History is a special method of studying In Iasi there was a large pogrom during In 1968 did not participate in the present with the aid of the facts of the Nazi-rule in 1941. It was a military invasion of Czechoslovakia. Ceau escu’s the past. order by , friend of Hitler, anti-Soviet attitudes regarding the invasion — Boris Eikhenbaum, and not will of the people. In Romania of Prague were locally appreciated. Literaturnyi byt (1929) unlike in Bulgaria the Orthodox Church The concept of antifascism started to did not object to extermination of the Jews. be extended to Romanians as well. But Romanian anti- was mainly in The fascist regime had two phases in , not in Iasi. The National Theatre and the University Romania: the Antonescu’s and the were established first in Romania in Iasi. Legionaries’. The Legionaries burned 1968-1980 was the best period of Bucharest became the in 1859. books on Piata Unirii, among them Romania. books by Sadoveanu. Also they tried to Vasile Pogor was an important member kill him, but Davidoglu managed to hide Syndicate of Artists had been founded of the movement, which made Sadoveanu. The legionaries assassinated in 1920s, and Union of Artists in 1948. a language reform modernising Romanian , I.G Duca, Madgearu, After 1945 artists made part of their work language in 1860s. Junimea gathered Victor Iamandi, … etc. to sell and get money, the other part to at Pogor’s house, which was called the show in galleries. Sculpture house of enlightened windows (it was the The nearest concentration camps during were arranged by the City or Municipality, first to have electric lights). Vasile Pogor the Nazi occupation were in Transnistria. and the Artists’ Association was invited was also an important figure in the as partner. After the the freemasons. He was a member in the Iftimie Bârleanu made a statue of maquette would be returned to artists. Moldavian lodge, “Star of Romania”. Due Antonescu, first in 1940 and again in to shortage of money, he sold the house 1970’s. Antonescu posed for him for it Artists used to be very well paid. Also to Princess Marie in 1901. Himself he for 1 1/2 hours. Allegedly, it was poured the artists’ union provided with health continued to live in the servant’s house in in bronze in 1970. and pension etc. the garden, and died there in 1906. In 1944 the antifascist Soviet Army led The facility to melt metal and make From 1924 onwards Romanian Communist by General Malinovsky defeated the Nazi statues in Iasi is in the Polytechnic, but Party was deemed illegal. In 1930 census soldiers. Iasi was 18 km from the front the oven disappeared some 15 years Iasi had 105 000 habitants, of them line. Because of the Soviet bombardment ago, when they received EU-funding to approximately 30 000 were Jewish. Anti- against the fascist regime in 1944, 25% refurbish the University. There was semitic laws were implemented­ in 1938. of the city was destroyed. After 1944 a bigger oven in Kuk, where even tanks Romanians fought both in Romanian and have been poured. The big statues were The peak of was in Soviet uniforms. made there. But now Kuk belongs to the inter-war period. the City Hall and they ended everything Although in the end Romania was on the a couple of years ago. side of the Allied Forces, it lost territory in the peace agreement. In Palace of Culture there were 300 000 visitors per year. After WWII the first phase was the Proletkult-phase, during which everyone In 1978 there was Congress of Education, made a lot of compromises. The free- where all museum directors were invited. masons had to close their lodges. Political The resolution was that 2/3 of the elite was destroyed. Palace of Culture was to be dedicated to Ceau escu, and 1/3 to everything At the time a lot of literature about anti- else. From 1980 onwards, perhaps even fascism was produced, but not so many earlier the Communist Party adopted visual art works. Sadoveanu became some nationalist views. highly appreciated. Brezhnev visited Romania. Soviets controlled Romania until 1958-60. At that time the local pogroms were not There was a meeting in April 1964, where really discussed. Khrushchev wanted to make Romania an agricultural colony of USSR. At this In Iasi there was a huge industry in 1980s. moment Romanian started to It was good for workers, but not good for divert from the Russian one. This led to culture. Minnaa liberation in the intellectual circles and many great writers emerged. There was In 1987 Gorbachev wanted to speak no more censorship. with Iliescu. Iliescu was promoting culture.

Henriksson IASI, 2019 History is a special method of studying In Iasi there was a large pogrom during In 1968 Romania did not participate in the present with the aid of the facts of the Nazi-rule in 1941. It was a military invasion of Czechoslovakia. Ceau escu’s the past. order by Ion Antonescu, friend of Hitler, anti-Soviet attitudes regarding the invasion — Boris Eikhenbaum, and not will of the people. In Romania of Prague were locally appreciated. Literaturnyi byt (1929) unlike in Bulgaria the Orthodox Church The concept of antifascism started to did not object to extermination of the Jews. be extended to Romanians as well. But Romanian anti-fascism was mainly in The fascist regime had two phases in Bucharest, not in Iasi. The National Theatre and the University Romania: the Antonescu’s and the were established first in Romania in Iasi. Legionaries’. The Legionaries burned 1968-1980 was the best period of Bucharest became the capital in 1859. books on Piata Unirii, among them Romania. books by Sadoveanu. Also they tried to Vasile Pogor was an important member kill him, but Davidoglu managed to hide Syndicate of Artists had been founded of the Junimea movement, which made Sadoveanu. The legionaries assassinated in 1920s, and Union of Artists in 1948. a language reform modernising Romanian Nicolae Iorga, I.G Duca, Virgil Madgearu, After 1945 artists made part of their work language in 1860s. Junimea gathered Victor Iamandi, … etc. to sell and get money, the other part to at Pogor’s house, which was called the show in galleries. Sculpture competitions house of enlightened windows (it was the The nearest concentration camps during were arranged by the City or Municipality, first to have electric lights). Vasile Pogor the Nazi occupation were in Transnistria. and the Artists’ Association was invited was also an important figure in the as partner. After the competition the freemasons. He was a member in the Iftimie Bârleanu made a statue of maquette would be returned to artists. Moldavian lodge, “Star of Romania”. Due Antonescu, first in 1940 and again in to shortage of money, he sold the house 1970’s. Antonescu posed for him for it Artists used to be very well paid. Also to Princess Marie in 1901. Himself he for 1 1/2 hours. Allegedly, it was poured the artists’ union provided with health continued to live in the servant’s house in in bronze in 1970. insurance and pension etc. the garden, and died there in 1906. In 1944 the antifascist Soviet Army led The facility to melt metal and make From 1924 onwards Romanian Communist by General Malinovsky defeated the Nazi statues in Iasi is in the Polytechnic, but Party was deemed illegal. In 1930 census soldiers. Iasi was 18 km from the front the oven disappeared some 15 years Iasi had 105 000 habitants, of them line. Because of the Soviet bombardment ago, when they received EU-funding to approximately 30 000 were Jewish. Anti- against the fascist regime in 1944, 25% refurbish the University. There was semitic laws were implemented­ in 1938. of the city was destroyed. After 1944 a bigger oven in Kuk, where even tanks Romanians fought both in Romanian and have been poured. The big statues were The peak of Romanian literature was in Soviet uniforms. made there. But now Kuk belongs to the inter-war period. the City Hall and they ended everything Although in the end Romania was on the a couple of years ago. side of the Allied Forces, it lost territory in the peace agreement. In Palace of Culture there were 300 000 visitors per year. After WWII the first phase was the Proletkult-phase, during which everyone In 1978 there was Congress of Education, made a lot of compromises. The free- where all museum directors were invited. masons had to close their lodges. Political The resolution was that 2/3 of the elite was destroyed. Palace of Culture was to be dedicated to Ceau escu, and 1/3 to everything At the time a lot of literature about anti- else. From 1980 onwards, perhaps even fascism was produced, but not so many earlier the Communist Party adopted visual art works. Sadoveanu became some nationalist views. highly appreciated. Brezhnev visited Romania. Soviets controlled Romania until 1958-60. At that time the local pogroms were not There was a meeting in April 1964, where really discussed. Khrushchev wanted to make Romania an agricultural colony of USSR. At this In Iasi there was a huge industry in 1980s. moment Romanian socialism started to It was good for workers, but not good for divert from the Russian one. This led to culture. a liberation in the intellectual circles and many great writers emerged. There was In 1987 Gorbachev wanted to speak no more censorship. with Iliescu. Iliescu was promoting culture.

IASI, 2019 After 1989 Russians could not interfere The aim now is to have all of Eternitate IASI X-RAY with Romanian issues anymore. Cemetery protected. And the Jewish Exhibition by Minna Henriksson 1+1, November–December 2019 cemetery is planned to be documented At that time a lot worse things (in regards finally. Outcome of research by cultural heritage) were done than by Florin Bobu, Alexandru Bounegru and the or during Stalin’s time. Previous archive of monuments is not Minna Henriksson in 2017-18. Everything was run by the securitatea- available to the current Office of Monument Publication design by people. They persecuted museum Protection, so the new Office had to start Ott Kagovere directors. Lucian Vasiliu became director their work from the scratch. of the Literature Museum in 1990. Thank you to Livia Pancu, Ion Arhip, Iulian Pruteanu, Vasiliu was elected after the so-called Russian embassy is putting pressure on Russian Embassy, Andrei As ndulesei. ‘’. Jumar , an ex-securitatea local authorities in Iasi to take care of blackmailed him. Jumar became director WWII monuments. The City Office Thank you also to of the Literature Museum in 2007. He did is planning—and has been already since Sezgin Boynik & Roza, and to Toma and L cr mioara. a lot of damage to the National Archives. a long time—to redo the antifascist monument at Copou Hill. Whenever IASI X-RAY by Minna Henriksson is organized by There were anti-Soviet sentiments. As Romania has good relations with Russia, 1 + 1 in collaboration with tranzit.ro/Iasi and co- part of that all antifascist memorials were they request for a maquette from financed by the Administration of National Cultural Fund (AFCN). The project does not necessarily moved to the Eternitate Cemetery. The Constantin Creng ni . But when the represent the position of the Administration of City officials were not aware that they relations get worse again, they forget National Cultural Fund. AFCN is not responsible were breaking the law with removing the about the whole project. Creng ni has for the content of the project or the way the statues. already made two times a maquette for project results can be used. This is entirely the responsibility of the beneficiary of the funding. monument to the Soviet soldier. Memorial house to Ilie Pintilie, syndicate IASI X-RAY (EDITIE TIPARITA, 2019) leader disappeared in 1990-91. The Romania was the only Eastern Block HENRIKSSON MINNA destruction of it was idiotic, with the country, which had relations with German ISBN 978-973-0-30557-9. only motivation to erase any communist Federal Government and with Israel. traces and to look good in the eyes of Until 1989 there had been discussions the West. Also an ancient fortress Casa between Romania and Germany only

Cantacuzino-Pa canu, and the Museum about WWI monuments, but after 1989 PROIECT CO-FINANT, AT DE: of Theatre were destroyed at the time. they have also discussed the WWII monuments. The moving of the German In 1989 the freemason lodges were WWII graves was made in 2000’s reborn from an Italian lodge. The current funded by the German Embassy, but with cultural minister of Romania (George local work force. In the process objects Iva cu) is a free-mason, and so are many from the buried Nazi-soldiers were stolen other cultural and political figures. and some got broken.

City authorities are still regarded as communist, although they are totally anticommunist.

Romania joined NATO in 2002 and EU in 2007.