DOCSLIB.ORG

Richard I: Securing an Inheritance and Preparing a Crusade, 1189-1191

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Richard I: Securing an Inheritance and Preparing a Crusade, 1189-1191 Richard I: Securing an Inheritance and Preparing a Crusade, 1189-1191 A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Edward M. Humpert June 2010 © 2010 Edward M. Humpert. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Richard I: Securing an Inheritance and Preparing a Crusade by EDWARD M. HUMPERT has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Miriam T. Shadis Associate Professor of History Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 Abstract HUMPERT, EDWARD M., M.A., June 2010, History Richard I: Securing an Inheritance and Preparing a Crusade (71 pp.) Director of Thesis: Miriam T. Shadis Traditional assessments of Richard I’s first years on the throne treat him as a king interested only in draining the Angevin realm of men and money in the interest of the Third Crusade. Modern scholars still often consider Richard obsessed with combat, and disinterested with the protection of his inheritance. Richard apparently worked quickly to tear down all that his father, Henry II, had worked so hard to build up in the way of administration particularly in England. This thesis seeks to reassess Richard’s first years as king in order to correct the traditional narrative of Richard’s kingship. While Richard did make great effort to acquire funds and men for crusade, he also went to great lengths to establish the defense of his inheritance. Like any crusader, Richard had to establish the security of his lands in light of his upcoming absence. His dealings with family and his use of marriage diplomacy reveal a particular vision Richard had for his reign. That vision sought to break from the policies of his father, and to avoid warfare. While crusade ultimately shaped the rest of his reign, the actions Richard took in his first years display the course that Richard wanted his reign to take. Approved: _____________________________________________________________ Miriam T. Shadis Associate Professor of History 4 Dedication To my parents and brothers 5 Table of Contents Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 Dedication ........................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 6 Taking the Cross: A Personal and Political Statement ..................................................... 14 Richard’s Itinerary, 1189-1190: Visiting an Inheritance .................................................. 22 Eleanor, Geoffrey and John: Dealing with Family ........................................................... 25 Three Brides: Marriage Diplomacy and the Angevin Border ........................................... 38 Alice or Berengaria: Choosing a Bride ............................................................................. 47 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 56 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 60 Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 67 6 Introduction Traditional assessments of Richard the Lionheart’s first years as king, between 1189 and 1191 look most often like the following. Richard became king of England at age thirty-two on September 3 1189. His one goal upon his accession was to drain his realm of men and money for his upcoming crusade. He remained in England only long enough to receive the crown, to make impetuous and ill-planned decisions for the governance of England in his absence, and to suck the country dry of every penny. His father, Henry II, had built up a highly efficient system of government, which Richard promptly began to tear down. He dismissed his father’s chief justiciar, Ranulf Glanvill, ousted his father’s sheriffs. Richard was unmarried and about to depart on crusade, from which he might not have returned. Richard did not designate a successor in the event of his death. He gave his brother John unreasonably vast grants of land including six whole counties, and nominated a bastard brother Geoffrey, who it was rumored had designs at the throne, to the archbishopric of York. In the words of J.T. Appleby, “Richard thus heaped up the materials for an explosion…and subjected the governmental system, painfully restored by his father…to the most severe strain.”1 However, for the four centuries after his death in 1199, Richard the Lionheart remained the model king that he had been in life. Richard was a model for Edward I and Edward II, and compared to Alexander the Great, and Charlemagne. Richard stood for contemporaries, like Roger of Howden, Richard of Devizes and Ambroise, as a model crusader king. The anonymous author of the Itinerarium explained, “King Richard had the valour of Hector, the heroism of Achilles; he was not inferior to Alexander, nor less 1 Richard of Devizes, Chronicon Richardi Divisensis de Tempore Regis Ricardi Primi, ed. J.T. Appleby (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1963), xiii. 7 valiant than Roland.”2 Until the seventeenth century, Richard retained this reputation. John Speed in The History of Great Britain (1611) said that Richard’s love and care of the English nation were of justice itself, and his death brought a black cloud over a “triumphal and bright shining star of chivalry.”3 This was not a king who heaped up an explosion to bring down what his father had established. Assessments of Richard would shortly change drastically. Just seven years after Speed’s assessment, Samuel Daniel in The Collection of the History of England (1618) trounced the model king narrative. He explained that Richard consumed more of the English kingdom than all his predecessors since the Norman conquest, and deserved his exactions less than any, having never lived on the isle, nor left behind any monument, or showed any love or care to the nation. Daniel first posed what became a traditional assessment of Richard as an ineffective and exploitative king. Criticizing the ignorant bliss of the chroniclers, David Hume in his History of England (1762) explained that Richard’s positive early reputation was attributed to the romantic spirit of the age. Richard ceased to be the model king. By the nineteenth century, Bishop William Stubbs wrote that Richard was indeed not a model king but rather an “unscrupulous and impetuous soldier,” whose “love of warfare kept him from paying proper attention to the administration of his inheritance from his father.”4 Stubbs’ impression of Richard still haunts scholars, as some of his editions of the Latin chroniclers remain the standard. Since the 1960s and 1970s, revisionists and apologists have begun to rehabilitate Richard, seeking to place him back in his proper twelfth century, contemporary context. 2 H.J. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade; a Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi (Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1997), 145. 3 In John Gillingham, Richard Coeur de Lion (London: Hambledon Press, 1994), xv. 4 W. Stubbs, Historical Introduction to the Rolls Series (London: Longmans and Co., 1902), 321-323. 8 However, by returning to Richard’s context and restoring credibility to contemporary chroniclers, revisionists continue to emphasize Richard’s militarism as much as Stubbs had before them. Richard continued as a king predominantly interest in combat. Scholars credited Richard’s non-military successes, if they saw any, to his administrators. Richard’s reign often remains a “mere hiccup of chivalric combat” or even more severely an “interregnum.”5 Crusade historian Steven Runciman, adjusting Stubbs’ assessment (“bad son, a bad husband, a selfish ruler and a vicious man”) called Richard “a bad son, a bad husband and a bad king, but a gallant and splendid soldier.”6 Jonathan Riley-Smith deemed Richard one of the finest crusade leaders who nonetheless was “vain…devious and self-centered.”7 Michael Markowski called Richard a leader who prolonged warfare, avoided peace and was “no hero, but a man who merely wanted to fight hand-to-hand forever.”8 Richard, in a reemphasized twelfth century context, still loved warfare and was an incompetent king. As J.A. Brundage and John Gillingham have pointed out, “The great problem of interpreting Richard’s career…is the question of what standards one should apply to his history.”9 Certainly perceptions of Richard shift if he is judged as crusader, or king of England, or count of Poitou, or son. The greater problem, though, is that Richard’s reign truly was consumed by combat. Of his ten year reign, around nine of those years were 5 R.V. Turner and R.R. Heiser, The Reign of Richard Lionheart: Ruler of the Angevin Empire, 1189-1199 (New York: Longman, 2000), 7; Edward Foss, Judges of England (New York: AMS Press, 1966), 324. 6 W. Stubbs, ed., Itinerarium Regis Ricardi in Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard I (Rolls Series, 1864), I, 369; Steven Runciman, History of the Crusades, 3 vols (New York, 1952), vol. 3, 75. 7 J. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History (London, 1987), 113. 8 Michael Markowski, “Richard Lionheart: bad king, bad crusader?,” The Journal of Medieval
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Reign of King Henry II of England, 1170-74: Three Minor Revisions
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-2001 The reign of King Henry II of England, 1170-74: Three minor revisions John Donald Hosler Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Recommended Citation Hosler, John Donald, "The reign of King Henry II of England, 1170-74: Three minor revisions" (2001). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 21277. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/21277 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The reign of King Henry II of England, 1170-74: Three minor revisions by John Donald Hosler A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: History Major Professor: Kenneth G. Madison Iowa State University Ames~Iowa 2001 11 Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the Master's thesis of John Donald Hosler has met the thesis requirements of Iowa State University Signatures have been redacted for privacy 111 The liberal arts had not disappeared, but the honours which ought to attend them were withheld Gerald ofWales, Topograhpia Cambria! (c.1187) IV TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION 1 Overview: the Reign of Henry II of England 1 Henry's Conflict with Thomas Becket CHAPTER TWO.
    [Show full text]
  • Love and War: Troubadour Songs As Propaganda, Protest, and Politics in the Albigensian Crusade
    Love and War: Troubadour Songs as Propaganda, Protest, and Politics in the Albigensian Crusade By Leslee Wood B.A., University of Utah, 2003 Submitted to the graduate degree program in Music and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Music. _________________________________________ Chair: Roberta Schwartz, PhD _________________________________________ Paul Laird, PhD _________________________________________ Bryan Kip Haaheim, DMA Date Defended: May 25, 2017 The thesis committee for Leslee Wood certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: Love and War: Troubadour Songs as Propaganda, Protest, and Politics in the Albigensian Crusade ___________________________________________ Chair: Roberta Schwartz, PhD Date approved: May 25, 2017 ii Abstract: From the eleventh through the thirteenth century, the troubadours flourished in the Occitan courts of southern France. As the artistic and political voices of their culture, these men and women were educated, creative, and well-placed to envoice the cultural and political events of their time. In 1208, Pope Innocent III launched the Albigensian Crusade against the pervasive Cathar sect, which had attracted followers from every stratum of Occitan society, including believers from the most important ruling families. For twenty years, the crusade decimated the region and destroyed the socio-political apparatus which had long supported, and been given voice by, the troubadours and trobairises. By the end of the war in 1229, the Occitan nobility were largely disinherited and disempowered, unable to support the kind of courtly estates to which they had been accustomed and in which the art de trobar had flourished. Many troubadours were involved both politically and militarily in the crusade and their lyric reactions include astute political commentaries, vigorous calls-to-arms, invectives against the corruption of the Catholic clergy and the French invaders, and laments for the loss of both individuals and institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Throughout Anglo-Saxon and Norman Times, Many People – Not Just Rich Kings and Bishops
    THE CRUSADES: A FIGHT IN THE NAME OF GOD. Timeline: The First Crusade, 1095-1101; The Second Crusade, 1145-47; The Third Crusade, 1188-92; The Fourth Crusade, 1204; The Fifth Crusade, 1217; The Sixth Crusade, 1228-29, 1239; The Seventh Crusade, 1249-52; The Eighth Crusade, 1270. Throughout Anglo-Saxon and Norman times, many people – not just rich kings and bishops - went to the Holy Land on a Pilgrimage, despite the long and dangerous journey – which often took seven or eight years! When the Turks conquered the Middle East this was seen as a major threat to Christians. [a] Motives for the Crusades. 1095, Pope Urban II. An accursed race has violently invaded the lands of the Christians. They have destroyed the churches of God or taken them for their own religion. Jerusalem is now held captive by the enemies of Christ, subject to those who do not know God – the worship of the heathen….. He who makes this holy pilgrimage shall wear the sign of the cross of the Lord on his forehead or on his breast….. If you are killed your sins will be pardoned….let those who have been fighting against their own brothers now fight lawfully against the barbarians…. A French crusader writes to his wife, 1098. My dear wife, I now have twice as much silver, gold and other riches as I had when I set off on this crusade…….. A French crusader writes to his wife, 1190. Alas, my darling! It breaks my heart to leave you, but I must go to the Holy land.
    [Show full text]
  • The Medieval World: Kingdoms,Empires, and War Course Guide
    THE MEDIEVAL WORLD: KINGDOMS,EMPIRES, AND WAR COURSE GUIDE Professor Thomas F. Madden SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY The Medieval World I: Kingdoms, Empires, and War Professor Thomas F. Madden Saint Louis University Recorded Books™ is a trademark of Recorded Books, LLC. All rights reserved. The Medieval World I: Kingdoms, Empires, and War Professor Thomas F. Madden Executive Producer John J. Alexander Executive Editor Donna F. Carnahan RECORDING Producer - David Markowitz Director - Matthew Cavnar COURSE GUIDE Editor - James Gallagher Design - Edward White Lecture content ©2009 by Thomas F. Madden Course guide ©2009 by Recorded Books, LLC 72009 by Recorded Books, LLC Cover image: Knights Before a Fortress, folio 5V of Le Jouvencel, a late fifteenth-century French manuscript; © Art Archive/Real biblioteca de lo Escorial #UT142 ISBN: 978-1-4404-0489-5 All beliefs and opinions expressed in this audio/video program and accompanying course guide are those of the author and not of Recorded Books, LLC, or its employees. Course Syllabus The Medieval World I: Kingdoms, Empires, and War About Your Professor...................................................................................................4 Introduction...................................................................................................................5 Lecture 1 The End of an Empire and the Beginning of the World ........................6 Lecture 2 The Empire Strikes Back: Justinian I and the Reconquest of the West ......................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • King John in Fact and Fiction
    W-i".- UNIVERSITY OF PENNS^XVANIA KING JOHN IN FACT AND FICTION BY RUTH WALLERSTEIN ff DA 208 .W3 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA LIBRARY ''Ott'.y^ y ..,. ^..ytmff^^Ji UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA KING JOHN IN FACT AND FICTION BY RUTH WAIXE510TFIN. A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GiLA.DUATE SCHOOL IN PARTLVL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 'B J <^n5w Introductory LITTLE less than one hundred years after the death of King John, a Scottish Prince John changed his name, upon his accession to L the and at the request of his nobles, A throne to avoid the ill omen which darkened the name of the English king and of John of France. A century and a half later, King John of England was presented in the first English historical play as the earliest English champion and martyr of that Protestant religion to which the spectators had newly come. The interpretation which thus depicted him influenced in Shakespeare's play, at once the greatest literary presentation of King John and the source of much of our common knowledge of English history. In spite of this, how- ever, the idea of John now in the mind of the person who is no student of history is nearer to the conception upon which the old Scotch nobles acted. According to this idea, John is weak, licentious, and vicious, a traitor, usurper and murderer, an excommunicated man, who was com- pelled by his oppressed barons, with the Archbishop of Canterbury at their head, to sign Magna Charta.
    [Show full text]
  • Cathar Or Catholic: Treading the Line Between Popular Piety and Heresy in Occitania, 1022-1271
    Cathar or Catholic: Treading the line between popular piety and heresy in Occitania, 1022-1271. Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of History William Kapelle, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Master’s Degree by Elizabeth Jensen May 2013 Copyright by Elizabeth Jensen © 2013 ABSTRACT Cathar or Catholic: Treading the line between popular piety and heresy in Occitania, 1022-1271. A thesis presented to the Department of History Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Elizabeth Jensen The Occitanian Cathars were among the most successful heretics in medieval Europe. In order to combat this heresy the Catholic Church ordered preaching campaigns, passed ecclesiastic legislation, called for a crusade and eventually turned to the new mechanism of the Inquisition. Understanding why the Cathars were so popular in Occitania and why the defeat of this heresy required so many different mechanisms entails exploring the development of Occitanian culture and the wider world of religious reform and enthusiasm. This paper will explain the origins of popular piety and religious reform in medieval Europe before focusing in on two specific movements, the Patarenes and Henry of Lausanne, the first of which became an acceptable form of reform while the other remained a heretic. This will lead to a specific description of the situation in Occitania and the attempts to eradicate the Cathars with special attention focused on the way in which Occitanian culture fostered the growth of Catharism. In short, Catharism filled the need that existed in the people of Occitania for a reformed religious experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Fr M Whence We Came
    Fr m Whence We Came A backward glance for one Lavoie family branch with genealogical and historical highlights supplemented by a tabulation of persons and their marriage~ for over three hundred and fifty years COMPILED. BY JOHN MiiAN LAVOIE 1969 Printed: Milwaukee, Wisconsin NOTES - CORRECTIONS - ADDITIONS PAGE 73 - NONEXISTENT - ERROR IN PAGE NUMBERING PAGE 132 LINE 5 TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR, CHANGE NAMES TO NAMED, PAGE 135 LINE 12 TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR, CHANGE HISE TO HIS PAGE 166 46 ADD M, C,A, 1825 47 PAGE 167 92 ADD M. C,A. 1800 93 lSLESBOROUGH, MAINE 94 Aon Ma C,A, 1788 95 lsLESBOROUGH, MAINE 134 ADD M, 13 JANUARY 1777 KAMOURASKA PAGE 168 188 Aon M. 9 JANUARY 1764 189 MARSHFIELD, MASS, 190 Aon M, c,A. 1766 191 PAGE 170 376 Ann M, 11 DECEMBER 1724 377 . SCITUATE,. MASS, 380 ADD M. 9 FEBRUARY 1737 381 SCITUATE, MASS, 382 Ann M. 5 Nov.EMBER 1730 383 PEMBROKE, MASS, PAGE 172 570 Aon 1 JUNE 1700 PAGE 173 616 Aon M, 24 NovEMBER 1723 617 STE, ANNE DE LA PocATIERE PAGE 174 752 Ann M, c.A, 1690 753 MARSHFIELD, MASS, 754 Ann 27 JUNE 1683. 755 SCITUATE, MASS, PAGE 174 764 ADD M. 26 APRIL 1698 765 MARSHFIELD, MASS~ PAGE 175 1066 Ann M, 3 JUNE 1698 1067 Sr. PIERRE, I.O. PAGE 176 1094 Ann M, 13 SEPTEMBER 1654 1095 QUEBEC PAGE 181 1504 Ann Ma 2 MAY 1661 1505 1506 Ann M, 24 JANUARY 1664 1507 1508 Ann M. 20 NOVEMBER 1656 1509 1510 ADD M, C,A, 1660 1511 1524 ADD M, C,A, 1640 1525 1528 ADD M, 21 DECEMBER 1648 1529 MARSHFIELD, MASS, 1532 ADD M•· c .·A.
    [Show full text]
  • Charters: What Survives?
    Banner 4-final.qxp_Layout 1 01/11/2016 09:29 Page 1 Charters: what survives? Charters are our main source for twelh- and thirteenth-century Scotland. Most surviving charters were written for monasteries, which had many properties and privileges and gained considerable expertise in preserving their charters. However, many collections were lost when monasteries declined aer the Reformation (1560) and their lands passed to lay lords. Only 27% of Scottish charters from 1100–1250 survive as original single sheets of parchment; even fewer still have their seal attached. e remaining 73% exist only as later copies. Survival of charter collectionS (relating to 1100–1250) GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD from inStitutionS founded by 1250 Our picture of documents in this period is geographically distorted. Some regions have no institutions with surviving charter collections, even as copies (like Galloway). Others had few if any monasteries, and so lacked large charter collections in the first place (like Caithness). Others are relatively well represented (like Fife). Survives Lost or unknown number of Surviving charterS CHRONOLOGICAL SPREAD (by earliest possible decade of creation) 400 Despite losses, the surviving documents point to a gradual increase Copies Originals in their use in the twelh century. 300 200 100 0 109 0s 110 0s 111 0s 112 0s 113 0s 114 0s 115 0s 116 0s 1170s 118 0s 119 0s 120 0s 121 0s 122 0s 123 0s 124 0s TYPES OF DONOR typeS of donor – Example of Melrose Abbey’s Charters It was common for monasteries to seek charters from those in Lay Lords Kings positions of authority in the kingdom: lay lords, kings and bishops.
    [Show full text]
  • About Fanjeaux, France Perched on the Crest of a Hill in Southwestern
    About Fanjeaux, France Perched on the crest of a hill in Southwestern France, Fanjeaux is a peaceful agricultural community that traces its origins back to the Romans. According to local legend, a Roman temple to Jupiter was located where the parish church now stands. Thus the name of the town proudly reflects its Roman heritage– Fanum (temple) Jovis (Jupiter). It is hard to imagine that this sleepy little town with only 900 inhabitants was a busy commercial and social center of 3,000 people during the time of Saint Dominic. When he arrived on foot with the Bishop of Osma in 1206, Fanjeaux’s narrow streets must have been filled with peddlers, pilgrims, farmers and even soldiers. The women would gather to wash their clothes on the stones at the edge of a spring where a washing place still stands today. The church we see today had not yet been built. According to the inscription on a stone on the south facing outer wall, the church was constructed between 1278 and 1281, after Saint Dominic’s death. You should take a walk to see the church after dark when its octagonal bell tower and stone spire, crowned with an orb, are illuminated by warm orange lights. This thick-walled, rectangular stone church is an example of the local Romanesque style and has an early Gothic front portal or door (the rounded Romanesque arch is slightly pointed at the top). The interior of the church was modernized in the 18th century and is Baroque in style, but the church still houses unusual reliquaries and statues from the 13th through 16th centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Note to Users
    NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 ofCanada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, nie Wellington OMW~ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Yw#e votm rf5mrDnœ Our hLB NMe référence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Libraty of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distriiute or sell reproduire, prêter, distriiuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fonne de microfiche/fllml de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être impximés reproduceà without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. English Historians' Treatments of Sir Thomas More and Bishop John Fisher in the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Gmhmies by John C. R Taylor-Hood A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fullillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Deparfment of History Mernorial University of Newf'oundland St. John's nie siuteenth-oentury personages of Sir Th011185 More and Bishop John Fiiher have repeatedy appeanxî as signiticant figures in historical works.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chronological Particular Timeline of Near East and Europe History
    Introduction This compilation was begun merely to be a synthesized, occasional source for other writings, primarily for familiarization with European world development. Gradually, however, it was forced to come to grips with the elephantine amount of historical detail in certain classical sources. Recording the numbers of reported war deaths in previous history (many thousands, here and there!) initially was done with little contemplation but eventually, with the near‐exponential number of Humankind battles (not just major ones; inter‐tribal, dynastic, and inter‐regional), mind was caused to pause and ask itself, “Why?” Awed by the numbers killed in battles over recorded time, one falls subject to believing the very occupation in war was a naturally occurring ancient inclination, no longer possessed by ‘enlightened’ Humankind. In our synthesized histories, however, details are confined to generals, geography, battle strategies and formations, victories and defeats, with precious little revealed of the highly complicated and combined subjective forces that generate and fuel war. Two territories of human existence are involved: material and psychological. Material includes land, resources, and freedom to maintain a life to which one feels entitled. It fuels war by emotions arising from either deprivation or conditioned expectations. Psychological embraces Egalitarian and Egoistical arenas. Egalitarian is fueled by emotions arising from either a need to improve conditions or defend what it has. To that category also belongs the individual for whom revenge becomes an end in itself. Egoistical is fueled by emotions arising from material possessiveness and self‐aggrandizations. To that category also belongs the individual for whom worldly power is an end in itself.
    [Show full text]
  • VWR Circulators and Chillers
    VWR Circulators and Chillers Superior Temperature Control Equipment Clockwise from top left: 13721-200, 13721-172, 13721-138, 13721-082 Controllers Table of Contents. Page Product Features. 2-3 Precise Controllers Controllers . 4-5 Choice of four controllers. From state-of-the-art program- VWR Signature` mable designs that provide Refrigerated/Heating ultimate control, to the analog Circulating Baths. 6-10 design that is perfect for less demanding applications. How To Choose A Chiller . 11 VWR Signature Recirculating Chillers . 12-13 VWR Signature Heating Immersion Circulator. 14 Durable Design VWR` Open Bath Systems . 15 Immersed parts and reservoirs are made of corrosion-fighting VWR Signature stainless steel. The exterior Heating Circulating Baths . 16-17 surface is a tough powder coating for easy clean-up. VWR Refrigerated/Heating Circulating Baths. 18-21 VWR Immersion & Flow-Through Coolers . 22 VWR Ambient Bath Cooler. 22 Double Safety VWR Heating Recirculator . 22 Your equipment and work are protected with redundant over VWR Heating Immersion Circulators . 23 temperature and low liquid cutoff standard on all circula- VWR Heating Circulating Baths . 24-25 tors. 60Hz models are CSA approved, 50Hz models carry Accessories . 26 the CE mark. At-a-Glance Chart . 27 Environmentally Responsible VWR Refrigerated Circulators and Chillers use R-134a refrigerant, and no ozone- depleting CFC’s are used in the manufacturing process. All instruments are manufactured in an ISO 9001 accredited facility. 2 To order, call 1-800-932-5000 or visit vwr.com Controllers Time Savers Advanced refrigeration sys- tems and high wattage heaters respond quickly to temperature changes. You'll have minimum waiting time for your circulator to stabilize.
    [Show full text]