CEU eTD Collection

CELEBRATING DIFFERENCE, BECOMING BECOMING DIFFERENCE, CELEBRATING In partialIn fulfilment ofrequirements the for the degree of EVERYDAY ETHNICITY IN A MIXED MIXED INA ETHNICITY EVERYDAY Supervisor: Professor Department ofNationalism Studies UKRAINIAN TOWN UKRAINIAN Central European University UKRAINIAN. Budapest, Hungary Karolina Koziura Submitted to 2013 By

Szabolcs Pogonyi

Mas ter Artsof

CEU eTD Collection successful. socialist late the constantly since which municipality, time local the of efforts nationalizing the daily their Thus, in life. category granted for taken and obvious unmarked, an became ethnici “Ukrainianess” “situational” of taking methodology the using by show, I As Chernivtsi. in people ordinary when and explorewhy since to 2010, seeks municipalityother, and, minority therevival ontheofnational for arena the is Chernivtsi 1991, Since became it War World Second afterthe and Romania of Austro the of part a was it War World First the Before times. four changed status its century, last the During history. rich its also but diversity ethnic because only not special is it However, Ukraine. in places multiethnic most the This thesis, based on based thesis, This of one as perceived is Ukraine Western in located town contemporary the Chernivtsi,

akd Uriins” s sgiiat category, significant a as “Ukrainianess” marked my y s mjr prah fr niiul i Chernivtsi, in individuals for approach, major a as ty ethnographic fi ethnographic ABSTRACT , on ,

does the one hand one the i

eldwork, which I have conducted in the town the in conducted have I which eldwork, ethnicity as a category of practice for matters category a of ethnicity as

- a part of the Soviet Socialist Republic. Socialist Soviet the of part a Hungarian Empire, then the Kingdom the then Empire, Hungarian ,

the “Ukrainization” policy of local local of policy “Ukrainization” the

institutions. can be perceived as as perceived be can the

“ everyday of its current its of ” and and CEU eTD Collection partwho allowed ofworka and this theirpossible. me tobemade life support. comments. valuableextraordinary and comments. Andr Professor support, and encouragement LastIwi notleast, but and patience for Sokha Mykola especially and friends family, my to grateful am I useful and support language for Kinville Patrick and Bellers constant Robin to thankful his am I for Pogonyi Szabolcs Professor to gratitude my express to wish I

sh to expresssh to mygratitud special ACKNOW

EDGMENTS á ii Kvc ad rfso Rgr Brubake Rogers Professor and Kovacs s

e tomyfriends Chernivtsi from

r for for r CEU eTD Collection CHAPTER THE 3: CHAPTER HISTORYIN OF RELATIONS ETHNIC CHERNIVTSI THE 2: CHAPTER CONCEPTOFIN ETHNICITY SOCIAL SCIENCES METHODOLOGY 1: CHAPTER INTRODUCTION LISTFIGURES OF TABLE OFCONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 4.3 Politics ofremembrance4.3 Politics 4.2 Marking“Ukrainianess” 4 3.4 The complicated Ukrainian 3.3 TheRepublic Socialist Ukrainian Soviet 3.2 The Kingdom ofRomania 3.1 The Austro 2.2 2.1 From constructivist primordialist approach to 1.3 Advantagesand limitations ofanthropological fieldwork Investigating1.2 setting theurban 1.1 The concept ofeveryday life .1 Politics ofmunicipality .1 Politics 4.3.3 Bukovinian Pol the of vision 4.3.2 Jewish city as aliterary4.3.1 Czernowitz construct Everydayethnicity 4: THECONTEMPORARY SPECIFICITIESINTERETHNIC OF RELATIONS

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CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES CONCLUSION CHAPTER 5.3 Becoming nati 5.2 5.1 Everyday talks 5.1.1 The ethnic stereotypes and prejudices

Making choicesethnically framed the 5: THEMARKED AND ETHNIC UNMARKED CATEGORIES

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CEU eTD Collection http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/ukr/notice/news.php?type=2&id1=21. 2009, 10, September accessed 4 299 (2013): nr44082 paper, Archive RePEC Personal region”, 3 nati 1998). Routledge, 2 2002). Press, 1 Four on thecurrentidentity Ukrainian formation. literature academic mainstream the to counterpoint of kind a offer I independence, Ukraine’s minorities. different between formed are relations main the which in places diverse ethnically highly to cities. Russian as Donetsk and Ukrainian highly as Lviv Ukrainian of problems the through seen is formation Ukr between debates relations inthe region interethnic of future the about that was time, that at raised was which question, important pre to reference in societies European East and Central of history the in holes” “black and memory “lost” rediscovering of time a was it Moreover, of path long the

Ruth Ellen Gruber, Gruber, Ellen Ruth All data from State Statistics Statistics State from data All Anatoliy Krughlaschov, „Interethnic relation „Interethnic Krughlaschov, Anatoliy Taras Kuzio, Kuzio, Taras wn in Western Ukraine which is the subject of the following thesis, shows that there are still therearestill that shows thefollowingthesis, of subject the is UkrainewhichWestern in wn onhood

of them are the most important for the city’s history and present local politics, namely politics, local present and history city’s the for important most the are them of According to the census of 2001, around 65 different nationalities live in Chernivtsi. in live nationalities different 65 around 2001, of census the to According linguistic the to reference in discussed primarily is ethnicityUkraine, of context the In b also but Europe of map geopolitical the in only not changes brought 1990s The tnct, ofsin n Itrutrl ilge t h Erpa Uin atr Border Eastern Union European the at Dialogue Intercultural and Confession Ethnicity, ,182 b.d., 3

By showing the complexity of everyday ethnicity in this pa this in ethnicity everyday of complexity the showing By Ukraine: state and nation nation and state Ukraine:

nrw isn „yh o Ntoa Hsoy n eau ad kan” w Ukraine”, and Belarus in History National of „Myths Wilson, Andrew the socio the Virtually Jewish: Reinventing Jewish Culture in Europe in Culture Jewish Reinventing Jewish: Virtually – 197.

ainians and Russians. According to this, the Ukrainian state and nation and state Ukrainian the this, to According Russians. and ainians .

- Service of Ukraine, title: “All title: Ukraine, of Service cultural transition cultural

INTRODUCTION building s stability on the Ukraine the on stability s

, Routledge studies of societies in transition 9 (London: (London: 9 transition in societies of studies Routledge , – of the populace living in the former Soviet bloc. Soviet former the in living populace the of 320. 1

- Ukrainian population census” conducted in 2001, 2001, in conducted census” population Ukrainian - Russian relations and case studies of of studies case and relations Russian 2

However, the case of Chernivtsi, a a Chernivtsi, of case the However, - Soviet Soviet - Romania border: a case of Chernivtsi Chernivtsi of case a border: Romania

(Berkeley: University of California California of University (Berkeley: period. rticular town since the since town rticular 1

One of the most most the of One

Myths and and Myths

Munich Munich egan 4

CEU eTD Collection 8 Schöpflin, 7 2004). Bukovyna] Lytavry, Zolotye (Chernivtsi: (Sej 6 of people 2000 around mention live not district Romaorigin. Chernivtsi does in census estimates, the unofficial interesting some is to Accordingly What population. Jews. Roma 1308 and Poles 1408 Romanians, 553 10 Ukrainians, 5 inbuildingtool theidentification of particularcommunities. myth” Age East”. the of “Switzerland and River” Prut the on “Babylon Vienna”, “Little as known rule, Austrian under condition peaceful multiethnic city’s the with connected “bukovinism” of liter phenomena the in Moreover, Ukraine). independent an 1991 Republic Socialist and itbecameUkrainianWar Soviet in ofafter a the part Second the World Austro the of part a was it War World four changed status its century, last the During history. rich its also but socialism. of fall the since city the of characteristics few a mention to just published, w history city’s the on books of number a and revitalized, became center city the opened, synagogue new a appeared, associations national new of number a opened, was school Jewish revival of multiethnic number of national celebrations. a organize and language own their in press the publishing been have which Houses), National Austro the of time the to (up “Poles”. and “Romanians” “Jewish”, “Ukrainians”, the citizens, thousand 220 around among 2001 in census mentioned the to According Anthony Smith, “The ‘Golden Age” and National Renewal,” in Renewal,” National Age” and ‘Golden “The Smith, Anthony Krzysztof Czyzewski, Czyzewski, Krzysztof ere cöfi, Te ucin f yh n a aooy f yh, in Myths,” of Taxonomy a and Myth of Function “The Schöpflin, George y Pgaiz, 2008). Pogranicze, ny: 6

However, Chernivtsi is a special town not only because of its current ethnic diversity ethnic current its of because only not town special a is Chernivtsi However, the in process slow a shown has Chernivtsi 1991, of beginning the sincemore, is What ic 19 dfeet om o th of forms different 1991 Since

Myths and Nationhood and Myths (Chernivtsi: Zolotye Lytavry, Zolotye 2006). (Chernivtsi:

8

have been been have

Linia powrotu. Zapiski z pogranicza [The Line of return. return. of Line [The pogranicza z Zapiski powrotu. Linia

life: languages, childreneducateda innational thepossibility have tobe constantly reused and renegotiated by the national elites and serve as a a as serve and elites national the by renegotiated and reused constantly

Natalya Shevchenko, Shevchenko, Natalya

- (C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1997), 19 1997), Hurst (C. Publishers, &Co. Hungarian Empire) of activity in cultural as cultural in activity of Empire) Hungarian

Volodymyr Zapolovskij, Zapolovskij, Volodymyr

- Hungarian Empire, then the Kingdom of Romania, Romania, of Kingdom the then Empire, Hungarian so e hroesaa nlnya Te hriti Atlantis] Chernivtsi [The Antlantyda Chernovetskaya - 2 ald csooia myth” “cosmopolitan called

5

All of these groups have a long tradition long a have groups these of All Ibid., 36 Ibid., Mini tr i i dsusd hog the through discussed is it ature – -

35. – oms uoyy [Mini Bukovyny Kosmos 59.

Geoffrey A. Hosking i George George i Hosking A. Geoffrey

oe fo a borderland] a from Notes times (before the First First the (before times sociations (known as as (known sociations 7

n te “Golden the and e ee 189 were re - oms of Cosmos

021 ere

CEU eTD Collection 12 psychology social in studies categories: social and 11 25. 10 1992). Press, 9 participant using and anthropologist an as trained Being work. following the of fundaments efforts. region the of history diverse the with connected myths national different find can one Chernivtsi of case the in Although Chernivtsi of ground local the on and state, i nationalization constant yearsof 30 almost of n of circle in the narrow are closed minority other expressions Assuch socialnumber situations. of reconst and reused visible, life, everyday their of category obvious almost and granted for taken unmarked, an became has “Ukrainianess” people ordinary for independence although which in that, claim I approach and ethnicity everyday the choices on Based important? become everyday it does situations people’s shape it does extent what to And Chernivtsi? a ethnicity does categorization self of patterns everyday of perspective up bottom the on focus to is thesis categ and identification of patterns everyday and politics nationalist local on primarily focus I 2010, since city the in conducted side. “informal” and “formal” its from

. . Hobsbawm, J. E. Jonathan Y. Okamura, „Situational ethnicity”, ethnicity”, „Situational Okamura, JonathanY. Thomas Hylland Eriksen, „Formal and informal nationalism”, nationalism”, informal and „Formal Eriksen, Hylland Thomas Henri Tajfel, “Social categorizatio “Social Tajfel, Henri

ational institutions and institutions ational

n h frt hpe o m tei I ecie h ms iprat methodological important most the describe I thesis my of chapter first the In studie be should nationalism scholars, many For

there is observed minority institution revival, after more than 20 years of Ukraine’s Ukraine’s of years 20 than more after revival, institution minority observed is there

11

in which ethnicity is “situational”. is ethnicity which in a aeoy f rcie atr n h eeya lf o te iies of citizens the of life everyday the in matter practice of category a s ain ad ainls Sne 70 Porme Mt, Reality Myth, Programme, 1780: Since Nationalism and Nations

serve particular instrumental goals of individuals. This is the resultthe is This individuals. of goals instrumental serveparticular , still they are at the margin of a mainstream state’s nationalizing state’s mainstream a of margin the at are they still ,

n, social identity and social comparison,” in in comparison,” social and identity social n, orization. Thus the primary aim of the following Master’s Master’s following the of aim primary the Thus orization. 10

Ethnic and Racial Studies Racial and Ethnic However based on my ethnographic research I have have I research ethnographic my on based However

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: 3 n almost every domain of life by the Ukrainian Ukrainian the by life of everydomain almost n

–

12 oa mncplt ad kana elites. Ukrainian and municipality local

My main questions are, why and when and why are, questions main My Ethnic and Racial Studies Racial and Ethnic d both from “above” and “below” and “above” from both d

4,no

4 (1981): 452 (1981): 4 Henri Tajfel, Tajfel, Henri

(Cambridge University University (Cambridge

16, no 16, – - srpin and ascription 465. Human groups groups Human utd n a in ructed

1 (1993): 1 (1993): 1

254 - 267. 267. 9

or – CEU eTD Collection 563. 14 2006). Press, 13 I1991, which chapter discussin five. in city the in discourse elite’s the entered which remembrance of politics different for basis Union Soviet Romania, of Austro Kingdom the the Empire, of part a be to used ones which region, the of history complicated The city. the of specificity contemporary the shaping of process the other, the on and, region t the present I hand, one the on Here four. chapter in Chernivtsi laterdistinction serves a guideline as inthe empirical part. is it sense this people In when and why note to terms. important ethnic in others categorize and themselves identify situations social various in individuals how on focus to wants one if tool useful a is approach ethnicity as investigated be should ethnicity that claim I Brubaker, Rogers of work the following By thesis. my throughout me led which ethnicity situational and everyday of idea the present circumstant I approaches, constructivist primordialist, between differences the stressing By science. social setting through therelationbetween and place, identity memory. i of aspects important most the with also deals chapter This situations”. unreflecting often very “social particular of form the in fieldworker a by and observed be can which acts and experiences spontaneous routine, natural, informal, through my described stress I also part “everyday” me for As this scholars. by used widely In“everyday”, of concept the on perspective. perspective used of limits and advantages the stressing observa

Rogers Brubaker, Brubaker, Rogers Jon E. Fox and Cynthia Miller Cynthia and Fox E. Jon

itoue o h rae the reader the to introduce I in ethnicity investigating of aspects important most the introduces chapter second The in s mi mto, ne t peiey ecie y w psto i te field the in position own my describe precisely to need I method, main a as tion

Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town Transylvanian a in Ethnicity Everyday and Politics Nationalist

esetv on perspective - Idriss, „Everyday Nationhood”, Nationhood”, „Everyday Idriss,

opeiy f itr ad inter and history of complexity talk

ahr than rather , choose 4

and nowadays independent Ukraine is the the is Ukraine independent nowadays and , perform Ethnicities hn in thing

and

8, no 4 (12 January (12 4 no 8, h world. the consume aiinl iest o the of diversity raditional nvestigating the urban urban the nvestigating tnc eain in relations ethnic

(Princeton University University (Princeton

13 ethnicity.

h everyday The -

Hungarian 2008): 536 2008): ialist and and ialist 14

This is – CEU eTD Collection 15 term the use also I times Several ethnicity. and nationhood both of understanding theoretical nationhood. ethnici term the use to likely more am I observation, participant on research his bases who anthropologist cultural a as ideas, Fowkes Ben Following discourse. elites’ the or Chernivtsi of citizens other with interactions actions perception, experience, people’s ordinary the to refer I thesis following the in However, starts. nationhood and ends ethnicity where state and them, divide to difficult quite is it life, everyday of expressions routine in that claim I inte terms both I use that noted be Itto needs nationness. term the Iuse mythesis of parts some in two, chapter in ethnicity everyday on perspective my introduce I Although goalsthreaten as suchdonotUkrainian identification. and particular get to order in instrumental made are choices framed ethnically Other language. Ukrainianof position privileged the of because mostly situations social of variety a dominates for how show I “Ukrain practice, individuals and choices framed ethically it, in prejudices and stereotypes s to the “unmarking Ukrainianess” ona daily basis. led has practice this such As elites. Ukrainian and municipality local by category significant is life, everyday the in as well as Chernivtsi of cityscape the in both 1980s, late the since “Ukrainianess” how show I Here processes. “ukrainization” mainstream t oward shaping the identification of the national communities, they are still at the margin of margin the at still are they communities, national the of identification the shaping oward oig h seiiiy f h wy hw epe ak bu ehiiy te lc o ethnic of place the ethnicity, about talk people how ways the of specificity the howing

Ben Fowkes, Ben Las by Here chapter. last the in people ordinary for ethnicity of meaning the describe I efforts elites’ in elements important are myths cosmopolitan competing Although t but not least, a few words should be said about my use of particular concepts. particular of use my about said be should words few a least, not but t 15 Ethnicity and ethnic conflict in the post in conflict ethnic and Ethnicity

oee, ba i mn ta tee s ln shlry ifrnito and differentiation scholarly long a is there that mind in bear I However, aes hs eoe h unmarked the become has ianess”

ty (and interested in its cultural expressions) rather than than rather expressions) cultural its in interested (and ty - 5 communist world communist

tkn o gatd aeoy w category granted for taken , -

ay ie i rsos t their to response in times many

(New York: Palgrave, 2002). Palgrave, (NewYork:

constantly marked as a a as marked constantly rchangeably.

10. 10.

hich hich CEU eTD Collection ‘identity’”, ”Beyond in theirarticle Cooper Fredrick and 16 themselv describe people (how institutions). practice of category a as it treat I that means it them omit I when while “Romanianess”), of category the example (for analysis of category a as it Itreat ethnicity,particular about writingwhile marks quotation use essentializingofattempts.Thu kind any from I far that mindam bearin readershould the “identity”,of concept the of meaning the develop not do Ialthough Finally,“multiethnic”. “multicultural

The distinction between the category of practice and the category of analysis is analysis of category the and practice of category the between distinction The 16 ”. However I understand it in a sociological way in which it means simply simply means it which in way sociological a in it understand I However ”.

6 Theory and Society and Theory

29:1 es, others and particular particular and others es, -

47, 2000. 47, explained by Rogers Brubaker Brubaker Rogers by explained

s when Iwhen s CEU eTD Collection semi by complemented observation interviews. participant was method research main my as case, the especially is This observed. I situations social which and talked I whom with it people, thousand 220 In by almostcase ofhisorChernivtsi, fieldwork.which her theisinhabited own limitations created remembrance of politics local and architecture Chernivtsi’s of meaning symbolic the describe I which in thesis my of part latter the in issues these address I as memory, and identity space, in my setting, urban conducted the in I fieldwork because Moreover, experienced. are they which in setting and situation social the of meaning the and life everyday of aspects important most the discuss briefly I most the to point I here important aspectsgene ofinvestigatingtheeveryday in 2, chapter in ethnicity everyday of approach theoretical main my discuss I Although thesis. my of fundaments methodological the are situations social and when and why investigate to conc anthropologicalthe regard, In this spheres. these in ethnicitymatters trying by time their spending of ways and identifications work my in anthropologist, an as trained Being method. observation participant the by Chernivtsi of city the in conducted fieldwork ethnographic my on based is thesis Master following The I focus

and advantages both show to is point crucial a anthropologist, contemporary a For byexperienced theelites andpeople. by ordinary These issues I discuss in the last part of theIThese chapter. of issues thelast discussin part on the everyday routine social practices everydayroutine social on the is important to stress to what kind of surroundings I got access to, access got I surroundings of kind what to stress to important is CHAPTER 1:METHODOLOGY

hs at dsrb te ot motn rltos between relations important most the describe I part this 7

of the citizens of Chernivtsi, their habits, ofChernivtsi, citizens the of ral. Thus, in the first partchapter of first the ral. the Thus,in

epts of everyday life everydayoflife epts - structured CEU eTD Collection 24 23 22 8. 1998), 21 20 19 18 selection 17 are which behaviors, routine mainly Certeau, de Michel by proposed approach first the o structures benefits symbolic practice this make that authorities a rituals everydayof utilization t for value the to according researcher the by selected things” doing “are people which in ways of variety the contains its and space urban of organization social the in visible concerns first The people. by expressed are operating of ways everyday which are unofficial, non aspects these by bounded is It individuals. by reality social of experience subjective by the in developed first, The humanbeings” life of phenomenum. this of aspe “objective almost as everyday defines ethnomethodologists, investigation the to approaches main two distinguishes He means. “everyday” what unclear actually is it that this by stressing any become has everyday the of concept “the claims, Elias Norbert As use automatically and frequent most the of one is life everyday of concept The Certeau, Certeau, “de” Michel Michel de Certeau, Michelde 9 Ibid., ErvingGoffman, 167. Ibid., 167. Ibid., Norbert Elias, “On the Concept of Everyday Life,” in in Life,” Everyday of Concept the “On Elias, Norbert Following these ideas, Michel de Certeau distinguishes two aspects in which the the which in aspects two distinguishes Certeau de Michel ideas, these Following

– (Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1998), 166. 1998), Publishers, Blackwell UK: (Oxford,

The Practice of Everyday Life Everyday of Practice The 10.

f expectations, negotiations and improvisations and negotiations expectations, f

The presentation of self in everyday life everyday selfin of presentation The The Practice of Everyday Life Everyday of Practice The -

The Practice of Everyday Life: Living and Cooking. Volume 2 Volume Cooking. and Living Life: Everyday of Practice The

hs itrcin (ey fe uslcncos wih r rltv to relative are which unselfconscious) often (very interactions those . 19

In contrast, structural functionalists claim that ‘everyday’In isinvolved structural functionalists contrast, - public and he strategy of analysis of strategy he

1.1 nd tactics connected with the re the with connected tactics nd , 1998, 8 1998, , s possible s The concept ofeveryday life

not institutionalized – 10.

(University of California Press, 2011), 9 2011), Press, California (Universityof .

23 8

Norbert Elias, Elias, Norbert The second element is bound around bound is element second The

.

(London: Penguin Books, 1990). (London:Books, Penguin . 22

These are mostly practices related to the to related practices mostly are These “consuming” by ordi by “consuming” . 20

The Norbert Elias reader Elias Norbert The

. 24

- As anthropologists, I focus on focus I anthropologists, As

uses of the memory shaped by by shaped memory the of uses cts of the communal, socia communal, the of cts t hing but everyday” but hing behaviors

(U of (U –

nary people nary 10. d by scholars by d Minnesota Press, Press, Minnesota : a biographical biographical a :

which are which expected . 21 . 18

17 It l ,

CEU eTD Collection 30 29 28 27 26 25 o very levels both ground the on that point to need I However, institutionalized. often very and unspontaneous artificial, reflective, are which “not regard this In thinking. and acts experiences, unreflecting spontane routine, natural, of sphere the to related are which life human of aspects those concerns definition broad my Thus everyday. the of part a as both define I case concep life eve not is what define to is elements important most the of one everyday, of idea the mu is thesis following the of occupatiodistribution such includes eleme setting The analysts. by observed view of point “objective” to refers latter the while organizations, social basic most the of one is such as and individual, by understood interactions obser of setting social a from situation social a distinguish and define to ability the is factor crucial a anthropologist, an for regard, this In habits. repeated and routine once at ideological or everyday and concrete are of concept with people cont her or his through ethnographer by acts significant as noted and observable visible,

Elias, Elias, I Ibid. 453. ethnicity”, „Situational Okamura, Certeau, KirstenHastrup, bid., 454. bid., . 30

nts as political and socio and political as nts Are holidays, occupational and institutional life part of the everyday? Or maybe this maybe Or everyday? the of part life institutional and occupational holidays, Are t refers only to those aspects which are connected with private and family life? In my my In life? family and private with connected are which aspects those to only refers t The Norbert Elias reader Elias Norbert The However, my understanding of the ‘everyday’ addressed both in my fieldwork and in and fieldwork my in both addressed ‘everyday’ the of understanding my However, mainly elements, Both The Practice of Everyday Life Everyday of Practice The

cultural practice cultural .

27 in the field

h former The A passage to anthropology: between experience and theory and experience between to anthropology: passage A

. 25 n, education, income and soon. n, education,and income

ch broader than mentioned above. For a scholar who tries to catch catch to tries who scholar a For above. mentioned than broader ch eae t “dyadic to relates : “the more or less coherent and fluid assemblage of elements that that elements of assemblage fluid and coherent less or more “the : , 170 ,

- behaviors – economic status of individuals and groups they refer to, the the to, refer they groups and individuals of status economic 171.

, 1998, 9. 1998, ,

and and face , 9

yblc benefits symbolic - to oig rm tradition” from coming - ae relationships” face tn nemnl ad oeie i is it sometimes and intermingle ften 29

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everyday’ are those aspects aspects those are everyday’ (London: Routledge, 1995), 90. 1995), (London: Routledge, are the fundaments of the the of fundaments the are 28 ous and very often often very and ous e eair and behaviors ved

26 xeine and experienced

n bud in bound and ryday act act

CEU eTD Collection 37 1985). 36 35 A (1 2 no 34 1980). Press, 33 32 31 of kind a is space sense, this In landscape. the in present still experiences historical cumulates space ancestors?” ar theirs. as treatpast who the those of identity processofbuilding the of history, architectu its system unique a is city therefo “A and meaning and space. significations urban the in memory and identity individuals, “Strangers” ac of number a and population infrastructure, througheveryday p their identification “below” from it study I nationness and ethnicity of problem the Concerning them. separate to impossible

Ibid., 42. Ibid., Henri Lefebvre, nat informal and „Formal Eriksen, Hobsbawm, w? rfr t te usin wo ee e s gop n h ps; h wr our were who past; the in group a as we were “who question the to refers we?” e S. Dale McLemore, „Simmel’s «Stranger»: A Critique of the Concept”, Concept”, the of Critique A «Stranger»: „Simmel’s McLemore, Dale S. David Lowenthal, Lowenthal, David Ulf Hannerz, Hannerz, Ulf

A similar relationship can be perceived between memory and space. On the one hand, hand, one the On space. and memory between perceived be can relationship similar A Acc size, its because mostly interactions everyday of setting particular a forms city A pril 1970): 86 1970): pril

ording to David Lowenthal, David to ording 37 . 34 Nations an Nations

Exploring the city: inquiries toward an urban anthropology urban an toward inquiries city: the Exploring 31

hs oe of one Thus,

Writings on cities on Writings and “informal” and The past is a foreign country foreign a is past The – 94.

re, monuments, namesre, of streets and soon. andsquares, revitalization d Nationalism Since 1780 Since Nationalism d

1.2

ionalism”. (Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell, 1996), 114. 1996), Blackwell, Mass: (Cambridge, h ms iprat set hr ae h rltos between relations the are here aspects important most the 32

Investigating theInvestigating urban setting perspectives rocesses.

a common vision of the past is a necessary element in element necessary a is past the of vision common a e values” re –

past events, which were so powerful t powerful so were which events, past

.

( Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, Press, University Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge cidental contacts cidental 10 , when they are experienced by ordinary people ordinary by experienced are they when ,

35

hc eit n h cnet f h city’s the of context the in exist which . 33 model of model The Pacific Sociological Review Sociological Pacific The

The cityis The

(New York: Columbia University University Columbia York: (New

36

Thus, the question “whothequestion Thus, : representation of the of representation : a meeting point ofmeeting point a hat they are they hat

13, 13, CEU eTD Collection in Croatia,” contemporary 44 43 42 Psychology Environmental of Journal 41 65. 2002), 40 39 38 history” t of forms in visible cityscape the in construct, intellectual an but fact, sti and absent some remembered, are features historical or events Some biased. be to tend which them, with connected memories social the on depends reminders” “urban these of existence indiv an other, the on and time, in continuity and distinctiveness place’s the guarantee that features place of set a to hand, one the on refers, It meaning. dual a has identity, place second, The traditions. group with developplaces” people “relations understands Lewicka one, first the By identity. place and attachment place important: most the be to seem factors two The sense this In places. with bonds residence. present t how their is questions, such perceive behind stands thus which problem, methodological and places these remember) they should features whichmore and some ofthem visible powerful. are the is space sense, this In needs. their onlyelem shows the thus and it shape powerto the have r emembered past emembered

Ibid., 229. Ibid., 215. Ibid., Ibid. Geertz, Clifford Tim Edensor, Edensor, Tim Maria Lewicka, „Place attachment, place identity, and place memory: Restoring the forgotten city past”, past”, city forgotten the Restoring memory: place and identity, place attachment, „Place Lewicka, Maria uj Rihtman Dunja ll some arein createdsome ll

. Thus, the city’s landscape is full of “significant places” which mirror mirror which places” “significant of full is landscape city’s the Thus, . 41 .

40 44

For her, historical sites create a sense of c of sense acreate sites historical Forher,

The open question in the case of every city is how people remember (or rather how rather (or remember people how is city every of case the in question open The

ainl dniy pplr utr ad vrdy life everyday and culture popular identity, National - The interpretation of cultures: selected essays selected cultures: of interpretation The uutn “h mnmn i te an iy qae cons square: city main the in monument “The Augustin, . 38

da’ proa iett i relati in identity personal idual’s On the other hand, space can be consciously created by those people who people those by created consciously be can space hand, other the On

Balkan identities: nation and memory and nation identities: Balkan order to make a “better story” “better a make orderto

28, no 3no (September 28, model for model 11

2008): 212 2008): : a kind of instruction of our memories, in memories, our of instruction of kind a : 39 ontinuity with the past, which embody theembody which past, the with ontinuity

n o h pyia environment physical the to on (New York: New York Unive York New (New York: . (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 90. 1973), Books, (New Basic York: 43 ents of the past which somehow servewhich somehowpast the of ents

Thus, history here is not an objectivean not is historyhere Thus, .

(Oxford ; New York: Berg Publishers, Publishers, Berg York: New (Oxford ; tructing and erasing memory in in memory erasing and tructing he “concretisation of of “concretisation he o measure people’s people’s measure o rsity Press, 2004). Press, rsity t conc its

. 42

The rete rete

CEU eTD Collection War. World Second the Chernivtsi before live)in usedto ancestors 45 visualized method path memory walking the through and cemetery Jewish local the restore times. of members the with talk and meet Czernowitz to occasions several had I time this During there. cleanin of the localbeginning pressthe since of1991. national in and rhetoric ethnic of shape and the librariesinvestigating city’s archive also the in res my of part this In roots. Polish having as or Poles as themselves perceived who people bydeveloped identifications ethnic of patterns differentinvestigate opportunityto w I Catholic local the to close gathered community Polish the among fieldwork conducted I observations, previous of continuation the besides time that and authorities from thelocalmunicipality. National Jewish the school, directorof Jews, Bukovinian Jewish and Culture Historyof Museumof House, the the of members interviewed and movement Chabad the and Shushana” W Jewish Chernivtsi the conducted of members the I among observation participant town. the in operating institutions Jewish of variety the investigated I 2010,

Czernowitz as involved in teaching Polish language in the Catholic Church which gave me the the me gave which Church Catholic the in language Polish teaching in involved as 45 Moreover, from 2009 until 2012, every August I participated and observed the action action the observed and participated I August every 2012, until 2009 from Moreover, pha second The May till February from First, phases. three in Chernivtsi in fieldwork my conducted I

hs I a a hne o bev ter tiue oad ter hm” atmt to attempts “home”, their towards attitude their observe to chance a had I Thus, g the Jewish cemetery in Chernivtsi and the process of creating the cultural heritage heritage cultural the creating of process the and Chernivtsi in cemetery Jewish the g - - L group, who by the time of my stay in Chernivtsi had visited the city sev city the visited had Chernivtsi in stay my of time the by who group, L L is a kind of on of kind a is L 1.3 Advantages and limitations and Advantages ofanthropological f

se of my fieldwork took place from May 2011 until February 2012. At At 2012. February until 2011 May from place took fieldwork my of se - line platform which gathered people of Jewish roots who were born (or they (or born were who roots Jewish of people gathered which platform line

12

Church and the Polish National House. National Polish the and Church

ieldwork elfare Center “Hesed Center elfare

earch I worked I earch eral CEU eTD Collection 1986). File, Facts on 46 of situation the mainly gaps, important most the fill oneresearch of Iable and tocontinuegiven grant by my Thanks was the to department my the everyday life. pre and stereotypes ethnic of problem the discussing while thesis, my of part latter in issue these to back come I culture). and life Jewish in interest my example (for disadvantage Ukrainian by (especially Chernivtsi in to talked I people by advantage an as perceived was origin Polish my situations social some In met. I difficulty only the not was language point this At city). and Romanian only knew who people those and Russian mostly spoke who community Jewish local of members contacting in difficulties some had I Thus, Ukrainian. was language native whose people with developed in language important most the was many andas circles people was social possible. people with time my spent I networks. their exploring important, particularly is what and, restaurants markets, shops, same the to going complaints, their to listening time free my all spending the experience to trying also but talks, everyday their to listen and life everyday people’s observe only not to trying was their mailingdiscussion list. b also have I 2011, November From city. the of perception subjective their

Thus I followed the field methodology implemented by implemented methodology field the followed I Thus h tid tg o m rsac to pae rm 2 f pi utl 5 until April of 22 from place took research my of stage third The Ukrainian language (which I of admit myknowledge thatHowever, because of to need I this, to According observation. participant was method main my research my During of all ages, all social classes and ethnic backgrounds. Thus I was trying to get to as to get to trying was I Thus backgrounds. ethnic and classes social all ages, all of s when I was interested in Ukrainian issues), while in others as a kind of of kind a as others in while issues), Ukrainian in interested was I when s

who focuses mainly on investigating informal networks. informal mainlywhoinvestigating on focuses

oil n clua lf wt te. ws okn wt them, with working was I them. with life cultural and social Russians (a part of Moldovan and Romanian citizens of the the of citizens Romanian and Moldovan of part (a Russians y vrdy omncto) ms o m cnat I contacts my of most communication), everyday my 13 46

Janine R. Wedel, Wedel, R. Janine the Romanian community in Chernivtsi. This Chernivtsi. in community Romanian the

The private Poland private The

een a member of of member a een th

of May 2013. 2013. May of (New York, NY: NY: (NewYork, judice in judice CEU eTD Collection order in However,1991. from Chernivtsi of life ethnic in changespresent to is focus mymain 2013, May until 2010 February from breaks) (with research my conducted I Although thesis. and available only there. organization national by published newspapers national local mainly are These Chernivtsi. pa Finally,some city. the of images old of context the in especially events and markers ethnic its cityscape, changing the documented I research my During thesis. my of source another are materials so different to gatekeepers and friends close my became interviewed I people the of Some information. detailed more for person the to back came I interview after also cases the of most In better. work her or his understand particul visited I interview, the record to decided I before cases, the of most In it). in position significant any without (however communities own national their of activity the in engaged were who people with carried I rest The institutions. t inside position important an held who elites local with conducted I them of Teen specif and facts more know I sense same the (in identification Jewish even or stronger Polish have Ukrainian, who people with time more spend I work. my of asymmetries given about commun Romanian of members the regardingnetworks of kind anydevelop to unable I was mystay of time short open communities. their of situation the and in places those visited I city Additionally the in them by conducted projects about organizations national Ukrainian and Romanian of representatives the with talked I time, - air market) or ethnicized (the so (the ethnicized or market) air icities about their national institutions) than icities about institutions) theirinthe national case and Moldovans. ofRomanians Last but not least, few words should be said about the time time the about said be should words few least, not but Last semi 20 use I thesis following the in up, sum To rts of my thesis rely on archive materials which I gathered during my work in work during my gathered I whichmaterials archive on rely thesis myof rts ity. Thus, the reader of the following thesis should take into consideration into take should thesis following the of reader the Thus, ity.

- the city which are perceived as ethnically mixed (local (local mixed ethnically as perceived are which city the cial circles. Besides interviews and observations, visual observations, and interviews Besides circles. cial called “Moldovan restaurant”). However because of the of because restaurant”).However called“Moldovan 14

- structured and recorded interviews. interviews. recorded and structured r esn eea tms rig to trying times several person ar rm o te following the of frame he national he

CEU eTD Collection Romanian and theSoviet Union. t belonging Chernivtsi’s the to of refer I periods thesis my of parts some in Thus, Chernivtsi. in elites national of discourse the dominated which myths national different of importance the stress to need I everyday, in situations social of variety the understand to

te Austro the o 15

which the ethnic question entered the the entered question ethnic the which - Hungarian Empire, the Kingdom of of Kingdom the Empire, Hungarian CEU eTD Collection 49 48 1998). Press, Forge Calif: Pine Oaks, new(Thousand a for century Sociology 47 briefly show to first is aim main my thesis my of followingchapter the in Thus, it. by means actually she or he what define to needs one first would satisfyall. one find to hard is it definitions, many of maze the In aspects. situational or cognitive for while biol almost of manner a is ethnicity some, For perspectives. scholarly and approaches different in resulted present be to seemed ethnicity which in reality social of aspects many describe to struggle Their scholars. many of life the in aspect crucial a aroundworld.communities the be to seems still ethnicity and happened has this world modern the in force social important an as ethnicity of decline the and communities ethnic most of assimilation gradual in result would interests class raising and economy market in competition the groups, ethnic many of contact the time over that Park E. Robert 1920s to late the Alreadyin claims. awarenessandethnic raising in resulted fewexamples just mention state Yugoslav and Union Soviet the of fall the rights, indigenous raising movements, identity ethnic CHAPTER CHAPTER

Ib 9. Ibid., Stephe id., id., 10 This is why, when one writes about the problem of ethnicity in a particular setting, setting, particular a in ethnicity of problem the about writes one when why, is This soci entered ethnicity of concept the When as terms such sciences social of development the of decades last the In E Crel and Cornell E. n

–

others the result of result the others 11.

2: THE 2: CONCEPT OF ETHNICITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES and

, one of the most influential sociologists in the United States, predicted predicted States, United the in sociologists influential most the of one , ethnicity ethnicity

ogas Hartma Douglass gcl tahet, o sm a esnl or personal a some for attachments, ogical

elite’s activities elite’s

beca e eta i shlry anal scholarly in central me nn, tnct ad ae mkn iette i a hnig world changing a in identities making race: and Ethnicity . 49 16

the most important concepts of ethnicity in the the in ethnicity of concepts important most the Different scholars stress its symbolic, cultural, symbolic, its stress Different scholars

l cecs i asdmn polm for problems many caused it sciences, al

ysis .

47 . instrumental choice, choice, instrumental 48

However, none of none However, lbl migration Global ethnic group, ethnic which in

, CEU eTD Collection 54 53 385 1978), Press, California of University 52 51 50 symbols grou how tha conviction their rather but roots, and origin common a has collectivity a whether important not is it Thus ancestry. ethnicity. Inparticulargroup. biological sense,almost in this ethnicity isunderstood terms. sch by classified and analyzed observed, be can which elements those highlights rather It individual’s group. particular the a of to belonging understanding subjective the on put is stress any) (if little definition, common have religion, language, behavior, traditions, customs, as such traits a cultural as objective share perceived members whose is entity, bounded group ethnic an primordialism, called perspective, oriented scholarly idea the of part integral an as perceived was it beginning on based is ethnographicI put fieldwork, which methodology my of Because approach. and work own my for crucial everydaywhichhistory theconcept andintroduce is social secondlyof ethnicity sciences of to

Anthony D. D. Anthony 389. Ibid., SteveFenton, Eriksen, a Wbr "tnc rus" in Groups," "Ethnic Weber, Max Max Weber Max central became ethnicity of concept the sciences, social In . 54 Ethnicity and nationalism and Ethnicity 52 s utvt ter es o cletv mmr b saig particula sharing by memory collective of sense their cultivate ps

He defines He Smith, Ethnicity Myths and Memories of the Nation the of Memories and Myths

was one of the first scholars who introduced the subjective meaning of meaning subjective the introduced who scholars first the of one was

, Key concepts (Cambridge: Polity, 2003), 76. 2003), Polity, (Cambridge: concepts Key , 2.1 From primordialist to approach2.1 From constructivist

the me the t they have it have they t stress mostlyanthropologicalethnicity. theories of on

mbers of ethnic groups through their shared belief in common in belief shared their through groups ethnic of mbers .

olars and which ‘objectively’ proves one’s belonging to the the to belonging one’s proves ‘objectively’ which and olars Econ – 398. m ad oit: n uln o itrrtv sociology interpretive of outline an society: and omy

. 53

In this sense another important aspect is the way the is aspect important another sense this In 17

(Oxford University Press on Demand, 1999), 3 1999), Demand, on University (Oxford Press a

csos n homeland and ncestors

f tnc rus Fo te first the From groups. ethnic of

in the late 60s late the in

. 51

n hs id of kind this In

mts and myths r . 50

From the From (Berkeley: (Berkeley: – 27.

CEU eTD Collection 1969). 58 57 56 55 members distinguish which boundaries the through negotiated and created are groups ethnic wo fundamental other not potential basesclass, suchasoccupat and decision and action particular to people motivate attachments ethnic cases man so in why is answer to fails approach this what Nevertheless, privileges. political and economic particular especially get to order in people by instrumental used is ethnicity often it still communities, political power) people’s cause ethnically when bonds ethnic ignore they Similarly, them. in advantage see they when and goals particular achieve to want they when situations in identities ethnic own their emphasize individuals way, this an groups into individuals drives interests. group common but factor bounding a as culture shared the on not put is stress the instrumentalist, appro this In interests. their but together people keep fail. policies assimilationist cases many so in why reasons important most the of one as perceived so The life. everyday individuals’ of aspects stable and rooted deeply

Ibid. 66. Ibid., Cornelland Fredrik Barth, Barth, Fredrik

The new approach in investigating ethnicity came together with Fredrik Barth and his and Barth Fredrik with together came ethnicity investigating in approach new The diverse analyzing in fruitful very be to seems approach circumstantialist the Although which ancestry assumed the not is it that claim scholars of group another However, are identity ethnic and ethnicity both that prove to seems approach primordialist The

Hartmann, Hartmann, they do not see interests in them. Thus, the non the Thus, them. in interests see not do they Eth 55 k “Ethn rk

nic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference Culture of Organization Social The Boundaries: and Groups nic Ethnicity is seen as a fluid and situational political phenomena which first which phenomena political situational and fluid a as seen is Ethnicity

Ethnicity and race and Ethnicity os o fly xli te hnmn o ehiiy I sos ht very that shows It ethnicity. of phenomena the explain fully not does c rus n Boundaries” and Groups ic

d later let to their struggle over new positions of power. In power. of positions new over struggle their to let later d , , 56. ion, gender religion or ion,

framed attachmentsframed 18

. 58 c, nw a crusatait or circumstantialist as known ach,

codn t ti anthropologist, this to According . 57 -

. ethnic forces (such as economy, economy, as (such forces ethnic

56

- called “e called thnic ties” are ties” thnic

(Little, Brown, Brown, (Little, y CEU eTD Collection 66 65 64 63 42. 62 (Unpublished 61 60 59 individuals values common shared about talk we whether matter not does It analysis. later for basis fundamental ethnici of problem the discussing While approach. constructivist monopoly ofpowertorecognize “ “str These hierarchies. these of subject the are who those other, the on and, others name to power the have who those hand, one the on between, relationship the in contained relations power of features distinct has categorization ones. ethnic into people of groups different classifying and naming describing, first for responsible were sociologists and anthropologists ethnographers, clas social th in state the and elites of role significant the namely groups, ethnic creating race, areethnicity evennationhood constantl or soci processof a of outcome an ethnicityis ethnicity describing of perspective another of beginning th grou ethnic one of

Anthony P. Cohen, Cohen, AnthonyP. Weber, and Barth Bourdieu, Pierre Jenkins, 15. Ibid., Edwin Ardener, „Tozsamosc i utozsamianie [Identity and identification]”, identification]”, and [Identity utozsamianie i „Tozsamosc Ardener, Edwin rough which the mentioned boundaries are constructed. Barth’s approach gave the the gave approach Barth’s constructed. are boundaries mentioned the which rough Patr

ca he, yti Flcao and Feliciano, Cynthia Ahmed, icia 64 Nevertheless, there is a fundamental similarity between the so the between similarity fundamental a is there Nevertheless, of process the of aspect important very a stresses approach constructionist The te ru ble aot hi past their about belief group the , Economy and society and Economy Rethinking ethnicity Rethinking

Bergen, Bergen, 66 iiain Ewn Ardener Edwin sification. Paper, 2001). Paper, , all these approaches thepres take Language and symbolic power symbolic and Language Ethnic Groups and Boundaries and Groups Ethnic The symbolic construction of community of construction symbolic The p from another from p

. , 389. ,

. make and unmake groups” andmake unmake 59

Thus ethnicity is a product of routine social interactions social routine of product a is ethnicity Thus Rebecca Jean Emigh, „Ethnic Classification in Eastern Europe” Europe” Eastern in Classification „Ethnic Emigh, Jean Rebecca

os vn ute, liig ht 19 that claiming further, even goes (Cambridge, Mass: Polity Press Mass: Polity (Cambridge, al classification al , 17. , 65 19

gl oe casfcto” n tu oe the over thus and classification” over uggle

r h cmoaiy f ybl wih binds which symbols of commonality the or ence ofthegroupstarting ethnicasence a point. y and negotiated re

, Key ideas (London: Routledge, 1995), 27. 1995), Routledge, (London: Key ideas , 60 –

62 . through which such ca such throughwhich

63 constructivist. According to it, it, to According constructivist.

For Prace Socjologiczne Prace ty, both refer to group as a a as group to refer both ty, - negotiated him, the process of social of process the him, , 1991), 221. 1991), , - called primordialist and primordialist called . 61

poes of process e 15 (1992): 15 th tegories astegories

century

21 – CEU eTD Collection c their push to tries also on) so and people. censuses constitution, laws, minority different of 70 69 68 31 2004): (1 67 the in (as culture shared is together people binds which element important most the scholars they that believe who individuals by terms ethnic beliefs. and practice people’s in also exists schemas, mental in as well as Ethnicity story. is it again process, categorization individuals’ the to attention our directs and groups of idea essentialized the omit to us allows approach cognitive the although that The situational. and contextual dire nation, or highly race ethnicity, of term both the conceptualizing of way event, this of result temporary methodological a as groups treats individuals avoid to us allows approach This acting. and cognition of part is ethnicity view, “perspective a as perceived schemas theyway and thehow and about others. think themselves i ethnicity elite’ the on mostly depends which character situational its other, the on and, individuals many by perceived as given naturally as ethnicity of features the hand, one the on lat Brubaker the in turn cognitive the with together came debate constructionist

Brubaker Hartmann, Cornelland Another important aspect of categorization appears on a macro level through which state authorities (in forms forms (in authorities state which through level macro a on appears categorization of aspect important Another „Ethnici Stamatov, Peter and Loveman, Mara Brubaker, Rogers cts our attention to the individuals and their networks. However, one should remember remember should one However, networks. their and individuals the to attention our cts

Let me conclude, in social sciences ethnicity is understood as an identification made inmadeidentification an as understood sciencesethnicitysocialis in conclude, Letme Brubaker Rogers primordialist the up break to tried which sciences social in approach new The

, Loveman, and Stamatov, „Ethnicity as Cognition”, 32. Cognition”, „Ethnicityas Stamatov, Loveman, , and argues, the cognitive approach cognitive the argues, – s not only embodied in people’s practices, but also is a manner of cognitive cognitive of manner a is also but practices, people’s in embodied only not s

64.. n gop. n poiin o hs te term the this, to opposition In groups. and

Ethnicity and race and Ethnicity

argues that ethnicity together with race and nation should be be should nation and race with together ethnicity that argues on

the

world rather than thing thing than rather world – , , 19.

central for a human’s way of seeing, thinking, talking thinking, seeing, of way human’s a for central

strengthens and unites both approaches by stressing, stressing, by approaches both unites and strengthens 20 groupism

eog o n tnc ru. o some For group. ethnic an to belong ty as Cognition”, Cognition”, as ty

–

groupness the essentialized way of describing describing of way essentialized the in

the world” the 68

hud e nrdcd It introduced. be should Theory and Society and Theory . 69 only one side of the the of side one only e 70s. As Rogers Rogers As 70s. e ategories on ordinary ordinary on ategories

According to this to According s activity s .

67 33, no 33,

Thus 70

– 1

CEU eTD Collection 76 75 74 73 72 71 “Others”). see they as same (the “groups” of part a become others and themselves identifying “them” and “u between division the brings always categorization social sense this In “Others”. the to opposite group particular a of members as themselves define it of result a as who individuals, examples menti to just culture popular discourse, political press, daily the festivals, holidays, people” d being are relationships ethnic which “in ways the on especially to us allows ethnicity situational chapter, the of part next their the in show I impose As people. on categories situations and time across who activity, elite’s the by shaped is it other, the ha one the on ethnicity, sense this In ethnicity. situational namely perspective, oriented scholarly another propose I thesis schemas cognitive finally the is which boundary a (circumstantialists), belief the perspective), primordialist

Tajfel, Tajfel, Edensor, 1. nationalism”, informal and „Formal Eriksen, Loveman, and Brubaker, and Barth Weber, take theordinary deepertheir insight everyday and people into experience. Social anthropology can offer a unique position to investigate ethnicity while focusing while ethnicity investigate to position unique a offer can anthropology Social

Human groups and social categories and groups Human Economy and society and Economy n vrdy contexts. everyday in . National identity, popular culture and everyday life everyday and culture popular identity, National 75 Bergen, Bergen, .

76 However, ethnicity first appears and appears first ethnicity However,

Thus, acco Thus, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries and Groups Ethnic

Stamatov, „Ethnicity as Cognition”. „Ethnicityas Stamatov, rding to this social identity theory, individuals by various ways of ways various by individuals theory, identity social this to rding . 73

hc dtrie h wy hy see they way the determine which

nd, is strategically changing perceptions of belonging and, on on and, belonging of perceptions changing strategically is nd, 74

t s bevd n prevd y niiul i national in individuals by perceived and observed is It 2.2 , 254. ,

Everydayethnicity

n omn ancestry common in

.

21

eut f oil cat social of result

is constituted through the social contact of contact social the through constituted is , 15. ,

,

71 h world the

grzto process egorization omn e o claims of set common fnd n perceiv and efined Hwvr i my in However, .

on a few a on 72 d by ed

and s” s” CEU eTD Collection in them. role central a not) in (or plays ethnicity which ways and politics local and migrations networks, social institutions, languages, preoccupations, biographies, 81 80 79 78 77 ordinary how and when why, show to rather is identifyindividuals themselves witha certain ethnicityor“nationness”. aim The it. in role significant a play institutions, ana life everyday in and politics Ethnicity Everyday and Cluj in research their in ethnicity to visible. thi of aspects embodies also but categorization self ethnic everyday individual’s of patterns subjective through understood be should ethnicity Thus, not. which in and member be to wants he/she group which in decision the mat a always Itis fullymeaningless. be can it others in interactionwhile influences which factor relevant a is it situations some in determined”, “situationally Y. Okamu accordi situation”, “social By boundaries. social through constructed ethnicity, o forming as believed are who those to refers it when inclusive both be can ethnicity Everyday ne whenexclusive group and theyabout think

Ibid., 8. Ibid., Brubaker, ethnicity”. „Situational Okamura, Edensor, h bo i focus is book The lysis” Rogers of character situational the stressed who scholars first the of one was Barth Fredrik

. National National 80 ra Nationalist Politi Nationalist

, I mean the faceI the mean , patterns of identification, but without assuming that ethnic so called “identities” “identities” called so ethnic that assuming without but identification, of patterns n rcie ti mas ouig n vrdy oil neatos networks, interactions, social everyday on focusing means this practice, In Brubaker and his colleagues his and Brubaker identity, popular culture and everyday life everyday and culture popular identity, ed on Hungarian Hungarian on ed

cs and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town Transylvanian in a Ethnicity Everyday and cs n Taslain Town Transylvanian a in - to

-

- face relationship ofindividuals. relationship face without automatically taking ethnic groups as their unit of of unit their as groups ethnic taking automatically without –

- Romanian everyday relations with the stress on such aspects as: as: aspects such on stress the with relations everyday Romanian Napoca.

introduced the situational and everyday approach approach everyday and situational the introduced 79 22

s knowledge through which ethnicity becomes becomes ethnicity which through knowledge s The main aim of the book, the of aim main The those who are not

i t so “o ehiiy works ethnicity “how show to is , .

78 .

77 For this scholar, ethnicity thisscholar, is For

.

81 ter of the individual’s individual’s the of ter

Nationalist Politics Nationalist - ng to Jonathan Jonathan to ng ascription and ascription –

in in CEU eTD Collection 87 86 85 84 83 82 a study can one approach this In life. everyday in reproduced and produced is nationness and collectiveritual celebrations,sport competitions events, andsoon. international (state one formal the to contrast their of reminded natio unmindfully being “citizenry which through activity elites’ holidays, na partially is approach This people. by symbols called a of part being school, national the orparticular religious nationallyinstitution framed one, such as churches. to child a sending newspaper, national the read to I bynationhood. reality or socio local in origin about. sug was As them. to means it what and people ordinary influences it extent what to discourse, elite the in nation, the talking life. everyday in reproduced and negotiated is nationhood which in ways four

Eriksen, „Formal and informal nationalism”. informal and „Formal Eriksen, 154. Ibid., Michael Billig, Rupert Brown, Brubaker, Foxi Miller tionalism”. nal identity”nal 83 performing performing Performing third The called second, The fu step One

any t per i te om o peuie n stereotypes and prejudice of forms the in appears it Mainly dominant ideologies

Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town Transylvanian in a Ethnicity Everyday and Politics Nationalist gested by Rogers Brubaker Rogers by gested - Idriss, „Everyday Nationhood”. „Everyday Idriss, 85 Pre Banal nationalism Banal

o hm ainod s rglry lge” oty y h mda national media, the by mostly flagged” “regularly is nationhood him For n this approach, one should focus on such aspects of everyday life, as choices as life, everyday of aspects such on focus should one approach, this n . judice: its social psychology its social judice: a i wih ainod s rdcd n rpoue i eeya lf is life everyday in reproduced and produced is nationhood which in way 86 the nation the

represents the idea how the nation as a discursive construct is legitimized is construct discursive a as nation the how idea the represents rther is provided by Jon E. Fox and Cynthia Miller Cynthia and Fox E. Jon by provided is rther

is very closely related with related closely very is It is also c Italso is

- utrl pcfcte o inter of specificities cultural choosing the nation, the choosing

–

.

lose to Thomas Eriksen’sThomas to lose 84

(London: Sage Publications, 1995). Publications, Sage (London: here the stress is put on the understanding and use of national national of use and understanding the on put is stress the here

- level) refers to dimensions typical for civil society such as as such society civil for typical dimensions to refers level)

, ethnicity is rarely not something ordinary people talk talk people ordinary something not rarely is ethnicity ,

(Oxford: Blackwell, 1995). Blackwell, (Oxford: 23

refers to the way people’s choices are framed framed are choices people’s way the to refers

consuming consuming ae o Mcal Billig’s Michael on based - ethnic relations, particular experience of of experience particular relations, ethnic

idea of informal national informal ofidea –

the last the

.

way in which ethnicity which in way wih a hv their have can which , - Idris

sense of “banal “banal of sense s , who describe describe who , 87

ism which inwhich ism 82

h first, The

CEU eTD Collection 92 91 Studies Racial and Ethnic 90 89 Anthropology 88 perceived people’ determine Corn Stephen ethnicity. of aspects situational the determine which factors important only the not are they important, Although stressing by not, some in and matters identity. ethnic “thin” or symbolic of form the in salient remains it some in while identity) ethnic “thick” peo determines which factor crucial a be may ethnicity differentgroups. Th “them”. and“us” between strongdifferentiation with time same the at but discourse,antiracist and neighborliness good of principles the by characterized is second The tolerant. is whole of inc actively to constructed routes different four to lead called can one, first The groups repertoires. discriminatory many by space public the using scholar, squares way and or andare perceived parks the howtheyconsumed by ordinarypeople. Miller the to individuals industry particular tourism and of shopping choices food the from features: life everyday of variety Fox and Ibid., 81. Ibid., Cornelland Melissa L. Caldwell, „The Taste of Nationalism: Food Politics in Postsocialist Moscow”, Moscow”, Postsocialist in Politics Food Nationalism: of Taste „The Caldwell, L. Melissa aj Boln, Ehi cmlxt: ots o iciiaoy eetie i a inner an in repertoires discriminatory to routes complexity: „Ethnic Blokland, Talja e one non third forms - Idriss( The appearance and strength of ethnicity vary in different social situations. In some, some, In situations. social different in vary ethnicity of strength and appearance The quite be can aspects last These Miller

group position

67, no 67, Hartmann, Hartmann, - understand also the role of public space, the character of restaurants, bars, cafes,bars, restaurants,publicspace,of ofcharacter role the the also understand Idriss, „EverydayNationhood” Idriss, 91

3 self s Circumstan (November 2002): 295 (November2002):

Ethnicity and race and Ethnicity

26, 26, no - -

realistic lastone opens conflicts interethnic conflicts between andthe srpin n ctgrzto i eeya lf, namely life, everyday in categorization and ascription and lude or exclude, however it does not mean that the community as a a as community the that mean not does it however exclude, or lude

1 (2003): 1 (2003): 1 meaning

ilss rvd ueu reasons useful provide tialists . 88

ell and Douglas Hartmann Douglas and ell Moreover, by Moreover, , , 79. – 24. – the economic and political factor in people’s decisions. decisions. people’s in factor political and economic the which is attached to groupwhich isattachedto belonging. 319

, 2

rbeai a problematic

5. .

24

uncommunity, consu crig o aj Blokland Tanja to ccording ming the nation nation the ming ple’s choices and acts (the so (the acts and choices ple’s provide three dimensions which dimensions three provide

h i sm css ethnicity cases some in why appears when ethnicity is not not is ethnicity when appears Jon -

city neighbourhood”, neighbourhood”, city 92 Fox a Fox

Ethnos: Journal of Journal Ethnos:

nd Cynthia nd . 90 boundary

o this For - 89 called

, CEU eTD Collection 94 93 Cherni analysis. the majority).Thus, the form Ukrainians nationality(only dominant of lack a characterizedby Brubaker’s of center the in are “groups” Cluj s the However, shifti and tradition multicultural long a have ground, postsocialist on located both Cluj in research particular good (“we values arefeeling evil) are and they shame. ofpride or contains often very “them” and “us” between distinction The construction. identity everyday form ofstereotypesactual and multiethnic prejudicesrelationsin thanpower communities. the in more observed is strategy position perceived the situations many In groups. perceived inequ some are there that also but “them”) of some and “us” of some are there that know we (so setting particular a of diversity the about awareness and beliefs people’s only not contains It situations. social are they because just others believed tobelong group. toadifferent to ascribe they what and group particular a of members as categorical crite the sense this in However, others. from themselves distinguish can individuals which through criteria i dentity formation dentity

Brubaker, Brubaker, Tajfel, - Napoca the main ethnic relations are formed by Hungarians and Romanians and these and Romanians and Hungarians by formed are relations ethnic main the Napoca h mi isiain o m tei i poie b Bru by provided is thesis my for inspiration main The Last position Perceived The Human groups and social categories and groups Human Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town Transylvanian in a Ethnicity Everyday and Politics Nationalist

boundary. In one word one Inboundary.

but not least least not but boundary pecificity of the present inter present the of pecificity i tesle ae unimportant, are themselves ria - Napoca. . 93

The esta The

alities in the distribution of power, status and resources between between resources and status power, of distribution the in alities between “us” and ”them” is one of the most important aspects of of aspects important most the of one is ”them” and “us” between 94 meaning

is the second aspect secondthe is

For many reasons this city is quite similar to Chernivtsi. They are They Chernivtsi. to similar quite is city this reasons many For

blishment of positive self includes the construction of a set of set a of construction the includes self positive of blishment

attached to identity is one of the most important aspects of of aspects important most the of one is identity to attached –

which individuals in a particular situation define as theirs defineas particularsituation a in individuals which .

ethnic relations is slightly different. In the case of of case the In different. slightly is relations ethnic 25 through which ethnicity becomes significant in significant ethnicity becomes which through

ahr t s h poes f establishing of process the is it rather ti o te te hn, is hand, other the on vtsi, ae ad i colleagues his and baker .

ng borders. ng

CEU eTD Collection religious associations, national organization or inparticular situations many to belonged who meanings) attached and self position everyday of patterns important most individuals by shaped categorization the find to try I in which challenge a of sort a is thesis following the in then and research my in first introduced Ukrainians some: inter main ethnic tensions are characteristic in some situations for Ukrainians for situations some in characteristic are tensions ethnic - es n i ohr Roma others in and Jews

(which I believe lies in their sense of boundary, group boundary, of sense their in lies believe I (which talk , choose 26 nians

, perform - Jews. Thus, the situational approach approach situational the Thus, Jews.

and consume

the nationhood. - identification and and identification - Romanians, in Romanians,

CEU eTD Collection title: ofUkraine, 189 were name 96 the use I thesis Empire. Hungarian my of parts later in However, memor of politics of history. forms discuss to Czernowitz city’s the describe to order in Chernivtsi name 95 placesare multiethnic most asthe inUkraine. perceived one of Nowaday Chernivtsi Chernovtsy name new named was city the when Empire (14 Poland of o part a be to used Bukovina past the In history. complicated and long their consideration into taking without region Bukovina and Chernivtsi

Although the the Although According to to According n cno udrtn te otmoay yais f neehi rltos in relations interethnic of dynamics contemporary the understand cannot One , 021 Ukrainians, Ukrainians, 021 CHAPTER 3:THEHISTO s it is inhabited by around 220 thousand citizens. Chernivtsi and Northern Bukovina Northern and Chernivtsi citizens. thousand 220 around by inhabited is it s . 95

Cernătui Source: http://travelro.wordpress.com/2009/05/23/158/, accessed: May 27, 2012 27, accessed:May http://travelro.wordpress.com/2009/05/23/158/, Source: (1945

city was named differently in all these periods throughout this part of my thesis I use the modern modern the use I thesis my of part this throughout periods these all in differently named was city the “All the h peet iy s rgoa cne o te itrcl ein f Bukovina. of region historical the of center regional a is city present The http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/ukr/notice/news.php?type=2&id1=21 th

etr) te rniaiy f odva utl 75, h Austro the 1775), (until Moldavia of Principality the century), - 91 ad rm 91 h Idpnet kan wt is oen name modern its with Ukraine Independent the 1991 from and 1991) -

Ukrainian population census” conducted in 2001 around 220 thousand citizens, citizens, thousand 220 around 2001 in conducted census” population Ukrainian (1918 10,553 Romanians, 1,408 Poles and 1,308 J 1,308 and Poles 1,408 Romanians, 10,553 - 90 n 1941 and 1940

Rysunek Czernowitz Czernowitz CHERNIVTSI 1 y which refer refer which y

RY OF ETHNIC RELATIONS IN The map of Ukraine map of The - 5, h Uriin oit oils Republic Socialist Soviet Ukrainian the 45), 27 (1775 f the Kyivan the f

- 1918), the Kingdom of Romania with Romania of Kingdom the 1918), to the to

time of the city’s belonging to the to belonging city’s the of time ews. -

Rus (10 Rus

96 All data from from data All

th , date date of use,

century), the Kingdom the century), State Statistics Service Service Statistics State 10

- . 09 Hungarian .2012 Austro there there .

the the – - -

CEU eTD Collection others for while nation) modern 99 a as (perceived Ukrainians 98 for category ethnos. distinct a formed Ruthenians earlier the is Ruthenians some, 97 rather area, agrarian an be to used It role. peripheral rather a played region the of part this Kyivan the to belonging Bukovina’s during that data significant no is there Although politics. and trade geography, represent the so memory of politics local how understanding for tool a as serves description this thesis, my of thre these throughout cityscape national local of shaping and relations of Republic. Romanian theUkrainianSocialist and extent Soviet toalesser Austro the to belonging its important: most the as perceived are history Chernivtsi’s of periods three perspective this From elites. national local by an shaped remembrance of diverse politics presenting the for tool Nevertheless, a as ancestors. serves Chernivtsi national of history their complicated and city present the in living nationalities the between continuity of lack a is there cases the all almost in Thus city. the S the of events strugglespolitical changed.tragic andcompositionThe mixture, ethnic Chernivtsi’s centuries Armenians. as such groups smaller many by also but Poles and Jews Germans, i Traditionally region. the Schöpflin Smith in There is no agreement between different scholars on the distinction between Ruthenians and Ukrainians. F Ukrainians. and Ruthenians between distinction the on scholars different between agreement no is There n th In interethnic local of patterns changing the discus I chapter following the in Thus, of history the in factor significant another is mixture ethnic borders, shifting to Next

Hosking and Schöpflin, Schöpflin, and Hosking in in Ibid. e development of Chernivtsi, Chernivtsi, of development e econd World War and mass migration after it changed the ethnic structure of of structure ethnic the changed it after migration mass and War World econd -

called “Golden Age”called “Golden

- Rus in the 5 the in Rus t was inhabited by Ukrainians (or Ruthenians), Romanians, Romanians, Ruthenians), (or Ukrainians by inhabited was t 3.1 Myths and Nationhood and Myths

The Austro 98 th

or “cosmopolitan” century, Chernivtsi formed any significant settl significant any formed Chernivtsi century, - he fcos lyd h ms sgiiat role: significant most the played factors three Hungarian Empire 28

.

99

- myths, historical than facts. rather Hungar

ian Empire, the Kingdom Kingdom the Empire, ian e periods. In later parts parts later In periods. e

97

Throughout ement, ement, or or d

CEU eTD Collection Vienna. Dezember 31 Zentralk Statistichen K.K. der vom von Herausgeben by published 1900, Volkszählung der Ergebnisse der Grund auf Bearbeitet Bukowina. Der “Gemeindelexikon. langu 34 by used was German criteria use everyday of language By protestants). (mostly confession other declared who individuals 3634 and Orthodox 26 confession) (by were them Among people. 105 104 112. 2006), Bukovyna, Zelena (Chernivtsi: in Cislajtanii].”, of conflicts nationa among specificity Their 1914. until Bukovyna in struggles national [The Cislajitaniji.” nacionalynosteji 103 squares] and 102 101 1998). 100 first the of one 1848), (until province Galicia by protected and into integrated was Bukovina empire. the of parts other and provinces neighborhood from Bukovina of territory the migrationto mass was population the of growth rapid this reasonfor Che g number people, in1850this bywas 66thousand 1779Bukovina inhabited changes theregion. Until in modern a of creation the at all of first but region Bukovina of area the in only not started changes with mercha t in Dobryji Aleksander by written documents trade of one in mentioned was city the when 1408, year the from came Chernivtsi about note contro customs a as established was Chernivtsi of settlement at this of because and Europe medieval in monarchies different with and underdeveloped

Ibid. Rajmu According to the Austrian census from 1900, Chernivtsi (together with its suburbs) was inhabited by 67 by inhabited was suburbs) its with (together Chernivtsi 1900, from census Austrian the to According Marija Nykyrsa, Marija Serhij Kostyshyn, Kostyshyn, Serhij lrd betne, Ncoan sprck n Bkvn d 11 roku. 1914 do Bukovyni na superechky „Nacionalni Ableitinger, Alfred rnivtsi rnivtsi g (any oih bt lo zc ad ugra) Al aa rm Austro from data All Hungarian). and Czech also but Polish, (mainly age

ic 17, hriti eogd o h Austro the to belonged Chernivtsi 1775, Since - nd Kaindl, Kaindl, nd plan e t 31 thousand 381 to rew

– (Chernivtsi: Zolotye Lytavry, 2008), 14. 2008), Lytavry, Zolotye(Chernivtsi: nts from Lviv nts from

ned town of Chernivtsi. One of the most important factors was the demographic the was factors important most the of One Chernivtsi. of town ned hn n 80 led 2 thous 20 already 1850 in when Chernivtsi. Dokumentalnji narysy z istorji vulyc i plosch [Chernivtsi. [Chernivtsi. plosch i vulyc istorji z narysy Dokumentalnji Chernivtsi. Istorija Chernivtsiv [The history of Chernivtsi] of history [The Chernivtsiv Istorija uoya Itrcnj ay [h hsoy f Bukovyna] of history [The narys Istorycznyj Bukowyna.

M

low population low . ini 102

441 individuals, Ruthenian by 13 by Ruthenian individuals, 441 -

oms uoyy Klun zouk rehionu. zdobutky Kulturni Bukovyny. Kosmos

. 103

h got ws vn oe infcn i te ae of case the in significant more even was growth The

8 Ctois 21 Catholics, 780 . 100

For centuries it was a borderland region between region borderland a was it centuries For 29 n pol lvd there. lived people and he response to the tax problems and relations and problems tax the to response he

030 and Romanian 9400, 8896 declared other declared 8896 9400, Romanian and 030 8 Jews 587

ommission (Central Statistic Office) in 1907, 1907, in Office) Statistic (Central ommission (Chernivtsi: Komitet Vyborciv, 2003),25. Vyborciv, (Chernivtsi: Komitet - Hungarian Empire. The time of of time The Empire. Hungarian 105 adtae center trade and l 15 ,

Because from the b the from Because least in the 15 the in least

621 Greek Catholic and Greek Greek and Catholic Greek 621 (Chernivtsi: Zelena Bukovyna, Bukovyna, Zelena (Chernivtsi: Ijh specyfyka u konflyktach konflyktach u specyfyka Ijh , 104 ed. Volodymyr Zapolovskij Zapolovskij Volodymyr ed.

h ms important most The The history of str of history The - Hungarian Census: Census: Hungarian th . 101

century the the century

The first The eginning

eets eets 622 622

l CEU eTD Collection 118. Cislajtanii].”, ofconflicts national among specificity Their 1914. until Bukovyna in struggles national [The Cislajitaniji.” nacionalynosteji 111 contributions”, interaction, ethnic Settlement, see: stables, and obligations, feudal houses from free land, frame free state: the from privileges many received which groups sponsored state 110 118. Cislajtanii].”, ofconflicts national among specificity Their 1914. until Bukovyna in struggles national [The Cislajitaniji.” nacionalynosteji 109 Europe”] Eastern XVIII Evropy Schidnoi ta Centralnoi betwee (mis)understanding 108 107 population. Ukrainian and city the in tensions ethnic some for reason a was Empire Hungarian Cislajtanii].” of conflicts national among specificity Their 1914. until Bukovyna in struggles national [The Cislajitaniji.” nacionalynosteji 106 thus formedCh local elites in and universities and administration the in worked and century the of half second the in came farming. were or forests the in worked industry, and Empire, the of part western the from 1850 turned betw tension national some caused underrepre political significant and Orthodox) (mostly confession population, class, a trade petty underre were populati native the mostly formed and parts southern the south and northern the in especially the administrative po over took thus and Galicia in time that dominated who Poles citywere the cameto who group

Ibid., 118. Ibid., As Sophie A. Welsch points the points Welsch A. Sophie As o Afe Ableitinger, Alfred For Anatoliy Krughlaschov, „Chernivtsi: (ne)porozuminnja (ne)porozuminnja „Chernivtsi: Krughlaschov, Anatoliy betne, „N Ableitinger, Ableitinger,

into seriousinto conflicts h Germans The Bukovinia the In

d crafts nd presented in the city. They occupied the niche of low prestigious jobs such as such jobs prestigious low of niche the occupied They city. the in presented

, Ncoan sprck n Bkvn d 11 roku. 1914 do Bukovyni na superechky „Nacionalni

19. coan sprck n Bkvn d 11 roku. 1914 do Bukovyni na superechky acionalni

sitions in thecity in sitions

the domination of Poles during th during Poles of domination the . ae o h rgo i to irto wvs Frt hs wo ae in came who those First waves. migration two in region the to came

108

hrtg ad neiacs” in inheritances]”, and heritage n Ncoan sprck n Bkvn d 11 roku. 1914 do Bukovyni na superechky „Nacionalni n countryside two groups two countryside n

h smlrt o bt gop, aey hi rrl hrce, social character, rural their namely groups, both of similarity The . ohe . eic, Te Bukovina „The Welisch, A. Sophie

ernivtsi

first group of German in Bukovina came from the Banat region. They were were They region. Banat the from came Bukovina in German of group first - XX ct. [Chernivtsi in the contest of urbanization processes of Ce of processes urbanization of contest the in [Chernivtsi ct. XX een them een - . western part of Bukovina and Romanians who inhabited who Romanians and Bukovina of part western 111 . Immigrants 106

. 109 30

However, during the Austrian time they never they time Austrian the during However,

worked as blue collar workers in the building the in workers collar blue as worked

&Minorities

e first period of Bukovina belonging to the Austro the to belonging Bukovina of period first e 110 mix spadshynoju ta spadkoemcjamy.” spadkoemcjamy.” ta spadshynoju mix dominated, namely Ukrainians who settled who Ukrainians namely dominated,

hriti knesk ubnsyhyh procesiv urbanistychnych kontekstki v Chernivtsi

h scn pae nldd hs who those included phase second The –

especially from the side of local Romanian Romanian local of side the from especially on there on

5, no 1 (1986): 78 (1986): 1 no 5, Germans during the Habsburg period: period: Habsburg the during Germans . Ijh specyfyka u konflyktach konflyktach u specyfyka Ijh konflyktach u specyfyka Ijh 107 Ijh specyfyka u konflyktach konflyktach u specyfyka Ijh

oee,bt groups both However, .

[Chernovtsi [Chernovtsi sentation sentation ntral and and ntral - CEU eTD Collection 2004). (Shevchenko byFriedman started Isroel Tzadiks of dynasty Hasidic most significant ofthe one lived 117 Europe] Eastern and Central in Culture Urban Czernowitz. of history 116 18. inheritance]”, and heritage between (mis)understanding 115 114 Stadt. ungewöhnlichen einer Geschichte Die Czernowitz. 113 112 together Chernivtsi sphere. public the particularly in language dominant is the became German what important, and, established were hotels restaurants, cafes, institutions, cultural an writers German of monuments names, German received Streets purposes. their suit to settlement rural this transformed Austrians emerged. buildings of complexes new appeared, places work new built, were roads fast: very religious who workedinloca Jews so the city, the of part lower values the maintained they such as Anatolij As on). so themselves” Austrians and than Austrians more were factories “They them: described Kruglaschov owned administration, city the in workers doctors, pres most the occupied members whose non a Jews, Austrian by inhabited was th represent actually which groups main two relig organizations, oriented be can century the inhabited who groups national 20 the of beginning the in later and 18 the of middle the

Shevc Shevchenko, Their cultural center was located outside Chernivtsi Chernivtsi outside located was center cultural Their Andr ai Saay " Sha’ary, David rglshv „hriti (eprzmnj mx pdhnj t spadshynoju mix (ne)porozuminnja „Chernivtsi: Krughlaschov, i Corbea ei From the end of the 18 the of end the From in who Jews, by used especially was Chernivtsi in settle to opportunity the However, henko, henko, Chernovetskaya Antlantyda [The Chernivtsi Atlantis]Chernivtsi [The Antlantyda Chernovetskaya Atlantis]Chernivtsi [The Antlantyda Chernovetskaya - iie nosvrl subgroups several into divided Hoisie, Hoisie, i jdsh Gmid vn zroiz Te Jew [The Czernowitz von Gemeinde judische Die th

century came to the region as mostly blue mostly as region the to came century zroizr ecihe. br ie tdice utr n itlOtErp. [The Mittel(Ost)Europa. in Kultur städtische eine Über Geschichten. Czernowitzer ious groups and so and groups ious

th - ald Jws qatr ws naie msl b po and poor by mostly inhabited was quarter” “Jewish called

century the town of Cher of town the century l factories or in pettyl factories orin trade city th f high of

. etr wr oe f h bi the of one were century 112 -

iiu pstos n h ct (hy ee lawyers, were (they city the in positions tigious eiiu o elgtnd emn paig group speaking German enlightened or religious The local Jewish community in the end of the 19 the of end the in community Jewish local The hre wr rie ad nme o German of number a and raised were heroes d - e spatial division of the city the of division spatial e 31 level European urban urban European level – ,

. They belonged to many different politically politically different many to belonged They . in cial classes. cial

ed. Harald Heppner (Böhlau, 2000), 103 (Böhlau, 2000), Heppner ed. Harald

Sadhora (today it is one of the city’s districts) where where districts) city’s the of one is it (today Sadhora . . (Vienna: Böhlau, 2003), 29. 2003), (Vienna: Böhlau, nivtsi started to develop and grow and develop to started nivtsi 113 . 117

s cmuiy f zroiz” in Czernowitz]”, of community ish However, one can distinguish can one However,

a spadkoemcjamy.” spadkoemcjamy.” a - collar workers or craftsmen craftsmen or workers collar gs ad ot influential most and ggest culture . 114 . 116

The upper part upper The

oee, the However, –

128. [Chernovtsi [Chernovtsi

115

and

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CEU eTD Collection 118 2008), Bukovyna, ct. XX 123 2 Balkans”, the in Colonialism Benevolent NGOs: (se colonialism” “benevolent as described 122 squares] 121 15. 1974), 120 See: influence. and domination Vienna’s of symbols significant and important most the as perceived are planning city and architecture However, life. public of spheres all in language ofGerman domination the and system schooling 119 118 perceived is it Although sphere. public the of aspects all in German of domination the was factor third The town. the architectureofmodern the in admiredand observed becan and now administratio important most the which in eclectic style, all insimilar National German House hall, theater, araised: town buildings they its borderlands. of protection for and Empire the of stabilization the for necessary was which mission, civilizational truly a had influence their sense, this In citizens. its of activities the formed that admitted be to needs it Although here’. ruler the is ‘who of sign visible a was town planned a into settlement rural a from Chernivtsi transforming p and occupation their of mark a was Empire, the of fou be can what to similar architecture, the using city the planned Austrians way the all, of First levels. different from i understood be can through planning urban is in Symbolism urbanization of understanding basic the way, this In influence symbolic the by described best be can it urbanized they way the and Chernivtsi Vienna which citiessuc imperialother with 7

– Paul R. Magocsi, Magocsi, R. Paul Svitlana Bilenkova, w Bilenkova, Svitlana Elliott Percival Skinner, Percival Elliott According to Paul Magocsi the tangible symbols of Habsburg imperial culture were bureaucr were culture imperial Habsburg of symbols tangible the Magocsi Paul to According Nykyrsa, Nykyrsa, In the anthropological literature this kind of impact which has the truly civilizational mission is often often is mission civilizational truly the has which impact of kind this literature anthropological the In 44. Ibid. [Chernivtsi in the contest of urbanization processes of Central and Eastern Europe”] Eastern and Central of processes urbanization of contest the in [Chernivtsi .

. The second factor secondThe Austro the way the that claim I

Ch 122 ernivtsi. Dokumentalnji narysy z istorji vulyc i plosch [Chernivtsi. [Chernivtsi. plosch i vulyc istorji z narysy Dokumentalnji ernivtsi. they copied they

A history of Ukraine of history A – 132.

Chernivtsi v kontekstki urbanistychnych procesiv Centralnoi ta Schidnoi Evropy XVIII Evropy Schidnoi ta Centralnoi procesiv urbanistychnych kontekstki v Chernivtsi Ouaga of transformation the life: urban African

for understanding the urbanization through symbolism is the kind of kind the is throughsymbolism urbanization the understanding for . 118 h as Lviv, Cracow, Budapest and Prague resembled the capital ofcapital the Lviv,Pragueresembled andCracow, Budapestas h

e: (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996), 414. 1996), Press, ofToronto University (Toronto: Sampson Steven, „Weak States, Uncivil Societies and Thousands of of Thousands and Societies Uncivil States, „Weak Steven, Sampson The Balkans in Focus: Cultural Boundaries in Europe in Boundaries Cultural Focus: in Balkans The ns were located were ns - Hungarian Empire shaped its policy towards towards policy its shaped Empire Hungarian 32

wr n hs area this in ower . 123

actually they built this town and town this built theyactually

Almost all of them survive til survive them of all Almost dougou,

(Princeton University Press, Press, University (Princeton s yblc power symbolic ts The history of streets and and streets of history The . 121

nd in other parts other in nd

(Chernivtsi: Zelena Zelena (Chernivtsi: h poes of process The acy, legal and and legal acy,

(2002): (2002): . . 120 119 l -

CEU eTD Collection inheritance]”. and heritage between (mis)understanding 127 apects]”, language and professions ofnational, pecularities Bukovyna: Asutrian what to and reality 126 the reflect city Austrian the of i are they extent images the post extent from what written to say are to them hard of is it all thus However, perspective place. peaceful as Chernivtsi Austrian of vision the confirm Communists and Fascists Under up Growing WereSalient. Memory Jewish in Czernowitz city the of inhabitants former by diari by provided is Chernivtsi of history the of period Austrian the in insight interesting 125 city.past ofthe the imaginary present 2008). Nationalities] its of mirror the in city The Czernowitz. of 2008) Gesellschaft, e persecution, literature, Geschichhte, Bukovina. and Chernivtsi edges. Zeifen the example: for See Ausländer. red., Rosa Husdat, and Celan Paul Franzos, Emil Karl as represented authors is Chernivtsi perspective so studies the and cultural phenomena German literature the from especially Thus life. art 124 actual their establish to hard quite actually was it community Jewish the among Moreover, n dominant a city. the control to enough find big not was number their not Chernivtsi, in dominated Jews Although could one region the in and city the in that was peaceful. so remained Chernivtsi why Aust b partially and elites national local by partially formed responsibility and attachments salient. remained Chernivtsi (for Europe Central the of While ex parts region. different the in of mobilization character ethnopolitical tolerant and andconsolidation peaceful rather the is time Austrian and hotels,names shops bookstores. butalsorestaurants, culture. high local andeconomy administration, of language the was German still languages, city, five multilingual least at a in be communicate to used period Austrian the of Chernivtsi that

ample in the neighborhood Galicia) took the form of open conflicts, Bukovina and and Bukovina conflicts, open of form the took Galicia) neighborhood the in ample However, still an open question is to what extent in everyday life ethnicity was not a exclusive category. The The category. exclusive a not was ethnicity life everyday in extent what to is question open an still However, In the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the city was a center for German literature and and literature German for center a was city the century, 20th the of beginning the and 19th the of end the In Ivan Monolatij, „Avstrijska Bukovyna: osoblyvosti nacijonalnych, profesijnych ta movnyh podijiv [The [The podijiv movnyh ta profesijnych nacijonalnych, osoblyvosti Bukovyna: „Avstrijska Monolatij, Ivan Krughlaschov, „Chernivtsi: (ne)porozuminnja mix spadshynoju ta spadkoemcjamy.” spadkoemcjamy.” ta spadshynoju mix (ne)porozuminnja „Chernivtsi: Krughlaschov, rian government rian

To the phenomena of the literature of Chernivtsi I come back in later part of my thesis while d while thesis my of part later in back come I Chernivtsi of literature the of phenomena the To Fo r many scholars the most significant feature of Bukovina and Chernivtsi from the from Chernivtsi and Bukovina of feature significant most the scholars many r An der Zeifen Ränder. Czernowitz und die Bukowina. Geschichhte, Literatur, Verfolgung, Exil [At Exil Verfolgung, Literatur, Geschichhte, Bukowina. die und Czernowitz Ränder. Zeifen der An nfluenced by the later experience and thus show rather the nostalgia to the “lost” city. “lost” city. the to nostalgia the thus show rather and experience later the by nfluenced ; Hans Klaus, Klaus, Hans

. 126

For many authors, one of the most important questions is the reason the is questions important most the of one authors, many For , Reprint (University of California Press, 2011) Press, California of (University Reprint , - called “Myth of Czernowitz” mostly because the city was inhabited by such such by inhabited was city the because mostly Czernowitz” of “Myth called ed., ed., See: . 125

Mythos Czernowitz. Eine Stadt Eine Czernowitz. Mythos 124 h so The aine ish and Hirsch Marianne

Not only streets, squares and monuments received German received monuments and squares onlystreets, Not For Anatloji Krughlaschov Anatloji For - ald bkvns’ a a id f oa identity, local of kind a was ‘bukovinism’ called 33

(Baltimore: Publish America, 2005). America, Publish (Baltimore: (Potsdam: Deutsches Kulturforum östliches Europa, Europa, östliches Kulturforum Deutsches (Potsdam:

Leo Spitzer, Spitzer, Leo

im Spiegel ihrer Nationalitäten [The Myth [The Nationalitäten ihrer Spiegel im Ghosts of Home: The Afterlife of of Afterlife The Home: of Ghosts ,

Czasopis „ji” Czasopis , the most important factor important most the , Julius Scherzer, Scherzer, Julius xile] eié odn and Cordon Cecilé

(Vienna: Theodor Kramer Theodor (Vienna: es and memories written written memories and es

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nr 56 (2009). nr56

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CEU eTD Collection 304. 129 Cislajtanii],” ofconflicts nat among specificity Their 1914. until Bukovyna in struggles national [The Cislajitaniji.” nacionalynosteji 128 started. Greater cultural of and unification centralization administrative the of process the through went and autonomy 1941 (1918 rule new this of years 22 Almost Romania. of Kingdom the by over taken was Chernivtsi War, World First the of consequence a As 1918. in finished Habsburgs by formed the for ground fruitful a peaceful coexistence cooperation and here. between nationalities formed language) national any of subordination the thus (and multi and multinational its and monarchy Austrian the of character the Nevertheless, mobilization. t cases other In find sometensions. one theircan similarity, of Ukrainiansbecause and as between Romanians such cases, few in Only niche. certain a occupied nationality each previously mentioned As say they identify extent group. ofone towhat even all as being themselves German or part to hard is it language, main their as German declared 1910 from census Austrian the in Jews number and orientati national

Krughlaschov, „Interethnic relations stability on the the on stability relations „Interethnic Krughlaschov,

betne, Ncoan sprck n Bkvn d 11 roku. 1914 do Bukovyni na superechky „Nacionalni Ableitinger, - - 44) brought new visions and physical acts in the urban sphere. urban the in acts physicaland visions new brought 44) religious policy together with the political and cultural domination of German language German of domination cultural and political the with together policy religious h eooi, oiia ad utrl aac bten ainlte i Ch in nationalities between balance cultural and political economic, The inter for role important Another

here were no overlapping interests in spheres of economy and national national and economy of spheres in interests overlapping no were here

120. Romania

on. AsAlfred Ableitinger

3.2 . 129

The Kingdom ofRomania The Kingdom

h poes f oaiain f h mlitnc region multiethnic the of Romanization of process The ethnic relations in the city was the economic factor. economic the was city the in relations ethnic 34

Ukraine

- Romania border: a case of Chernivtsi region”, region”, Chernivtsi of case a border: Romania

str esses, although the majorityoflocal although the esses,

j specyfyka Ijh In 1923 Bukovina lost its its Bukovinalost 1923 In u konflyktach konflyktach u - ernivtsi 40 and and 40 ional ional 128

CEU eTD Collection seegroups, similar national two between struggles ofpast wascontinuity a It Ukrainians. 130 the uppercity. They of part the weretheir apartments, forced degraded toleave intheir jobsor mostly inhabiting group elite speaking German the to directed was policy Jewish anti the all, mo the suffered who community Jewish the of members especially touched policy discriminatory The tone. aggressive more acts hadthe noti their Although streets. the of names German the changed immediately and monuments new raised They roof. small a added they Empire, the of style the for characteristic most the of rebu but buildings old the demolish not did They influence. cosmetic rather a had town the of transformation Romanian The Empire. the from came which buildings those than higher important) is (which and decorations without from different totally was style in building The square. Theaterpresent the in House Cultural Romanian the of buildingwas projects first their ofOne their lost privilegedJews pos speaking German and Germans Ethnic Bucharest. from coming clerks Romanian new the by replaced be to order in council city the in positions important leave to forced were members languageo main the became which Romanian, position. subordinate a in besides themselves nationalities, All found space. Romanians, urban the in changes brought also but groups, national

In the first period of the Romanian rule, ethnic tensions were visible especially between Romanians and and Romanians between especially visible were tensions ethnic rule, Romanian the of period first the In The second stage (from June 1940) of the Romanization of Chernivtsi’s citizens took atook citizens Chernivtsi’s of Romanization the of 1940) June (from stagesecondThe city. the of character Austrian the change to also decided government Romanian The in changes only not to rise gave time This on of co

lonization ition in thecity. in ition

st from the antisemitic politics of the Bucharest rule. First of of First rule. Bucharest the of politics antisemitic the from st , theywere rathermicro ilt them. For example, to the theater building, one one building, theater the to example, For them. ilt

35 f schooling and administration system and their their systemand administration and schooling f

law and the position and structure of many many of structure and position the and law - scale changes. scale h sronig srih i form in straight surrounding: the 130

hy ee ocd o learn to forced were They

: Ibid., 305. Ibid.,

CEU eTD Collection Holocaus of politics form and the describing sources historical lackof a is there because mostly research his relyon I part this In Chernivtsi. in Holocaust the of topic the on Chernivtsi 132 2005) America, Publish 131 From diseases. and hunger from aro Transistria suffering way their on died them of Most Transistria. so bo the in formed was ghetto thousand Jews 14 Around forms. staying the of most of signing and documentation the for responsible was authorization the name in city, the of role mayor contemporary the by important played was procedure most The city. the in stayed individuals wealthiest the consequence a as and cash by purchased be could authorization practice, In economy. ro significant a played special individual particular a the that authorization, testified the which document to thanks city the in stayed o were them of some Later stay. i an played who those Only it. into move to forced were town upper the of inhabitants Jewish the all Almost quarter. Jewish former the of borders the in established was ghetto a 1941 October new a by conquered was until Chernivtsi army Romanian when 1941 July From Jewry. local of Holocaust the later and policy antisemitic Romanian of target main the was later year one communism) suppo Jewry poor local the them had problems of many and attacks open and abuse public suffered They position. their leave to forced even

- All data came from my interview with interview my from came data All Julius Scherzer, Scherzer, Julius ald dah ak” I aot n mnh t es 10 huad es ee eotd to deported were Jews thousand 100 least at month one about In walks”. “death called mportant role in the local market (for example doctors or accountants) were allowed to allowed were accountants) or doctors example (for market local the in role mportant oee, h mjrt o te pre the of majority the However, of most Union, Soviet the of part a became period short aforChernivtsi 1940 in When

und 10 thousand people thousand 10 und survived thewar. hl te os ee ain. rwn u Udr acss n Communists and Fascists Under up Growing Salient. Were Gods the While to buynecessary products , Hirsch Spitzer, and

etme, rud 0 huad Jw wr killed. were Jews thousands 10 around September, rder of the city, most of the Jews were killed outside outside killed were Jews the of most city, the of rder td h scait da. hs ti gop big soitd with associated (being group this Thus, ideas. socialist the rted

prof. Oleh Suvocev who works in the Jurij Fedkovych University in in University Fedkovych Jurij the in works who Suvocev Oleh prof. Ghosts of Home of Ghosts

returned. Chernivtsi, however, was not the same place same the not was however, Chernivtsi, returned. - War Jewish population was killed. Although the the Although killed. was population Jewish War . 36 131

.

t in Bukovina region. Bukovina t in ly Traian Popovici, who Popovici, Traian ly 132

n h 11 the On le in the local the in le –

during the during (Baltimore: (Baltimore: th

of CEU eTD Collection How?] Where? [Chernivtsi.What? Jak De? Scho? Chernivtsi. 136 inheritance]” and heritage between (mis)understanding 135 134 133 re became Chernivtsi in squares and streets partycommunist were responsibledeveloping and for industry. domin the played nationalities consideratio into taking However, group. majority the formed Ukrainians region the in and city the in both Formally, Europe. Western and Israel to emigrate to Holocaust the survived who Jews local so to (especially Union Soviet the of inhabitants other for migration of possibility the opened hereand soldiers soviet by moving describ time. Soviet the during Chernivtsi of development the of factor key the inevitably was Industry states. ruler the of all of borderlands the on Chernivtsi of location the and geography with connected was This years Chernivtsi. of early the of significantfactors most werethe settlement industry and and soonthey left the region. findanynot job could theybylocators, werenew apartmentsinhabited their of Most theyleft.

Leela Gandhi, LeelaGandhi, Hannerz, An interesting insight into the politics of shaping local cityscape in Soviet period is given by the guide book: book: guide the by given is period Soviet in cityscape local shaping of politics the into insight interesting An Krughlaschov, „Chernivtsi: (ne)porozuminnja mix spadshynoju ta spadkoemcjamy.” spadkoemcjamy.” ta spadshynoju mix (ne)porozuminnja „Chernivtsi: Krughlaschov, ed as colonization as ed Moreover, one of the most vis most the of one Moreover, toward policy their shaped Soviets the way The Urban Exploring the city the Exploring

n the actual political power and position in the city, Russians and Russophone Russophone and Russians city, the in position and power political actual the n . 133 ization has four main aspects connected with trade, communication, agricul communication, trade, with connected aspects main four has ization Postcolonial theory: a critical introduction critical a theory: Postcolonial

Trade and communication as well as the transformation from rural to urban to rural from transformation the as well as communication and Trade

3.3 . .

134

The Ukrainian Soviet RepublicThe Ukrainian Socialist

They changed the town’s administration, and national character national and administration, town’s the changed They

t role ate - called Soviet Jews) and later opened the borders for those those for borders the opened later and Jews) Soviet called ible changes was observed in the urban space. urban the in observed was changes ible . 135

- hy lyd h ms iprat oe n the in role important most the played They , 27. , 37 named, new monuments were raised (with the the (with raised were monuments new named,

(New York: Columbia University Press, 1998). Press, University (New Columbia York: published in 1989. It is an alternative vision of the the of vision isanalternative It inpublished 1989. Cenvs fo 14 cn e best be can 1945 from Chernivtsi s

[Chernovtsi [Chernovtsi 136

strongly strongly

Again ture, ture,

CEU eTD Collection 140 (mis)understandin 139 308. 138 Communists 137 movement. laborer ruleand buildings its and city an multinational, remained still Chernivtsi theoretically of context the manifestati in always but representation, symbolic subordination and folklore of form the in institutions cultural national other and Houses National The activity. legal of possibility the lost groups ethnic all resultedsituation inignoring thelo and traditions local This culture. the soviet and Russian of know domination the themselves with brought not and specificities did nationality) Jewish of (especially Union Soviet of Most status. newcomers and native to according States United the Israel, to emigrated 1980 until 1970 from mostly Jews local and outnumbered (alt Russians needs, cultural their satisfy not could Ukrainians group. national dominant a of lack a was there Chernivtsi, of history the in Again, the cit traditions and culture the changed such as and population local the of Russification of tool the were and suburbs industrial new the inhabited outside, from city the to brought members, built were center t around districts industrial new and center) city the in Lenin of monument necessary

Ibid., 28. Ibid., Hirsch and Hirsch Krughlaschov, „Interethnic relations stability on the Ukraine the on stability relations „Interethnic Krughlaschov,

Krughlaschov, „Chernivtsi: (ne)porozuminnja mix spadshynoju ta spadkoemcjamy.” spadkoemcjamy.” ta spadshynoju mix (ne)porozuminnja „Chernivtsi: Krughlaschov, y itself When it comes to institutional aspects of the functioning of nationalities in Chernivtsi, Chernivtsi, in nationalities of functioning the of aspects institutional to comes it When specificity. interethnic local the to changes brought policy Soviet colonial new The n Wsen Europe Western and

.

on of one’s nationality resulted in repressions and punishments. Thus, although although Thus, punishments. and repressions in resulted nationality one’s of on

Spitzer, Spitzer, . 138 to the party regime party the to g between heritage and inheritance]”, 27. inheritance]”, and heritage gbetween

. 137

where the old Austrian symbols are replaced by the new Soviet one connected with party party with connected one Soviet new the by replaced are symbols Austrian old the where Ghosts of Home of Ghosts

were closed and the only way to manifest one’s nationality in public was was public in nationality one’s manifest to way only the and closed were Thus

the Soviets ensured the formation of the local working class, whose class, working local the of formation the ensured Soviets the . 139

. Scherzer, Scherzer, h nw itnto i te ouain a established was population the in distinction new The . cal, native population’s national interests. nativepopulation’s cal, 140

In some cases some In While the Gods Were Salient. Growing up Under Fascists and Fascists Under up Growing Salient. Were Gods the While

38

hough the language was dominant) were dominant) was language the hough

– the immigrants from other parts of the the of parts other from immigrants the - Romania border: a case of Chernivtsi r Chernivtsi of case a border: Romania

especially among Ukrainian students, Ukrainian among especially d as Anatolij Kruglaschov Anatolij as d

[Chernovtsi [Chernovtsi ironically ironically he old he egion”, egion”, of of

CEU eTD Collection See: politics. and 144 heritage Soviet the 143 to Politics and History opposition their of „Troubl Krughlaschov, because possible was Chernivtsi 142 302. 141 insist will dist Hertsa the Ribbentrop the of result a as integrated lands Romanian Country” Parliamen Romanian peaceful and way. tolerant immedi region rather a appearedin the changes all bethat stressed to needs it still dense, quite independencewas in situation ethnonational the Although countries. European West to migration labor mass and abroad citizens Jewish the of most of migration further the namely change, demographic of context the form in occurred the transitions in cooperation root grass the finally and minorities ethnic of issue the by influenced were countries two the between relations Secondly, Ukraine. and Romania between disputes border of arena an became it all, of First specificity. ethnonational permission. party’s the of aspect narrow the in only possible was and ignored was activity national of suggests

Ibid. 118. Ibid., Krughlaschov, „Interethnic relations stability on the Ukraine the on stability relations „Interethnic Krughlaschov, For Anatolij Kruhlasov in the beginning of 1990s the cooperation between different national elites in in elites national different between cooperation the 1990s of beginning the in Kruhlasov Anatolij For

On the 24 the On its of transformations several faced Bukovina Northern of territory the 1991, Since – .

143

on negotiations concerning sovereignty over the ‘ethnic’ Romanian lands, of lands, Romanian ‘ethnic’ the over sovereignty concerning negotiations on

again in the history of Chernivtsi ethnic balance was created, in pract in created, was balance ethnic Chernivtsi of history the in again 141

codn t ti, t a sgetd ht h cuty hud eun o the to return should country the that suggested was it this, to According

rict and North Bukovina North and rict

no th 3

.4 The complicated Ukrainian .4 The complicated

of June, 1991, the Romanian Parliament approved the “Declaration of The of “Declaration the approved Parliament Romanian the 1991, June, of esome neighborhood: Romania and Ukraine relationship”, relationship”, Ukraine and Romania neighborhood: esome 11 (2011): 114 (2011): 11

a t te Ribbentrop the to as t 142

– 124.

. 144

As t As 39 - he Romanian president Romanian he ooo Pc ad t Cneune o the for Consequence its and Pact Molotov

- Romanian Romanian neighborhood - Romania border: a case of Chernivt of case a border: Romania - Molotov Pact, including Bessarabia, including Pact, Molotov tl floig Ukraine’s following ately e Urie A ora of Journal A Ukraine. New Ion f uoein. All euroregions. of

Iliescu stated, “We stated, Iliescu

ice any kind kind any ice si region”, region”, si Anatoliy Anatoliy

North

CEU eTD Collection no paper, Archive RePEC Confe Ethnicity, 149 148 147 310. 146 145 the and education Ukraine between ofthethe context situation ofthe Romanian minority inBukovina. i to attempts several were there hand, other the On region. the in Romanians ethnic of passportization illegal the appeared there as Kyiv of issue delicate the generations, three to up 1940 te the in lived ancestors whose or origin Romanian of Ukraine of citizens the to citizenship Union) European (and Romanian granted which policy citizenship new a established Romania that fact the through hand, one the On states. both by introduced ind relations Roman local on impact an had and elites Ukrainian with relations their both act This independence. Ukraine’s on referendum the boycotted elites Romanian between War Cold a regional Bucharest “the it, puts Kruglasov Anatloji As 1991. in independence refe the in participating from Bukovina Northern in community Romanian the of exclusion the for voted parliament Romanian the consequence, a As policy. its continued 1940” of pact Soviet the of result a as Ukraine the by received was which particular in Bukovina

Krughlaschov, „Troublesome neighborhood: Romania and Ukraine relationship”, 119. Ukrainerelationship”, and Romania neighborhood: „Troublesome Krughlaschov, Ibid. Ibid. Krughlas Aurelian Lavric, „Romanian Ethnic Minority in Ukraine: Current Issues and Prospects of Survival”, Survival”, of Prospects and Issues Current Ukraine: in Minority Ethnic „Romanian Lavric, Aurelian ependence

h “pe Pu” uoein salse i 20 a a utltrl cooperation multilateral a as 2000 in established Euroregion Prut” “Upper The . 147 chov, „Interethnic relations stability on the Ukraine the on stability relations „Interethnic chov,

d yv a started” has Kyiv nd eetees a te einn o 19, oai rcgie Ukraine’s recognized Romania 1992, of beginning the at Nevertheless, . so ad neclua Daou a te uoen no Esen Border Eastern Union European the at Dialogue Intercultural and ssion 148 . 145

-

rm hs eid w ad o oe xet otaitr polic contradictory extent some to and two period this From Romania cultural dimension cultural lhuh rtczd y kan a aant nentoa lw Bucharest law, international against as Ukraine by criticized Although

44082 (2013): 179 (2013): 44082 - h Rpbi o Mloa served Moldova of Republic The

. 146 . – 149 mprove the Ukrainian the mprove

190. s rsl o etra pltc, oe f h local the of some politics, external of result a As

At the beginning of the 2000s, Romania initiated the initiated Romania 2000s, the of beginning the At

40

- Romania border: a case of Chernivtsi region”, region”, Chernivtsi of case a border: Romania –

Bucharest relations suffered as well well as suffered relations Bucharest - Romanian relations especially in in especially relations Romanian especially in the spheres of of spheres the in especially rritory of Romania prior to to prior Romania of rritory

Munich Munich ian

edm of rendum - influenced Ukrainian e were ies - Ger Personal Personal man CEU eTD Collection 153 152 in place in this MihailEminescu 151 ofSurvival”. Prospects and Issues Current Ukraine: Minorityin t Romania 313. region”, See: Napoca. 150 bi of region a Ukraini be to appeared and character, multicultural its loses spa public the in marginalized being the in schools several policy. Ukrainization the of victim the been has it 1991, from and discrimination, constant from suffered region of Palace Romanian former the of Culture. building the community Romanian the to return to request the and happen) not did also (which city the in theater Romanian a open to plan a was has idea the diplomas), of recognition (the problems formal other students and financial for the of market because Moreover, job Romanian. in local only educated the on places possible of lack the and university planned th of because mainly establishment its postponed Chernivtsi. in university multicultural a opening of idea

Krughlaschov, „Troublesome neighborhood: Romania and Ukrainerelationship”. and Romania neighborhood: „Troublesome Krughlaschov, Ethn „Romanian Lavric, A model for multicultural University in Chernivtsi was followed by the example of the University at Cluj at University the of example the by followed was Chernivtsi in University multicultural for model A The building has still not being return to the community. However, there is a plan to open a museum of of museum a open to plan a is there However, community. the to return being not still has building The an) relations. 151 owards Bukovina should resemble the Hungarian policy in Romania, see: see: Romania, in policy Hungarian the resemble should Bukovina owards

Krughlaschov, „Interethnic relations stability on the Ukraine the on stability relations „Interethnic Krughlaschov, hs fr Aureli for Thus, The same as very often in the literature, especially written by Romanian scholars, the policy of of policy the scholars, Romanian by written especially literature, the in often very as same The 153

152

ic Minority in Ukraine: Current Issues and Prospects ofSurvival”. Prospects and Issues Current Ukraine: in Minority ic

district and one high school in Chernivtsi, still the language itself is is itself language the still Chernivtsi, in school high one and district

lhuh hy ae en urned h Rmna euain in education Romanian the guaranteed been have they Although

the near future. future. near the n Lavric an

ce. As Anatloji Kruglasov Anatloji As ce. te oain omnt o te oten Bukovina Northern the of community Romanian the ,

been postponed. In addition to the university, there there university, the to addition In postponed. been 41

. Rmna lnug caatr f the of character language Romanian e

150 -

Romania border: a case of Chernivtsi Chernivtsi of case a border: Romania oee, h Uriin side Ukrainian the However,

concludes, Bukovina slowly slowly Bukovina concludes,

Lavric, „Romanian Ethnic Ethnic „Romanian Lavric, - tnc (Romanian ethnic

- - CEU eTD Collection Chernivtsi. contemporary thir a as Romanians Certainly, in “story” interethnic the of side one only shows it struggles, post the that their categorize imposedonordinary people. and city the in activities elite’s national especially of aspects important are they still space, the of d myths national efforts alternative state Ukrainian nationalizing the to contrast in Although communities. own their towards policy their shaping in elites national local for tools as served and city the of space public and Bukovina of myths national the competing of outline part I chapter, last the In everyday. people’s in and became cityscape the “Ukrainianess” in both of marked category constantly the which through nationalizing of sites important national local for context Then 1991. since city the a in observed been has which revival institutional provide to order in nationalities towards policy municipal alternative history e ofcity’s visions produce by their of raise and institutions, national other of revival slow the other the on and of state point Ukrainian the from people ordinary of life the and space public of nationalization constant processe parallel two by marked is period This Chernivtsi. of space public the lhuh h “top the Although Chernivtsi official the of overview brief a with chapter following the start I Thus, in reappeared question ethnic the Union, Soviet the of existence the yearsof last the In CHAPTER - 91 hne i Bkvn rgo wr cue b Ukrainian by caused were region Bukovina in changes 1991 4 : THE CONTEMPORARY SPECIFICITIES OF - otm p bottom” INTERETHNIC RELATIONS d nationality in the Northern Bukovina region (after Ukrainians Ukrainians (after region Bukovina Northern the in nationality d 4 .1

Politics ofPolitics municipality erspective (described in the previous chapter) suggests suggests chapter) previous the in (described erspective o not play such a significant role in the public the in role significant a such play not o

42

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Chernivtsi v kontekstki urbanistychnych procesiv Centralnoi Centralnoi procesiv urbanistychnych kontekstki v Chernivtsi – 110. 45

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CEU eTD Collection poet, Ukrainian national prominent a Shevchenko, Taras of monument huge a for reserved is looks and center city Austro the during Chernivtsi German prominent a Celan, Paul of commemoration different between asymmetries national representations. find can one which in cityscape the in especially visible is It so. remains extent some to still and city diverse a such be to used both Chernivtsi that muni the of rhetoric official the in Nonetheless, sphere. public a enter not does such as and circles institutional in closed being is ethnicity sense, this In people. of life everyday the of aspects cultural and educational the bear should then which associat of forms in itself organize to right a has nationalities the of each municipality, As interests. “Ukrainian” particular serves it still myth, cosmopolitan the constantly is “Ukrainianess” stressed that get to how know not did She difficulty. another faced she advice, her followed girl the Although city. the in Russians and Ukrainians after nationality largest third the are Romanians and Romanian, in speaks who Chernivtsi in Romanians local the for office an open she that suggested Oksana part the of (mostly because inpsychology degree managed obtainher to Ukrainian and learned effort,Through huge she a univer at language Ukrainian the learning by problem huge a faced girl This origin. by Romanian was who students former her of one of problem the me to described Oksana Once, n of One of category the municipality, of rhetoric official the in independence, Since there are no Romanian places in the city Romanianthere places whereeven are no intheleave shecouldcard her the first monuments which was raised after independence was in in was independence after raised was which monuments first the

rather neglected. The main square which is located next to the town hall town the to next located is which square main The neglected. rather

- time studies in Romania as well). When she came back to the city,the came she to back When well). Romania as in studies time marked. Although recently in particular local politics turned into turned politics local particular in recently Although marked. - Hungarian time. However, it is located in the periphery of the the of periphery the in located is it However, time. Hungarian access to the individuals who speak Romanian, as she as Romanian, speak who individuals the to access 46

cipality one can find a kind of pride pride of kind a find can one cipality - eih ot h ue t lv in live to used who poet Jewish

as there is no psychologist no is there as it is stressed by the the by stressed is sity. sity. ions .

CEU eTD Collection 161 the for However, commemorated. are who individuals the know and them read rarely very they boards, memorial of case the in Thus, squares. and streets like cityscape the of aspects s buildings, particular city the of history the know rarely very they Chernivtsi, in held I that classes Polish duringmy students with conducted throughmysurveyI cityscape.indicated As v locals for person, outside an for important and visible quite are they although that note should one However, boards. memorial from Turecka ( others to refer which those all while street, individuals: Ukrainia prominent after named are center the in streets prestigious and important most the city.However, ofdevelopment the the in nationalities all influenceof the reflect names streets Second issituated. War World sq ki this for place suitable more andbigger much a is there center upper the in Although events. public other of number a and demonstration, monumen Shevchenko’s Taras to next square small the important, more even is What consciousness. national Ukrainian the buil and city the establishing between link obvious an create monument the of presence significant the and information The flags. Ukrainian of number a and 1408 from Chernivtsi mon nation. Ukrainian modern the building in figures influential most the of one

uare”), it is a rather neglected. There, the monument commemorating Soviet soldiers in the the in soldiers Soviet commemorating monument the There, neglected. rather a is it uare”), See Appendices See mn tee s hg bne wih rvds h frt rte ifrain about information written first the provides which banner huge a is there ument An interesting source of investigating the ethnically framed marking in the cityscapeis the in marking framed ethnicallyinvestigatingthe ofinteresting source An asymmetri same The

street and so on) areandstreet soon) ratherlocated streets small inthecit Kobylanska

1.1 and 1.2 and 1.1

uch as theaters, concert halls, schools and churches as well as other other as well as churches and schools halls, concert theaters, as uch

street, es can be found in streets names. The municipality claims that the the that claims municipality The names. streets in found be can es

i a lc for place a is t Kotljarebskoho

Mihail Eminesku Mihail ery often they are an unnoticed element of the the of element unnoticed an are they often ery 47

street,

almost each national holiday, nationalist nationalist holiday, national each almost ei Ukrainki Lesi

nd of events square (“Soborna square events of nd street, yor peripheries. inits center

Sholom Aleheim Sholom street, street, ’ s architecture and and architecture s part of the city the of part vna Franka Ivanka 161

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CEU eTD Collection 162 point to hard is It symbols. Soviet the to references clearly are they boards, memorial 1917s Yiddish and Ukrainian both memori Tal Sida the on visible is element interesting An culture. national Ukrainian the in artists of importance the stressing category, 1973. Yaremchuk Nazariy Ukraine of artist merited work building this that information the and artist an of sculpture the presents one third garrison local the to deputies – 8 the to 4th the on hall the performedin who Ukrainiancomposer Lysynenko Vitalijovich Mykola commemorates one first The other. each to hall. concert the of building found which any wouldindicate person memorial a nationality. of board Polish not have I Chernivtsi, of cityscape the of exploring own my Through it. about sign no is there in However, severa person. mentioned the of of origin number Jewish the small commemorate a boards Only memorial Ukrainian. and Romanian both in written information always wr and which memorialare ethnicallycan boards markedornot beofanalysis. point a useful fieldw

informs about the event which happened on the 20 the on happened which event the about informs See Appendix 1.3 Appendix See ” css ee i i i wl kon ht cmeoae pro ws eih n origin, in Jewish was person commemorated a that known well is it if even cases, l re wo re t udrtn te hnmn o ehiiy n hriti te a in way the Chernivtsi, in ethnicity of phenomena the understand to tries who orker

tr wo sd o ie n h ct o promd ee I ter ae tee s almost is there cases their In here. performed or city the in live to used who iters In the two cases that mentioned Lysynenko and Yaremchuk andLysynenko mentioned that cases two Inthe the is examples interesting most the of one boards, memorial to comes it When artists Romanian and Ukrainian commemorate boards memorial cases the of most In

“ ntoa Uriin rit wohs wor has who artists Ukrainian national a 162 –

”

which can suggest the Jewish origin of the artist. In the case of of case the In artist. the of origin Jewish the suggest can which There can be found four different memorial boards placed next placed boards memorial different four found be can There

(on the board are presented peasant and labo and peasant presented are board the (on al board. The information about her is written in in written is her about information The board. al 48 –

ia Tal Sida th

of March 1917 March of ” te orh n commemorates one fourth the ; ked in the concert hall since since hall concert the in ked th

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“ “ Ukrainian from 1945 till 1983 in 1983 till 1945 from “ when were chosen chosen were when r symbols); the the symbols); r “

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wn CEU eTD Collection 164 163 ininformation, written characterthe ofthe from moreeven but name his of Germansound the the of markers only the again, Here States). United the to Nazis the from escape to trying was he while Switzerland in somewhere died (he War World Second the with connected much very is life his and origin in Jewish actually artist. the is of identification category marked the that is here destruction the and feature interesting The calendar. Jewish establishment the to according marked the also are which synagogues of dates forms element important an board, (1904 singer Schmidt Josef ar written: is artist the of portrait and synagogue Schmidt Josef here,and be to used which lo is inside facade, the on place this about sign visible no is there Although 1941. in down burnt was which city the in synagogue reformist Jewish important most the Tempel, the be to used it past Austrian the case Nazarij Yaremchuk. of in as 1991 after raised artists the of some of importance the least not but last and Republic) them of three in correct; politically not as perceived be could markings city the in categories national using time, this before because Mostly 1991. after built all were they commemoration 1917 ment the when out htc Zhrvc. ee ewe 1910 between Here Zaharevich. chitect This is the only memorial board I found I that memorialboard is the only This See Appendix 1.4 Appendix See h scn itrsig lc one place interesting second The “ Ukraine

”

is used as the most important indicator (and not Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Soviet Ukrainian not (and indicator important most the as used is cated a small memorial board which commemorates both the synagogue, the both commemorates which board memorial small a cated ioned boards were established. However, I can assume that besides the the besides that assume can I However, established. were boards ioned

164 - 1942). The synagogue was burnt down by fascist in1941. by fascist burnt synagoguedown 1942). was The

It was only my friend who informed me that Josef that me informed who friend my only was It

Bukovinian bukovinian – - a fn i te oa cinema local the is find can

0 promd h well the performed 20s a well known singer.well known a “ 49 Jewishness “

Chernivtsi appears as a marked national category. markedcategory. national as a appears

hc epess kn o regional of kind a expresses which ”

’ of t of s synagogue built in 1877 by the by 1877 in built synagogue s he artist one can assume from assume can one artist he 163

- Next to the drawing of thetheofdrawing to Next nw Bkvna artist Bukovinian known “ Chernivtsi.

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CEU eTD Collection nationalities. different for important points were and atthattime built streets squares were and it. of perception people’s ordinary the secondly and revitalization of process the in municipality the by created was which city the of image the first, stressed; be should elements t important discuss to here place a have not do I Although Chernivtsi. in life urban new the of symbols powerful most the of one became places revitalized new These shops. exclusive and restaurants cafes, garden numerous benches, paving, new with zone t junction traffic a from transformed were street one and squares three months, few a Within anniversary. 600 its celebrate to squares main the reconstruct completely and revitalizat Ukrainian ofPorumbescu, whileinthecase and inUkrainian Romanian. in only written is information the Eminescu, of case the in However, Porumbescu. Cyprian category examples some are there “ example for used, are expressions other cases their In person. particular the of biography the of knowledge simplythe or Ukrainian than other languages ofpresence the (Popovici), names fro assume can one which cases, other In category. and 1991 after raised were they cases, the of synagogue. the of demolition and establishment the between placed is Schmidt Josef of life the which bukov

inian center’s city the was Chernivtsi contemporary in events significant most the of One ma ethnic different of Examples All the revitalized places were con were places revitalized the All – ion, which took place in 2008. The municipality decided to revitalize the city center city the revitalize to decided municipality The 2008. in place took which ion,

s n h cs o te eoil or o Mhi Eiec ad h composer the and Eminescu Mihail of board memorial the of case the in as ”

or “ artist of Ukraine. of artist – “

te lc te ae asd sc a sngge) te on of sound the synagogues), as (such raised are they place the m Romanianess especially of national writers where writers national of especially ”

However, in the case of the Romanian marked places, marked Romanian the of case the in However, rkers can be found all around the city center. In most most In center. city the around all found be can rkers ”

or nected with the Austrian heritage of the city. All city. the of heritage Austrian the with nected 50 “ Jewishness

“ Ukrainianess ”

are hidden, unmarked categories categories unmarked hidden, are ”

s h ms feun marked frequent most the is “ Romanianess i poes n eal two detail, in process his

o a pedestrian a o ”

is a marked a is CEU eTD Collection 123. 1998), Press, University State Pennsylvania Park: (University studies 166 till February 2011. May2010 to referred often very and 165 Ukrainian in presented was song each Moreover, music. folk kinds different promoted festival the Although culture. pop Ukrainian in icons the of one Ivasiuk, Volodymyr by written song love popular a of name the was Ruta” “Chervona speaking. Russian percent 90 almost was 1980s, one Soviet t to historiography of visions alternative presenting and culture and promoting language festivals Ukrainian first and important most the of one as perceived is It Festival. Music t was 1990s the of beginning the in Chernivtsi in occurred which events important most the of one regard, this In events. public in also but cityscape, the in changes t to aUkrainianto build identityparticular places. of Austro the with connected cosmopoli local the to due renovated was city the Although places. these of “Polishness” or “Romanianess” “Germaness”, “Jewishness”, the on information no nation Ukrainian for important events or Ukrainians prominent wereconne places these Eachof places. “Ukrainianesses” provingofthe information find can one surprisingly, newspaper, the In periods.) different and in governments multiethnic bath, ritual Jewish its for known Kobylan square Turkish market, German a was square (Philharmonic them inhabit to used who groups ethnic different the with connected are places plac restored namely newspaper, municipal local the in However,

Catherine Wanner, Wanner, Catherine These information came from my research in city’s archive city’s in research my from came information These he rise of Ukrainian institutions, education system (provided in Ukrainian) and described described and Ukrainian) in (provided system education institutions, Ukrainian of rise he However the marking of “Ukrainianess” and national asymmetries did not only refer only not did asymmetries national and “Ukrainianess” of marking the However ska street had been widely used by local elites; city hall was a place of quite quite of place a was hall city elites; local by used widely been had street ska . 166 wt od hts nldd n vr issues. every in included photos old with e

Surprisingly, the festival was organized i organized was festival the Surprisingly, Burden of dreams: history and identity in post in identity and history dreams: of Burden

- Hungarian period were restored), the general idea behind this was was this behind idea general the restored), were period Hungarian

of rock music, its stresses the importance of Ukrainian Ukrainian of importance the stresses its music, rock of 51

“

Chernivtsi during the second phase of my fieldwork from from fieldwork my of phase second the during n Chernivtsi which, until the mid of mid the until which, Chernivtsi n - 165 Soviet Ukraine Soviet

oee, l o te renovated the of all However, ” - building. There was little to little was There building. ,

there was a short history of of history short a was there tan myth (so only places only (so myth tan , Post , he “Chervona Ruta” Ruta” “Chervona he - Communist cultural cultural Communist cted with cted he CEU eTD Collection 167 in observed be can process interesting very a sense, this In scholars. prod the is landscape urban The style. architectural and buildings concrete in places, heritage renovations, sites, construction culture own for communities. their of elites uniq a building thus and national myths national own their creating of problem the the faced Chernivtsi 1991 of beginning the In period. Soviet the throughout Chernivtsi Romanians Jewish States, and Poles local of United emigration Union, Soviet and the of parts Israelother from city the Europe, to immigration Western to Jews local of waves emigration activity their of option organizational the only not decades For communities. their of identity national the build to struggle the all of first but city, the in rise institutional the and policy state external the transformation pro ofUkraine’s and political system and social all where n Chernivtsi of history modern the in examples unique the of one as interlocutors my of many by remembered is Revolution Orange The later. years 15 appeared and language. traditions culture, Ukrainian celebrating of days few a like was It independence. Ukrainian ational circles were united. It was a time of great hopes and strong feelings connected with with connected feelings strong and hopes great of time a was It united. were circles ational

The imp The Nostalgic and antinostalgic visions can be found in the physical spaces of city ruins, city of spaces physical the in found be can visions antinostalgic and Nostalgic el national 1991, of beginning the In Anoth ortance of the “Chervona Ruta” festival was stressed by several of myofinterlocutors. by several was stressed festival Ruta” “Chervona ofthe ortance

r js a e caatrsis f h dmgahc hne wih curd in occurred which changes demographic the of characteristics few a just are er important collective event, which stressed the “Ukrainian” identifications, identifications, “Ukrainian” the stressed which event, collective important er

167 a measured was

u as lcl utrl pcfct ws itre. Several disturbed. was specificity cultural local also but uct of city planners, architects, politicians but also writers and and writers also but politicians architects, planners, city of uct 4 .3

Politics ofPolitics remembrance 52 ts n hriti ae nt ny rbes of problems only not faced Chernivtsi in ites

- European orientation oftheEuropean country. orientation

the

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CEU eTD Collection Macedonia”, in antiquization 172 171 170 169 168 time. that cityat the who culturallyin dominated Poles, extent some to and Germans,Jews for past andwriting future. the r history, rereading of process the requires myths cosmopolitan of (re)use mo leaders nationalist present, degraded unjustified Other.always The andinthe herebackward margin. lessdeveloped, Other isleft these all stress co in and state own their for right the have land, their in important most the be to claim nation’s the served giv a on one first the is nation own one’s second the and universe i one first The highlighted. are things Home”as historical understood ri one important most the of one as ethnogenesis and territory about myth the of importance the myths of typology his intellect, and beauty of cult the to one third the political to refers one first i “filling constant of wave a almost is It Europe. nventing new traditions. Renewal” National and Age’ ‘Golden „The Smith, D. Anthony Jan Stani Jan Ukraine”,in and in Belarus History „MythsofNational AndrewWilson, in ofMyths,”, Taxonomy a and of Myth Function „The Schöpflin, George nsa Vnei „Nation Vangeli, Anastas s . 169 The Austro The Vangeli As two ideology nationalist into myth” “cosmopolitan the of variations the translate To Smith Anthony

n contrast, In sław Bystroń, sławBystroń, nsequence stress one’s own significance and uniqueness. However, in order to to order in However, uniqueness. and significance own one’s stress nsequence points, a points,

- points out, “through the narrative of the glorious past and the historically the and past glorious the of narrative the “through out, points Hungarian period in the history of Chernivtsi became the most important most the became Chernivtsi of history the in period Hungarian

Andrew Megalomania Narodowa Megalomania

he distinguishes three kinds of the so the of kinds three distinguishes

Nationalities Papers Nationalities nation needs to have a point of reference in the form of a significant significant a of form the in reference of point a have to needs nation -

building ancient Macedonian style: style: Macedonian ancient building

investigates and military expansion, the second to inviolability and purity, and purity, and inviolability to second the expansion, military and

Wilson ghtcertain for place. a possessing s the belief that one’s own nation is in the center of the of center the in is nation own one’s that belief the s

the lis ht h ms sgiiat s the is significant most the that claims

39, no 1 1 no (January 39,

relations between nation and territory. and nation between relations [The National Megalomania] Megalomania] National [The 53

philosophy and creativity. Georg creativity. and philosophy

of iie h masses”. the bilize

, in , lc hls, icvrn te at or past the discovering holes”, black

h oiis n te fet o te so the of effects the and origins the

2011): 14. 2011): Myths and nationhood and Myths - called “Golden Age myth.” Age “Golden called Myths and nationhood and Myths Myths and nationhood and Myths

170 (Książka i Wiedza, 1995). Wiedza, i (Książka

n land. en

172

hs h constant the Thus , , 36 mmeig the emembering 171 – 59. “

Schö yh about Myth uh myths Such ,182 He stresses stresses He

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in CEU eTD Collection 1 2008), Europa, Atla Chernivtsi östliches Kulturforum (Deutsches „Nac Europ Eastern and Central in Culture Urban Czernowitz. of history 173 to next progress Western barbarism, Asian alongside culture European encounters one where imag writers Ukrainian Bukovyna aredescribed region inmainstream literature. finally and citadel Ukrainian elites. and Polish of some by implemented extent lesser a to was it city, the of discourse Jewish around strong especially being Although city. the in as organizations Jewish established and newly the influenced city the from originated who Jews by implemented easily foreign was by then mostly writers, construct literary a as constituted was it First Chernivtsi. in discourse following the of part su this in Thus elites. local by implemented later and city the outside established first Czernowitz, ofmyth cosmopolitan bythe marginalized was it Bukovina,later significant was lands” historical first the “Romanian in especially of myth the Although relevant. most the remained Romania Greater of time the Romanians for However lands. Bukovina’s in primacy cosmopolitan the Ukrainians, For

bchapter I describe the way through which the cosmopolitan myth entered the public public the entered myth cosmopolitan the which through way the describe I bchapter See: Cenwt [o hriti” in Chernivtsi]”, [To Czernowitz h e

, of the city. As Karl Emil Franzos concluded in 1876, Bukowina is ‘Half is Bukowina 1876, in concluded Franzos Emil Karl As city. the of ” the ” The Austrian city Czernowitz used to be the host of host the be to used Czernowitz city Austrian The between Land The Corbea

“a city of books and thinkers” and books of city“a ntis] “ - last Atlantis of Europe of Atlantis last Hoisie, Hoisie, .

who

Czernowitzer Geschichten. Über eine städtische Kultur in Mittel(Ost)Europa. [The [The Mittel(Ost)Europa. in Kultur städtische eine Über Geschichten. Czernowitzer half of the 1990s, mostly because of Romanian state politics towards towards politics state Romanian of because mostly 1990s, the of half live 4 .3.1 Czernowitzcons asaliterary

d “

at n West and East there. They were the first group who group first the were They there.

yh evs atclr ainl neet i poig their proving in interests national particular serves myth yhs zroiz en Sat m pee irr Nationalitäten ihrer Spiegel im Stadt eine Czernowitz: Mythos , ”

“little Vienna of the East,” “Jerusalem on Prut river”, Prut on “Jerusalem East,” the of Vienna “little

are only a few examples of ho of examples few a only are , the ” 54 –

13; Shevchenko, Shevchenko, 13; “ wteln o te East the of Switzerland 173 e] ; Deutsches Kulturforum östliches Europa, Europa, östliches Kulturforum Deutsches ;

prominent Jewish, Romanian and and Romanian Jewish, prominent truct Chernovetskaya Antlantyda [The [The Antlantyda Chernovetskaya

shaped the cosmopolitan the shaped w Czernowitz and the and Czernowitz w , ” the the ” - Asia’: a place a Asia’: “ European such such

CEU eTD Collection that at time name usedthe city’s I Empire, 178 CENTURYLITERATURE FIRST TWENTY AND TWENTIETH 177 176 175 174 (1775 Empire time the to refers myth cosmopolitan powerful the and city elites Habsburg inthe Empirepo written time, same the at and, remembered the in world Jewish vanished the about discourse popular in being into came which forgotten” heavily both is that place “a construct,” “literary examples. few mention Europe, united a for model “ been never had politicians. and publicists bigge “a finally its of structure as perceived be to started it Later, Auslä twilight’, where and indolence, Eastern European city European

Thus in reference to the cosmopolitan myth of Chernivtsi in the time of its belonging to the Austro the to belonging its of time the in Chernivtsi mythof cosmopolitan the to reference in Thus Czyzewski, Shevchenko, 5. Chernivtsi]”, [To „Nach Czernowitz Europa, ele M Leslie . A number of books were published in published were books of number A . r number of cafes of t r number nder t t At myth The 174

small universe, urban culture urban universe, small – he beginning of the the of beginning he

ri, Tasaig zroiz Te Non The« Czernowitz: „Translating orris,

Linia po Linia well became Czernowitz Museum of the History and Culture of Bukowin of Culture and History the of Museum two Jewish authors who were forced to emigrate during during emigrate to forced were who authors Jewish two Chernovetskaya Antlantyda [The Chernivtsi Atlantis]Chernivtsi [The Antlantyda Chernovetskaya - 1918).

,” citizens, then “little Vienna on the East” in admiration of admiration in East” the on Vienna “little then citizens, to

Hans Prelitsch described it as a multi a as it described Prelitsch Hans continued

Chernivtsi wrotu. Zapiski z pogranicza [The Line of return. Line return. of [The zpogranicza Zapiski wrotu.

178

At that time, time, At that han 176 Just to name a few examples, few a name to Just

hs a Thus, during bakeries. and ,

there there

concluded in one of the interviews the of one in concluded 19 sa Bc cle i “h Sizrad o Switzerland “the it called Beck Oskar st “ the the 90s – the Jerusalem on Prut rive Prut on Jerusalem the exists ‘neither bright day or dark night bu night dark or day bright ‘neither exists crig to ccording -

War perspectiveWar Czernowitz. the 175 - known because of the poe the of because known , Soviet Soviet

Czernowitz

, the fascination of fascination the , cityofsignificant centera became

55 reference to the to reference era

ele Morris Leslie

hn t belonged it when and was repeated mostly by foreign writers, writers, foreign by mostly repeated was and - Place» of East Central Europe”, Europe”, Central East of Place»

31, no 31, started to be rediscovered also by local local by also rediscovered be to started . 177 -

national, multi national, Zbigniew Herbert, Herbert, Zbigniew

.

1 (2007): 187. 1(2007): Notes from a borderland] a from Notes café,” ian Jews was opened was Jews ian r Austrian ,” Cenwt i frt f l a all of first is Czernowitz ,

mostly because mostly try of Paul Celan and Rosa and Celan Paul of try

that Chernivtsi is Chernivtsi that stressing that th that stressing o h Austro the to the

- - Jewish heritage of the the of heritage Jewish religious symbiosis religious

Second World War. War. World Second its architecture, and and architecture, its f a P a the the

h Es” ut to just East” the t rather an eerie eerie an rather t olish poet who who poet olish eastern

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a CEU eTD Collection of administrative ofborders part Nowadays, itisa War. World 180 179 visit group the of members Tel in second the and 2006) (in Chernivtsi in one held were group whole the of reunions main two 2006 since Moreover, occasionally. other memb its community; virtual a only not is Czernowitz However, today. 350 over to grown has and subscribers 28 of consisted group (listserv 2002, Since Bukovyna. of rest the even and Czernowitz as known group discussion 1997. in a United” as “Sadagoran’s established first was list The city. the from originated Czernowitz the as (known list mailing Czernowitz Romanians. and Germans namely time, that at nationalities important most of domination the also but history city’s the the city’s space looks d cultural its of point high the was it them for as and population city’s the of majority the formed group Land

See Appendix 2. Appendix See Sadagora used to be a separate village next to Chernivtsi, which became a Hasidic center before the Second Second the before center Hasidic a became which Chernivtsi, to next village separate a be to used Sadagora

of the Empire, inhabited mostly by German by mostly inhabited Empire, the of One of the first groups who reused this myth were Jews who gathered around the the around gathered who Jews were myth this reused who groups first the of One in period particular a of significance the only not stressed myth established newly The - based) discussion group, known as Czernowitz as known group, discussion based) evelopment

Jews. At the same time putting into shadows the existence and importance of of importance and existence the shadows into putting time same the At Jews.

. Thus, the Austro the Thus, . today and today Chernivtsi and try to influence local politics towards the German the towards politics local influence to try and Chernivtsi

4 180

.3.2 shaped its cultural its shaped magnificence 19 during the

h gop rw n ie n fnly xadd o include to expanded finally and size in grew group The

Jewish vision of theJewish city - Hungarian period Hungarian ers who are very often close friends and visit each visit and friends close often very are who ers 56

s and German speaking Jews. speaking German and s

the city of Chernivtsi. of thecity - vv 20) As, lot vr year every almost Also, (2007). Aviv - L), - L. In the early summer of 2002, the the 2002, of summer early the In L.

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www.czernowitz.ehpes.com h mmes f Czernowitz of members The The old photos are compared with the present day images of the following places: places: following the of images day present the with compared are photos old The a there find can One Czernowitz. of image the by dominated is website the all, of First we main The -

the material sign that Czernowitz used to be a Jewish city and that the members of of members the that and city Jewish a be to used Czernowitz that sign material the - hv a el ik ewe te ad h ct. hs nx t te l photo old the to next Thus, city. the and them between link real a have L

in Czernowitz in h culture”) and finally the Temple Temple the finally and culture”) h ied to influence the shape of the future Museum of History and Culture of Bukovinian Bukovinian of Culture and History of Museum future the of shape the influence to ied

st o Czernowitz of bsite , accessed August 28, 2011. August 28, accessed , - s showing the most important and representative buildings of the of buildings representative and important most the showing s 181 , and , L in 2011 established organization, called: ‘Organization for Restoration of of Restoration for ‘Organization called: organization, established 2011 in L Czernowitz past with common in much have not does rnivtsi

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Ethnicity and race and Ethnicity

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I assume that in almost all cases, all almost in that assume I 196 status e

However, in certain social situations, Ukrainian is perceived as a higher language language higher a as perceived is Ukrainian situations, social certain in However, ” . Oksana, one of my interlocutors, who can be perceived as member of the local the of member as perceived be can who interlocutors, my of one Oksana, . ”

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which is visible in Chernivtsi form Chernivtsi in visible is which ’ s -

aged, belly guys who who guys belly aged, own ethnic identification, which can be connected connected be can which identification, ethnic own ’ s own ethnicity is a matter of more identification identification more of matter a is ethnicity own s 70

Tornado Tornado “ Moldovan disco Moldovan (the name of the place) is the same same the is place) the of name (the wear leather jackets, play withleather play jackets,wear ’ s Ukrainian identification, is is identification, Ukrainian s dentification. It appears in in Itappears dentification. ’ s opinion, I visited this this visited I opinion, s ”

girl cannot feelsafein cannot girl is rather a manner of of manner a rather is “ “ better Moldovans ”

and “ l and ble ” worse . They . ”

CEU eTD Collection and organizations. Romanian Jewish local in mostly conversation my in important was language This Chernivtsi. in freely communicate 207 out the to contrast the in group own his/her exampl classic a is Svietlana case. the longer town Jewish a be to used Chernivtsi her for when past, the in only to referred speak very inRussian!).The groups bad presenceofother Chernivtsi (such in as she theJews) speak muchmyandRomanian in than students inRussian better Moldavian ( Ukrainian learn to want not do and lazy are groups both how repeated She different. are Moldavians and Romanians how stressed times many she elite, local the to belonging prou being While country. the in others the are than groups Ukrainians special Bukovinian form and how distinct and home, at traditions local celebrate they how me to to the belonged family whose Sviatoslav, married she after Chernivtsi to came she teacher academic ( traditions Ukrainian local to commitment her stress to Fedkovych Yurij at teacher (astalked working inallgood ahard and words independent person). t better even open local the on shopping her doing is she when So, newcomers. other any and Turks Moldovans, considerati into take to needs one However, insecurity. of source a and threat s as them perceives she thus and time) free in discos local visits market, local the on shopping do to likes she suburbs, the in lives jackets), leather characteristic (the cityscape the the towards prejudice t oe on o m rsac I oie ht ne t ko te basis the know to need I that notice I research my of point some At -

air market, she knows that some products she can buy only from there (and there are are there (and there from only buy can she products some that knows she market, air local Ukrainian local Another interesting example provided to me was Svietlana. She used to be my Russian myRussian be to used She Svietlana. was me to provided example interestingAnother here). In Chernivtsi she used to have a Moldovan boyfriend about whom she she whom about boyfriend Moldovan a have to used she Chernivtsi In here).

“ – newcomers

or rather Bukovinian eliteBukovinian rather or n ht n ay te stain Jla rey omncts with communicates freely Julia situations other many in that on National University in Chernivtsi. in University National

” , so mostly Moldovans, as for her they are more visible in visible more are they her for as Moldovans, mostly so , e of how one creates the positive self positive the creates one how of e 71 -

ru. o Sitaa dfnn href s a as herself defining Svietlana, For group. – they both share particular space (so Julia Julia (so space particular share both they

as she stressed. Many times she described shedescribed Many stressed. times as she Bukovinian 207

During our classes she liked liked she classes our During of Russian language in order to to order in language Russian of

–

as she named it). As an As it). named she as

Ukrainian –

but this is no is this but - esteem of of esteem d of her her of d –

and Iand you you CEU eTD Collection authorities and discover the Jewish past of the town. The project is organized by “Svit Ukraina”, Ukraina”, “Svit by organized is project The town. the of local 2011. 2010and 2009, in in workcamp the participated I As researcher, Czernowitz. of citizens Jewish past with meet Jewish cemetery, the the Ukraine from clean organization nongovernmental Chernivtsi, discover in weeks and two during authorities who Europe from mostly volunteers 208 tombstones. Jewish the cleaning for salary) monthly the less or (more money of sum huge a people local paid abroad live who Jews when stories of lots also heard we statement of Ukr pay should they cleaned, it have to want Jews cemetery. Jewish the cleaning in purpose any see not did them of majority The locals. with was andit or agreatVery we talk taxis occasion to with volunteers used often public transport Jewi local a cleaning of project the in participation my during was language one can from. benefit “ local abroad.Thus, living undefinedcategorypeople ofsome theyto refer Jews, caseof the in one of members the into directed perceiving in difference main The Jews. the are group significant Another prejudices. and stereotypes al but countries villages, possible. is shethinksthat it neighborhood from people of city of the location to borderland migration of the lots of Chernivtsi, Because city. the in dominance and power take will they an language, and customs traditions, local for threat and a as Moldovans perceived are city Ukrainians. the in other live who among Romanians also but nationalities, local other to contrast custom Language, elite. local a her make which elements and values of set a pride, of source a is Ukrainian Bukovinian Jews

rm 08 h poet Mro o hsoy i ognzd n h lcl eih eeey The cemetery. Jewish local the in organized is history” of “Mirror project the 2008 From ”

n o te xmls f how of examples the of One of objects are Romanians the extent some to and Moldavians the only not However, do not exi not do “ the Romanians the d Svietlana d st in individuals in st

–

a member of local Bukovinian elite as she sees herself is afraid that that afraid is herself sees she as elite Bukovinian local of member a ”

and s, and a kind of local specificity make her better not only in the in only not better her make specificity local of kind a and s,

’ “ ’ s own community (local Romanians and Moldovans) while Moldovans) and Romanians (local community own s

the J the stereotyping languages but rather some international group international some rather but languages stereotyping

and with support of support with and “ ews h ukon Jews unknown the ”

is that in the case of the former, stereotypes are stereotypes former, the of case the in that is 72

ainians for doing it. it. doing for ainians Czernowitz ”

are the subjects of stereotyping stereotyping of subjects the are - L , which is a mailing list of former former of list mailing a is which , Together with this kind this Togetherwith sh cemetery. sh

event gathers gathers event

so 208 If If

CEU eTD Collection that pointe just She it. about talk to want not did however, friend My outside. promotion its for especially town the 2009. since Chernivtsi in organized Czernowitz, Meridian festival 209 self one group help others the the about of stereotypes sense boundary this In the with. associates stress to is life) everyday the in process categorization politicalexpress theyJewish distastefor stress to like who Chernivtsi, in citizens many for common to referring her help would they job, the about ask would she then and here, her see just they If deputies. local the are Katya affordbasic needs.not could and badlywaspaidfriend This shop. local a in working was who friend, her of situation the described she project, the w person as participants, international the by welcomed engaged warmly most participants, the of one became She cemetery. Jewish local the cleaning workcamp the g influential and a areaspowerful perceived Jews certain oftalking, actually the kinds this in However, means. town Jewish a be to used Chernivtsi that know just not does it However, town. the of past the as an example inexpectingcleaning toomuch money onthecemetery. perceiv are Jews some, for Thus,

It was one of the reactions of my friend, a local journalist in Chernivtsi, while I Chernivtsi, in journalist local a friend, my of reactions the of wasone It - again these Jews these again sem bu idvda ad ru h o se hns hy eog o I i vsbe n the in visible is It to. belong they thinks she or he group and individual about esteem – to refer they people, with discussions my during Mostly, h rl o ehi seetps n peuie a big pr o a human a of part a being (as prejudice and stereotypes ethnic of role The

that she should join the workcamp. The Jews here are very powerful, many of them them of many powerful, very are here Jews The workcamp. the join should she that ho cares about the Jewish cemetery Jewish the about cares ho “ powerful Jews in the townhall the in Jews powerful . Katya could not give me any details on ac on details any me give not could Katya . roup in the town. Katya was the only volunteer from Chernivtsi, who joined who Chernivtsi, from volunteer only the was Katya town. the in roup

showing her distaste for the publicized form of event and describing the high budget of it. of budgetthe high describing form and ofevent thefor publicized distasteher showing

ed as a very powerful and reach group but whom one can use use canone whom groupbut reach and powerful very a as ed

influence inthe city.

mean that ordinary people know local history: local know people ordinary that mean ” , it was more an example of a stereotype which is is which stereotype a of example an more was it , . Once, when she told me her motivation to join to motivation her me told she when Once, . 73

. They cannot tell any details about what what about details any tell cannot They . I was trying to convince trying to was I _

The festival is perceived as a great event in in event great a as perceived is festival The tually who she bears in mind by by mind in bears she who tually 209

gi tee Jews these again s in establishing the positive positive the establishing in s

“ Jews was talking with her about the the about her with talking was

the only local young young local only the ”

while talking about about talking while

her

in order to to order in

–

stressed stressed you you ’

d s CEU eTD Collection 210 most the Chernivtsi, of elites Ukrainian the For identification. ethnic of sense their highlights parti reading case, their In elites. to refers one first The choices. framed ethnically of meanings and aspects choice national as defined be can institutions re school, national a to child “ I belonging. status lower minority of status the highlight and life about prejudiced common the with together talks public in ethnicity of sensitivity The identity. one to attached meaning and values different about inform prejudices attached and categorization ethnic least, not but Last status. cultural and language their losing in majority perception common the be could example One resources. and status power, of distribution perceived somewhere are (there diverse is community com unknown “ different of position perceived the represent stereotypes Secondly, general. in Ukrainians but a be to perceived arespecificities cultural of classification common groups Ukrainian

Foxi Miller “ ainod n ehiiy r as ise o pol’ eeya cocs Snig a Sending choices. everyday people’s of issues also are ethnicity and Nationhood Romanians ”

in the city. It is expressed through the statement about political correctness in the in correctness political about statement the through expressed is It city. the in ” of rural newcomers and Moldovans who both represent the fear of the Ukrainian the of fear the represent both who Moldovans and newcomers rural of

- sense of identification and identification sense primacyUkrainian of of language. cular newspaper and joining the activities of institutions very often stresses and stresses often very institutions of activities the joining and newspaper cular Idriss, „Everyday Nationhood”, 542. Nationhood”, „Everyday Idriss, ay epesd y ui, n cneunl te ecpin ht u own our that perception the consequently and Julia, by expressed pany, ”

and

5 “ .2 Moldovans

uoiin Ukrainian Bukovinian

Making the ethnically the choices framed Making dn a ainls nwppr r iiig eti kns of kinds certain visiting or newspaper nationalist a ading ”

result in the lack of identity discourse in the everyday the in discourse identity of lack the in result

better group, that not only among other nationalities nationalities onlyamongother not that group, better

74

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. 210 h, eas o ter og rdtos and traditions long their of because who, ”

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” , u as i the in also but ), ’ s own own s CEU eTD Collection and state lifewith economic, connected politicalLittle (if and cultural any) put is stress issues. local the of aspects important most the present They Ukrainian. in written are Bukovynec” “C as such newspapers, local popular most The choices. “unmarking” with economic issues. n a are there part previous the in stressed I As issue. important an such not is component” “ethnic the them lang inpoetryparticipated meetings.” the learn to House Polish to attended daughter out husband) her with together (she “ identification. any of marker a not is institutions national other visiting elite, Ukrainian language.” the know should Ukrainians] “ said he as However, o Chernivtsi. contemporary diversity and ethnic historical the stresses who institution the in people active most the of one language.” everyday frequent most the here became Ukrainian that say to proud minority still aare we as importantis it that Institution.claim WeCultural Ukrainian have necessityto in1991.“ institution reopening the reasonfor Ukrainian the of National House. agendas important most the of one also is This threatened. as language especially of usage widespread the of because often Very in language Ukrainian the of importance the stressing is practice important When it comes to everyday practices in Chernivtsi, “Ukrainianess” is again a matter of of mattera again “Ukrainianess”is Chernivtsi, in everyday practices to comes it When for As people. ordinary the by made are choices framed ethnically of level second The importantac most the of oneBabijuk,Igor

in o in umber of more important aspects which shape the everyday life connected mostly mostly connected life everyday the shape which aspects important more of umber hud nw ht o atr f hi ehi oii te ae l Uriin and Ukrainian all are they origin ethnic their of matter no that know should ur own state own ur

. In the 1980s, Chernivtsi was a Russian speaking city, now I can be be can I now city,speaking Russian a was Chernivtsi 1980s, the In o Osn, h cn lo e ecie as perceived be also can who Oksana, For

used to used

visit the Turkish association to watch good movies, good watch to association Turkish the visit Many people question, why in Ukraine there is a a Ukraine is Many there question,why in people 75

tivists in this institution, described to me theme describedto institution, this in tivists surzyk uage, in Romanian House we we House Romanian in uage, they ,

they perceived their own their perceived they ohr ainlte than nationalities [other hernivtsi” and “Molodij “Molodij and hernivtsi”

everyday domain. everyday a member of of member a Igor is also also is Igor both f We CEU eTD Collection financia its of because mostly city, the in popular extremely became school the interesting, is What school. well as is daughter f that care not do I Russian, there: daughter her send to struggle her me to Lesya school. entry described for tothe priority had were the Jewish parents mother at least or t of one as perceived was it situation, financial its of Jewish by founded because mostly beginning, the was From donors. foreign by It sponsored and Kiev time. in organizations that at school Jewish the of opening the was moments On grown. have Ukrainian than other choices framed ethnically of way privileged even or neutral convenient, more communication. just is Ukrainian choosing m in Thus, behavior. proper and education of lack status, lower of marker a as perceived be can Ukrainian using Not it. knowing not for prejudice and discrimination from suffer often very and language the learn to forced are languages native are Romanian a significant of marker any The important kindofidentification. was most theunderstanding. co used neighbors a my (in center apartment), city the style of parts communal poorest the of one in live to used I When life. everyday of identification of marker important an is Ukrainian Using language. with is same The life. community national of aspects tiny to refer and houses national in mostly sold are they However, newspapers. any of life internal the and ethnicity on mmunication with them I used Ukrainian (as I do not know Russian) and as such it was not was it such as and Russian) know not do I (as Ukrainian used I them with mmunication However, in Chernivtsi, since the beginning of the 1990s, opportunities to make make to opportunities 1990s, the of beginning the since Chernivtsi, in However, o Russian whom for and Ukrainian know not do who students university, At l situation and good level of education. Thus, through time, as the director director the as time, through Thus, education. of level good and situation l

for elites, but for ordinary people is simply a useful and unconscious element element unconscious and useful asimply is people ordinary for but elites, for

. Only by accident, she managed to find a place for her daughter in the in daughter her for place a find to managed she accident, by Only . r hm a nt ‘rpr Jew ‘proper a not am I them or

national institution. This part is reserved for national national for reserved is part This institution. national 76 My father was a Jew a was father My

surzyk he best schools in town. Children whose whose Children town. in schools best he in their everyday talks. In my my In talks. everyday their in ’, I know I AM and thus my my thus and AM I know I o te ot significant most the of e , however my mother was was mother my however , any spheres of life of spheres any

r CEU eTD Collection synagogues. oflocal renovation initiatedthe adults.He for meetings weekly the gather to order in family his 211 mostly directed is work Shushana’s Hesed members. its for benefits some offer work) not does almost which House National Jewish the (besides them of all Almost Chernivtsi. oneachiev can goals certain rather but identification markerof a not is sense this in institution national the of – R a simplybecause but “Romanianess” with connection special a becausefeel they not is Incases,it most passports. their change decideto people many Romania in law citizenship open very the of Because Romanians. with case the b Church, Polish the locals by called is which Church, Catholic The associations. local of member active the an be speak and traditions to the know need fluently, language you ancestry, Polish documenting Besides official. embassy an with the get To Union. European the or Poland in work to permission the then and visa Polish a get to easier much is it which with Card) Polish the obtain to wanted classes my in participated who people Many basis. self positive of source a is community Chabad the of activity the in participating her For city. the Jewis the about much care not does and traditions Jewish the of any follow not does Lesya town. the in work their by astonished being respect, full with them about talked Ch in there. children their send to wanted who Ukrainians among popular became it me, informed

part a becoming cases, most in Thus, Union. European the joined Romania after especially Rabbi Mendel belongs to Chabad Lubavitch movement. He came to Chernivtsi in the beg the in Chernivtsi to came He movement. Lubavitch Chabad to belongs Mendel Rabbi - esteem. Itesteem. uniqueness Ukrainians. her among stresses other ernivtsi. h etra fco i as vsbe n h stain f eih raiain in organizations Jewish of situation the in visible also is factor external The economic has and external is choices people’s for reason the cases the of most In Rabbi around gathered participants active most the of one became Lesya 211 e.

She participated in every meeting organized by the Rabbi’s wife and always and wife Rabbi’s the by organized meeting every in participated She

eih community Jewish

omanian passport is better than the Ukrainian one one Ukrainian the than better is passport omanian H oee te club the opened He . 77 Karta Polaka Karta

, you need to need you ,

- room for teenagers and organized organized and teenagers for room elongs to them. The same is same The them. to elongs Karta Polaka Karta pass an interview interview an pass in ni h heritage of of heritage h ng of 90s. with 90s. of ng Glitsenstein

with (the

CEU eTD Collection celebration family 212 special on it wear People collar. small and embroideredsleeves with shirt black or white a is it cases the of In most 1990s. of middle Ukraine. Western in least at everyone individual’s ethnicidentification. situations social some in However, space how urban described mainlyhistoriography, I thesis my of parts previous the In visible. very becomes it some in still identification, ethnic of sense their stress not do people situations, social of variety experien knowledge embodied an also is it choices, where not. time should inthe same and ties personal The ind themselves. that strong so are networks people then and resources of control the over other each between struggle who community Jewish the towards directed institutions main four are causes tensions betweeninstitutions them.Thisis national of position economic the often very Thus, students. best the for scholarship a offered necessary products. op the of because mostly events the cultural of in part participate thus be and to institution decide people Many services. other many and care social and medical food, them provides It community. Jewish the from people elderly and poorest the helping

See Appendix 3.1 Appendix See Vyshyvanka individuals’ and schemas categorization discourse, of domain a only not is Ethnicity

–

Also, Rabbi Also, h taiinl ok kana sit s pr o wardro of part a is shirt Ukrainian folk traditional the pes n lnug cn e suc o smoi meanings. symbolic of source a be can language and press ,

ividuals from Chernivtsi clearly know where they can go and go can they where know clearly Chernivtsi from ividuals

Glitsenstein 5 .3 Becoming national.3 Becoming groupness 212

t h cuty t eae xrml pplr n the in popular extremely became it country the It 78 , while organizing the club the organizing while ,

is the most important element in stressing an an stressing in element important most the is

especially intheJewish visible caseas there ced through social practice. Although in a a in Although practice. social through ced

s (baptism, weddings, and and weddings, (baptism, s - room for teenagers, teenagers, for room otnt t get to portunity e f almost of be CEU eTD Collection 213 times, these with common in much have not do 1990s, of middle the in city the to came members 20 the of beginning the in synagogue s ceremony 25 on synagogue new of opening the was community Jewish the for events important most the of one Recently, myths. national li very although on even Sometimes national are holidays,embroidered covered monuments fabric. by towel. embroidered an by covered is apartment, Shevchenko Taras each of almost painting in TV and in tablecloths, used presents, is products, symbol on This put life. commercials, everyday of aspects of variety well a of entered embroidery full are streets and students and pupils wear to seen positively is it which during Vyshyvanka” of Day “The holiday public new a invented state important most the is it Russian, of usage widespread the with together and tradition, this know not do they Ukraine Eastern in that stress Lviv or Chernivtsi in talked I whom with people the of Many these 1991 Since p of source a become status. have elements lower with associated and neglected as were well as language symbols Ukrainian peasant and folk era, Soviet the During “Ukrainianess”. celebrating in session photo have to fashion obligatory almost is it couple married each For Christmas). or Easter also but Day Independence (the holidays religious and national important most on and anniversaries)

See Appendix 3.2 Appendix See

the organizers decided to start the ceremony in the old Temple, thus creating a link link a creating thus Temple, old the in ceremony the start to decided organizers the However, in Chernivtsi, people celebrate not only their “Ukrainianess”. In some cases,some In“Ukrainianess”. their only not celebrate people Chernivtsi, in However, tarted in the local cinema cinema local the in tarted vyshyvanka

element or “Russian” marker of the region.” What is interesting, recently the the recently interesting, is What region.” the of marker “Russian” or element mited, mited,

vyshyvanka

groupness , the newly established tradition become especially popular amon popular especially become tradition established newly the , , especially in t in especially ,

th s ul b ntoa eie ad elcs h mainstream the reflects and elites national by built is

ositive self ositive f etme 21 b te hbd community. Chabad the by 2011 September of th

– century. Although, the Chabad community, whose whose community, Chabad the Although, century.

h peiu Tml. t sd o e h greatest the be to used It Temple. previous the he open he 79 -

esteem and pride mostly in Western Ukraine. Western in mostly pride and esteem - - air museum. It is an interesting shift in shift interesting an is It museum. air dressed people. Different patterns of of patterns Different people. dressed

213

The the g CEU eTD Collection is there and Ukrainian nothing specific “Polishness” inthe events. is language common the one, Polish a as perceived is church the barbec a for gathered community Catholic the which food traditional cooks and order in house her always has She good. looks always and slim is but children concluded: friend my As dinner. traditional a prepared and happiness, of sense the about lecture gave Ester), queen laughi Rabbi by formed group the of specificity the show to order in there me took Lesya before, mentioned As community. by national institutions. organized events with connected circles informal more in ethnicity their perform people cases other In celebrations. “Ukrainian” than other to referred which recorded have I events public in Jewish local of visitors causal the formed groups small was this them, for As workers. museum and writers scholars, culture, Jewish in interested people Chernivtsi From Ukraine. of parts other and Israel from came who Jews and rabbis ofdancing became ofChernivtsi onestreets full Onthis between day, andpresent. past the greatest day in history in day greatest the ng. The Rabbi’s wife organized different games (dress up in costumes and choosing the the choosing and costumes in up (dress games different organized wife Rabbi’s The ng. Also, the Catholic Church organizes some events, mostly small Church markets in in markets Church small mostly events, some organizes Church Catholic the Also, Once priiae i te ui hldy ognzd o wmn y h Chabad the by women for organized holiday, Purim the in participated I .

she

Glitsenstein [the Rabbi’s wife] Rabbi’s [the , a sign of the renewal of Jewish culture. However, only some some only However, culture. Jewish of renewal the of sign a ,

and his wife. Everyone was friendly by chatting and and chatting by friendly was Everyone wife. his and

is a true Jew, because she wear she because Jew, true a is 80

ue and singing. However here, although here, However singing. and ue stitutions. This is only one of the of one only is This stitutions. s a wig, has four has wig, a s came mostly mostly came CEU eTD Collection work. mainstream efforts. “Ukrainization” Thus abroad. example for like goals, “external” sense this In and reused automatically almost and naturally they perform, and ho way the in that means It people. ordinary for category granted for taken and obvious unmarked, an became it life, everyday of aspect every in “Ukrainianess” seems all are these like efforts at of the margin myths national of forms th since Ukrainian by not in places other to Western Ukraine,isperceived towns. Ukrainian the of one in people ordinary for matter practice themselves and others. i situations and forms many in present are ethnicity’ ‘salient of aspects significant and powerful the communities, many of case the not is nationalism’ ‘hot although that show They context. everyday an in reproduced and produced is nationhood As an As However, one should take into consideration the particular methodological basis of basis particularmethodologicalconsiderationthe into take should oneHowever, that argue I thesis this In of category a as ethnicity when and why show to was thesis this of aim primary The choosing, Talking, lt scait eid ainl lts n Chernivtsi in elites national period socialist late e anthropologist I focused on everyday, routine expression routine everyday, on focused I anthropologist , ,

h dfeet ainl yh ipsd y lts o o ps a het o the to threat a pose not do elites by imposed myths national different the lentv mnrt ietfctos ev te a a ol o ban certain obtain to tool a as them serve identifications minority alternative Ukraine –

usa rltos u Ukrainians but relations Russian

,

re t bid srn ehi iett aon is ebr, tl it still members, its around identity ethnic strong a build to tried performing such as Lviv or Donetsk, the interethnic relations here are shaped shaped are here relations interethnic the Donetsk, or Lviv as such

as one of the most most ofthe one as to

CONCLUSION in Chernivtsi Chernivtsi in get the get

and concuming and Po 81 the lish card lish

multiethnic places in the country placesmultiethnic inthe mainstream “ fe 2 years 20 after

- the nation are four ways t ways four are nation the Romanians

, Romanian citizenship or at least go least at or citizenship Romanian , ,

through incorporating different different incorporating through n the way ordinary people see see people ordinary way the n U

renegotiated krainiza - es n Pls Although Poles. and Jews

f constant of s

w individuals talk, act act talk, individuals w Chernivtsi, located in in located Chernivtsi, visible in visible tion” process.

“Ukrainianess”. hrough which which hrough

a . In contrast . akn of marking

number of number

my CEU eTD Collection be to “Ukranianess” how stress to wanted I Here four. chapter in Chernivtsi Ukraine’s of years first the in visible particularly was independence widely and by nowis mainstream marginalized the attempts. “Ukrainization” myth the like seems it case t the in basis its has Austro the in fundaments its has elites Ukrainian extent some to and Polish Jewish, German, by mostly the since elites local by created are which myths national for basis a as serve periods time different because important especially distinguish and discursive knowledge. practiceembodied and changeable and soci different and contact face face of importance the stressing By thesis. my throughout guideline important most the is primordialist Thus using. are scientist social that significantethnicity one investigates when inanurb are elements these all how stress to wanted I memory and space identity, between relation spontaneously people when was aim main soc ial situations ial a introduce I Diverseh believe I chapter. second the in introduce I ethnicity of concept the of complexity The oiae aeoy erdcd by reproduced category dominate - Hungarian era, the myth of “Romanian historical land” used by Romanian elites elites Romanian by used land” historical “Romanian of myth the era, Hungarian - instrumentalist and constructionist debates. Neve debates. constructionist and instrumentalist to analyze “situational” aspect “situational” analyze to ed

, . Bearing in mind the complexity of defining the concept of of concept the defining of complexity the mind in Bearing .

hs category this istory, shifting borders and long multiethnic t multiethnic long bordersand shifting istory, sat h catr with chapter the start I

set i bt te itr o Cenvs and Chernivtsi of history the both in aspects s

ime of Bukovyna belonging to the Kingdom of Romania. However, in this this in However, Romania. of Kingdom the to belonging Bukovyna of ime

rbes f h cneprr seiiiy f neehi rltos in relations interethnic of specificity contemporary the of problems should put particular put should xrs tesle acrig o tnc ie. y tesn the stressing By lines. ethnic to according themselves express

al settings in which ethnicity may “happen”, it shows how fluid how shows it “happen”, may ethnicity which in settings al is I ti sense this In . late socialist time. Thus, the cosmopolitan myth used used myth cosmopolitan the Thus, time. socialist late attention a re overvie brief

s 82

the of everyday. Thus I Thus everyday. of ,

ethnicity is perceived as as perceived is ethnicity

to an setting. local municipality. Here especially the the especially Here municipality. local the w of the most important aspects of of aspects important most the of w terms of contexts and meanings

raditions are the most important most arethe raditions rtheless, “situational” ethnicity “situational” rtheless, the the

wanted to show wh show to wanted

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APPENDICES

84

1.2 Thecelebration of Ukraine’s Independence Day

2010 (photo by Karolina Koziura 1.4

2013 (photo by Karolina Koziura) The memorial board in the cinema.

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during Ukraine’s the Indep

endence day. 2011

CEU eTD Collection B F Margrit Liana, Grancea Rogers, Brubaker, 47. Rogers Brubaker Brown, Rupert. Bourdieu, Pierre. inner an in repertoires discriminatory to routes complexity: „Ethnic Talja. Blokland, Billig, Michae Bilenk F Barth, identification]”. and and Martha, Augoustinos, [Identity utozsamianie i „Tozsamosc Edwin. Ardener, Allport, Gordon W. in Classification „Ethnic Emigh. Jean Rebecca and Feliciano Cynthia Patricia, Ahmed, sup „Nacionalni Alfred. Ableitinger, rubaker, Rogers, Mara Loveman, and Loveman, Mara Rogers, rubaker,

v, vtaa "rdcjo fruoay adhf Cenvsv knesi rozvytku konteksti u Chernivtsiv landshaft sformulovany "Tradicijno Svitlana, ova, the contest of urbanization processes of Central and Eastern Europe”] Eastern and Central of processes urbanization of contest the cities' urban historical European of context the in Chernivtsi of cityscape created traditionally [The mist istorichnyh evropejskih Difference Reynolds,Augoustinos J. andKatherine Identity,” Social Socjologiczne Eastern Paper, Europe”. 2001. Unpublished ZelenaChernivtsi: Bukovyna, 2006. Bukovyny. nat among specificity Their 1914. until Bukovyna in struggles national [The Cislajitaniji.” nacionalynosteji konflyktach Society Everyday Ethnicity Town inaTransylvanian neighbourhood”. Michael Serhij Osatschuk. and Dippeltreiter Chernivtsi:ZelenaBukovyna2008. redrik, istychnych procesiv Centralnoi ta Schidnoi Evropy XVIII Evropy Schidnoi ta Centralnoi procesiv istychnych l.

33, no 1 (1 February 33, no1(1

Prejudice: its social psychologyPrejudice: itssocial Banal nationalism tnc rus n Budre: h Sca Ognzto o Culture of Organization Social The Boundaries: and Groups Ethnic and Fredrick Cooper, Fredrick and Language andsymbolic po Language . Little, 1969. Brown, utri dbty rehionu zdobutky Kulturni The nature ofprejudice

15 (1992): 21 15 (1992):

Ethnic and Racial Studies Ethnic in

Katherine Un esadn peuie aim n oil conflict social and racism prejudice, derstanding . London: 1995. Publications, Sage – BIBLIOGRAPHY

2004): 31 42. J. Reynolds, J. rck n Bkvn d 11 roku. 1914 do Bukovyni na erechky

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. Garden City, oa cnlcs f Cislajtanii], of conflicts ional wer eischmidt and Jon Fox. Jon and eischmidt 87 – 6

. Oxford: Blackwell,Oxford: 1995. . London:SAGE Publications,2001.

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ecyfyka u u ecyfyka (2000): 1 (2000): – - 132. Kosmos

Prace – - 137. city city ed. ed. - CEU eTD Collection Ben. Fowkes, Fenton, Steve. östli Kulturforum Deutsches Europa, ——— Thomas Eriksen, Norbert. Elias, Tim. Edensor, Krzysztof. Czyzewski, and E., Stephen Cornell, red. Husdat, Helmut i Cecilé, Cordon, Corbea P. Anthony Cohen, de Michel Certeau, Certeau, Michel de. Moscow”. Postsocialist in Politics Food Nationalism: of Taste „The L. Melissa Caldwell, Bystron - borderland] Press, 1998. world changing and Chernivtsi edges. exile] Zeifen persecution, Gesellschaft, 2008. the literature, [At Geschichhte, Exil Bukovina. Verfolgung, Literatur, Geschichhte, Europe] Eastern and Central in Culture Urban Czernowitz. of history [The Mittel(Ost)Europa. 1995. Minnesota Press, 1998. Ethnos: Journal ofAnthropology 2002. östliches Europa, 2008. Nationalitäten ihrer Spiegel im Stadt eine Czernowitz: . „Formal nationalism”. and informal Anthropology,culture, society. and London: Press, 1993. Pluto Publishers, 1998. Publishers, 2002. , Jan Stanisław. Stanisław. , Jan Hoisie, Andrei. Andrei. Hoisie,

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– 25. .

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hriti knesk ubnsyhyh procesiv urbanistychnych kontekstki v Chernivtsi

-

red. X t [hriti n h cnet f raiain rcse o Cnrl and Central of processes urbanization of contest the in [Chernivtsi ct. XX

xlrn te iy iqiis oad n ra anthropology urban an toward inquiries city: the Exploring Postcolonial theory: a critical introduction critical a theory: Postcolonial . Reprint. University California 2011. . Reprint. Press, of 2008): 536 tnct, ofsin n Itrutrl ilge t h Erpa Union European the at Dialogue Intercultural and Confession Ethnicity, Rethinkingand explorations ethnicity: arguments Mythos Czernowitz. Eine Stadt im Spiegel ihrer Nationalitäten [The Myth of Myth [The Nationalitäten ihrer imSpiegelStadt Eine Czernowitz. Mythos h itrrtto o clue: eetd essays selected cultures: of interpretation The

The presentation of self in everyday selfin of The life presentation psae o nhoooy betwee anthropology: to passage A yti Miller Cynthia

soia hriti [h hsoy f Chernivtsi] of history [The Chernivtsiv Istorija uoya Itrcnj ay [h hsoy o history [The narys Istorycznyj Bukowyna. ain ad ainls Sne 70 Programme, 1780: Since Nationalism and Nations ital Jewish: Virtually

Munich Personal Archivepaper,299 Munich RePEC (2013): nr 44082

, ed. Michael Dippeltreiter and Serhij Osatschuk. Chernivtsi:Zelena Osatschuk. Serhij and Dippeltreiter Michael ed. , [Chernovtsi (mis)understanding betwe (mis)understanding [Chernovtsi – 563.

- hss f oe Te felf o Cenwt i Jewish in Czernowitz of Afterlife The Home: of Ghosts dis „vrdy Nationhood”. „Everyday Idriss.

nr 11(2011): 114

enetn Jws clue n Europe in culture Jewish reinventing

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- Romania border: a case of Chernivtsi Chernivtsi of case a border: Romania – eprec ad theory and experience n . London:. Books, 1990. Penguin 124. . New York: Col York: New .

etani a cini Evropy Schidnoi ta Centralnoi

relationship”. relationship”. en heritage and inheritance],” inheritance],” and heritage en . New York: Basic Books, Books, Basic York: New . . London:. Sage, 1997. Bukovyna] f Ethnicities Ptdm Deutsches Potsdam: . Cenvs: Komitet Chernivtsi: . umbia University umbia

New Ukraine. A Ukraine. New yh Reality Myth,

. New York: York: New . . Chernivtsi: Chernivtsi: . , no 8, Berkeley: . London: . – 320.

4 (12 (12 4

. CEU eTD Collection Julius. Scherzer, Petro. Rykhlo, Rihtman Pickering, Michael. ethnicity”. „Situational Y. Jonathan Okamura, Marija. Nykyrsa, Non The« Czernowitz: „Translating Leslie. Morris, ta profesijnych nacijonalnych, osoblyvosti Bukovyna: „Avstrijska Ivan. Monolatij, Concept”. the of Critique A «Stranger»: „Simmel’s Dale. S. McLemore, Migrations Return „Ethnic Fran. Markowitz, Magocsi, R. Paul David. Lowenthal, forgotten the Restoring memory: place and placeidentity, attachment, „Place Lewicka, Maria. Lefebvre, Henri. in Minority Ethnic „Romanian Aurelian. Lavric, Taras. Kuzio, (2007): 187. CENTURY FIRST TWENTY AND TWENTIETH IN STUDIES language and apects]”. professions national, of pecularities Bukovyna: Asutrian [The podijiv Sociological Review Diaspora: AJournal ofTransnationa University 1985. Press, city past”. Eastern Border Survival”. London:9. Routledge, 1998. Baltimore: America, 2005. Publish literatur German in identity Jewish of serach Bukovyna] The [Shibbolem. Bukovyny Todorova, Croatia,”memory contemporary in in 465. of streetshistory squares] and - Augustin, Dunja, “The monument in the main city square: constructing and erasing erasing and constructing square: city main the in monument “The Dunja, Augustin,

Ukraine: state and nation building nation and state Ukraine: Czasopis „ji” Czasopis Writings cities on While the Gods Were Salient. Growing up Under Fascists and Communists and Fascists Under up Growing Salient. Were Gods the While hboe. ozk jveso ietcnst v iekmve poezji nimeckomovnej v identycznoscti jevrejskoj Poszuky Shibbolem.

A history ofA history Ukraine Chernivtsi. Dokumentalnji narysy z istorji vulyc i plosch [Chernivtsi. [Chernivtsi. plosch i vulyc istorji z narysy Dokumentalnji Chernivtsi. Journal ofEnvironmental Psychology . Chernivtsi: Zelena. Chernivtsi: Bukovyna, 2008. New York: New York University Press, 2004. York: YorkNew New University Press, tnct, ofsin n Itrutrl ilge t h Erpa Union European the at Dialogue Intercultural and Confession Ethnicity,

h ps s oeg country foreign a is past The Stereotyping: the politics ofrepresentation thepolitics Stereotyping:

Munich

13, nr 2(1 13,

nr 56(2009). Personal Archivepaper, RePEC no . Cambridge,Mass:

. Zolotye Chernivtsi: Lytavry, 2008. . Toronto: University Toronto1996. . Toronto: Press, of st

April

l Studies

Balkan identities: nation and memory identities: Balkan 1970): 86 — 90 Ethnic and Rac and Ethnic

(Are Not Quite) Not (Are . Routledge studies of societies in transition transition in societies of studies Routledge . . Cambridge .

kan: urn Ise ad rset of Prospects and Issues Current Ukraine:

16, no

Blackwell, 1996. –

94. 28, no - lc» f at eta Europe”. Central East of Place»

2 (2007): 234 ial Studies ial

. NewPalgrave, York: 2001. 3 ( Cmrdehr] Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]:

— September

Diasporic Homecomings”. Homecomings”. Diasporic 44082 (2013): 179 44082 (2013):

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4, no 4,

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2008): 209 2008):

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h Pacific The ,

ed. Maria ed. Maria

movnyh 31, nr 1 nr 31, – 190. – of e 231. The

– .

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