DOCSLIB.ORG

A System Model of Shawnee Indian Migration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A System Model of Shawnee Indian Migration University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies Nebraska Academy of Sciences 1979 A System Model of Shawnee Indian Migration Jerry E. Clark Creighton University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas Part of the Life Sciences Commons Clark, Jerry E., "A System Model of Shawnee Indian Migration" (1979). Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies. 305. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas/305 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nebraska Academy of Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societiesy b an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences- Volume VII,1979 ANTHROPOLOGY A SYSTEM MODEL OF SHAWNEE INDIAN MIGRATION JERRY E. CLARK Department of Sociology/Anthropology Creighton University Omaha, Nebraska 68178 Existing theories or "laws" of migration prove to be inadequate Shawnee history. This resulted in a system model for explain­ for understanding and explaining the widespread migration of the ing Shawnee migration. Shawnee Indians. By viewing Shawnee migration as a system, their movement from place to place can be understood in terms of cultural, historical, and environmental variables. Migration to and from Alabama DEFINITION and eastern Pennsylvania indicates how these variables operated to make a particular location favorable or unfavorable for the Shawnee. The definition of migration used for this study is: "The non-recurrent movement of groups of people from one locality t t t to another." Non-recurrent movement distinguishes migration from recurrent movement, or what Amos Hawley (1950) calls INTRODUCTION functional movement. Functional movement is routine and repetitive, and is related to subsistence activities with no dis­ ruption of the established order. Locality refers to a geo­ At the time of white contact, migration was a way of life graphic area in which the activities that make up the daily, for the Shawnee. Shawnee migration can be classified into two weekly, and seasonal rounds of collective life occur. For a basic forms: (1) widespread migration, and (2) what Amos nomadic group, locality could comprise a sizable area of Hawley calls functional migration. The second form involved several hundreds of square miles. For a sedentary group, regular patterns of movement called for by the Shawnee's locality might be only a few acres. Therefore, the distance mixed hunting, gathering, and horticultural subsistence econ­ required to change locality depends on the kind of cultural omy. It is the first, or widespread, migration which is the con­ group with which one is dealing. cern of this study. VARIABLES BACKGROUND OF MIGRATION THEORY Four principal variables seem operative in Shawnee mi­ Despite an abundance of literature on migration, no useful grations. These include internal motivation, external motiva­ general theory of migration exists. Most studies of the move­ tions, environment, and facilitation. Space does not allow for ment of people are descriptive or temporally limited and a presentation of all the evidence, so the variables must be useful only for urbanization studies (Ravenstein, 1885; Stauf­ summarized. fer, 1940). These tend to be predicated on industrialization and the concentration of a large labor force in urban areas. Internal Motivation. These are factors existing in the They do not deal with cultural factors other than dynamic culture of the Shawnee and are encompassed by two concepts: economic change. conservatism and dependence. A desired locale for the Shaw­ nee would be one in which they could maintain their tradi­ These earlier studies were of limited use in understanding tional culture and still obtain those'material goods upon which Shawnee migration prior to their removal in the 1830's. Vari­ they depended. ables mentioned in the migration literature were examined, and those which appeared relevant for understanding Shawnee The migration of Shawnee bands was conservative in the nugrations were examined against the data derived from sense that the Shawnee moved as a response to changing 47 conditions in order to preserve their accustomed cultural and in order to survive and to preserve their culture, guns patterns and to preserve their identity. In the areas of sub­ came a necessity (Driver, 1969). sistence, ideology, medicine, and language, the Shawnee showed a remarkable resistance to change and a continuation External Motivations. External motivations are th of traditional forms (Voegelin, 1940, 1944; Alford, 1930; factors outside of Shawnee culture which influenced mi Callender, 1962; Spencer, 1908). tion. However, these factors are not outside the system migration. External factors include Shawnee relations Likewise, the political, social, and religious patterns other political and social units. connected with subsistence activities and basic organization remained conservative. Thus, what Julian Steward (1955) Shawnee migration was apparently impelled rather t calls the "culture core" was conservative and resistant to forced. There are two components that distinguish impe change. migration from forced migration: (1) impelled migratio voluntary, and (2) the choice of locality when migra' The material aspects not related to cultural organization occurs is made by the migrants and not by some other poli . were more likely to change, but even in this area the shift or cultural unit (Peterson, 1970). j. from the bow and arrow to the gun allowed the Shawnee to maintain their hunting subsistence in the face of rapidly From the historical data available it is difficult to pr dwindling supplies of game. that Shawnee migration was voluntary. In fact, some" counts indicate that they f moved under extreme press The vehicle to change in the material culture was trade. The combined strength of the Carolina government Although this trade produced a dependency upon the Euro­ the Catawba was given by some Shawnee as the reason' peans, the procurement of furs and skins for trade fit easily leaving South Carolina' and moving to Pennsylvania (Mil into traditional patterns of economic organization, preserving 1940). However, the precise events leading to the migra the emphasis on hunting. Through trade the Shawnee acquired from most localities is not known. Since locations a variety of items of European manufacture and in the process seldom abandoned en masse, it might be assumed that, gave up many of the traditional crafts, such as making pot­ decision to migrate was a voluntary one. A decision to s , tery, baskets, bows, and arrows. Still much of the traditional however, might have meant that the Shawnee would have Shawnee technology was retained: building houses and ani­ abandon their conservative life. Some of the Shawnee c mal traps, making sugar and salt, and dressing skins for cloth­ to remain in Ohio rather than to migrate to Missouri prior ing (Alford, 1936; Kerr, 1922; Loskiel, 1794; Voegelin, 1830 and were encouraged to adopt the life style of the E 1940). peans. Dependency of the Shawnee was realized in two signifi­ It is apparent that, when migrating, the Shawnee chi cant areas. First, they were dependent upon other political their own location. But alternatives became increasint or cultural groups for a place to settle; second, the Shawnee limited as the British and Americans pushed west. The im{i' depended upon European trade, not only for material goods tant point is that the Shawnee were not in the beginnil but also for cultural survival (Sosin, 1961). forced to settle in areas which were not of their choice~\tt was not until 1832 that the Shawnee were forced onto rese. The earliest historic references to the Shawnee place them tions that were not of their choosing. ! in widely scattered locations which were already occupied, '\~ or at least claimed, by other political-cultural units. Only at Environment. The environment is the setting in whi the invitation of or by the permission of these other groups the group exists. Variables include the economic, politi, could the Shawnee establish settlements at such locations. and physical environments and the influence of these envint ments on location and migration of the Shawnee. '~ One of the practices of all European colonies was to make .,~ the Indians dependent upon them. This was accomplished The Shawnee migrated to areas where the PhYSiCal~" through lavish presents and the establishment of a vast fur vironment was similar to that in the locality they left. Er '. trading network (prucha, 1962). By creating a demand for Voegelin pointed out that "despite their many shifts in 10> European manufactured goods, the colonists made the Indians dUi'ing the historical period all of the Shawnee groups dependent upon them and insured allies in the colonial strug­ kept within one ecological area, that of the deciduous fo~ gle for the continent. This dependency could not be avoided. belt of woodlands" (1944). Not only did the Shawnee remf" Guns, powder, and lead could be obtained only from the in the woodland, but their villages were nearly always 10catt4 Europeans. Arms were required if a tribe was to successfully in similar settings. The Shawnee preferred to settle on , defend itself against other tribes who did have such weapons ridges of long, narrow plains along navigable streams f and who were encouraged by the Europeans to make war. avoided coastal, swampy, and mountainous regions (Doneh" Such wars of annihilation were new to the American Indians, 1924; Harmar, 1934; Galloway, 1934). 48 Trade relations were important and became the basis upon the good will of the Creek, who claimed the Alabama land . h European colonists gained military alliances or at least upon which the Shawnee built their villages. Their prolonged whi~ality agreements with the Shawnee. If trade relations stay was fostered by the Carolina and French traders who ne\e down, military alliances also suffered.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Trail Through Shadow of Ljcaut C"P. from a Phoiogrnph Made by the Author in September, 1909
    The Trail through Shadow of lJcaUt C"p. From a phoiogrnph made by the Author in September, 1909. The Wilderness Trail Or The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsyl­ vania Traders on the Allegheny Path With Some New Annals of the Old West, and the Records of Some Strong Men and Some Bad Ones By Charles A. Hanna Author of .. The Scotch-Irish" With Eighty Maps alld Illustratiuns In Two Volumes Volume One G. P. Plltnam's Sons New York and London ltDe 1T1111c~erbocllec lIlreo6 1911 CHAPTER XII THE OHIO MINGOES OF THE WHITE RIVER, AND THE WENDATS IERRE JOSEPH DE CELORON, Commandant at Detroit in 1743, P wrote in the month of June of that year to Bcauharnois, the Governor-General of Canada at Quebec, respecting some Indians" who had seated themselves of late years at the White River." These Indians, he reported, were Senecas, Onondagas, and others of the Five Iroquois villages. At their urgent request, Celoron permitted some residents of Detroit to carry goods thither, and had recently sent Sicur Navarre to the post, to make a report thereupon. Navarre's account was trans­ nUtted to Quebec with this letter. Celoron's letter has been printed in the New York Colonial Doc1tments, but the accompanying report of Sieur Navarre has not heretofore been published. Following is a portion of that report: "Memoir of an inspection made by me, Navarre,l of the trading post where the Frenchman called Saguin carries on trade; of the different nations who are there established, and of the trade which can be de­ veloped there.
    [Show full text]
  • The Principal Indian Towns of Western Pennsylvania C
    The Principal Indian Towns of Western Pennsylvania C. Hale Sipe One cannot travel far in Western Pennsylvania with- out passing the sites of Indian towns, Delaware, Shawnee and Seneca mostly, or being reminded of the Pennsylvania Indians by the beautiful names they gave to the mountains, streams and valleys where they roamed. In a future paper the writer will set forth the meaning of the names which the Indians gave to the mountains, valleys and streams of Western Pennsylvania; but the present paper is con- fined to a brief description of the principal Indian towns in the western part of the state. The writer has arranged these Indian towns in alphabetical order, as follows: Allaquippa's Town* This town, named for the Seneca, Queen Allaquippa, stood at the mouth of Chartier's Creek, where McKees Rocks now stands. In the Pennsylvania, Colonial Records, this stream is sometimes called "Allaquippa's River". The name "Allaquippa" means, as nearly as can be determined, "a hat", being likely a corruption of "alloquepi". This In- dian "Queen", who was visited by such noted characters as Conrad Weiser, Celoron and George Washington, had var- ious residences in the vicinity of the "Forks of the Ohio". In fact, there is good reason for thinking that at one time she lived right at the "Forks". When Washington met her while returning from his mission to the French, she was living where McKeesport now stands, having moved up from the Ohio to get farther away from the French. After Washington's surrender at Fort Necessity, July 4th, 1754, she and the other Indian inhabitants of the Ohio Val- ley friendly to the English, were taken to Aughwick, now Shirleysburg, where they were fed by the Colonial Author- ities of Pennsylvania.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous People of Western New York
    FACT SHEET / FEBRUARY 2018 Indigenous People of Western New York Kristin Szczepaniec Territorial Acknowledgement In keeping with regional protocol, I would like to start by acknowledging the traditional territory of the Haudenosaunee and by honoring the sovereignty of the Six Nations–the Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca and Tuscarora–and their land where we are situated and where the majority of this work took place. In this acknowledgement, we hope to demonstrate respect for the treaties that were made on these territories and remorse for the harms and mistakes of the far and recent past; and we pledge to work toward partnership with a spirit of reconciliation and collaboration. Introduction This fact sheet summarizes some of the available history of Indigenous people of North America date their history on the land as “since Indigenous people in what is time immemorial”; some archeologists say that a 12,000 year-old history on now known as Western New this continent is a close estimate.1 Today, the U.S. federal government York and provides information recognizes over 567 American Indian and Alaskan Native tribes and villages on the contemporary state of with 6.7 million people who identify as American Indian or Alaskan, alone Haudenosaunee communities. or combined.2 Intended to shed light on an often overlooked history, it The land that is now known as New York State has a rich history of First includes demographic, Nations people, many of whom continue to influence and play key roles in economic, and health data on shaping the region. This fact sheet offers information about Native people in Indigenous people in Western Western New York from the far and recent past through 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • What Was the Iroquois Confederacy?
    04 AB6 Ch 4.11 4/2/08 11:22 AM Page 82 What was the 4 Iroquois Confederacy? Chapter Focus Questions •What was the social structure of Iroquois society? •What opportunities did people have to participate in decision making? •What were the ideas behind the government of the Iroquois Confederacy? The last chapter explored the government of ancient Athens. This chapter explores another government with deep roots in history: the Iroquois Confederacy. The Iroquois Confederacy formed hundreds of years ago in North America — long before Europeans first arrived here. The structure and principles of its government influenced the government that the United States eventually established. The Confederacy united five, and later six, separate nations. It had clear rules and procedures for making decisions through representatives and consensus. It reflected respect for diversity and a belief in the equality of people. Pause The image on the side of this page represents the Iroquois Confederacy and its five original member nations. It is a symbol as old as the Confederacy itself. Why do you think this symbol is still honoured in Iroquois society? 82 04 AB6 Ch 4.11 4/2/08 11:22 AM Page 83 What are we learning in this chapter? Iroquois versus Haudenosaunee This chapter explores the social structure of Iroquois There are two names for society, which showed particular respect for women and the Iroquois people today: for people of other cultures. Iroquois (ear-o-kwa) and Haudenosaunee It also explores the structure and processes of Iroquois (how-den-o-show-nee). government. Think back to Chapter 3, where you saw how Iroquois is a name that the social structure of ancient Athens determined the way dates from the fur trade people participated in its government.
    [Show full text]
  • Upper Canada, New York, and the Iroquois Six Nations, 1783-1815 Author(S): Alan Taylor Reviewed Work(S): Source: Journal of the Early Republic, Vol
    Society for Historians of the Early American Republic The Divided Ground: Upper Canada, New York, and the Iroquois Six Nations, 1783-1815 Author(s): Alan Taylor Reviewed work(s): Source: Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Spring, 2002), pp. 55-75 Published by: University of Pennsylvania Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3124858 . Accessed: 02/11/2011 18:25 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of Pennsylvania Press and Society for Historians of the Early American Republic are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Early Republic. http://www.jstor.org THE DIVIDED GROUND: UPPER CANADA, NEW YORK, AND THE IROQUOIS SIX NATIONS, 1783-1815 AlanTaylor In recentyears, historians have paid increasing attention to bordersand borderlandsas fluidsites of bothnational formation and local contestation. At theirperipheries, nations and empires assert their power and define their identitywith no certainty of success.Nation-making and border-making are inseparablyintertwined. Nations and empires, however, often reap defiance frompeoples uneasily bisected by theimposed boundaries. This process of border-making(and border-defiance)has been especiallytangled in the Americaswhere empires and republicsprojected their ambitions onto a geographyoccupied and defined by Indians.Imperial or nationalvisions ran up against the tangled complexities of interdependentpeoples, both native and invader.
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility Study on a Potential Susquehanna Connector Trail for the John Smith Historic Trail
    Feasibility Study on a Potential Susquehanna Connector Trail for the John Smith Historic Trail Prepared for The Friends of the John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail November 16, 2009 Coordinated by The Bucknell University Environmental Center’sNature and Human Communities Initiative The Susquehanna Colloquium for Nature and Human Communities The Susquehanna River Heartland Coalition for Environmental Studies In partnership with Bucknell University The Eastern Delaware Nations The Haudenosaunee Confederacy The Susquehanna Greenway Partnership Pennsylvania Environmental Council Funded by the Conservation Fund/R.K. Mellon Foundation 2 Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 3 Recommended Susquehanna River Connecting Trail................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 6 Staff ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Criteria used for Study................................................................................................................. 6 2. Description of Study Area, Team Areas, and Smith Map Analysis ...................................... 8 a. Master Map of Sites and Trails from Smith Era in Study Area........................................... 8 b. Study
    [Show full text]
  • Ojibwe and Dakota Relations: a Modern Ojibwe Perspective Through
    Ojibwe miinawa Bwaanag Wiijigaabawitaadiwinan (Ojibwe and Dakota Relations) A Modern Ojibwe Perspective Through Oral History Ojibwe miinawa Bwaanag Wiijigaabawitaadiwinan (Ojibwe and Dakota Relations) A Modern Ojibwe Perspective Through Oral History Jason T. Schlender, History Joel Sipress, Ph.D, Department of Social Inquiry ABSTRACT People have tried to write American Indian history as the history of relations between tribes and non-Indians. What is important is to have the history of the Ojibwe and Dakota relationships conveyed with their own thoughts. This is important because it shows the vitality of Ojibwe oral history conveyed in their language and expressing their own views. The stories and recollections offer a different lens to view the world of the Ojibwe. A place few people have looked at in order to understand the complicated web of relationships that Ojibwe and Dakota have with one another. Niibowa bwaanag omaa gii-taawag. Miish igo gii-maajinizhikawaawaad iwidi mashkodeng. Mashkodeng gii-izhinaazhikawaad iniw bwaanan, akina. Miish akina imaa Minisooding gii-nagadamowaad mitigokaag, aanjigoziwaad. Mii sa naagaj, mii i’iw gaa- izhi-zagaswe’idiwaad ingiw bwaanag, ingiw anishinaabeg igaye. Gaawiin geyaabi wii- miigaadisiiwag, wiijikiwendiwaad. A lot of Sioux lived here. Then they chased them out to the prairies, all of them. They [were forced] to move and abandon the forests there in Minnesota. But later on, they had a [pipe] ceremony, the Sioux and Chippewa too. They didn’t fight anymore, [and] made friends.1 Introduction (Maadaajimo) There is awareness of a long history, in more modern times, a playful lack of trust between the Ojibwe and Dakota. Historians like William Warren documented Ojibwe life while Samuel Pond did the same with the Dakota.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Notes and Ethnographic Terms for Abenakis Wôbanakiak
    Malian’s Song – Linguistic Notes and Ethnographic Terms for Abenakis By Marge Bruchac Wôbanakiak = Abenaki Indians Wôbanakiak – Abenaki Peoples – Wabanaki Confederacy Abenaki is a common generic term for the Native American Indian peoples of northern New England, southeastern Canada, and the Maritimes. These peoples are also known as Wabanaki (Eastern Abenaki – Maine and the Canadian Maritimes) or Wôbanakiak (Western Abenaki – New Hampshire, Vermont, and southeastern Canada). In the Native language Wôbanakiak roughly translates to mean “People of the Dawn.” The name Wôbanakiak, is created from the morphemes for dawn (wôban), and land (aki) combined with the animate plural ending (-ak) to indicate those people who dwell in that place. (The nasalized “ohn” sound in Abenaki is variously spelled as ô or 8.) During the 15-1600s, English, French, and Dutch mispronunciations of Wôbanakiak resulted in the variant spellings found in colonial and contemporary records. These include the English/Dutch Abnaki (with a hard “a” sound), the English/French Abenaki (also with the hard “a” and stress on the first syllable), and the French Abénaquis (pronounced “Ah-behn-ah-ki” with a flat “e” and stress on the second and final syllables, following French conventions). All of these variant pronunciations are still in use today. The Wabanaki Confederacy today includes two tribes of the Passamaquoddy Nation, one tribe of the Penobscot Nation, several tribes of the Malecite Nation, over 20 tribes of the Mi’kmaq or Micmac Nation, the Wolinak Abenaki, the Abenaki Nation and several other groups of Western Abenaki. The Abenaki Nation includes the St. Francis Sokoki Band or Abenaki Nation at Missisquoi based in Swanton, VT, as well as the Abenaki Nation at Odanak, historically called the St.
    [Show full text]
  • A Native History of Kentucky
    A Native History Of Kentucky by A. Gwynn Henderson and David Pollack Selections from Chapter 17: Kentucky in Native America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia edited by Daniel S. Murphree Volume 1, pages 393-440 Greenwood Press, Santa Barbara, CA. 2012 1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW As currently understood, American Indian history in Kentucky is over eleven thousand years long. Events that took place before recorded history are lost to time. With the advent of recorded history, some events played out on an international stage, as in the mid-1700s during the war between the French and English for control of the Ohio Valley region. Others took place on a national stage, as during the Removal years of the early 1800s, or during the events surrounding the looting and grave desecration at Slack Farm in Union County in the late 1980s. Over these millennia, a variety of American Indian groups have contributed their stories to Kentucky’s historical narrative. Some names are familiar ones; others are not. Some groups have deep historical roots in the state; others are relative newcomers. All have contributed and are contributing to Kentucky's American Indian history. The bulk of Kentucky’s American Indian history is written within the Commonwealth’s rich archaeological record: thousands of camps, villages, and town sites; caves and rockshelters; and earthen and stone mounds and geometric earthworks. After the mid-eighteenth century arrival of Europeans in the state, part of Kentucky’s American Indian history can be found in the newcomers’ journals, diaries, letters, and maps, although the native voices are more difficult to hear.
    [Show full text]
  • Iroquois Native American Cultural Influences in Promoting Women's
    Iroquois Native American Cultural Influences in Promoting Women’s Rights Ideologies Leading Up to the First Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls on the 19th and 20th of July, 1848 Willow Michele Hagan To what extent did Iroquois Native American culture and policies influence the establishment of the first ever women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls on the 19th and 20th of July, 1848? Abstract In Iroquois culture women have always shared equal treatment with men. They regard women with respect and authority; women can participate in equal labor and can own their own property. With these ideals so close in proximity to Seneca Falls, to what extent did Iroquois Native American culture and policies influence the establishment of the Seneca Falls Convention and the arguments for women’s rights it proposed? To answer this question, Iroquois relationships between women’s rights activists and other leaders in American society will be examined; including the spread of matrilineal thought into the minds of those who had ties to the Iroquois, predominantly with the leaders of the Seneca Falls Convention. The proposals put forth by the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments will also be addressed to look at the parallels between the thoughts promoted for women’s rights and those ideologies of Iroquois culture. Newspaper articles, as well as other primary and secondary sources, will be consulted in order to interpret this relationship. Through the exploration of the association between Iroquois culture and the Seneca Falls Convention, it can be determined that the culture of the Iroquois did have influence over the Seneca Falls Convention.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shawnee in Pennsylvania
    Pennsylvania 178 The Shawnee In The Shawnee In Pennsylvania It is not the intention of the author of this brief mono- graph to give a history of the wanderings of the Shawnee previous to their appearance within the Colony of Pennsyl- vania. No single tribe in the history of the United States has had a more varied and interesting pathway of migra- tion. Nor has any single tribe had as important an influ- ence in the conflicts with the white settlements in the region east of the Mississippi river. It seems highly probable that the Shawnee occupied the headwaters of the Ohio previous to the time of their southward migration. Some of the mounds and other earth- works along the upper Ohio and in south-western Pennsyl- vania seem to have been erected by the ancestors of the historic Shawnee. The author, however, willnot at present attempt to cover the history of this most interesting period, but simply to state a few theories and facts as to the relation- ship with other Algonkian tribes and of their early habitat. The Shawnee belong to the group of Algonkian tribes occupying the Atlantic region. According to the tradition of the Walum Olum they were united with the Delaware and the Nanticoke previous to the time of the expulsion of the Cherokee from the North. After this time the tribes separated, the Shawnee going southward, hence the desig- nation Shawnee, or Southerners. When first known, in the historic period, they were occupying the Cumberland basin and the region in South Carolina. The history of the Shawnee commences in 1669-70, when they were occupying the regions in Tennessee and South Carolina.
    [Show full text]
  • Ojibwe, Missisauga Ojibwe, Ir- the French’S Side During a War with the Mesquaki Tribe, Also of Wiscon- Sin
    The Lakes and Their People A Collection of Legends from the Great Lakes Region Menominee: The Menominee have always found their home in Wis- consin. The tribe was mainly settled along the Menominee river. They he First Nations of the Great Lakes region were a friend to the French, often trading furs, and even standing by Tinclude the Ojibwe, Missisauga Ojibwe, Ir- the French’s side during a war with the Mesquaki tribe, also of Wiscon- sin. Following the end of the Revolutionary war, the Menominee were oquois, Winnebago, Potawatomi, Ottawa Wy- reluctant to make any peace with the United States, but eventually andot, Delaware, Menominee, Meskwaki Sauk, they were moved to reservations in Minnesota. Sioux, Miami, and Shawnee tribes, who had Iroquois: The Iroquois originally held territory in New York, south inhabited this land for the past 10,000 years, of Lake Ontario. While their territory slowly expanded to encompass or perhaps even longer. These tribes brought much of the southern shores of Lakes Michigan and Erie, for the most part, the people still physically lived in northern New York. However, with them the first civilizations to our region, they were forced back into their original territories following wars with learned how to work with copper, to cultivate the Algonquin and British colonialism. And following the Revolution- ary War, and the defeat of the British, with whom the Iroquois had sid- and work with the land while leaving it plenti- ed, much of their territory was signed away to the United States, and ful for the future. These tribes make the histo- many Iroquois retreated to their territories in Canada.
    [Show full text]