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Grassroots Video in Philadelphia As Alternative Communicative Practice Cindy Hing-Yuk Wong

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Grassroots Video in Philadelphia As Alternative Communicative Practice Cindy Hing-Yuk Wong University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Dissertations (ASC) Annenberg School for Communication 1997 Communities Through the Lens: Grassroots Video in Philadelphia as Alternative Communicative Practice Cindy Hing-Yuk Wong Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations_asc Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Wong, Cindy Hing-Yuk, "Communities Through the Lens: Grassroots Video in Philadelphia as Alternative Communicative Practice" (1997). Dissertations (ASC). 17. http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations_asc/17 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations_asc/17 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Communities Through the Lens: Grassroots Video in Philadelphia as Alternative Communicative Practice Abstract "SAME BOAT, SAME DESTINATION ... That's what a community is, if you believe that you're in the same predicament and you are going to the same place. It's one thing if you believe that you're in the , same predicament, but you're not going to the same place. I ain't gonna to deal with that, then it isn't your community; if you do, then it is. So Community Vision is articulating what the boat is and what the vision is, where you are going." (Louis Massiah, Founder of Scribe Video Center; interview, July 15th 1996) Community/grassroots videos, community murals (Barnett 1984), ommc unity (or outlaw) short-wave radio (Urla 1995), community theater, neighborhood newspapers, and 4th World indigenous film and videomaking (Michaels 1994; Aufderheide 1995, Elder 1995) all represent communicative practices which offer alternatives to dominant mainstream mass media. In this dissertation, I examine how one of these alternative media -- community video -- takes shape in terms of its organizational processes, its textual creation and its dissemination and readership. This ethnography of community video, its producers, its texts and its audiences allows me to shed light, in turn, on the organizational and symbolic constructions of other media, especially in more heavily-studied fields such as cinema and documentary. Hence, this analysis intends to illuminate both the possibilities and the limits of conceiving and acting upon different visions of society through media. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Department Communication First Advisor Larry Gross Subject Categories Communication This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations_asc/17 COMMUNITIES THROUGH THE LENS: GRASSROOTS VIDEO IN PHILADELPHIA AS ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATIVE PRACTICE Cindy Hing-Yuk Wong A DISSERTATION in Communication Presented to the Faculties of the Annenberg School for Communication of the University of Pennsyvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1997 Graduate Group Chairperson Dissertation: Author: Cindy Hing-Yuk Wong Title: “Communities Through the Lens: Grassroots Video in Philadelphia as Alternative Communicative Practice” Year: 1997 Note: I. Irregular pagination: No pp. vii-viii No pp. 35-37 No pp. 76-81 No pp. 133-140 No pp. 191-199 No pp. 246-252 II. Blank pages: pp. 244-245 However, no text appears to be missing from this dissertation. COPYRIGHT Cindy Hing-Yuk Wong 1997 iii Acknowledgments An ethnographic endeavor over a number of years always demands collaboration and patient help from many sources, and this project has certainly linked me to many communities in the Philadelphia area whose aid I wish to acknowledge. The list must begin with those at Scribe Louis Massiah, Hebert Peck and his family, Margie Strosser, Arlene Wooley, and the late Toni Cade Bambara -- who have incorporated me into their community and given generously of time and support. A special acknowledgment must also go to the teams I have worked with under the aegis of Scribe. In the case of We The People, this includes Joe Cronauer, the late Kirk Dobson and my fellow facilitator, Janet Williams, Phil and others who worked on the project at various points. At Asians American United, I am grateful to Juli Kang, Frank Cardon and my fellow facilitator Carl Lee, and the ten youths, Chhann Chhun, Sotheavy Chhum, Pauline Cheung, Thanh Hang, Ton'e Meas, Reth Sek, Leap Chan, Channu Phoeung, Khom Koung, and Yann Or. While the project at Prevention Point, Philadelphia, was unsuccessful, I would certainly acknowledge the long term cooperation of many members of that organization, including Julie Parr, Judy Porter, Chelsea Voytek, David Acosta, Jean-Paul Hammer and my fellow facilitator Keith Fulton. I look forward to their future work. I have also come to know and work with many other splendid community organizations in the course of this research. These include: Donna Marie Rizolli who worked for WOMEN ORGANIZED AGAINST RAPE, and ANNA CRUSIS Ramona Washington from WOMEN'S LEGAL SERVICES Eleanor Childs at MONTESSORI GENESIS II Denise Sneed at WOMEN COMMUNITY REVITALIZATION PROJECT iv Cindy Bernstein and Teresa Dimitri at KENSINGTON ACTION NOW John Dodd at PHILADELPHIA UNEMPLOYMENT PROJECT Rebecca Rathji at YOUTH UNITED FOR CHANGE at WOODROCK Kendra Wyrnes who produced the JOHN COLTRANE CULTURAL SOCIETY's work Jesse Lewis at NEXUS, FOUNDATIONS FOR TODAYS ART Joann Tufa, Delores Donohue, Martha Rozernan CO-MHAR Laura Hernandez at HISPANIC FAMILY CENTER OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY Mary Beth Flynn, Yvonne Coleman, Anna Beale, Bob Nappa, and Cheryl Cutrona at GOOD SHEPHERD NEIGHBORHOOD HOUSE MEDIATION PROGRAM, Dr. Wendy Wenzel of ELDERS RESOURCES Helen Sherman, Jody Button at ANNA CRUSIS WOMEN CHOIR William Gibson at RECONSTRUCTION Brita Hudson-Smith at the PHILADELPHIA BLACK WOMEN'S HEALTH PROJECT And, of course, my fellow facilitators: Carlton Jones, Maria Rodriguez, Dennis Doyon, Chris Emmanouilides, Diane Pointus, and Gretjen Clausing. Also, I am grateful for help from David Haas at PIVFA, staff at New Liberties, Nicole Torselo at Focus Philadelphia and George Stoney at NYU who first introduced me to Challenge for Change in a class at USC, and who has continued to support my work both in community media and in production. In addition to my work in the field, this dissertation has also drawn on my academic formation before and during my doctoral training at Annenberg. The Program in Visual Anthropology at usc prepared me as a videographer to assume my roles in Scribe video. Michael Renov became an early mentor and friend in documentary. Annenberg's support through Teaching Assistantships and a Dissertation Research Fellowship then allowed me to develop my interests in a new and wider framework. At ... v Annenberg, Roberta Pearson, as my advisor for two years, encouraged me to think in many ways about film and its possibilities. Larry Gross suggested that I focus on Scribe as a dissertation project in my first­ term proseminar, and later took on responsibilities for advising the project. Oscar Gandy forced me to think in more rigorous ways about the structure and political economics of communication in which this thesis is contextualized. Charlie Wright graciously agreed to serve on the prelim committee with short notice, and Laura Grindstaff also graciously agreed to join a work in progress and to offer supportive and useful comments. Susan Williamson, and other librarians, who have always pointed me to the right resources, also deserve special thanks. One also must acknowledge personal debts over years of fieldwork and writing. Ramona Lyons and Mika Emori have formed a wonderful network whether in the classroom, on the town or over e-mail. My parents, Wong Yuen Ching and Leung Chit Ming, have valued both my education and my independence in ways that make them very special among Hong Kong families, and my brother Jacob Wong Hing-Cheung and his companion Wong Yuen-ling have kept up a lively dialogue about film and communication while I wrote this up in Hong Kong. Here, they have been joined by my colleagues at Hong Kong Baptist University, including George Chan Lok Yee, and Ernest Martin. Finally, Larissa Jiit-Wai McDonogh Wong arrived in the middle of the WTP project and has grown up with Annenberg as IlMommy's schoolt! and the dissertation as IlMommy's work. II But she has also made these years a special delight, where her joys and demands added just the right perspective. And Gary set rigid deadlines for all the chapters, forced me to read books that I at first found superfluous, interrupted our cooking to talk about ideas, accompanied me to some field sites when feeling paternalistic (only those that the mainstream media labeled dangerous), took the child away to see the Buddha in Lantau Island so Mommy could finish her conclusion, and cleaned up the final copy of most vi of its Chinglish influences. Without all his support and love, this dissertation would not have materialized. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii ABSTRACT vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ix LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii CHAPTER I: GRASSROOTS VIDEO AS A OUESTION FOR COMMUNICATION STUDIES 1 Mass Media and Grassroots Video: Matters of Perspective 4 The Theoretical Context: Community, Text and Audience 15 Methods: Looking for Community 26 Models and Organization 35 CHAPTER II: CHOOSING COMMUNITY: ORGANIZATIONS AND NETWORKS IN GREATER PHILADELPHIA 40 Scribe Video Center as a Community Organization 42 Philadelphia Stories: The Socia-Cultural Context 52 Discovering Communities: The Selection Process 60 Organizations Redefining Community: An Overview Of Community Vision Selection 71 Conclusions
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