Eritrea Profile, Saturday, June 22, 2019 Vol

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Eritrea Profile, Saturday, June 22, 2019 Vol Vol. 26 No. 33 Saturday, June 22, 2019 Pages 8, Price 2.00 NFA COMMEMORATION OF MARTYRS DAY AT PATRIOTS CEMETERY Patriots Cemetery here in the and power of this country by recouping lost opportunities as well capital was held in the presence of virtue of their heroism and the as scaling imposed impediments President Isaias Afwerki, Ministers, ultimate price they have paid. and that requires natural, material, senior Government and PFDJ President Isaias went on to say that technological, financial and other officials, Army Commanders, after independence the martyrs resources, but above all, the religious leaders, members of demonstrated, for the second paramount importance is human the Diplomatic Corps as well as time, similar heroism to maintain resource that is endowed with thousands of Asmara residents and and safeguard the sovereignty of quality, expertise and experience, its environs. the country and that the heroic President Isaias added. feats represent an unparalleled President Isaias, Mr. Al-Amin contribution in the annals of the Indicating that quality, expertise Mohammed Seid, Secretary history of the country. and experience are not enough by of the PFDJ, General Flipos themselves irrespective of size or Woldeyohannes, Chief of Staff of President Isaias reiterated that numerical magnitude, President the Eritrean Armed Forces, Ms. the examples and high moral Isaias said that human capital Tekea Tesfamichael, President standard the martyrs have set, the will also require a multiplying of the NUEW, and Maj. General value system they bequeathed factor anchored on commitment, Romodan Osman Aweliai, through their self-sacrifice, cannot creative, industrious and organized Governor of the Central region laid be compensated by mere tributes efficiency that discards greed and wreath at the Patriots Cemetery. and words of gratitude and that self-exaltation. we have moral obligation and In his keynote speech, President responsibility to renew pledges to In conclusion, President Isaias Isaias expressed gratitude to them in this solemn occasion. said “In a nutshell, we have to go the preparations undertaken by back to our roots, to the attributes the nationals inside the country President Isaias pointed out that defined our martyrs. The and abroad and said that the that the 11 point roadmap of origin of our identity is indeed the central theme of this year’s development programs that was value system bequeathed to us by commemoration is to renew our laid out on the 28th Independence our Martyrs”. pledge to continue the legacy of Day Anniversary takes into Martyrs above and beyond paying account and is predicted on the The commemorative event homage to them. prevailing international, regional featured artistic performances and domestic realities and trends. depicting the glorious legacy of President Isaias underlined the Martyrs and the steadfastness Martyrs Day, June 20 was light vigil held in Asmara and that the Martyrs constitute the The road-map is not only and perseverance of the Eritrean commemorated at Patriots several other places in the country. multiplying factor of the resources forward looking; it is also aimed at people. Cemetery following the candle The commemoration at the PRAYER SERVICE IN MEMORY OF MARTYRS PM ABIY AHMED SENDS MESSAGE the national sovereignty and ON MARTYRS DAY consolidate unity. Prime Minister of the Federal Eritrea on the occasion of June Similarly, a salat service in Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 20, Martyrs Day. memory of the fallen heroes was Dr. Abiy Ahmed, has sent a letter held at the Al-Khalifa Al-Rashidin to the people and Government of continued on page 7 Mosque led by Sheik Salim Ibrahim Al Muktar, General Secretary of the Central Office of Eritrean Mufti. At the event, Sheik Salem Ibrahim said that it is the responsibility Prayer services in memory Simon Beyene from the office of of every citizen to support the of martyrs that paid their lives the Patriarch called on the faithful families of the fallen heroes and for national independence to live up to the expectation of heroines that gave their dear lives and safeguarding the national those who gave their lives for for independence and national sovereignty were conducted on 19 independence and safeguarding sovereignty. June at the Saint Michael Church and Al-Khalifa Al-Rashidin Mosque here in the capital. The prayer service at Saint Michael Church was held in the morning hours in the presence of His Holiness Abune Lukas, Secretary of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo Church, religious leaders and a number of the faithful. Speaking at the event, Mergeta Eritrea Profile, Saturday, June 22, 2019 Vol. 26 No. 33 2 National Martyrs’ Day Keynote Address by President Isaias Afwerki on Martyrs Day Commemorated with a Patriotic Zeal Ladies and Gentlemen, Let me first express my congratulations and gratitude for the various preparations undertaken by our people inside the country and abroad to commemorate Martyrs Day with the requisite ceremony. The central theme of this commemoration is to renew our solemn pledge to continue the legacy of our Martyrs above and beyond paying homage to them. Our Martyrs constitute the multiplying factor of the resources and power of this country by virtue of their heroism and the ultimate price that they have paid. They vanquished and altered what seemed an asymmetric power equation in favor of the forces of independence. After independence, they demonstrated – for the second time – similar heroism to maintain and safeguard the sovereignty of the country. The heroic feats represent an unparalleled contribution in the annals of our history as an Habtom Tesfamichael On this solemn day, we pay memorial services were also held independent State and the overall progress of our nation. tribute to our valiant martyrs in churches and mosques for all Eritreans all over the world who wrote with their pure blood those who laid their lives for the Besides the ultimate price that they paid with their precious lives, the commemorated the 20th June, the greatest chapters of courage, well-being and prosperity of the value system and culture that our Martyrs have bequeathed us has bolstered National Martyrs’ Day with glory and pride. The day is marked nation. the power, resilience and moral inspiration of our people. This is a priceless a renewed pledge to continue by flags flowing at half-mast heritage. safeguarding the sovereignty and most public places closed June 20th began with a march and territorial integrity of the as the nation commemorates its from Shida Square to the The examples and high moral standards that they have set; the value motherland against all threats and martyrs. Patriots’ Cemetery in Asmara, system they bequeathed to us through their self-sacrifices, cannot be live up to the martyrs’ dreams where thousands gathered to compensated by mere tributes and words of gratitude. We have, therefore, of a developed and prosperous The national event starts on the commemorate Martyrs’ Day. moral obligations and responsibilities to renew our pledge to them on nation. eve. On the 19th June, candle vigil solemn occasions such as today. The colourful celebrations carried out at was held at the Bahti Meskerem President Isaias Afwerki our 28th Independence Anniversary by our people inside the country and Square, where various artistic attended the ceremony held at the abroad under the theme: “Resilience through Resilience”, was, in fact, a works were exhibited with martyr’s cemetery accompanied genuine testament of this pledge. thousands of people in attendance. by PFDJ officials and diplomatic Maj. General Romodan Osman corps. Ladies and Gentlemen, Awliyay, Governor of the Central region, said that this year’s President Isaias Afwerki, As it will be recalled, an 11-point road-map of our development commemoration of the day is Mr. Alamin Mohammed said, programmes was laid out during our (28th) Independence Anniversary. This Published Every unique because we are honoring secretary of the PFDJ, Gen. takes into account and is predicated on the prevailing international, regional Published Every it at a time when all the hostilities Philipos Weldeyohannes, chief and domestic realities and trends. SaturdayPublished & Wednesday Every Wednesday & Saturday and sanctions against Eritrea were of staff of the Eritrean Defense Saturday & Wednesday foiled through heavy sacrifices. Forces, Mrs. Tekia Tesfamichael, The road-map is not only forward looking; it is also aimed at recouping Participants on their part said president of the NUEW and lost opportunities as well as scaling imposed impediments. that Martyrs’ Day is not about Maj. General Romodan Osman Acting Editor shedding tears, but about taking a Awliyay, Governor of the Central How will this be implemented? What capabilities will be marshaled? Acting Editor vow to live up to the expectations region laid wreaths at the patriots’ Which resources? Under what timeline? Through which methodologies Amanuel Mesfun Amanuel Mesfun of our martyrs and support their cemetery. In his address on the and modalities? [email protected] families. [email protected] Natural, material, technological, financial… and other resources are On the eve of the day, continued on page 3 evidently important requirements for development. But above all, what is P.O.Box: 247 P.O.Box: 247 of paramount importance is human resource; that is endowed with quality, Tel: 11-41-14 expertise and experience. Fax: 12-77-49 Fax: 12-77-49 But, quality, expertise and experience are not enough in and all by E-mail: themselves irrespective of size or numerical magnitude. Effective human profile@[email protected] zena.gov.er capital will also require a multiplying factor. In other words, it must be [email protected] anchored on commitment; that discards greed and self-exaltation; that is Advertisement: 12-50-13 relentless, creative and industrious; and, that is organized efficiently. Layout In a nutshell, we have to go back to our roots; to the attributes that defined Layout our identity.
Recommended publications
  • Building a Prospect Theory Model of Ethnic Civil War Termination
    FIGHTING FOR FRAMES OR PROSPECTS FOR PEACE? BUILDING A PROSPECT THEORY MODEL OF ETHNIC CIVIL WAR TERMINATION by Robert Davis Butts A.B., Government (2006) Dartmouth College Submitted to the Department of Political Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 2007 © 2007 Robert Davis Butts All Rights Reserved The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author …………………………………………………………………………………………. Department of Political Science July 31, 2007 Certified by …………………………………………………………………………………………………. Barry Posen Ford International Professor of Political Science Thesis Supervisor Accepted by …………………………………………………………………………………………………. Roger Petersen Associate Professor of Political Science Chairman, Graduate Program Committee 2 FIGHTING FOR FRAMES OR PROSPECTS FOR PEACE? BUILDING A PROSPECT THEORY MODEL OF ETHNIC CIVIL WAR TERMINATION by ROBERT DAVIS BUTTS Submitted to the Department of Political Science on July 31, 2007 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Political Science ABSTRACT Ethnic civil wars are the most abundant form of large-scale, deadly conflict in the world today, yet the dedicated study of ethnic civil war is relatively new within political science. One empirical observation repeated in the literature is that civil wars are less likely than interstate wars to end in negotiated settlements, and more likely to end in military victory for one side. Recently, scholars have employed expected utility theory and the security dilemma to construct models of how ethnic combatants choose between settling their differences at the bargaining table or on the battlefield.
    [Show full text]
  • Winning Isn't Everything
    WINNING ISN’T EVERYTHING: HOW LARGE SCALE MILITARIZED INTERVENTIONS CAN UNDERMINE POST WAR STATE CAPACITY, STABILITY AND DEMOCRATIZATION By Brian J. Crothers A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Political Science - Doctor of Philosophy 2014 ABSTRACT WINNING ISN’T EVERYTHING HOW LARGE SCALE MILITARIZED INTERVENTIONS CAN UNDERMINE POST WAR STATE CAPACITY, STABILITY AND DEMOCRATIZATION By Brian J. Crothers While much study has been directed toward the post war consequences of “impartial” militarized intervention considerably less attention has been paid to the consequences of intervention when states are biased for or against a specific actor. In fact, interventions fitting the peace-building or transitional assistance model of intervention represent only a small subset of a much larger class of militarized intervention. I argue that many of the standard assumptions regarding democratization, post war state capacity, and post war political violence adopted from experiences with the peace building models may not hold for this more generalized case. Building on the concepts of Doyle and Sambanis (2000, 2006) I develop a Strategic Heterogeneity Framework which seeks to explain how differences in an intervener’s goals and strategies influence outcomes of post war state capacity, domestic stability (non-violence), and democratization. I conceptualize intervention strategy along two dimensions, bias and intensity. Bias indicates whether the external actor (intervener) has a strong preference for or against a domestic actor or in an unbiased case is “impartial” to the relevant belligerents. Intensity refers to the amplitude of the intervener’s commitment and degree of intrusion into the politics and society of their target.
    [Show full text]
  • THOMAS-MASTERS-REPORT.Pdf (191.3Kb)
    Copyright by Charles Girard Thomas 2011 The Report Committee for Charles Girard Thomas Certifies that this is the approved version of the following report: The Aberration of Eritrean Secession, 1961-1993 APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: Oloruntoyin Falola James Vaughn The Aberration of Eritrean Secession, 1961-1993 by Charles Girard Thomas, B.A. Report Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin May 2011 Dedication To my wife, without whom I would not be half the person I am. Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge several people for their support and guidance in putting this project together. Dr. Toyin Falola has been an amazing mentor, finding me the academic and sometimes emotional resources to succeed in graduate school. Dr. James Vaughn has always been available as a sounding board, even on topics that are outside his area of expertise. Dr. Antony Hopkins has been an amazing resource for all elements of professional scholarship, from research to writing. Finally, I would like to thank the Warfield Center for African and African American Studies at the University of Texas for their constant support of the myriad elements of African Studies at the University. v Abstract The Aberration of Eritrean Secession, 1961-1993 Charles Girard Thomas, MA The University of Texas at Austin, 2011 Supervisor: Toyin Falola Despite its reputation for instability and weak states, the continent of Africa has seen very few attempts at secession. The 1960s saw the early attempts of Katanga and Biafra to split away from their host states, only for these attempts to be crushed in short order.
    [Show full text]
  • Consider Somaliland African Social Studies Series
    Consider Somaliland African Social Studies Series Editorial Board Martin R. Doornbos, International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague Carola Lentz, University of Mainz John Lonsdale, University of Cambridge VOLUME 26 The titles published in this series are listed at www.brill.nl/afss Consider Somaliland State-Building with Traditional Leaders and Institutions By Marleen Renders LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Cover illustration: Three Elders in Erigavo, 2005 (by Ulf Terlinden) The publication of this study was made possible with a grant from the Conflict Research Group of Ghent University. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Renders, Marleen. Consider Somaliland : state-building with traditional leaders and institutions / by Marleen Renders. p. cm. -- (African social studies series ; v. 26) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-21848-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Somaliland (Secessionist government, 1991- )-- Politics and government. 2. Nation-building--Somaliland (Secessionist government, 1991- ) 3. Newly independent states--Africa, Northeast. 4. Somalia--Politics and government--1991- I. Title. II. Series: African social studies series ; v. 26. DT407.4.R46 2012 967.73--dc23 2011042628 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface. ISSN 1568-1203 ISBN 978 90 04 21848 2 (paperback) ISBN 978 90 04 22254 0 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhofff Publishers and VSP.
    [Show full text]
  • Editorial Revolution in Ethiopia: 15 Years on
    Editorial Revolution in Ethiopia: 15 Years on .. As it rounds off its fifteenth year, the revolution in Ethiopia appears to have completed a distinct phase with the institutionalisation of the regime that came to power in 1974. Military rule has been supplemented, though not supplanted, with the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE), founded in 1984, whose prescribed role is to be 'the guiding force of the state and the entire society'. The state itself, renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, was given a constitution in 1987, in which the dominant role of the Party is enshrined. Considerable care and time were given to fashioning these institutions, and much effort expended in mobilising popular involvement in the process. The obvious intention was to draw the curtain on the previous phase, marked by military rule, lawlessness and violence, and to usher in a period of 'socialist construction' under the aegis of the WPE. Christopher Clapham completed a study of Ethiopia just as the process of institutionalisation neared its end (Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia). It is the first detailed study of the regime, and his article in this issue offers a concise description of it, as well as his assessment of its strengths and weaknessnes. While he gives little credit to the regime's Marxist ideological assertions, viewing them essentially as instrumental to the purpose of mass mobilisation and organisation, he is impressed with the strength and organisational capacity of the state, which has been able to make its authority felt directly at the base of society — though not everywhere in the country — for the first time in Ethiopian history.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Eritrean Diaspora in Italy and the United Kingdom
    Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate International Relations Tesi di Laurea Exploring the Eritrean diaspora in Italy and in the United Kingdom Relatore Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Emanuela Trevisan Semi Correlatore Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Paola Gandolfi Laureanda Marialibera Iavasile Matricola 831245 Anno Accademico 2011 / 2012 Exploring the Eritrean diaspora in Italy and the United Kingdom Marialibera Iavasile 1 To the one I love, Thanks for being always by my side. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................. 6 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter One - Diaspora An Overview ................................................................................. 16 1.0 What Does the Term “Diaspora” Mean in Today’s World............................................ 17 1.1 Origins and Development of the Term .......................................................................... 17 1.2 The Different Types of Diaspora ................................................................................... 21 1.3 Diasporas and Transnationalism in the Age of Globalisation ....................................... 24 1.4 What makes up a Diaspora? ..........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 3. the Anomaly of Eritrean Secession, 1961–1993
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2020-06 Secession and Separatist Conflicts in Postcolonial Africa Thomas, Charles G.; Falola, Toyin University of Calgary Press Thomas, C. G., & Falola, T. (2020). Secession and Separatist Conflicts in Postcolonial Africa. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/112216 book https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca SECESSION AND SEPARATIST CONFLICTS IN POSTCOLONIAL AFRICA By Charles G. Thomas and Toyin Falola ISBN 978-1-77385-127-3 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence. This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display or perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to its authors and publisher, that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in any form, and that you in no way alter, transform, or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without our express permission.
    [Show full text]
  • TOP Draft 7 Final Draft African Studies MA Thesis
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Diplomacy, Resistance and Jazz: Twentieth Century Meetings of Modern Music and Politics in the Horn of Africa Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/79k7q0tz Author Story, Dexter Publication Date 2019 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Diplomacy, Resistance and Jazz: Twentieth Century Meetings of Modern Music and Politics in the Horn of Africa A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirement for the degree Master of Arts in African Studies by Dexter Gordon Bryan Story 2019 © Copyright by Dexter Gordon Bryan Story 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Diplomacy, Resistance and Jazz: Twentieth Century Meetings of Modern Music and Politics in the Horn of Africa by Dexter Gordon Bryan Story Master of Arts in African Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2019 Professor Aomar Boum, Chair This paper surveys a collection of music-related interactions, sanctions, circumstances and figures that embodies the spirit of diplomacy and defiance in the Horn of Africa during the twentieth century. The research will examine historic moments of goodwill, propagation, ingenuity and activism that altered the course of modern music culture in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, and Sudan, where government officials, cultural ambassadors and, most significantly, musicians wield their authority, influence, popularity, instruments and voices beyond the traditional norms of their enterprise. Along these lines, the paper will discuss the expansive concept of jazz as symbolically appropriated and re-purposed by the performing artist and ​ ​ diplomat associated with the region. Although far from being exhaustive, this work engages with musical activity as a vehicle for information, identity, nationalism and broad meaning.
    [Show full text]
  • Afabet, March 1988: the Decisive Battle for Eritrean Indipendence
    Afabet, March 1988: The Decisive Battle for Eritrean Indipendence. Vincenzo Meleca Translation by Maria C. Zummo (February 2019) Among the few who know how Eritrea conquered its independence after as well as thirty years of war against Ethiopia (first governed by Emperor Haile Selassie and then by colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam),fewer are those who know how the conflict (which nowadays would be defined as "asymmetrical") was fought by most of the Eritreans not only with guerrilla techniques, but also in actual battles, where armored forces and heavy artillery were employed. One of the most important was that fought near the little town of Afabet in March 1988. On the map of the Eritrean Region of Northern Red Sea it is possible to locate Nakfa, Afabet (marked by the arrow) and, below, Keren 1 The Background After a 27-year-long war, in 1988 the situation of the opposing forces had substantially changed: on the one hand the Ethiopian army and air force, supported by Soviet military "advisors" and what remained, of the 15,000 Cuban "brothers"1 and, on the other, the EPLF (Eritrean People's Liberation Front) fighters. Discouragement was spreading among the Ethiopian soldiers, while the Soviet "advisors" started feeling the first guts of that stormy wind which in a few months’ time would bring the USSR to collapse and dissolution. One of the first meaningful signs of the extent to which things had changed was the attack launched on December 8th by the EPLF to the 22nd Division of the so called "Command Nadew", which collected all the units of the Ethiopian Army in Northern Eritrea2.
    [Show full text]
  • “The HIDRI GAMES”
    “The HIDRI GAMES” In order to strengthen our community and be the best ambassadors for Eritrea we must first learn to work together, have the ability to sacrifice our desires for others and be able to tolerate all the obstacles and negativity that might be thrown our way. It is with that spirit that the HIDRI Committee designed the activity based portion of the conference, “The HIDRI Games,” for this year’s 10th annual YPFDJ conference. The HIDRI Games focused on teaching HIDRI members the importance of Bitsaynet (camaraderie), Tewfiynet (Sacrifice), and Tsewarnet (tolerance), the three essential values that are required to ensure we are building a strong, conscious, and patriotic youth that can play leadership roles in their communities. The HIDRI Games were designed to teach each HIDRI Participant about Eritrea’s history, present with the hopes of building a brighter future. Upon arrival all participants were separated into 8 districts. Each district number represented a significant year in Eritrean History. The 8 districts were then set to compete against each other in a series of tasks and challenges that would not only question their knowledge on Eritrea but also test their skills on Bisaynet (camaraderie), Tewfiynet (Sacrifice) and Tsewarnet (tolerance) and test their leadership, communication and critical thinking skills. 1. District 77: This District was named after the Battle of Massawa (the First Battle of Massawa). The battle took place from 1977 to 1978, in and around the coastal city of Massawa, Eritrea. The port was besieged by the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) against the forces of Ethiopia, and was one of two battles in and around the city.
    [Show full text]
  • Restructuring the Soviet-Ethiopian Relationship: a Case Study In
    RESTRUCTURING THE SOVIET-ETHIOPIAN RELATIONSHIP: A CASE STUDY IN ASYMMETRIC EXCHANGE TOMMIE CROWELL ANDERSON-JAQUEST A Thesis submitted to the University of London in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy London School of Economics and Political Science MAY 2002 UMI Number: U613342 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U613342 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 TH£S£S I" ABSTRACT This thesis aims to explore the dynamics of exchange operating in special relationships initially formed and largely sustained on an amicable basis between two states of vastly unequal power. The claim is made that the weak state is likely to be adversely affected in the longer term by the persistence of negative patterns of asymmetric exchange, despite the accrual of considerable benefits. To test the validity of this proposition, selected theoretical perspectives on exploitation and manipulation are examined and applied to the analyses of political, military, economic and development issues arising in respect of the Soviet-Ethiopian relationship in the Brezhnev and Gorbachev periods.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham Research Online
    Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 02 March 2010 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Reid, R. (2003) 'Old problems in new conicts : some observations on Eritrea and its relations with Tigray, from liberation struggle to inter-state war.', Africa., 73 (3). pp. 369-401. Further information on publisher's website: http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2003.73.3.369 Publisher's copyright statement: c 2003 Edinburgh University Press Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Africa 73 (3), 2003 OLD PROBLEMS IN NEW CONFLICTS: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON ERITREA AND ITS RELATIONS WITH TIGRAY, FROM LIBERATION STRUGGLE TO INTER-STATE WAR Richard Reid AN OVERVIEW OF THE ISSUES There can be few more sensitive or emotive subject-matters in the field of Mrican studies today than the attempt to explore relations between Eritrea and Ethiopia in general, and between Eritrea and Tigray, in northern Ethiopia, in particular (Reid, forthcoming).
    [Show full text]