■ 0^7?z&Z /7<v4y<> —— - >»- K^y, n/c <? c*/, // v (£p.! ')•' r. , | iv ^rr-f ^(W. ^ ^ lUaa^ l|rtri^ IAf-^4,^ ^ ^Ui ‘^wrus/tyv dp til \o*£ ' . OMY OF THE HUMAN BONES AND NERVES, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE HUMAN LACTEAL SAC AND DUCT, BY ALEXANDER MONRO, M.D. FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. CAREFULLY REVISED, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS, 9nlf a gmjiplmfnt, CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERNAL EAR, By JEREMIAH KIRBY, M.D. AUTHOR OF “ TABLES OF THE MATERIA MEDICA,” &C. FOURTH EDITION. EDINBURGH : PRINTED FOR BELL AND BRADFUTE, AND ADAM BLACK, EDINBURGH; LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN, AND JAMES DUNCAN, LONDON. M.DCCC.XXVI11. I CONTENTS. Letter to Dr. Barday Pagevii Introductory View of Barclay’s Nomenclature . xi Tables of the Bones of the Head .... xviii Table of Reference to Mitchell’s Engravings, as Illus- trated by Dr. Barclay ..... xxvii Author’s Prefatory Address to his Pupils . xxix The Anatomy or the Human Bones ... 1 Of the Bones in General . ib. Of the Skeleton . .43 Of the Head .... 44 Of the Truuk . .119 Of the Superior Extremities . 166 Of the Inferior Extremities . 196 Appendix. Of the Marks of a Female Skeleton . 222 The Anatomy of the Human Nerves .... 225 Of the Nerves in General . ib. Of the Particular Nerves .... 256 Description of the Homan Lacteal Sac and Duct . 284 Supplementary Description of the Internal Ear . 287 2 TO ALEXANDER MONRO, M. D. FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, AND PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND SURGERY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, &C. &C. Sir, I beg leave to present you with a new Edition of your respected Pre- decessor’s invaluable Work on the Anatomy of the Human Bones and Nerves. In preparing this Edition for the press, I have been anxious only to render the work more generally useful to Anatomi- cal Students of the present day, by adding to it a few references to later authors, who have treated on the same subjects, and some synonymous names and terms, which may be more familiar to certain classes of readers. The matter of the excellent ori- 3 VI ginal has been left unchanged, except in a few instances, where alterations were war- ranted by the quarto edition of the Author’s Works. The changes which have been occasionally made on the language> were also suggested by the same edition ; and if, in this particular, I have presumed to go beyond the Editor of that collection, it has been merely with the view of accommo- dating the phraseology to the fastidious delicacy of a modern ear. I have the honour to be, With the greatest respect, Sin, Your most obedient humble servant, J. KIRBY. Bdin. Nov. 1820. TO JOHN BARCLAY, M.D. FELLOWOF THE OF ROYAL THE ROYALSOCIETY, COLLEGE AND LECTURER OF PHYSICIANS, ON ANATOMY FELLOW AND SURGERY IN EDINBURGH. My Dear Sir, It is now about ten years since I was induced, chiefly in compliance with your persuasion and advice, to superintend a new edition of Monro’s Anatomy of the Human Bones and Nerves. Your pupils are early taught, both by your pre- cepts and your example, to see the importance-— the necessity—of acquiring an intimate and cor- rect knowledge of Osteology, before they can pro- perly comprehend, or apply to practical purposes, the other departments of Anatomical Science. From the respect which they frequently hear you express for the Osteology of Monro, as well as from the acknowledged intrinsic merit of the work itself, which has procured it a place, either in whole or in part, either in its own proper dress, or under various masquerade habits, in almost all the Anatomical Systems, Treatises, and Compen- diums, which have appeared in this country, they are naturally led to prefer the original work to all the writings on the same subject that are continu- ally teeming from the press. Till That your opinion of the permanent populari- ty of this truly Classical Work has been well found- ed, sufficiently appears from the rapid sale of the two former editions, and the reiterated call for another. Again invited to the agreeable task of ushering to the public this New Edition, I can- not allow so favourable an opportunity to escape of addressing to you my introductory observa- tions, on the nature of the Original Work, and the circumstances which characterize the present Edition. Excellent as the matter of Monro’s Anatomy of the Bones confessedly is, it cannot be denied that something was wanting to accommodate it to the improved state of Anatomical knowledge, which, in the other departments of that Science, distinguishes the beginning of the nineteenth cen- tury. The language of the Original, though per- spicuous, and in general correct, is often antiquat- ed, and therefore ill-suited to the refined taste of the present day ; and the references to other au- thors were so far incomplete, as not comprehend- ing those subsequent to the Author’s time. Mon- ro’s names of muscles, too, though well understood in the early part of the eighteenth century, are now, in general, become obsolete; and the No- menclature of Anatomy has, chiefly through your means, received such important improvements, that in a few years many of the old terms for po- sition and aspect will either be abandoned, or will not easily be understood. To supply these obvious defects in the work ix which I have undertaken to revise, has been my principal object in the two former editions, and more especially in the present. I have, in many places, modernized the language ; given addition- al references to later authors on the same subject; added the synonymous names of muscles of Albi- nus and Innes; and, wherever the old terms for po- sition and aspect might be productive of ambigui- ty or obscurity, I have pointed out, in foot notes, the terms of your Nomenclature with which they correspond. * Although both from your own writ- ings and those of your disciples and converts, these terms are now better understood, than when I published the former Editions, I have thought it advisable to retain the short account and Tabu- lar Outline of your Nomenclature there given. I have also availed myself of your permission, to add to the Introductory matter, the Tabular View of the Bones of the Head, employed and recom- mended in your Lectures. You will observe, Sir, that in that part of the volume which comprehends the Anatomy of the Nerves, the new Notes and Illustrations are pro- portionally more numerous. This was rendered necessary from the circumstance that many valu- able works on the Nervous System have appeared since the days of the first Monro ; and though they cannot detract from the original merit of the Treatise, they render it comparatively less perfect than the Anatomy of the Bones. At the same by *the The letter Notes E. and References by the Editor are distinguished X time, as I could not, without greatly increasing the bulk and price of the volume, give any de- tailed account of the modern improvements in Neurology, I have been obliged to confine my- self, in most cases, to general reference. In the present Edition, I have endeavoured to supply a manifest deficiency in this otherwise com- plete Osteology, by giving a short supplementary view of the Cavities and Contents of the Os Petro- sum ; and to render my description more intelligi- ble, I have referred to Mr. Mitchell’s late Engrav- ings of the Bones, which, with your Explanations, are calculated so well both to illustrate the present work, and to facilitate the study of Osteology. I once proposed referring, in the same manner, to these Plates, under each bone described ; but this would have so multiplied the foot notes, that I was compelled to content myself with giving a Ta- ble of Reference to them in the Introduction. I cannot but congratulate the Students of Ana- tomy, upon the assistance they will derive from these elegant Engravings, which conveniently sup- ply a desideratum long felt by the readers of Monro. I have the honour to be, My Dear Sir, With much esteem, Your obliged and faithful friend and pupil, J. KIRBY. Edinburgh, Nov. 1820. INTRODUCTORY VIEW BARCLAY’S NOMENCLATURE. It had been long and justly regretted, that the usual terms of Anatomy, implying position, aspect, and direction, were so vague and indefinite, as to be productive of much ambiguity and con- fusion in anatomical descriptions ; for, as the aspect of any part of the body must vary in every different position in which this happens to be placed, no term, that is adapted exclusively to any one position, can with propriety be employed as applicable to the rest. Thus, what is superior in one position of the body, be- comes anterior in another, posterior in a third, and even inferior in a fourth; what is external in one situation (as of the arm and hand,) is internal in another, Ac. If these terms be sub- ject to such ambiguity in describing the structure of the human body, they become much more ambiguous when applied to Com- parative Anatomy. A part or organ which is superior or infe- rior in man, becomes anterior or posterior in quadrupeds, while anterior or posterior in the former is in the latter superior or inferior. The advantages of a Nomenclature, in which the same terms should universally apply to the same organ, in all positions of the body, and in all animals, scarcely require to be pointed out; and we think that those advantages belong to the Nomenclature late- ly proposed by Dr.