (treatise on Universal Love} seems, distantly related to him through his ' that he had in fact been denied by the pol- mother. He heard during his journey of the ' lutions of popery. He obeyed his father's imprisonment of his father and some thirty I orders, and returned at the cost of losing the other quakers in the Tolbooth at Aberdeen. |

promised inheritance of his uncle, and for a . He returned with a letter from the princess

time remained in an unsettled state of mind. I to her brother, Prince Rupert, asking him to His father was converted to quakerism, use his influence for the prisoners. Prince through the influence, it is said, of a fellow- Rupert, however, was unable to speak to the ' prisoner in Edinburgh, James Swinton, and king on account of a sore legg.' Barclay declared his adhesion to the sect in 1666. obtained an interview with the Duke of Robert Barclay followed his father's example York, afterwards James II, and the king gave in 1667. He studied hard at this time he him what he calls ' a kind of a recommenda- ;

learned Greek and Hebrew, being already a ! tion,' referring the matter to the Scotch coun- French and Latin scholar, and read the early cil. The council declined to release the and ecclesiastical In Febru- unless would the fines and fathers, history. I prisoners they pay ary 1670 he married one of his own persuasion, promise not to worship except in the common

1 Christian, daughter of Gilbert Mollison, an form. Barclay returned to Ury, and was Aberdeen his an himself in November 1676 merchant, by wife, Margaret, j imprisoned (seelet-

1 early convert to quakerism. He soon after- ters in Reliquice Barclaian

of five months, during which he composed a every established government would be found ' treatise on Universal Love,' and wrote a to favour the doctrine of passive obedience letter of remonstrance to Archbishop Sharp. maintained by the quakers. It is said that After his release Barclay joined Penn and Barclay visited James at the time when George Fox in a visit to Germany, and they William was expected. Barclay asked had an interview with the Princess Palatine, whether no terms of accommodation could

which has been described Penn. In 1679 i be and James that he could by arranged ; replied Barclay was again arrested, but released after consent to anything not unbecoming a gentle- three hours' detention. By this time he, men, except the abandonment of liberty of like Penn, was enjoying favour at court. conscience. (This is stated on the authority saw the Duke of York | of his widow in the He frequently during j Genealogical Account, his government of Scotland, and was a p. 86.) Barclay visited the seven bishops in friend and cousin of James's adherent, Perth. the Tower, to justify a statement of which In 1679 he obtained a charter from the they had complained, that they had been the crown, in consideration of the services of cause of the death of quakers, but assured himself and his father, constituting the lands them that the statement should not be used of Ury a 'free barony, with criminal and to raise prejudice against them. ' civil jurisdiction; and his charter was con- In his later years Barclay seems to have firmed by an act of the Scotch parliament in published nothing except (in 1686) an English 1685. He probably hoped to use the privi- version of a letter to a Herr Pacts in defence lege 011 behalf of his sect. Another appoint- of the quaker theory of personal inspiration, ment was more useful for the same purpose. originally written in Latin in 1676. It has In 1682 a body of twelve quakers, under the been praised as a pithy exposition of his prin- auspices of his friend Penn, acquired the ciples. proprietorship of East New Jersey. In 1683 He died at Ury 3 Oct. 1690. He left the Duke of York gave a patent of the three sons and four daughters, who were all province to the proprietors, who had added alive fifty years after his death. His wife to their body twelve associates, including died 14 Dec. 1722, in the seventy-sixth year Perth and Barclay. Barclay was appointed of her age. ' nominal governor, with right to appoint a Barclay's great book, The Apology,' is re- deputy at a salary of 400/. a year, and with markable as the standard exposition of the

a share of 5,000 acres of land. One of his ! principles of his sect, and is not only the brothers, John, settled in the province, and first defence of those principles by a man of another, David, died on his passage thither. trained intelligence, but in many respects one The constitution of the province was intended of the most impressive theological writings to be a practical application of the quaker of the century. In form it is a careful de- j theory of toleration, and to provide an asylum fence of each of the fifteen theses pre- to the It is in persecuted. viously published. impressive style ; Barclay continued to reside at dry, where grave, logical, and often marked by the his father died, 12 Oct. 1686. He continued eloquence of lofty moral convictions. It to have much influence with James. In a opens with a singularly dig'nified letter to ' Vindication,' written in 1689 (Reliquice the king, dated 25 Xov. 1675. The essential Barclaiance), he defends himself against the principle (expressed in the second proposi- suspicion, explicable by his intimacy with tion) is that all true knowledge comes from James and Perth, of being a Jesuit and a the divine revelation to the heart of the in- catholic. His wife and seven children were dividual. He infers that the authority of the l a sufficient proof that the first suspicion was scriptures gives only a secondary rule,' and he denies that he had any subordinate to that of the inward light by froundless,waning to Catholicism, though he confessed Avhich the soul perceives the truth as the to loving many catholics. He says that he eyes perceive that the sun shines at noonday. never saw James till 1676 : but he believed The light is given to every man, though ob- in the sincerity of James's zeal for liberty of scured by human corruption, and therefore ' ' conscience, and, he adds, I love King James, the doctrine of reprobation is horrible and and wish him well.' Barclay admits that he blasphemous.' All men, Christian or heathen, used his influence with James on behalf of may be saved by it. The true doctrines of his friends, but denies that he had ever justification, perfection, and perseverance spoken of public affairs. He had received are then explained and distinguished from no pecuniary favour, except a sum of 300/. the erroneous doctrines of catholics and pro- in payment of a debt incurred by his father testants which, according to him, imply on behalf of Charles I. He disowns, he rather a change in the outward relation than says, all political bias; but he held that the transformation of the soul which accepts Barclay 170 Barclay the divine light. He then proceeds to deduce some manuscripts still unpublished are given in the special doctrines of the quakers re- in Smith's Catalogue. to the and the sacra- gard ministry, worship, [A Short Account of the Life and Writings of ments from the same principle, rejecting R. Barclay, 1802; Genealogical Account of the what seems to him to be outward and me- of the same edited Barclays Urie, 1740 ; by H. chanical and the fourteenth Life Wilson ; (in proposition, Mill, 1812; by Armistead (adding on the power of the civil magistrate) argues little to the above), 1850; Reliquiae Barclaianse, a against all exercise of conscience by secular (lithographed) collection of letters, privately in the authority. The last proposition defends the printed 1870 (a copy British Museum); Life in the quaker repugnance to outward ceremonies by Kippis, Biographia Britannica; of Alexander John and worldly recreations. Barclay's affinity Diary Jaffray, by Barclay, Besse's Collection of the to the so-called Cambridge Platonists and to (1833); Sufferings of ii. Quakers, vol. ; Smith's of Friends' the mystical writers is obvious. He quotes Catalogue Sewel's and Croese's Histories of the Smith's select discourses with and Books; approval ; ' Quakers.] L. S. speaks with reverence of Bernard and Bona- venture, Taulerus, Thomas a Kempis,' and ' ROBERT others who have known and tasted the love BARCLAY, (1774-1811), lieutenant-colonel, entered the army as an of God.' His recognition of a divine light in the 38th on 28 Oct. working in men of all creeds harmonises ensign regiment 1789, and embarked with his regiment for the East with the doctrine of toleration, which he Indies, where he signalised himself in most advocates with great force and without the of the actions there in 1793. He was restrictions common in his time. For this fought so distinguished by his talents and reason he was accused of leaning towards courage that he was promoted to a lieutenancy on deism, and is noticed with respect by Vol- 31 May 1793, and to a company on 8 April taire. In fact, if we dropped the distinction and on both occasions out of his turn. which with him is cardinal between the 1795, Having been taken prisoner the divine light and the natural reason, by enemy, many he suffered much in and in the of his arguments would fall in with those captivity, year following his promotion he returned to of the freethinkers, who agreed with him in Eng- land. entitled to six months' pronouncing external evidences to be insuffi- Though leave, he hastened to his then in cient, though with a very different intention. rejoin regiment, the West Indies. Barclay's principal writings are as folloAvs : His distinguished become 1. 'Truth cleared of Calumnies,' 1670. qualities having known to Lieutenant-general Sir John Moore, 2. 'William Mitchel unmasqued,' 1672. ' he was to a in the 52nd 3. Seasonable Warning to the Inhabitants promoted majority on 17 and on 29 1806 to a of Aberdeen,' 1672. 4. 'Catechism and Sept. 1803, May ' ' lieutenant-colonelcy. In 1808 he accom- Confession of Faith [1673]. 5. Theses Theo- ' panied Sir John Moore in the expedition to logise,' 1675. 6. The Anarchy of Ranters,' ' and afterwards to He 1676. 7. Apology the true Christian Sweden, Portugal. ^for was mentioned in for his distin- Divinity, as the same is set forth and preached despatches conduct at the battle the called in on the Coa on by people scorn Quakers,' 1678 : ' fuished4 June 1810. He afterwards commanded a a version of the Theologise verse Christianas at the head of which, when Apologia,' published at Amsterdam, 1676. brigade, charging the French on the of he re- 8. 'Universal Love, considered and esta- heights Busaco, ceived a wound below the left knee. For his blished upon its right foundation,' 1677. conduct at Busaco he was 9. 'The Apology vindicated,' 1679. 10. 'The again honourably mentioned in His wound Possibility and Necessity of an Inward and despatches. obliged him to leave the service, and he died from Immediate Revelation,' 1686: an English the effects of it on 11 1811. version of a Latin letter to Pacts, written May in 1676. Record of the [Historical 52nd Regt. p. 122 ; ' ' ' The Catechism and 'Apology have been Despatches of Field-Marshal the Duke of Wel- and the iv. 184-306 A. S. B. frequently reprinted; 'Apology' lington, ; Army Lists.] has been translated into Dutch, German, French, Spanish, Danish, and (part of it) BARCLAY, CAPTAIN ROBERT (1779- into Arabic. 1854). [See ALLAEDICE.] Barclay's works were collected in 1692 into a folio volume, called 'Truth Trium- BARCLAY, ROBERT (1833-1876), ec- with a phant,' preface attributed to Penn. clesiastical historiographer, was born 4 Aug. were They republished in three volumes in 1833 at Croydon. He was the younger son and have also been in 1717-18, published of John Barclay (b. 1797, d. 1838), a lineal America. Full details and references to descendant of the apologist in a younger Barclay 171 Barclay

' branch, the editor of Alexander Jaffray's rical inquiry in its wider sense (PAULI, in diary (1833) and other biographical works, Gb'ttinyer Gelehrte-Anzeiyen, April 1878). ' of whom his son remarks that perhaps no His presentment of the doctrinal aspects of ' member of the Society of Friends, excepting primitive quakerism is ably criticised from Sewell, the historian, ever had a more inti- the standpoint of an oldfashioned Friend, in mate with the literature, both an 'Examen' (1878), Charles acquaintance | by Evans, printed and manuscript, of the early Society M.D., of Philadelphia. Too much application of Friends' (On Membership, p. 46). After undermined his health, and before the last passing through a preparatory school at proof-sheets of his book had been finished, Epping, he went to the Friends' school at the rupture of a vessel in the brain produced Hitchin, conducted by Isaac Brown, after- his death on 11 Nov. 1876. He married, wards head of the Flounders Institute, Ack- 14 July 1857, Sarah Matilda, eldest daughter worth. His education was finished at Bruce of Francis of Bristol, the | Fry, bibliographer Grove House, Tottenham. He attained a of the English Bible, and had nine children, good knowledge of botany and chemistry, of whom six survive him. ' was fond of electrical experiments, and had He published : 1. On the Truth of Chris- skill as a water-colour artist. Trained to tianity, from.. . works of I compiled Archbishop business at Bristol, he bought, in 1855, a Whately. Edited by Samuel Hinds, D.D., London manufacturing stationery concern formerly Lord Bishop of Norwich,' 1865, ' (in Bucklersbury, afterwards in College Street 18mo (three later editions). 2. On Mem- and Maiden Lane), taking into partnership bership in the Society of Friends,' 8vo ' his brother-in-law, J. D. Fry, in 1867. In [1872]. 3. The Inner Life of the Religious ' March 1860 he patented an indelible writ- Societies of the Commonwealth,' &c., 1876, ' ing paper for the prevention of forgery, the large 8vo, two plates and chart (actually of which he described 18 Jan. 1877 since twice process manufacturing published ; reissued, in a communication to the Society of Arts. 1877, 1878, from the stereotyped plates). at Both home and abroad he was interested Cat. of Friends' Ser- [Smith's Books, 1867 ; in efforts for the of the masses evangelisation ; mons by Robert Barclay, with a brief memoir, not l recorded ' as a minister of the though edited by his widow, 1878, 8vo (portrait).] Society of Friends (to which body he be- A. G. longed), he preached in their meetings and missions. A posthumous volume gives thirty- BARCLAY, THOMAS (Jl. 1620), pro- six ofhis sermons, which were usually written, fessor at Toulouse and Poitiers, was one of an uncommon thing with Friends. In 1868 the numerous Scotch scholars who, in the six- he delivered a lecture on the position of the teenth and seventeenth centuries, studied in Society of Friends in relation to the spread foreign universities,where they, in many cases, of the gospel during the last sixty years. He ultimately became professors. He was a native endorsed the view of Herbert Skeats (Hist, of Aberdeen, but as a young man studied of the Free Churches, 1868) that the early humane letters and philosophy at Bordeaux. Society of Friends was the first home mis- Here, we are told, his success was such as to * sion association, and was anxious to see the merit the special praise of that Phoenix of body regaining its position as an aggressive Greek and Latin learning,' Robert Balfour Christian church. He was strongly in favour [q. v.], the Aristotelian scholar, whose edition ' ' of the public reading of the Bible in Friends' of Cleomedes has remained the standard meetings, and thought Richard Claridge's work on that author to almost our own days. ' Treatise of the Holy Scriptures,' 1724, pre- The reputation acquired by Barclay at Bor- sented a more correct view of the sentiments deaux led to his being called to preside over the ' ' of the early Friends than their controversial Squillanean school at Toulouse, where the writings. He was as strongly opposed to Scotch historian Dempster tells us he served the practice of birthright membership, intro- his first literary campaign under his fellow- Friends in This fact duced among 1737. His opinions i countryman's guidance. supplies on these points led to his undertaking the us with an approximate date, for it was about | important series of investigations which cul- l 1596 that Dempster left Paris, intending to minated in his work on the inner life (mean- work his way to Toulouse (InviNG, Lives of ing the internal constitution) of the obscurer Scottish Writers, i. 350). At this town, the commonwealth sects, whose origin, ramifi- birthplace of Cujas, the great founder of the cations, and practical tendencies, he traced systematic study of ancient and modern law, with a tact and labour and a novelty of re- Barclay's attention was directed to this sub- search which his of and himself unable to make book permanent ject ; finding pursue ' value, not merely for theologians and stu- this branch of learning in its native place, he dents of ecclesiastical history, but for histo- accepted the offer of a regius professorship at Barclay 172 Barclay the claims of Dr. to the Poitiers. His fame and his eloquence while gow, urged Barclay his recall to Sir George Grey, express- holding this office soon procured appointment upon when his conviction that the man who could Toulouse, where he was still living ing < such a sermon on and next Dempster drew up his Historia Ecclesias- preach Sunday, ' us that his his firmness and save a tlea about 1 620. Dempster tells day by promptitude boat from was one lectures on civil law were largely attended. being swamped, eminently of men and There seems to be no record of the precise fitted for the government young of a ' How far this contri- date of his birth or his death. Income bio- great college. to it I know not but Dr. as 1582-1619 ; buted ; Barclay graphical works they are given received the which he has ever is due to a confu- appointment, but this almost certainly ' since held with honour and usefulness sion of Thomas Barclay with his namesake, high ' Sir II. HOLLAND'S Recollections Past John the author of the Argenis.' ( of Life, Barclay, had For in this case he would be holding his first, 1872). Barclay removed, September the to in and if not his second, professorship at about 1843, Peterculter, Aberdeenshire, at the same in of the accepted a call age of fourteen, and would time, July following year of to in on the though a younger man, be the instructor Currie, Mid-Lothian, presenta- tion of Sir James of such a prodigy of learning as Dempster. Gibson-Craig, bart., been Riccarton. On 10 Feb. 1849 the Barclay's chief works are said to have university of conferred on the commentaries on Aristotle, and dissertations Aberdeen Barclay degree a on certain titles of the Pandects. The last of D.D. Dr. Barclay took somewhat promi- William nent with the late Dr. Robert Lee, probably implies a confusion with part, along in ' waging in the church courts the battle Barclay [q. v.] ' of liberalism 25 Feb. [Dempster's Historia Ecclesiastica.] religious (Scotsman, T. A. A. 1873). Barclay supported Dr. Lee in the li- turgical innovations introduced by the latter BARCLAY, THOMAS, D.D. (1792- into the Scottish system of worship. From the 1873), principal of Glasgow University, was the time of his appointment, however, to of born in June 1792, at Unst, in Shetland, principalship of the university of Glasgow, which parish his father, the Rev. James Bar- in succession to Dr. Duncan Macfarlane, to clay, was minister. He was entered of King's which he was admitted 13 Feb. 1858, he de- College, Aberdeen, in 1808. Here he at- voted himself exclusively to the duties of that tained considerable distinction. He took the office. Latterly his energy was impaired by degree of M.A. 28 March 1812, and subse- delicate health and advanced age. For over quently prosecuted his theological studies for twenty years, indeed, he was a sufferer from four years, during which he taught elocution asthmatic bronchitis, and he found it neces- at Aberdeen. Later he proceeded to London, sary to spend a portion of each winter in a where for four years, 1818-22, he acted as one Egypt, on the climate of which he wrote of the parliamentary and general reporters of long and valuable article for a medical jour- l the Times.' He received license to preach nal. Dr. Barclay died at his official resi- the gospel from the presbytery of Lerwick dence, on Sunday afternoon, 23 Feb. 1873, ' ' 27 June 1821, and quitted the Times in and was buried at Sighthill Cemetery. The a the following year, when he was presented Rev. Dr. Caird, his successor, preached by Lord Dundas, and ordained 12 Sept. 1822, university sermon, 'In Memoriam,' on Sun- to the parish of Dunrossness, in Shetland. day, 9 March, which was afterwards pub- Here he remained until his with a dedication ' to Mrs. Barclay presentation by | lished, the same patron to the parish of Lerwick and her family.' in October 1827, to which he was admitted Barclay married in 1820 the daughter of 13 Dec. following. He was elected clerk of Captain Adamson, of Kirkhill; his wife, two the synod of Shetland 27 April 1831. In married daughters and a son, who was settled 1840 Sir Henry Holland heard 'an admirable as a medical man in China, survived him. ' sermon from Mr. Barclay, whom he ac- Dr. Barclay was not eminent as a pulpit varied companied the next day on a boating ex- orator, but he was a sound and cursion to the Isle of Noss. A sudden and scholar, deeply read, not only in biblical of furious squall arose. Mr. Barclay was the learning, but in various branches philo- in the only one who retained his presence of mind ; logy, and more particularly languages but ' he he, deemed,' as Sir Henry Holland says, of northern Europe. As Dr. Caird said, ' to be one of the best boatmen in Scotland, ' wrote no books.' He contributed, however, seized ' of the tiller, and by his firmness and skill a sermon on Charity the Characteristic of the brought us into safety.' Sir Henry Holland Christianity' to the first volume in 1858, on the occurrence of a vacancy in 'Church of Scotland Pulpit,' Edinburgh, the principalship of the university of Glas- 1845, and also published in 1857 his 'Speech Barclay 173 Barclay

i against the Transmission of an Overture con- directed against the Vindiciae contra Tyran- ' demning1 the System of Government Educa- nos of Hubert Languet, who wrote under the tion in India.' name of Junius Brutus and Stephanus ; the last two to an examination of the [Scott's Fasti Ecclesise Scoticanse, pt. v. pp. 422, treatise, Life and Remains of Robert ' De Justa Henrici III Abdicatione e Fran- 426 ; Story's Lee, B.D., 1870; Sir Henry Holland's Recollections corum Regno,' written by Jean Boucher, the of Past 24 Fi-h. Life, 1872 ; Edinburgh Courant, seditious doctor of the Sorbonne. The doc- 1873 25 Feb. ; Scotsman, 1873; Glasgow Herald, trine of Buchanan that all power is derived 1 Caird's Sermon 24 Feb. and March 1873 ; from the people he endeavours to refute by before the of Glasgow, &c., preached University a reference to the patriarchal system, and the on Sunday, 9 March 1873. Glasgow, 1873.1 of a over the Jewish A. H. G. appointment king people by God. He, however, admits the possibility BARCLAY, WILLIAM (1546 or 1547- in certain cases of the king so acting as to un- 1608), a Scottish writer on jurisprudence and king himself, and therefore to render it law- government, is stated by Sir Robert Sibbald ful to resist his will. The views of Barclay * (appendix to the History ofFife) to have been are discussed at some length in the Civil ' ' descended from the Barclays of Collairnie in Government of Locke, who names him the Fife; but according to a note attached to great assertor of the power and sacredness of ' James Gordon's History of Scots Affairs,' i. kings.' A year before the publication of the xvii, published by the Spalding Club in 1841, work of Barclay James VI of Scotland had ' he was a grandson of Patrick Barclay, baron published his Basilicon Doron,' and possibly of Gartly, Aberdeenshire. As the inscription Barclay was led to resign his chair and re- ' on the portrait prefixed to his De Regno,' move to England by the hope that James, but now wanting in most copies, states that who had just succeeded to the English crown, in 1599 he was in his fifty-third year, he might be inclined to manifest special favour must have been born about 1546 or 1547, to such a distinguished champion of his own not 1541, the date sometimes given. He views regarding the divine right of kings. was educated at Aberdeen University. In James, it is said, offered him high preferment, early life he frequented the court of Queen but only on condition that he should renounce Mary, where he is said to have dissipated the catholic faith, whereupon Barclay de- his fortune. About 1571 he emigrated to cided in the beginning of 1604 to return to France, where he devoted himself to the Paris. The chair of civil law at Angers had study of law, first at Paris and then at Bour- been vacant since 1599, and such was the ges, under Cujacius, Donellus, and Contius. fame of Barclay in France that as soon as his Soon after taking the degree of LL.D. he be- return to Paris was known a deputation waa gan to teach law in the university. His sent, requesting his acceptance of the chair. uncle, Edmund Hay the Jesuit, rector of In addition to this, notwithstanding the the recently founded university of Pont-a- strenuous opposition of two professors, he was Mousson, recommended him to the Duke of appointed dean of the faculty of law, the ap- Lorraine, who, besides appointing him chief pointment being confirmed by a special decree of civil law in the university, made of the university 1 Feb. 1605. Possibly in in'ofessorimi also councillor of state and master of order to impress his opponents with the dig- requests. In 1581 Barclay married Anne de nity of his position he was accustomed, when Malleviller not De Malleville, as M. Dubois he went to lecture, to be habited in a superb shows a lady of Lorraine, by whom he had robe lined with ermine, with a massy chain ' one son, John [q. v.], the author of Ar- of gold about his neck, and to be attended by genis.' The son the Jesuits endeavoured his son and two valets. Shortly after his ap- ' to attract to their order, and the father's pointment he published at Paris In Titulos resistance to their efforts having, it is said, Pandectarum de Rebus Creditis et de Jure- provoked their enmity, he lost the favour jurando.' In the dedication of the work to of the Duke of Lorraine, and deemed it tong James he mentioned his intention of advisable in 1603 to resign his chair. In writing a book to record his majesty's cha- 1600 he had published at Paris his most im- racter and actions. This purpose he never ( portant work, De Regno et Regali Potestate, carried out. lie died at Angers 3 July 1608 adversus Buchananum, Brutum, Boucherium, ('Actes de 1'Etat Civil d'Angers, paroisse et reliquos Monarchomachos.' The work was Saint-Manville,' quoted by M. Dubois in his ' ' dedicated to Henry IV of France, and con- Discours on Barclay), and was interred at sisted of six books, the first two being devoted the Cordeliers. A treatise which he had to a ' refutation of the arguments of George written, De Potestate Papas : an, et qua- ' Buchanan in his dialogue, De Jure Regni tenus, in Reges et Principes seculares jus et ' Scotos the third and fourth was in apud ; being- imperium habeat,' published 1609, Barclay 174 Barclay

probably at London, without an indication to cure all diseases whenused with discretion, of the place of publication, and the same and 'not, as the English abusers do, to make a a year at Mussiponti (Pont-a-Mousson), with smoke-box of their skull, more fit to be carried his son 1582- under his arm that selleth at Paris du noir a preface by [see BARCLAY, JOHN, It was directed the claims noircir to blacke men's shoes than to the 1621]. against _ carry of the pope to exercise authority in temporal braine of him that cannot walk, cannot ryde, matters over sovereigns, and produced so except the tobacco pype be in his mouth.' great an impression in Europe that Cardinal As in prose, so also in verse, Barclay sings Bellarmine deemed it necessary to publish the praises of his favourite weed, in six little an elaborate treatise against it, asserting that poems attached to the treatise, and addressed the pope, by virtue of his spiritual supremacy, to friends and kinsmen, all in praise of to- ' possesses a power in regard to temporal bacco, to which he alludes as a heavenlie ' < matters which all are bound to acknowledge plant,' the hope of healthe,' the fewell of translation the as supreme. An English of our life,' &c. Two years after the appear- work of Barclay appeared in 1611. It is ance of Barclay's work, King James pub- ' ' ' also included in the Monarchia of Goldast, lished his famous Counterblaste to Tobacco,' published in 1621. The treatise on the Pan- in which his majesty denounces smoking as ' dects was inserted by the jurist Otto in his a custome loathsome to the eye, hatefull to 'Thesaurus Juris Romany' 1725-29. The the nose, harmefull to the brain, dangerous