Glossary of Terms and Acronyms Glossary of Terms and Acronyms

8-INCH: Used in this report to denote a U.S. Army to be capable of recognizing and steering toward artillery gun which fires 8-inch diameter shells. a vulnerable point on a fixed target. A300: Model designation of a jet transport aircraft AGM: Air-to-ground missile. made by Airbus Industrie, a consortium of Bel- AGM-65: The Maverick air-to-ground missile (any gian, British, Dutch, French, German, and Span- of several versions: AGM-65A/B/D/E/F/G), ish companies. AGM-65A: TV-guided Maverick. [In inventory] A-7: The Corsair 11 light attack aircraft, produced AGM-65B: TV-guided Maverick with greater mag- in several versions for the U.S. Navy and Air nification for use against smaller targets or at Force and other nations. The Air Force is devel- longer range. [In inventory] oping improved avionics and engines (for longer AGM-65D: IR-guided Maverick for use at night or range) to upgrade its A-7s to a version unoffi- in adverse weather. [Being procured] cially called the “A-7 +.” AGM-65E: Laser-guided Maverick for U.S. Marine AAA: Anti-aircraft artillery. Corps. [Being procured] ACE: Allied Command Europe. AGM-65F: Navy Maverick. Anti-shipping–IR- Activity Cue: As used in this report, indication of guided with alternate warhead and selectable- enemy movement provided by a surveillance or delay fuze. [In development] reconnaissance system, used for planning an AGM-65G: “Alternate Warhead Maverick. ” A attack. modified AGM-65F with a heavier warhead for ACV: armored combat vehicle. A tank, armored use against ships, armored vehicles, and overbur- fighting vehicle (AFV), armored personnel car- dened fixed targets. [In advanced development] rier (Ape), armored cavalry vehicle, self-propelled AGM-88A: The HARM High-Speed Anti-Radia- artillery piece, or a mobile surface-to-air missile tion Missile (q.v.). launcher. AGM-130: A short-range, rocket-powered, air-to- ADAM: Area Denial Artillery Mine. A scatterable ground missile derived from the GBU-15. The antipersonnel mine produced for the U.S. Army. AGM-130A uses a unitary 2,000-lb Mk-84 war- A 155mm artillery shell can dispense 36 ADAMs. head. The AGM-130B, which is not presently ADDS: Army Data Distribution System. A data funded, is a version of this weapon with a sub- communications system now being procured by munitions dispenser as the payload. the U.S. Army to provide timely secure commu- AI: Air interdiction. A tactical air mission. nications among corps commanders, their intel- Air Attack: As used in tables in this report, an oper- ligence, fire support, and other staffs which ational concept using penetrating tactical air- would plan deep attacks, and the surface-to-sur- craft (TACAIR) as weapons platforms. Direct face missile batteries and tactical aircraft which air attack uses TACAIR flying directly over, or would perform deep attacks. ADDS includes within sight of, the target. Stand-off air attack Joint Tactical Information Distribution System uses a weapon such as the Modular Stand-off (JTIDS) terminals, Enhanced Position Location Weapon (MSOW) launched by tactical aircraft Reporting System (EPLRS) terminals, and net at a standoff (distance) of 25 to 50 km from the control stations. Formerly called PJH [PLRS- target. JTIDS Hybrid]. ALB: AirLand Battle. U.S. Army doctrine (en- ADT: MICNS Air Data Terminal for the Aquila dorsed by the U.S. Air Force as appropriate) for RPV; the Aquila uses an ADT to receive com- the conduct of Army operations. mands from, and transmit television imagery to, ALCM: Air-launched cruise missile. a MICNS Remote Ground Terminal (RGT) of AMS: Airborne Mission Subsystem of the Aquila a TADARS Ground Control Station (GCS). See RPV. MICNS, TADARS. AMTI: Airborne moving-target indicating (radar ADU: Air defense unit. system). Detects and indicates objects (e.g., ve- AFATDS: Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data hicles) moving with respect to the ground. System. A U.S. Army follow-onto the TACFIRE AN/TPQ-37: “Firefinder” radar system for track- artillery fire control system. ing missiles and projectiles to locate missile AFV: Armored fighting vehicle. launchers and artillery batteries. AGB: Autonomous Guided Bomb. A glide bomb AOI: (1) Area of interest: in NATO and U.S. Army in preliminary development by the Air Force, doctrine, the area including, but extending be-

221 222 ● New Technology for NATO: Implementing Follow-On Forces Attack

yond, a commander’s area of responsibility concentrations of armored vehicles, where they (AOR, q.v.), in which the commander must mon- dispensed Skeet sensor-fuzed smart submu- itor enemy activity which could affect the fu- nitions. ture situation in his AOR; (2) Area of influence: ASTOR: Airborne STand-Off Radar (formerly the area in which a tactical commander has a called CASTOR: Corps Airborne STand-Off Ra- capability to fight the enemy. dar). Either of two airborne ground-surveillance AOR: Area of responsibility. A specific zone or sec- radar systems developed for the British Minis- tor assigned to a commander in which he is re- try of Defence. ASTOR-C indicates fixed tar- sponsible for fighting the enemy. Also called gets; ASTOR-I indicates moving targets. area of operational responsibility in NATO AT-2: A scatterable mine being developed by the doctrine, and area of operations in U.S. Army Federal Republic of Germany for MLRS rockets. doctrine. ATACMS: Army Tactical Missile System. A bal- APAM: Anti-personnel anti-materiel. A type of listic missile currently in development by the submunition usually designed as a small gre- U.S. Army. ATACMS missiles will be launched nade or bomblet that damages unarmored vehi- from unmodified MLRS launchers. cles and people. Examples are the Army M-74 ATAF: Allied Tactical Air Force (of NATO). grenade and the Air Force BLU-61 and BLU- ATARS: Advanced Tactical Air Reconnaissance 63 bomblets. System (also called Follow-On Tactical Recon- APGM: Autonomous Precision-Guided Munition naissance System). A program to develop a TV for 155mm artillery. camera and digital data link for use on either Aquila: U.S. Army-developed remotely piloted manned aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicles. vehicle. ATDL: Adaptive Targeting Data Link. A proposed ARDS: Airborne Radar Demonstrator System, A radio data link which could transmit target loca- NATO project to make certain U. S., British, and tion data from Joint STARS or PLSS aircraft French airborne ground-surveillance radar sys- to weapon delivery platforms such as F-16 fighter tems compatible. aircraft equipped with ATDL equipment or pos- ARIA: Advanced Range Instrumentation Air- sibly to advanced weapons—such as ballistic or craft. A modified Boeing 707 jet transport (des- cruise missiles-which could be equipped with ignated EC-18B) used by the U.S. Air Force. ATDL equipment. ARM: Anti-radiation missile. ATF: Advanced-Technology Fighter being devel- Artillery Attack: An operational concept using oped for the U.S. Air Force. artillery guns or rocket-launchers as weapons ATR: Automatic target recognition. platforms. AUTO TGT: A notional automatic target recog- ASAC: All-Source Analysis Center, which sup- nition capability for attack of units on trains ports the intelligence function at division and using CALCM-X. corps tactical operations centers. AVSCOM: Aviation Systems Command of the ASARS: Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar Sys- U.S. Army. tem (specifically, ASARS 11). A U.S. Air Force AWACS: Airborne Warning and Control System high-resolution ground-surveillance imaging ra- (E-3A/B/C) used by the U.S. Air Force and dar system, which can detect stationary objects. NATO. The ASARS 11 can be carried by the high- B-52: A heavy bomber operated by the U.S. Stra- altitude, long-endurance TR-1 aircraft. tegic Air Command. ASAS: All-Source Analysis System. An intelligence BAI: Battlefield air interdiction. A tactical air fusion system being developed by the U.S. Army. mission. Both the ASAS and the U.S. Air Force’s Enemy BICES: Battlefield Information Collection and Ex- Situation Correlation Element (ENSCE) are being ploitation System, a NATO project. developed under the Joint Tactical Fusion (JTF) BL775: A British anti-armor cluster weapon. program and will use some common equipment. BMP: A Soviet-made infantry combat vehicle. ASIC: All-Source Intelligence Center. BN-2T: A twin-turboprop aircraft (the Turbine Is- Assault Breaker: A technology development pro- lander) made by Pilatus Britten-Norman; see gram sponsored by the U.S. Defense Advanced Turbine Islander. Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in which BTR: A series of Soviet-made armored personnel T-16 (Patriot) and T-22 (Lance) missiles were carriers. Some are used for command, control, guided, by the Joint STARS-like Pave Mover and communications. airborne radar and weapon guidance system, to Buccaneer: A British fighter-bomber. Glossary of Terms and Acronyms ● 223 — —.

Bullpup: U.S. Air Force AGM-12C command- ognition and precision terminal guidance of guided weapon, designed to attack hard fixed cruise missiles. targets. It includes a WDU-25B 974-pound CNAD: Conference of National Armaments Direc- warhead. tors of NATO. Bundeswehr: The West German Army. COCOM, CoCom: Coordinating Committee on C2 (or C’): Command and control. Multilateral Export Controls. C3 (or C’): Command, control, and communications. COMINT: Communications intelligence. Informa- C3I (or C3I): Command, control, communications, tion gained from intercepting enemy electronic and intelligence. communications signals, either voice or message. CALCM-X: An acronym used in this report for a Command Posts: Groups of trucks and lightly ar- proposed conventionally armed, air-launched mored vehicles used by commanders of Warsaw cruise missile, possibly ALCM-Bs retired from Pact regiments, divisions, and armies, and their SIOP duty and modified to carry more payload staffs; possible targets for attacks against fol- to a shorter range. low-on forces. CASTOR: Corps Airborne STand-Off Radar. Now Compass Call: Air Force EC-130 aircraft designed called ASTOR (q.v. ). for jamming enemy radio communications. CBU: Cluster Bomb Unit. A class of Air Force Copperhead: The M712 cannon-launched guided weapons consisting of a dispenser filled with projectile, a U.S. Army 155mm artillery shell (usually 200 to 600) bomblets, designed to at- that homes on a target illuminated by a laser tack an area target by dispersing the bomblets. designator. CEB: Combined Effects Bomblet. U.S. Air Force Copperhead 11: A developmental autonomously submunition (denoted BLU-97/B) guided artillery projectile which does not require CEM: Combined Effects Munition. U.S. Air Force that its target be designated (i.e., illuminated) weapon (denoted CBU-87/B) consisting of a TMD by a laser. A Copperhead II shell would be made containing 202 CEB bomblets. CEM weighs 945 by replacing the laser seeker of an M712 Cop- lbs, can be carried by F-16, F-Ill, and F-15E perhead shell with an autonomous seeker now aircraft, and is effective against personnel and in development. unarmored and light armor targets. CP: Command post. CENTAG: Central Army Group of NATO’s Allied CPS: Central Processing Subsystem (of PLSS). Command, Europe. Cruise Missile Atk: An operational concept using Central Region: The region for which NATO’s Al- cruise missiles launched from airborne platforms lied Command, Europe, is responsible, includ- (in friendly airspace) to penetrate and attack tar- ing the Federal Republic of Germany. gets deep in the Warsaw Pact rear. CGF: Central Group of Forces. Soviet Forces sta- DAACM: Direct Airfield Attack Combined Mu- tioned in Czechoslovakia, consisting of about nition. five divisions. DARPA: Defense Advanced Research Projects Chicken Little: A joint Army-Air Force program Agency. An agency of the U.S. Department of for testing advanced anti-armor munitions. Defense. CHOKPT: A contraction used in this report for D-Day: As used here, hypothetically, the day on “chokepoint an obstacle to the advance of which NATO is overtly invaded or attacked by Warsaw Pact forces, either preexisting (e.g., a Warsaw Pact forces. In general, the first day bridge) or created by NATO forces (e.g., a mined of a real or hypothetical war or a military opera- road). tion during a war. CINC: Commander-in-Chief DDR: Deutsche Demokratische Republik: East Ger- CINCENT: Commander-in-Chief, Allied Forces, many. Also GDR: German Democratic Republic. Central Europe DF: (Radio) Direction-Finding. CINCNORTH: Commander-in-Chief, Allied Forces, DGSM: Down-sized Ground Station Module for Northern Europe Joint STARS. CL289: An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) made DIRECT AIR ATK: See AIR ATTACK. in Canada. DIV: Division. CLGP: Cannon-launched guided projectile. DIV ASSY AREAS: Division assembly areas, also CMAG: Cruise Missile–Advanced Guidance. A known as “concentration areas, ” for Warsaw program to develop sensors (LADAR, MMW, Pact divisions. These areas are usually within and SAR) and software for automatic target rec- the range band of 80 to 150 km from the FLOT. 224 New Technology for NATO: implementing Follow-On Forces Attack

Assembly areas are large enough that the den- EF-111A: An Air Force airborne jamming system sity of vehicles is relatively low, and are chosen for jamming radars; also called “Raven.” by the Warsaw Pact forces to take maximum EFP: Explosively formed penetrator. A type of advantage of cover and concealment. anti-armor munition. Division Columns: Groups of vehicles moving on ELINT: Electronics intelligence. Intelligence ob- roads, which comprise a division on the march. tained by interception of non-communications The actual groupings of vehicles are usually signals (e.g., radar signals). battalion-sized, about 40 to 60 vehicles per ELS: Emitter Location System. An upgrade which column, with spacing between columns using would allow PLSS to locate non-pulsed emitters. the same road. ENSCE: Enemy Situation Correlation Element. DME: Distance-measuring equipment. Radionavi- An intelligence fusion system being developed gation equipment consisting of transponder by the U.S. Air Force. Both the ENSCE and the units and interrogator units which can deter- U.S. Army’s All-Source Analysis System (ASAS) mine how far away the transponders are. In are being developed under the Joint Tactical Fu- some radionavigation systems, such as that sion (JTF) program and will use some common used by PLSS, the interrogator units are car- equipment. ried by aircraft and the transponder units are EO, or E-O: Electro-optical. Employing vacuum at surveyed locations on the ground. In other tubes or semiconductor devices to convert opti- radionavigation systems, the transponder units cal (visible, ultraviolet, or infrared) radiation into are carried by aircraft and the interrogator units electrical currents, to serve as a TV camera. are at surveyed locations on the ground. Epervier: A Belgian remotely piloted vehicle used DNA: Defense Nuclear Agency. An agency of the for reconnaissance. U.S. Department of Defense. EPLRS: Enhanced Position Location Reporting DOA: Direction of arrival. A technique for deter- System, a component of ADDS. mining the direction from which a radio signal ERAM: Extended-Range Antiarmor Mine, par- is being received—i.e., the direction toward the tially developed, then abandoned, by the U.S. radio transmitter. Air Force. DoD: U.S. Department of Defense. ESD: (1) Electronic Systems Division of the U.S. DPC: Defence Planning Committee (of NATO). It Air Force Systems Command; (2) Electronique is composed of the representatives of member Serge-Dassault, a French electronic systems countries participating in NATO’s integrated manufacturer. military structure. The DPC meets at either the ESECS: European Security Study. A study of op- Ambassadorial or Ministerial (Defense Minister) tions for increasing the combat capability, and level. hence the presumed deterrent effect, of NATO’s DPICM: Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional non-nuclear forces in Europe. The study was Munition. An APAM munition used in artillery sponsored by the American Academy of Arts shells and rockets. and Sciences; its findings were published in two DRG: Defence Research Group (of NATO). reports known as ESECS I and ESECS 11. E-3: The AWACS Airborne Warning and Control ESM: Electronic warfare support measures. Radio System. A modified Boeing 707 jet transport direction-finding and signals intelligence (COMINT carrying air surveillance radar and communica- and ELINT) activities performed in support of tions equipment. Several models (E-3A/B/C) are electronic warfare (jamming, etc.). currently used by the U.S. Air Force and NATO. EW: Electronic warfare. E-8A: The Joint Surveillance/Target Attack Radar F-4: The Phantom fighter-bomber; developed in the System (Joint STARS). A modified Boeing 707 United States; also used by the Federal Repub- jet transport carrying aground surveillance ra- lic of Germany. dar and communications equipment. In devel- F-4G: The version of the F-4 fighter designed and opment for the U.S. Air Force. equipped to attack enemy air defenses, dubbed EC-18B: The Advanced Range Instrumentation the “Wild Weasel. ” Aircraft (ARIA). A modified Boeing 707 jet F-15: The top-line air superiority fighter of the U.S. transport used by the U.S. Air Force. Air Force, dubbed the “Eagle.” ECCM: Electronic counter-countermeasures. F-15E: The ground-attack version of the F-15 Ea- ECM: Electronic countermeasures. gle, dubbed the “Strike Eagle, ” now in devel- Glossary of Terms and Acronyms . 225

opment by the U.S. Air Force. The primary mis- GDR: German Democratic Republic. East Ger- sion of the F-15E will be air interdiction. many. Also DDR: Deutsche Demokratische F-16: The dual-role (air- and ground-attack) fighter Republik. of the U.S. Air Force and several other NATO GPS: Global Positioning System. A system by countries, dubbed the “Fighting Falcon. ” which a user vehicle can determine its position F-ill: A U.S. Air Force long range interdiction on the ground to high accuracy. GPS will use aircraft. a constellation of NAVSTAR satellites to allow FARRP: Forward area re-arming and refueling a terminal on the vehicle to compute its loca- point, for helicopters. tion in earth-fixed coordinates. FBA: Fighter bomber aircraft. GR/CS: GUARDRAIL/Common Sensor. An up- FEBA: Forward edge of the battle area. The ap- grade to GUARDRAIL. proximate line along which opposing ground GSFG: Group of Soviet Forces, Germany. forces are in contact; compare FLOT (q.v.). GSM: Ground Station Module. A mobile ground Firefinder: A tactical radar system (designated station being developed by Motorola for the U.S. AN/TPQ-37) used by the U.S. Army for track- Army for use with the Joint STARS airborne ing missiles and projectiles to locate missile radar system. launchers and artillery batteries. GUARDRAIL: A communications intelligence FLIR: Forward-Looking InfraRed. A TV-like cam- system. era sensitive to the infrared radiation emitted hard: Highly resistant to damage by weapon ef- by all (especially warm) objects; useful at night fects (e.g., blast), either by design or inadver- and less affected by fog, smoke, or haze than TV. tently, FLOT: Forward line of own troops. Unlike a FEBA harden: To make highly resistant to damage by (q.v.), a FLOT (e.g., Inner-German border) can weapon effects. exist in peacetime. hardened: Highly resistant, by design, to damage FOG: Fiber-optic gyro. In development for missile by weapon effects. inertial attitude reference and navigation systems. HARM: The AGM-88A High-Speed Anti-Radia- FOG-M: Fiber-Optic Guided Missile. In develop- tion Missile. An air-launched missile used by the ment for the U.S. Army. Navy and Air Force to attack radar antennas FRG: Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). by homing on the signals they emit. front: A Soviet command echelon above “army.” HAVE QUICK: An Army-Air Force program to FSCL: Fire support coordination line. A line estab- provide or upgrade the jam resistance of certain lished at approximately the range of fire of tactical radios. NATO artillery, or about 25 to 35 km into enemy Heron-26: An Italian-made remotely piloted vehi- area across the FLOT. cle which can be used for reconnaissance. FSD: Full-Scale Development. HLTD UNIT: a contraction used in tables in this FTI: Fixed target indicator. A type of radar use- report to denote a halted enemy unit which is ful for surveillance of stationary objects such the target of an attack against follow-on forces. as shelters or parked vehicles. HTM: Hard Target Munition. A bomb being de- fusion: Combining intelligence information from veloped by the Air Force to attack hard fixed multiple sensors or disciplines (e.g., SIGINT and targets (e.g., bunkers). IMINT) to assist interpretation. HVM: Hypervelocity Missile. An air-launched anti- GACC: Ground Attack Control Capability (or Cen- armor missile being developed for the U.S. Air ter). For controlling air attack of ground targets, Force. It will use CO, laser command guidance now under development by the U.S. Air Force. and kill by kinetic energy. GAMP: Guided Antiarmor Mortar Projectile. Par- IABG: Industrieanlagen Betriebs GmbH (Gesell- tially developed, then abandoned, by the U.S. schaft mit beschraenkter Haftung). A West Ger- Army. man corporation which performs research, de- Gator: Air delivered anti-tank and anti-personnel velopment, and operations analysis for the West mines. German Ministry of Defense and for West Ger- GBU-15: A Glide Bomb Unit, which is “thrown” man industries. by an attacking aircraft and guided toward the IADL: Interoperable Air Data Link. IDL equip- target from the aircraft, but which has no pro- ment carried by TR-1 aircraft used as Precision pulsion of its own. The GBU-15 weighs 2,500 Location Strike System (PLSS) platforms. lbs, including the Mk-84 2,000-lb warhead, and IAM: Inertially-Aided Munition. A developmen- can be carried by the F-4, F-111, and F-15E tal glide-bomb program. (when available). ICM: Improved Conventional Munition, An APAM 226 ● New Technology for NATO: Implementing Follow-On Forces Attack

munition used in artillery shells and rockets. Radar System. A developmental airborne radar Also called DPICM: Dual-Purpose ICM. system carried on E-8A aircraft intended to IDA: Institute for Defense Analyses (Alexandria, locate moving (and certain fixed) targets on the Virginia). ground and to control attacks against such tar- IDL: Interoperable Data Link. A radio data link gets using tactical aircraft or guided missiles. used by the Precision Location Strike System JSTARS: See Joint STARS. (PLSS). J(S)TARS: Used here to denote the MTI surveil- IEPG: Independent European Programme Group, lance capability of Joint STARS (q.v.). composed of European members of NATO. JS(TA)RS: Used hereto denote the target acquisi- IEW UAV: Intelligence and Electronic Warfare tion and attack control capabilities of Joint Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. One of the family of STARS (q.v.). UAVs proposed for development by the U.S. JTF: Joint Tactical Fusion. Army. JTFP: Joint Tactical Fusion Program. IFF: Identification–friend or foe. A system for JTIDS: Joint Tactical Information Distribution identifying aircraft as friendly or other (foe or System. A joint (U.S. Navy/U.S. Air Force) jam- neutral) e.g., using coded radio signals. resistant radio system used to send digital mes- IGB: Inner-German border. The boundary between sages between aircraft and between aircraft and West and East Germany. Sometimes called the ground stations. inter-German border. KB-44: A small shaped-charge anti-armor submu- IGDL: Interoperable Ground Data Link. Ground- nition developed to be dispensed from the based IDL radio equipment used by the Preci- MW-1. sion Location Strike System to communicate LADAR: Laser Detection And Ranging. A system with IADL radio equipment on TR-1 aircraft. for determining the position of an object using IIR: Imaging infra-red (adj.). Using a TV-like cam- visible-wavelength radiation, analogous to ra- era which is sensitive to long-wavelength in- dar (which uses radio-wavelength radiation). frared radiation and can “see” in the dark and, Lance: The T-22 dual-capable (nuclear or conven- to some extent, through fog. tional) missile used by NATO corps. IITS: Intra-Theater Imagery Transmission Sys- LANTIRN: Low-Altitude Navigation/Targeting tem. A facsimile system used by U.S. forces in InfraRed for Night. A system designed to give Europe. tactical aircraft low-altitude all-weather naviga- IMINT: Image (or imagery) intelligence. Intelligence tion and targeting capabilities. obtained from photographic imagery, electro- LCS: Low-Cost Seeker (for the HARM High-speed optical imagery, radar imagery, or other types Anti-Radiation Missile). Under development by of imagery (e.g., radiometric). the Navy and the Air Force. Also called Low- INF: Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces. Cost Anti-Radiation Seeker. IPB: Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield. LOC: Lines of communication. IR: Infrared. Electromagnetic radiation having LOC-E: Limited Operational Capability-Europe: a wavelengths longer than those of visible light U.S. intelligence fusion system in Europe, de- but shorter than those of radio waves (i.e., rived from the Battlefield Exploitation and Tar- 0.0007 to 1 millimeter). get Acquisition (BETA) testbed. I2R: Imaging infrared. See IIR. LOCPOD: Low-Cost Powered Off-boresight Dis- IRTGSM: Infrared Terminally-Guided Submu- penser: NATO development project for air- nition. launched standoff submunition dispenser. Islander: A twin-engine aircraft made by Pilatus LPI: Low probability of interception. Britten-Norman in both piston and turbine ver- LRSOM: Long-Range Standoff Missile: a proposed sions. See Turbine Islander. long-range cruise missile being considered in a Jaguar: A British aircraft used for reconnaissance. tri-national feasibility study by the United Joint Attack: An operational concept using both States, the United Kingdom, and the Federal ground- and air-launched weapons. For example, Republic of Germany. an air-launched weapon (GBU-15) could be used Luftwaffe: Air Force [viz., “air weapon”] of the to destroy a bridge and create a chokepoint, and Federal Republic of Germany. ground-launched missiles (ATACMS) could be M-74: An Army APAM submunition to be used used to attack units that halted and bunched in ATACMS missiles for attack of unarmored up at the destroyed bridge. targets. Joint STARS: Joint Surveillance Target Attack Martel: A British TV-guided bomb. .. —

Glossary of Terms and Acronyms . 227

MASINT: Measurement and signature intelligence off, and would employ a dispenser and either —e.g., a measurement of a target’s closing ve- anti-armor or APAM submunitions. locity obtained using moving target indicating MTI: Moving target indicator. A type of radar use- (MTI) radar. ful for surveillance of moving objects such as Maverick: A guided short-range air-to-ground anti- aircraft or ground vehicles. armor missile used by the U.S. Air Force (des- MW-1: Multipurpose Weapon, a submunition dis- ignated AGM-65, q.v. ). penser made in the Federal Republic of Germany MICOM: U.S. Army Missile Command. for the Tornado aircraft; it can dispense several MICNS: Modular Integrated Communications and types of submunitions. Navigation System—used by the Target Acqui- NAA: North Atlantic Assembly. An organization sition Designation Aerial Reconnaissance Sys- composed of selected members of the parlia- tem (TADARS). ments of NATO member nations. MIFF: An air-delivered anti-tank mine made in the NAAG: National Army Armaments Group (of Federal Republic of Germany to be dispensed NATO). by MW-1 dispensers on Tornado aircraft. NGF: Northern Group of Forces. Soviet Forces sta- Mine: A destructive device detonated after its em- tioned in Poland, consisting of about two di- placement, usually by some action of its target. visions. Mirach-100: An Italian-made remotely piloted ve- NIS: NATO Identification System. An IFF sys- hicle which can be used for reconnaissance. tem being considered for adoption by NATO. Mirage 5: A Belgian aircraft used for recon- NORTHAG: Northern Army Group of NATO’s Al- naissance. lied Command Europe. Missile Attack: An operational concept using ground- NIMROD: An airborne early warning system de- launched missiles such as ATACMS. veloped in the United Kingdom for the Minis- Mk-82: A general-purpose 500-lb bomb. try of Defense. The United Kingdom has since Mk-84: A general-purpose 2,000-lb bomb. decided to procure U.S. E-3 AWACS aircraft MLRS: Multiple Launch Rocket System. An ar- instead. tillery system now in procurement by the U.S. NSWP: Non-Soviet Warsaw Pact, Army and several other NATO nations. O&C: Operations and control (for Joint STARS). MLRS/TGW: Terminally Guided Warhead for OLA: Off-loading area. MLRS. An anti-armor TGSM, now in develop- OMG: Operational Maneuver Group. ment by the U.S. Army. ON WPN: On weapon. Used here to describe au- MMW: Millimeter-wave. Sensing or using electro- tonomous target acquisition systems installed magnetic radiation with wavelengths between on weapons (e.g., cruise missiles). one millimeter and one centimeter. ORCHIDEE: Observatoire Radar Coherent Heli- MNC: Major NATO Commander (SACEUR, porte d’Investigation Des Elements Ennemis. SACLANT, or CINCHAN). A developmental French airborne ground-sur- Mohawk: A U.S. Army airborne ground-surveil- veillance radar system which will be carried by lance radar system carried by OV-1D aircraft. Super Puma helicopters to indicate moving MOS: Military Occupational Specialty designa- targets. tions used by the U.S. Army. OV-1D: The U.S. Army “Mohawk’ observation air- Moving Columns: Groups of vehicles moving on craft equipped with an airborne ground-surveil- roads as part of a combat unit on the march. lance radar system. The actual groupings of vehicles are usually OUSDRE: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense battalion-sized, about 40 to 60 vehicles per col- for Research and Engineering, in the U.S. De- umn, with spacing between columns using the partment of Defense. same road. Patriot: A modern surface-to-air missile system MPS: Mission Payload System for the Aquila used by the U.S. Army in Europe; it uses a RPV. phased-array radar and fires T-16 missiles. MR: Motorized rifle. Pave Mover: An experimental airborne radar and MSC: Major Subordinate Commander (e.g., CIN- weapon guidance system carried by an F-111 air- CENT, CINCNORTH) craft and used in DARPA’s Assault Breaker MSOW: Modular Stand-Off Weapon. An air-launched program; Joint STARS will use similar but im- weapon now in concept development in NATO. proved technology. This weapon would provide 25 to 50 km of stand- Paveway: A series of laser-guided bombs used by 228 New Technology for NATO: Implementing Follow-On Forces Attack

the U.S. Air Force, built around the Mk-82 (500- tual groupings of vehicles are usually battalion- lb) and Mk-84 (2,000-lb) bombs, denoted GBU- sized, about 40 to 60 vehicles per column, with 12B and GBU-10C, respectively. spacing between columns using the same road. Peacetime Intel: As used here, peacetime intelli- REGT ASSY AREAS: Regimental assembly areas, gence which can be used to locate certain fixed also known as “departure areas, ” for Warsaw targets (e.g., bridges, power stations, and rail Pact divisions. These areas are usually located segments) with high accuracy. within the range band of 30 to 80 km from the PGS: PLSS Ground Station. A hardened facility FLOT, outside of the range of NATO artillery. in Europe proposed (but no longer planned) to Assembly areas are large enough that the den- house a PLSS CPS. sity of vehicles is relatively low, and are chosen Phoenix: An unmanned aerial vehicle made in Eng- by the Warsaw Pact forces to take maximum land by GEC Avionics. advantage of cover and concealment. PIAP: PLSS Intelligence Augmentation Program. RF-4C: A reconnaissance version of the F-4 Phan- An Air Force program under which the PLSS tom fighter-bomber, used by the U.S. Air Force. Intelligence Augmentation System (PI AS) is be- Some carry TEREC equipment. ing developed. RF-4E: A reconnaissance version of the F-4 Phan- PIAS: PLSS Intelligence Augmentation System, tom fighter-bomber, used by the Luftwaffe. A proposed facility for augmenting the analy- RF-104: A reconnaissance version of the F-104 sis, reporting, and exploitation of data collected Starfighter, used by the Royal Netherlands Air by PLSS. Force. PIM: PLSS Interface Module. A proposed facility RGT: (1) Remote [MICNS] Ground Terminal for within a PLSS Central Processing Subsystem TADARS; (2) regiment. for selecting, formatting, and disseminating RITA: Mobile radio-telephone equipment made by PLSS location reports to various users accord- a consortium of Belgian and French companies; ing to their needs. being purchased by the U.S. Army for use in Pioneer-1: An unmanned aerial vehicle made in Is- Europe. rael by AAI/Mazlat. RLG: Ring-laser gyro. A laser device that can pro- PLSS: Precision Location Strike System. An air- vide rotation rate measurements for navigation borne surveillance and control system developed and guidance systems; it has no rotating parts for TR-1 aircraft to detect, identify, and ac- but can substitute for a gyroscope, which pre- curately locate advanced (pulsed, frequency- viously was required for this purpose. hopping) enemy radar transmitters and some Rockeye: A U.S. cluster bomb which dispenses 247 types of jammers in near real time and to guide unguided anti-armor shaped-charge bomblets. weapons or aircraft to such targets with suffi- RPV: Remotely piloted vehicle: an unmanned ve- cient accuracy to destroy them. hicle which is guided by operators in a control PLSS GS: PLSS Ground Station. station, where television imagery or other infor- POL: Petroleum, oil and lubricants. mation transmitted by the vehicle is displayed. RAAM: Remote Anti-Armor Mine, produced for In this report, the term refers only to aircraft. the U.S. Army. See also UAV. RAF: Royal Air Force of the United Kingdom. RSC: Reconnaissance-strike complex. A Soviet mili- Rail Mine: Used here to denote a hypothetical mine tary term for integrated surveillance/attack sys- designed to damage track and derail moving tems such as those demonstrated by DARPA in trains. Such a mine could use a modified anti- its Assault Breaker program. bunker munition and a Mk-75 fuze. R&S/SA: Reconnaissance and surveillance/situa- Raven: The Air Force EF-111A aircraft, which is tion assessment. equipped to jam enemy radars, RSTA: Reconnaissance, surveillance, and target R&D: Research and development. acquisition. RDT&E: Research, development, testing, and SAC: Strategic Air Command of the U.S. Air evaluation. Force. recce: Reconnaissance (slang). SACEUR: Supreme Allied Commander, Europe. reconnaissance: As used here, collecting informa- SADARM: Search and Destroy Armor, Smart tion about specific areas or activities of particu- anti-armor submunition for surface-to-surface lar interest using any of several types of sensors. weapons. Regimental Columns: Groups of vehicles, which SAM: Surface-to-air missile. comprise a regiment moving on roads. The ac- SAR: Synthetic aperture radar. A type of airborne Glossary of Terms and Acronyms . 229

or orbital radar used for obtaining high-resolu- T-16: The Patriot missile. tion radar images of stationary objects. A SAR T-22: The Lance missile. can obtain imagery much more detailed than TA/AC: Target acquisition/attack control that obtainable by a real aperture radar having TAC RECCE: Tactical reconnaissance, A tactical an antenna of comparable size. air mission. SCDL: Surveillance and Control Data Link (for TACAIR: Tactical aircraft, air forces, or airpower. Joint STARS). Tacit Rainbow: A long-endurance missile (an ex- SEAD: Suppression of enemy air defense. pendable lethal air-launched unmanned aerial ve- SENIOR RUBY: A tactical ELINT system. hicle) being developed in the United States to SENIOR SPEAR: A tactical COMINT system. attack radio emitters such as radars and jammers. SFW: Sensor Fuzed Weapon. A U.S. Air Force TACMS: Tactical Missile System (see ATACMS). anti-armor weapon now in development, consist- TADARS: Target Acquisition/Designation Aerial ing of a Tactical Munitions Dispenser (TMD) Reconnaissance System. A reconnaissance and containing ten BLU-108 Skeet dispensers, each target acquisition- and designation system be- of which releases four Skeet submunitions. ing developed for the U.S. Army. It includes the SHAPE:— Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers, Aquila unmanned aerial vehicle as well as truck- Europe. mounted rail launchers, recovery nets, air vehi- SIGINT: Signals intelligence. Consisting of both cle transporters, maintenance shelters, and communications intelligence (COMINT) and ground-control stations. electronics intelligence (E LINT). target acquisition: Detection and recognition of a SINCGARS: Single-Channel Ground-Air Radio potential target and estimation or prediction of System. A jam-resistant voice radio system its location with sufficient accuracy to permit used for communications between aircraft and attacking it effectively with available weapons. ground units of the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. TBM: Tactical ballistic missile. Army. TDOA: Time difference of arrival. A radiolocation SIOP: Single Integrated Operational Plan. For technique–used by the Precision Location Strike U.S. use-of strategic nuclear weapons. System (PLSS)–by which a network of radio Skeet: A “smart” puck-shaped anti-armor submu- receivers can determine the relative location of nition developed by the Air Force to sense a tar- a transmitter. Also: a related technique—used get and discharge- a high-velocity explosively- by other military and civil radiolocation systems formed penetrating projectile at it. “Skeet” is such as LORAN—by which a single radio re- a trademark of Avco Corp. ceiver can determine its location– relative to Skeet/TGSM: In this report, denotes smart anti- those of synchronized radio transmitters, armor munitions: either Skeet or TGSM or both. TERCOM: Terrain Comparison. A system and Skyeye: An unmanned aerial vehicle made in the method for high-accuracy navigation, presently United States by Lear-Siegler. employed on certain cruise missiles. SLAR: Side-looking airborne radar. TEREC: ELINT reconnaissance equipment carried SNS: Site Navigation Subsystem of PLSS. by some RF-4C aircraft. SOTAS: Stand-Off Target Acquisition System. A TGSM: Terminally-Guided Submunition. Smart heliborne MTI ground-surveillance radar sys- anti-armor submunition under consideration for tem developed by the U.S. Army. The SOTAS ATACMS missiles. The TGSM has the capabil- program has been canceled and superseded by ity to search an area for the target vehicle and the Joint STARS program. then fly toward the target and kill it by deto- SRSOM: Short-Range Stand-Off Missile; NATO nating a shaped charge on contact. feasibility study. TGW: Terminally Guided Warhead. A develop- SSM: Surface-to-surface missile, mental warhead for MLRS rockets which will Standoff Air Atk: See AIR ATTACK. release TGSMs. STARS: See Joint STARS. TLE: Target location error. STC: SHAPE Technical Centre. TMA: Theater of military action. Also known as surveillance: As used here, routine monitoring TMO, TSMA, and TVD. using any of several types of sensors (e.g., air- TMD: Tactical Munitions Dispenser. A U.S. Air borne radar). Force system (denoted SUU-65/B) to dispense 230 . New Technology for NATO: Implementing Follow-On Forces Attack

submunitions over a given target area. Many Turbine Islander: A twin-turboprop aircraft (des- different types of submunitions can be used in ignated BN-2T) made by Pilatus Britten-Norman the TMD, including the CEB, Gator, and Skeet. in several versions; one—the CASTOR Islander TMO: Theater of military operations. (Also TMA, –has been modified to carry the British ASTOR- TSMA, and TVD.) 1 side-looking airborne radar (formerly called TMSA: Theater of military strategic action. (Also CASTOR-I). TMO, TMA, and TVD.) TVD: Teatr voennykh deistv. A Soviet military Tomahawk: A cruise missile manufactured by Gen- term variously translated as theater of military eral Dynamics in several versions: some armed action (TMA), theater of military strategic ac- with nuclear warheads, others with non-nuclear tion (TMSA), or theater of military operations warheads. (TMO); see ch. 4. Tornado: An advanced air interdiction aircraft in UAV: Unmanned aerial vehicles, including remotely production and being fielded by the FRG, Italy, piloted vehicles (RPVs), which require remote and the United Kingdom. control by human pilots; autonomous aircraft TR-1: A high-altitude, long-endurance aircraft used (drones), which do not; and aerial vehicles which by the U.S. Air Force for surveillance and recon- permit, but do not require, remote control by naissance. It is used by the Tactical Reconnais- human pilots. sance System (TRS) and by the Precision Loca- UHF: Ultra-high frequency. Radio frequencies be- tion Strike System (PLSS). tween 300 megahertz (million cycles per second) TRIGS (pronounced “triggs”): TR-1 Ground Sta- and 3 gigahertz (billion cycles per second). tion. A buried, hardened facility designed to re- UK: United Kingdom of Great Britain. ceive, process, and exploit data from Tactical UMV: Unmanned vehicle. Refers only to an un- Reconnaissance System sensors carried by TR- manned aerial vehicle (UAV) in this report. 1 aircraft, When operational, TRIGS will replace USAFE: U.S. Air Forces, Europe. or augment the Tactical Reconnaissance Exploi- USAREUR: U.S. Army, Europe. tation Development System (TREDS); it will VGK: The Soviet Supreme High Command (trans- provide additional capabilities such as dynamic literation of a Cyrillic acronym). (i.e., in-flight) retasking of TRS sensors. VHF: Very-high frequency. Radio frequencies be- TRAC: (1) the TRADOC Analysis Center of the tween 30 megahertz (million cycles per second) U.S. Army; (2) Tactical Radar Correlator. A mo- and 300 megahertz. bile ground station being developed by the U.S. WASP: (1) a now-defunct Air Force air-launched Army for receiving, processing, exploiting, and mini-missile development program; (2) an air- disseminating data from airborne radar systems. borne computer system being developed for the TRADOC: The Training and Doctrine Command F-4G Wild Weasel aircraft. of the U.S. Army. WDL: Weapon Data Link of Joint STARS, using TREDS: Tactical Reconnaissance Exploitation De- the Joint STARS radar to transmit target data velopment System. A developmental transporta- and a Weapons Interface Unit installed on an ble ground station for the Tactical Reconnais- attack aircraft or missile to receive it. sance System (TRS). TREDS includes: 1) a WDU-25B: See Bullpup. Mission Control Element (MCE), 2) an Inter- Wild Weasel: U.S. Air Force TACAIR hunter-killer operable Ground Data Link (IGDL), 3) a Tacti- system (denoted F-4G) for attacking enemy air cal Ground Intercept Facility (TGIF), 4) a defense units. Ground Control Processor (GCP), 5) a SAR WIU: Weapons Interface Unit. A component of Ground Facility (SGF), 6) a Wide-Band Commun- Joint STARS which would be installed on at- ication Element (WBCE), 7) a TREDS Com- tack aircraft or missiles to receive target data munications Element (TCE), 8) an ASARS-II In- updates from Joint STARS aircraft via the terface Device (AID), and 9) a TREDS Support Weapon Data Link. A WIU is being developed, Facility (TSF). and the Air Force is considering procuring it. TRS: Tactical Reconnaissance System. An airborne WP: Warsaw Pact. reconnaissance system which includes the ASARS- WW: Wild Weasel. 11 radar system. tube artillery: Artillery guns, as distinct from mis- sile artillery.