OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 45 NO. 4 FALL 1995

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one TERM copy of publication) $18.50; Individual Life Membership $300. Husband and EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS wife Life Membership $500. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, pub­ 1996 President Steven J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, Lancaster, OH lished quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological 43130,(614)653-6642 Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. 1996 Vice President Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pike, BACK ISSUES Chillicothe, OH 45601, (614) 772-5431 1996 Exec. Sect. Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage St., Ashland, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 44805, (419)289-8313 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 1996 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1996 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614) 861-0673 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43064,(614)873-5471 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ 1996 Immediate Past Pres. Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star erally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 business office for prices and availability. ASO CHAPTERS BUSINESS MANAGER Alum Creek Chapter Paul Wildermuth, 2505 Logan-Thorneville Road, Rushville, OH President: Dennis Buehler, 1736 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH 43150, (614) 536-7855, 1-800-736-7815 Aboriginal Explorers Club President: Richard Getz, 10949 Millersburg Rd SW, Massillon, OH TRUSTEES Beau Fleuve Chapter 1996 Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Rd., Mt. Vernon, OH President: John McKendry, 5545 Trescott Terrace, Lakeview, NY 43050, (614)393-2314 Blue Jacket Chapter 1996 James R. Hahn, 770 S. Second St., Heath, OH 43056, President: Jon M. Anspaugh, 210 E Silver St., Wapakoneta, OH (614)323-2351 Chippewa Valley Archaeological Society 1996 Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 President: Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Rd, Medina, OH (614)653-9477 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 1996 Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd., Norton, OH 44203 President: Gary J. Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH (216)753-7081 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter 1998 Martha Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville, OH 43081, President: Gary J. Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH (614)297-2641 Divided Ridges Chapter 1998 Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Road, Medina, OH 44256, (216) President: John Mocic, Box 170, Route 1, Valley Drive, 723-7122 Dilles-Bottom, OH 1998 William Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Ave., Columbus, OH 43224 Fort Salem Chapter (614)262-9615 President: Russell Strunk, 5526 Betty Lane, Milford, OH 1998 Jeb Bowen, 419 Sandusky Ave., Fremont, OH 43420 Fulton Creek Chapter (419)585-2571 President: Don Mathys, 23000 St. Rt. 47, West Mansfield, OH Johnny Appleseed Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORS President: Randy Hancock, 1202 ST RT 302 RD#5, Ashland, OH King Beaver Chapter David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 President: Judith Storti, RD. #2, Box 1519, 1519 Herrick St., Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 New Castle, PA Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Kyger Creek Chapter William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Ruth A. Warden, 20 Evans Heights, Gallipolis, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, Lake County Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 President: Douglas Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd, Willoughby Hills, OH David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 President: Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Rd., Patriot, OH Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: Raymond Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH Zanesville, OH 43701 Mound City Chapter Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331 President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH Painted Post Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: Norman Fox, 810 Coolidge St, New Castle, PA should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, Sandusky Bay Chapter changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH ness Manager. Sandusky Valley Chapter President: Jeb Bowen, 11891 E County, Rd 24, Republic, OH PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS Seneca Arrow Hunters CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH Six River Valley Chapter President: Dr. Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH Standing Stone Chapter NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONPresident:E JeNUMBEb Bowen, 1189R 1 E County, Rd 24, Republic, OH 1-800-736-781Sugarcree5 k Valley Chapter TOLL FREEPresident: Skeeter Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Rd, Norton, OH TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE The Caps Sun Site: A Preliminary Report It seems impossible that my tenure as President of the Archae­ by Elaine Holzapfel 4 ological Society of Ohio is rapidly coming to an end. Which, of Two Parts of a Crescent Banner by Jerry Ball 8 course, means it will soon be time to elect the new officers to serve for the next two years. I urge anyone who has any desire A Geniculate from Mahoning County whatsoever to serve as an officer or trustee of the ASO to con­ by Charles F. Henderson 10 tact any of the current officers and let your wishes be known. I An Oddity in Fort Ancient Pipes by D.R. Gehlbach 11 am appointing Bob Converse and Don Casto to be on the Nomi­ nating Committee. These two men have done a great job in the A British Brass Pipe Tomahawk by Jeff Dearth 12 past few elections and I have asked them to serve once again on A Fort Ancient Effigy Pipe by Wade A. Wolf 13 this very important committee. They will not nominate anyone The Powelson Site: An Adena Mound in the Lower Tuscarawas who has not given their consent to be nominated. Therefore, if River Valley by Wayne A. Mortine & Doug Randies 14 you would like to be nominated for a position, please let an A Catlinite Pipe from Union County, Ohio officer know of your desire. Please, do not be bashful about wanting to serve your Society. by Robert N. Converse 17 With much dismay I read an article in the June 12, 1995 issue A Putnam County Birdstone by Lloyd Harnishfeger 18 of The New Yorker entitled "A Reporter at Large - The Mystery of Bannerstones from Savannah by Randy L. Hancock 19 Sandia Cave" by Douglas Preston. The article brought forth many unanswered questions regarding the Sandia Cave site and A Response to Topping's Revisionist View of Snoop the individuals who excavated it. The controversies regarding by Gary L. Fogelman 20 Sandia Cave have been floating around for years and this article Scenes from the Henderson Site (33BL212) did very little to clear the situation up. I certainly am not going to by Brian DaRe 21 take sides in the issues, but it does give me cause to wonder. Here is some good news for individuals who are interested in his­ A Large Archaic Spear by Joel Embrey 24 torical archaeology. Archaeologists may have found the remains of A Turtle Effigy Pipe by Robert N. Converse 25 the legendary lost site of the first permanent English settlement in Late Prehistoric Monongahela Ceremonial Ornaments as this country. This being the original Jamestown which was settled Symbols of Rank and Leadership in 1607 on Jamestown Island in the James River. by Thomas E. Pickenpaugh 26 Historians believed that the original fort site of the settlement had probably been eroded away by the strong currents of the Two Slate Banners from the Mel Wilkins Collection river. However, some archaeologists had doubts, suspicions and by Mel Wilkins 32 evidence that such might not be the case. In April 1994, William Announcement: Major Donation Kelso, chief archaeologist for the Jamestown Rediscovery pro­ by Eugene and Priscilla Ochsner 33 ject and his small staff started an excavation. Many artifacts The 1973 Excavations at the Stockdale Rockshelter, have been recovered from the site. Of most interest to me was Muskingum County, Ohio by Richard Gartley 34 the discovery of evidence indicating the existence of a palisade, and possibly a corner gate, which may have belonged to the War Clubs and War Club Heads from Ohio original fort. This is a great discovery even if it does not prove to by Elaine Holzapfel and Robert N. Converse 40 be the original fort of the first Jamestown. Editorial: The ARPA and NAGPRA Laws I understand that the site is open to the public and visitors can by Robert N. Converse 43 view the roped off excavation close up. Visitors can also witness the site's field laboratory which has been set up behind a glass Crabtree Award to Jeff Carskadden 46 viewing area. Obituary, Art Allen 46 New Book, The Petersen Site and New Perspectives on Thanks, and until next time, take care. the Late Prehistory of Northwestern Ohio 47 Book Review by Robert N. Converse 47 J^o^\oAm^ Steve Parker

Cover Figure: This Hopewell pendant is made of gray banded slate and is five inches long. It was found 1 mile southwest of Shenandoah, Crawford County, Ohio, and originally collected by Jack Hooks.

3 THE CAPS SUN SITE: A PRELIMINARY REPORT by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

The Caps Sun site lies along Greenville a connection with the Early Archaic Side- tools found on sites in Ohio and were used Creek near Greenville in Darke County in Notch points. Dovetails rarely occur in in all time periods. A large crude chopper west-central Ohio. Situated on the first numbers on any site. made of a quartzite glacial cobble has a terrace of a steeply-sloping 50-foot bank wide, flat upper surface and a sinuous of the creek, the site is adjacent to a sub­ HOPEWELL COMPONENT chopping edge. Pebbles observed with stantial spring. The soil is a rich silt loam, The site must have been vacant for long grooved surfaces may have served as common to the county. As the ground nearly 7000 years after the Early Archaic abraders (for atlatl shafts?). Battered rocks has been cultivated for over 100 years, it occupation. Then, around 2000 years lying on the site may be the tools that is surprising that the site concentration ago Hopewell people came to the site. made tools. can still be discerned. I have been Their occupation is marked by the pres­ walking this plowed field since 1985 and ence of four flint points and several other FLINT DEBITAGE only recently began to realize the signifi­ significant artifacts. Two Hopewell points Although many small flakes are found cance of this small area. are made of translucent Flint Ridge chal­ on the Caps Sun site, only four varieties Unlike many sites in Darke County, cedony and one is made of heat-treated of raw material appear: Four-Mile-Creek which display cultural material from var­ Four-Mile-Creek chert. One large chert, Flint Ridge flint, Delaware chert, ious periods, the Caps Sun site reveals Hopewell point made of Nellie chert was and Upper Mercer flint. The most diminu­ only two components, widely separated converted to a hafted scraper, probably tive are concentrated near the creek in time — Early Archaic (ca. 9000 B.P.) after being broken. Typical of Hopewell bank; some appear to have been burned and Hopewell (ca. 2000 B.P.). The area of scrapers, it is sharpened from both sides. since they exhibit pot-lid fractures. Of occupation, about 80 feet by 100 feet, is A rectangular section of sawn red slate approximately a half-pound of flakes, marked by a moderate lithic scatter. (Converse 1985) is probably Hopewell, as none appear to have been micro-tools. Of slate items are not known to have been all debitage under 1 'A cm. long, almost all EARLY ARCHAIC COMPONENT manufactured during the Early Archaic. A — over 90% — was Four-Mile-Creek The Early Archaic occupation of the crude slate disc similar to those found at chert in various colors due to having been Caps Sun site is evidenced by the occur­ the Troyer site(Converse 1966) is prob­ heat treated. Conspicuously absent from rence of variants of Archaic Side-Notch ably also Hopewell. The end scraper is the site in both artifacts and flakes are points. The majority of these points are included with Hopewell on the basis of Harrison County flint and Logan County made of Four-Mile-Creek chert. Most of material used, Flint Ridge chalcedony. chert, both of which are commonly found them consist only of point bases. Interest­ on sites in west-central Ohio. ingly, not a single point tip has been found FLINT TOOLS on the site. Some of the side-notch points A variety of flint tools made of Four- FIRE-CRACKED ROCK display the characteristic tannish-gray Mile-Creek chert was found on the site. Fire-cracked rock is moderately scat­ color of Four-Mile-Creek chert, although One broken Archaic Side-Notch point tered over the site, with a slight concen­ others are tinted pink or even red, prob­ has had three burin flakes removed from tration near the creek bank and on a ably because the flint was heat treated. a corner of its broken edge (Converse southwest-facing slope. Most of it is Four-Mile-Creek chert is a common raw 1982). Four end scrapers, a flake knife, dark-colored igneous rock, parts of material for flint artifacts in west-central and a unifacial pick or borer of Four-Mile- which are fire reddened. A surprising Ohio. It has been identified along Four- Creek chert are possibly of Archaic origin amount of the fire-cracked rock is a milky Mile-Creek in nearby Preble County. Even as the flint used is identical to that of the quartzite which is burned to deep pink though local quarries have yet to be broken Archaic point bases. A limace and red. This rock seems to have origi­ found, the flint can outcrop in a number of (Gramly 1990) or plane (Converse 1991) nated as fist-sized cobbles found in the places where streams have cut through concludes the flint tools of Four-Mile- creek. They were probably chosen for the Silurian dolomite. Creek chert. use in building a camp fire or, possibly, Seven of the Archaic Side-Notch Five end scrapers and two side such rounded and smoothed cobbles points are made of Delaware chert, a raw scrapers made of Delaware chert are may have been preferred for stoneboiling material which originates in central Ohio made differently from the Four-Mile- to avoid damage to leather cooking con­ and is seldom found in west-central Creek chert scrapers. The Delaware chert tainers by jagged edges of rocks. Ohio. Unlike the points made of Four- scrapers are made on narrow, irregularly Mile-Creek chert, most of the Delaware shaped flakes which appear not to have CONCLUSIONS chert points are entire, and damage originally been intended as scrapers, but The Caps Sun site was occupied by only seems to have been done by the plow. seem to have been utilized so that the two groups, Early Archaic and Hopewell. One unbroken side-notch point is flint would not be wasted. The site was probably chosen by prehis­ made of black Upper Mercer flint. Also in Two broken drills made of Upper Mercer toric man because of the presence of a the assemblage are two Dovetail bases. flint, both of which show much wear, con­ substantial spring along Greenville Creek. Both are truncated-base types. One is clude the flint tools from the site. Why the site was vacant for 7000 years is made of Upper Mercer flint and the other, difficult to understand. made of Four-Mile-Creek chert, appears STONE TOOLS Most of the Early Archaic artifacts are to have been a hafted scraper, sharp­ Only one pitted stone, irregularly shaped made of Four-Mile-Creek chert. Local ened from one side, as Archaic scrapers and pitted from both sides was found. sources of this stone were probably are. Dovetail points may, therefore, have Pitted stones are one of the most common found near the site, providing a ready

4 supply of raw material. Because bases of the study of migration patterns of early References Cited points are found, and as yet no tips, it man in western Ohio. The lack of utilized Converse, Robert N. appears that broken bases were dis­ flakes suggests that basket or textile man­ 1966 The Troyer Site. Ohio Archaeologist carded at the site, the tips having broken ufacture was not important at this location. 16(1) :11-15. off elsewhere. Manufacture of points However, endscrapers indicate that some 1969 Archaic Side Notch Spear. Ohio Archae­ from quarry blanks probably took place hide-working was done here. The pres­ ologist 19(3) :97. here because of the great amount of ence of only one pitted stone implies that 1982 Burins. Ohio Archaeologist 32(1) :28-29. small flake debitage. nut gathering was done on a limited basis. 1985 Sawn Slate. Ohio Archareologist 35 (4):12. (As the uses of the above tools are not The unexpected presence of Delaware 1990 Re-Notched Points. Ohio Archaeologist chert may indicate that a different group of actually known, the stated processes 40(3) :23. Early Archaic people visited the site. It is remain conjectural.) 1991 Flint Planes. Ohio Archaeologist also possible that the same group of Since the artifacts from both occupations 40(3) :23. people used different varieties of flint for are easily distinguishable, the Caps Sun site Gramly, R.M. different purposes, as the Delaware points, may provide an insight into both the Early 1990 Guide to the Palaeo-lndian Artifacts of North being entire, imply another kind of use Archaic and Hopewell in Darke County. America, p. 32 . Persimmon Press, Buffalo. than the broken Four-Mile-Creek points The owners have kindly granted me per­ received. mission to continue my investigation of this The presence of Delaware chert and the site. I welcome inquiries from anyone re­ absence of Harrison County flint and searching Early Archaic or Hopewell. Logan County chert may be pertinent to

•M Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Early Archaic artifacts (9000 B.P.) from the Caps Sun site in central Darke County, Ohio. Top three rows are mostly bases of variants of Early Archaic Side-Notch points made of Four- Mile-Creek chert. The first broken point displays three burin flakes. The first base in third row is a re- notched point (Converse 1990). Second point in same row is a finely made miniature and is deep red due to heat treatment. Row 4 - displays Archaic Side-Notch points made of Delaware chert, an uncommon raw material in west-cen­ tral Ohio. The Delaware chert points differ from the Four-Mile-Creek chert points in breakage pattern. Bottom row - one Upper Mercer Archaic Side-Notch point and bases of two truncated-base Dovetails.

5 •4 Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Hopewell artifacts from the Caps Sun site (2000 B.P.). Top row - First is a large hafted scraper made of Nellie chert, second, a point made of heat- treated Four-Mile-Creek chert, followed by another hafted scraper (Flint Ridge), a broken point and an end scraper, both of Flint Ridge chalcedony. Second row - A crude slate disc and a rectan­ gular section of sawn red slate.

Figure 4 (Holzapfel) A unifacial tool called a limace or plane made of Four-Mile-Creek chert. This may be a Paleo-lndian artifact dating form 12,000 B.P.

Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Flint tools made of Delaware chert and Four-Mile-Creek chert from Caps Sun site. Top row are all made of Delaware chert. First four artifacts are crude narrow flakes with end scrapers made on them (scraping edge faces downward). Last two are side scrapers or flake knives. Second row - Three end scrapers and a unifacial perforator or borer, all made of Four-Mile-Creek chert. Last is a large flake knife. Bottom row - Two broken drills, both of black Upper Mercer flint.

6 Figure 5 (Holzapfel) A sample of fire-cracked rock from the site. Some of Figure 6 (Holzapfel) A large, crude chopper, 5% inches long, made of this was quartzite which had been burned to red and pink. quartzite. Top is broad and flat: bottom displays chipped sinuous chop­ ping edge. Such a tool could have been made during any age period.

•4Figure 7 (Holzapfel) Flint flakes under VAcm. from the Caps Sun site. Top row - Four-Mile-Creek chert. Second row - Flakes of Flint Ridge, Upper Mercer, and Delaware chert. Relative weight in grams shown in chart below.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 6C Four Mile Creek Chert Flint Ridge Delaware Chert Upper Mercer "

Table 1 (Holzapfe 1) Grams of flint debitage. TWO PARTS OF A CRESCENT BANNER by Jerry Ball 3796 Mt. Zion Road Lucas, Ohio 44843

On July 9, 1995, while at the Johnny The color difference on Pams half is ably still in the field and may not be large Appleseed Chapter picnic at the home of probably due to its being exposed on the enough to be easily recognized. The Randy and Cathy Hancock, I obtained two surface for a longer period of time. Color missing tip appears to be an older break broken pieces of slate from Jack Hooks as on the broken tip end and the portion but probably not prehistoric since it study pieces. The first piece was half of a where the two pieces join is pretty consis­ shows no real evidence of rework, "double bitted axe" style bannerstone, the tent, but in the area of the hole, where smoothing, or polish as may be expected second was half of a crescent or knobbed part is missing, the color is darker, sug­ if it was utilized after breakage by its pre­ lunate bannerstone. (Fig. 1) This piece par­ gesting more recent damage. historic owner. Mr. Pry is known to have ticularly caught my eye because instead of The following morning I made the short hunted with friends, but had they found the more common rounded style, it was trip to Jack's home to show him our dis­ the other part it is likely it would have the flatter style and beveled on the bottom covery and try to find out more about been recognized and the pieces rejoined. half. Although this trait does not seem to where he had obtained the half I had pur­ Another possibility is that it may be in an be common, it does appear on both the chased. After some discussion and picture unknown collection or even a farmers tool unknobbed and knobbed varieties of taking, Jack was not only able to tell me box. The remaining possibility is that its lunates. Figs. (1) & (2) At this time I had no where the artifact did come from near still in that field waiting to be found. It provenience on these pieces. Crestline in Crawford County but showed would be almost to much to ask for the Remembering that Pam Lauer of Crest­ me a picture of the original owner in his other pieces to show up, but who would line, Ohio, had shown me a similar styled relic room taken February 1, 1951. "Burley" have thought we'd be able to get this far. piece which she had found surface Pry had been a collector in that area and Since Pams piece was a personal find, hunting, I made a mental note to show displayed artifacts with the Crestline Histor­ and due to circumstances around the her my piece for comparison. ical Society. Jack acquired the collection original finder of my piece, I have decided Opportunity for comparison came from the family shortly after Mr. Pry's the rightful place of rest should be in her about a month later. My daughters and I death. (3) relic cabinet. Hopefully someday the visited the Wyandot County Museum in Upon relaying this information to Pam, remaining part may show up. Upper Sandusky in early August. After a she recognized the name Pry as her A special thanks goes to Jeff Zemrock, very nice tour and visit with Jeb Bowen grandmothers maiden name. A check historian for the Johnny Appleseed and Paula Cash, we decided to make a with older family members and church Chapter of the ASO for his expertise with chance visit to Pam's home on our return records showed that Burrell J. "Burley" a camera. trip. At first glance the two pieces were Pry (1883-1966) was a great-great uncle obviously the same style, but Pam's find to Pam. (4) was a different color, being a much lighter We don't have any exact way of References or "yellow" slate. As most collectors knowing the time span between the would do out of curiosity, I placed the two finding of the two pieces but we can 1. Steve Fuller pieces together for a better comparison speculate a little. Pam's records show her 1993 Personal communication of size and workmanship. Viewing the part was found on May 21, 1993. Since pieces from opposite sides, Pam and I Mr. Pry died in 1966 at about 83 years of 2. Ohio Archaeologist immediately started noticing bands in the age we know the minimum time span in Volume 35 No.3 - back cover slate were matching at the break and then 27 years and, as he was a lifelong col­ 3. Jack Hooks a plow mark on both pieces seemed to lector, it is probable the piece was found August 1995 match. By placing the halves on a flat sur­ much earlier, possibly back as far as the Personal communication face it was obvious that we did indeed turn of the century. have two parts of the same artifact. At this time we have only one problem - 4. Pam Lauer Everything matched perfectly from the where are the remaining parts? The September 1995 material right down to small chips from missing area around the hole appears to Personal communication both pieces along the break. (Fig.2) be a more recent breakage and is prob­

8 •^ Figure 1 (Ball) study pieces acquired from Jack Hooks - July 9, 1995.

•4 Figure 2 (Ball) front view of 2 pieces joined at break through the hole.

•^ Figure 3 (Ball) view of bottom edge showing hole and tapered or beveled lower portion of artifact

9 A GENICULATE FROM MAHONING COUNTY by Charles F. Henderson 1244 N. Union Salem, Ohio 44460

The geniculate in figure 1 was found by Leota Cattell died in the 1950's and her Alliance, Ohio on July 16, 1984. Leota Cattell about 1910 on the Snodes estate, which included the geniculate, After admiring it for a good many years, I farm in Smith Township, Mahoning County. was purchased by Max Gard of Lisbon, obtained the geniculate from my good Made of banded slate, it measures 3% Ohio, who was a well known historian friend, Ed Miller, in December, 1993. inches long, 25/e inches high, and 13/e and antique dealer in the area. inches thick. Geniculates usually range On July 2, 1972, Max Gard sold it to References 1 in length from 3 /2 inches to 6 inches Francis Nezbeth of Sebring, Ohio who Converse, Robert N. (Converse 1978:86), so this piece fits kept the geniculate in his collection for 12 1978 Ohio Slate Types, Archaeological Society very nicely into that size range. years before selling it to Ed Miller of of Ohio, Columbus

Figure 1 (Henderson) Geniculate, made of banded slated, that was found in Mahoning County, Ohio.

10 AN ODDITY IN FORT ANCIENT PIPES by D.R. Gehlbach Columbus, Ohio

Recently, the author had the opportunity rare material. Limonite is a fine grained iron sculpted hairline and an engraved hair to acquire a very unusual Fort Ancient derivative which takes on a highly polished motif feature continues down the rear of Face Effigy Pipe. The strange three dimen­ yellow cast. Because of the hardness of the pipe past the stem opening. sional decorations were not apparent until the material many of the distinguishing fea­ In all, this pipe is a very peculiar devia­ the pipe was exposed to strong lighting. tures of this rare pipe have been pre­ tion from what is usually very undistin­ The pipe was originally acquired by the served. First, there are engraved furrows in guished Fort Ancient portraiture. In this late Dr. James Reed of Quincy, Illinois, forehead, perhaps signifying an individual instance, it doesn't fit the roughly depicted from the late Dr. Stanley Copeland in 1951. of advanced age. Second, the eye depic­ stylization or lack of sophistication found in Dr. Copeland lived in Columbus, Ohio, and tions are bulbous, perhaps an indicator of most period pipes. Perhaps, like the spent a considerable amount of time an advanced medical condition at death. famous Adena Man pipe, this example exploring prehistoric Ft. Ancient sites along Since the pupil area is not denoted it is defies explanation and simply represents the Scioto River from Chillicothe to suggested the individual was deceased at one person's attempt to memorialize a Portsmouth, Ohio. This pipe may therefore the time the pipe was crafted (a character­ community member having unusual phys­ have been a surface find during one of his istic seen on similar examples). The nose is ical characteristics, or perhaps through the many excursions, perhaps in the company highly developed with an expanded bridge subject, relate more closely to the super­ of his good friend Phil Kientz. The pipe pic­ area and exaggerated nostrils, perhaps a natural world. Whatever its purpose, this tured (Figure 1) is labeled as being found in feature unique to the subject of the Ft. Ancient masterpiece represents Scioto County, Ohio on site #43. carving. The mouth area features slightly advanced artistic sculpture in what was The material is unusual. I believe it is enlarged lips and more facial decoration formerly thought to be a very primitive limonite or a slightly impure version of this denoting age. The hair is depicted by a school of craftmanship.

Figures 1 & 2 (Gehlbach) Two views of a limonite Ft. Ancient human head effigy pipe.

11 A BRITISH BRASS PIPE TOMAHAWK by Jeff Dearth 3615 Ravens Glen Columbus, Ohio 43221

Typically, pipe tomahawks were made of 1781 there were on hand Kings Store of this type have been found in Canada, of iron, a majority having a steel insert at at the Detroit among the other goods Michigan and Ohio. The furthest docu­ the end of the blade sharpened to a keen destined for annual supply of Indian pre­ mented southern find is in Clark County, edge. These "smoke" tomahawks were sents 91 half axes, 300 small axes, and Ohio. It was discovered along an Indian trail exported to North America by Great 100 'smoak tomahawks'." and is now on display in the Ohio-Historical Britain and France in the eighteenth and Brass pipe tomahawks continued to be Society Museum in Columbus. nineteenth centuries. As American smiths imported until after the War of 1812, but The brass pipe tomahawk shown in fig­ became active and participated in the diminished afterwards with the lack of ures 1 and 2 was found in Tuscarawas Indian trade, American made pipe toma­ British trade. It is also possible that the County, Ohio, and is an example of the hawks were introduced to the Indians. Indians lost interest in them since several seven-leafed style motif. Not only were Indians eager to have the references refer to the brass tomahawk tomahawk as part of their war regalia, but as a 'fragile weapon', the steel blade References the American frontiersman and militia sol­ insert being easily separated from the diers were also known to have carried brass head. Timeline, A Publication of the small belt axes, half axes, squaw axes Ohio Historical Society There were several varieties of engrav­ August - September 1987: and pipe tomahawks. ings on brass pipe tomahawks. One type Go and Be Brave . During the latter half of the eighteenth has a blade decoration of a fringed stalk century the brass pipe tomahawk came ending in a three-petaled stylized flower. American Indian Tomahawks, into fashion as a trade item for the Another style has a vine motif with either by Harold Peterson Indians in the Great Lakes region. four, five or seven leafed vines engraved Although it appears that brass half axes on the blade. The pipe bowl and eye The Bulletin of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum were in use as early as the seventeenth were also richly decorated. The hafts for Vol. VII century via the Dutch, British brass pipe these tomahawks were always un­ adorned and nondescript. Indian Tomahawks and Frontiersmen tomahawks were first introduced around Belt Axes 1780. Documentation regarding this The trade distribution seems to have fol­ By Sam Hartzler appeared in the Bulletin of Fort Ticon- lowed the eastern Great Lakes drainage and and James Knowles deroga Museum, Vol. VII - "In the spring tributaries. The majority of brass tomahawks

Figure 1 & 2 (Dearth) Obverse and reverse of a brass pipe tomahawk found in Tuscarawas County, Ohio.

12 A FORT ANCIENT EFFIGY PIPE by Wade A. Wolf 8201 W. Mill St. Cleves, Ohio 45002

Figure 1 (Wolf) Side views of Fort Ancient effigy pipe. The red color at the front of the pipe may have been caused from heat. It is five inches long and two inches wide.

Prior to the spring of 1994 I had never brick. I picked it up and noticed two holes hunted for prehistoric artifacts. I had in it packed with dirt. After removing the always had an interest in prehistory but dirt from the holes it took me a while to had no place to hunt. However, I was realize what I had found - the profile of a recently married and my father-in-law human face and a bowl and stem hole - I owned land in Butler County and gave had found a pipe - on my first artifact hunt! me permission to hunt there. I later learned (Robert Converse - per­ On May 29th, 1994, I went hunting with sonal communication) that it is a Fort my ten year old son and a friend. After Ancient pipe made of sandstone in the about two hours of finding nothing we effigy of human, possibly with the body decided to call it a day. On the way back of an animal. to the car I hunted a small hill close to the The pipe won Best of Show at the road and it was there that I saw a yellow November 1994 meeting. and red rock which looked like a broken

Figure 3 (Wolf) Rear view of pipe showing stem hole.

Figure 4 (Wolf) Bottom of pipe. Figure 2 (Wolf) Front view of pipe showing stylized human Gouges may be from sharpening features. some sort of tool. 13 THE POWELSON SITE: AN ADENA MOUND IN THE LOWER TUSCARAWAS RIVER VALLEY by Wayne A. Mortine & Doug Randies Warsaw, Ohio

This report on the Powelson site is the one small fragment of grit-tempered, represented by 5 Stanley Stemmed points first in a series of three articles that we Early Woodland, Adena Plain pottery. (Fig. 5). In the Late Archaic component plan to do on material from the collection Feature 2 was a circular area 16 inches in there was a great deal of variety in the of the late Leonard Brown, Newcomer- diameter that contained cremated human forms of the corner notched and side stown, Ohio. Brown was dedicated to a remains and charcoal. The area of the notched points. However most of them professional approach in collecting arti­ cremation was rather small and may rep­ probably fit into the Brewerton cluster of facts, keeping records and sharing infor­ resent a redeposited interment. The projectile points. There were 16 Brewerton mation with amateur and professional depth of Feature 2 was 16 inches below Corner Notched points (Fig. 6), 15 Brew­ archaeologists. He also served the ground surface. erton Side Notched points (Fig. 6), 9 Man- Archaeological Society of Ohio as editor Cultural material found in the exca­ tanza Side Notched points (Fig. 5), 1 of the "Ohio Archaeologist" for several vated squares had been labeled and Lamoka Point (Fig. 5), 10 Table Rock years. Brown's most productive years placed in small cellophane containers. Expanding stems (Fig. 5) and 7 corner gathering site material from the Wal- The examination of these finds showed notched points that in our area of east honding and Tuscarawas River valleys that there had been a great amount of central Ohio appear to have extended into were in the 1960-70's. Now by using his disruption at the center of the mound the Early Woodland time period (Fig. 7). site material, interpreting his notes, and near Feature 1 and Feature 2. This area Only one Transitional Ashtabula point and our own efforts, we can document impor­ of the mound produced 34 scattered one Late Woodland triangular point were tant archaeological sites in the upper pieces of human skull fragments, one found (Fig. 7). Representing the Early Muskingum watershed that have not molar, and 59 pieces of heat altered flint. Woodland at the site were 18 Adena been reported. Many of these pieces of flint were pock Stemmed points (Fig. 2). Two of the heat The Powelson mound is located in the marked and others had their outer sur­ altered Adena bases found in the excava­ northeast corner of Lafayette Township, faces radically changed in color. Forty tion and 11 of the surface finds conform to Coshocton County, Ohio. It is situated on three (72.8%) of the heat altered flint the Late Adena Robbins style of points the southern edge of a twenty-five foot pieces were parts of worked artifacts. found in the top zone of the stratified high gravel terrace along the valley wall There were 9 broken tips, 1 heavy blade Cresap Mound in Marshall County, West at an elevation of 800 feet. At the back of with a worked edge, 1 parallel sided flint Virginia (Dragoo; 1963). This would place the site, the hills rise to elevations of 960 bladelet, 30 broken sides and center por­ the large majority of the Adena points feet. At the present time the main tions of artifacts, and importantly, 2 basal found at the Powelson site into a Late channel of the Tuscarawas River is one fragments of classic Late Adena Robbins Adena time period. Ten of these Late mile south. A meander bend of the river stemmed points (Fig. 2). Adena Robbins points were made from is within .4 of a mile in a southeast direc­ The ceramics at the site consisted of Flint Ridge flint. Additional chipped stone tion. It is a strong possibility that in the 37 surface collected pieces of grit-tem­ artifacts found on the surface include 54 past, former meander bends in the river pered, Adena Plain ware, 5 Adena Plain untyped blanks or preforms, 80 unidenti­ brought the stream bed much closer. The sherds found in the excavated squares fied point fragments and 6 end scrapers Tuscarawas River flows west past the beneath the plow zone, and 12 pieces of on thick blades. Western Coshocton site approximately 4-5 miles where it surfaced collected grit tempered cord- County, Upper Mercer flint sources joins the Walhonding River at Coshocton marked Cole/Baldwin pottery. Among the accounted for approximately 58% of the to form the Muskingum. Adena Plain sherds was one rim section raw material used in the manufacture of the chipped stone preforms and point When excavated in 1966 the Powelson and one wall section that showed a part of a circular perforation through the body fragments. Local out crops of Vanport mound was 16 inches in height, 35 feet flints were used in the remaining 42%. east-west and 31 feet north-south (Fig 1). of the vessel (Fig. 3). This opening was The southern edge of the mound was probably used when a lug or node was riv­ The inventory of ground stone and within two feet of the bluff-like edge of eted to the side of the pot to form a other tools were rather meager. There the terrace. We know that the area of the handle. Two of the Late Woodland sherds were 5 hammerstones, 4 of flint, 3 nutting mound and the surrounding terrace had were collared rim sections (Fig. 3). These or cupstones made of sandstone, 3 celt been under cultivation for a long period rims resemble types of the Late Woodland fragments and one fragment of a % of time. The farm operations at the site component excavated at the Happy Valley grooved axe. probably reduced the height of the site (Mortine-Randles; 1990). The Happy Two slate ornaments were found (Fig. mound somewhat. However, it appears Valley site is three miles east of the Pow­ 8). The complete specimen was made that at least in its later years the mound elson site, along the Tuscarawas River. from a brown banded slate. The single was never very prominent. Brown started There were 98 chipped stone artifacts perforation was drilled from both sides. his excavation at the southern or bluff found in the excavation and surface col­ Brown, at the time of the excavation in edge of the mound and completed six lected material that could be identified as 1966 stated that this pendant was found five-foot squares. Five of the squares two types. The area where chippage and in direct association with the mound (per­ formed a twenty-five foot north-south artifacts occurred was generally confined sonal communication). Since the location trench thru the center of the mound. Two to within 200 feet of the terrace edge. Evi­ of the find was not mentioned in his distinct features were uncovered. Feature dence of the earliest occupation of the site notes, it may have been recovered from 1 was a charcoal lens that measured 18 consisted of 12 lanceolate forms (Fig. 4). the surface area of the mound. The inches by 16 inches and was 6 inches Other early forms were 2 Early Archaic, broken slate piece was made from a thick. The charcoal lens was located 16 Big Sandy side notched points, and one blue/grey material. The perforation was inches below ground surface. Associated badly damaged Early Archaic, St. Albans drilled from both sides (Fig. 8). One crude with Feature 1 were 50 flint chips and Bifurcate (Fig. 4). The Middle Archaic was irregular-shaped fine grained sandstone

14 tablet was found in the surface collection Our conclusions are based on his exca­ pieces of Cole/Baldwin cordmarked, grit- (Fig. 8). There are three shallow grooves vated finds as well as his surface col­ tempered pottery. Our reason for docu­ present on one face of the tablet and one lected material. menting the number and type of points very faint groove on the reverse side. We credit the construction of the burial found at the Powelson site is so that com­ Similar grooved tablets were found by mound to the Early Woodland, Adena parisons can be made with other nearby Dragoo (1963; 88-97) at the Cresap people. Based on the artifacts and fea­ locations. Also by recording elevations, Mound in West Virginia. tures, we conclude that it was erected in nearest water, et cetera, we can see if Additional pieces of worked stone the late stages of this time period. An there were any site preferences held by were found in the surface collection (Fig. important time indicator was the occur­ the various groups of prehistoric people in 9). Four of these were fragments that rence of Late Adena Robbins points our area of the Tuscarawas River valley. resemble sections of Adena expanded made from Flint Ridge flint. (Dragoo 1963; We wish to thank members of Leonard center gorgets. Converse (19) describes p 271) has noted that "There seems to Brown's family. Without their cooperation these artifacts as "These well known gor­ have been a marked preference for Flint this report would not have been possible. gets are usually symmetrical and finely Ridge flint in the making of 'Robbins' finished. The bottom is invariably flat and blades in contrast to the greater varieties Addendum: W. C. Mills "Archaeological the upper surface is rounded or semi-cir­ of local origin used in early Adena." Atlas of Ohio" (Mills, 1914) shows a cular. They expand in the center — some Expanded bar atlatl weights were also mound in the general area of the Pow­ examples decidedly so and taper to part of the late Adena "Robbins" complex elson mound. Brown may have used the square ends." Another sandstone piece (Dragoo 1963; 274). listing in the Atlas as a guide to locating was a rectangular tablet with slightly The artifacts that were not associated what we now call the Powelson Site. rounded shoulders (Fig. 9). This tablet with the Adena component were typical of form had no grooves on either side. It what we would expect to find on the ter­ was made from a rather course sand­ race sites of the lower Tuscarawas River. References stone. A comparable sandstone tablet The bi-facially worked preforms indicate Converse, Robert N. was found near the top of the inner that the terrace was being used as a lithic 1971 Ohio Slate Types mound at the 13.5 foot level at the workshop. The early forms of lanceolt and Archaeological Society of Ohio Cresap Mound (Dragoo; 1963). One trian­ the archaic points are predominate in the Dragoo, Don W. gular shaped piece of hematite that collection making up 72% of the identifi­ shows dome modification was found in 1963 Mounds for the Dead: able types. The people using these forms An analysis of the Adena Culture the surface collection (Fig. 9). were probably visiting the site intermittently Annals of the Carnegie Museum 37 Our main objective in writing this article for short term stays. While there, they con­ was to report the existence and location tinued to work at reducing the bifacial pre­ Mills, W.C. of a burial mound in the lower Tus­ forms into finished tools and projectile 1914 An Archaeological Atlas of Ohio carawas River valley. All traces of this points. It is reasonable to assume that food Ohio State Archaeological and Historical mound are now completely gone. In 1966 procurement (hunting-fishing) pursuits were Society, Columbus also being conducted. the area of the terrace where the mound Mortine, Wayne A. and Randies, Doug occurred was leveled in preparation for There were no artifacts found that con­ 1990 The Happy Valley Site near West the construction of a house. Brown was form to any well known Middle Woodland Lafayette, Coshocton County aware of this situation and conducted (Hopewell) types. Late Woodland pro­ Ohio Archaeologist 40 (4); 23-28 what amounted to a salvage excavation. duced only one triangular point and twelve

Moowc' REEEHE DlHEhsipHS (U.fi.Gl, HEIGHT 16'- -

•^ Figure 1 (Mortine-Randles) Site map of the Powelson Site.

15 M Figure 2 (Mortine- •< Figure 3 (Mortine-Randles) Randles) One of the The first sherd in the top row is heat altered Late a rim section of Adena Plain Adena Robbins points pottery. The second sherd in found in the excava­ the top row is a body sherd of tion is shown third Adena Plain Pottery that shows from left, top row. Robbins points made from Flint Ridge flint are the part of a circular perforation where a lug or node was riveted to the side first and third points in the top row and the four points in the bottom of the pot to form a handle. Bottom row shows two collared rim sec­ row. Points two and four in the top row are earlier Adena types. tions of Late Woodland Cole/Baldwin pottery.

•< Figure 4 (Mortine-Randles) M Figure 5 (Mortine- All the points in the top row Randles) The first three are lanceolate forms. Points points in the top row are one and two in the bottom Middle Archaic, Stanley row are Early Archaic, Big Sandy Side Notched. The third point in the Stemmed. The fourth point in the top row is a Late Archaic Lamoka. bottom row is a badly damaged St. Albans Bifurcate. The first two points in the bottom row are Late Archaic, Table rock expanding stem. The third and fourth points in the bottom row are Late Archaic, Mantanza Side Notched.

M Figure 7 (Mortine- Randles) The four points M Figure 6 (Mortine-Randles) in the top row are what The points in the top row the authors consider are Late Archaic Brewerton Late Archaic types that Corner Notched. The points in the Bottom row are Late Archaic, extended into Early Adena in east central Ohio. The first point in the Brewerton Side Notched. bottom row is a Transitional Ashtabula. The second point in the bottom row is a Late Woodland Triangular.

•4 Figure 9 (Mortine-Randles) Fragments of Adena Expanded •M Figure 8 (Mortine- Center Atlatl weights are shown Randles) From the left, in the three top row specimens a sandstone tablet with as well as the second from left three shallow grooves bottom row. The first artifact on on the face. Length 7.2 the bottom row is a crude sandstone tablet and the third artifact on cms. Middle, a brown banded slate pendant with a single perfora­ the bottom row is a slightly modified piece of hematite. tion, length 7.4 cms. Last, a broken slate ornament made from a blue/gray slate.

16 A CATLINITE PIPE FROM UNION COUNTY, OHIO by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

The pipe shown in the accompanying color plates was found September 15, 1993, by Mike Coyle of Marysville near Raymond in Union County. It is 2% inches long and is made of catlinite or Minnesota pipestone. Of interest are the engravings on both sides and bottom of the stem. This is a modified disc type pipe - probably sal­ vaged from a pipe with a larger disc bowl. Such pipes are primarily made of catlinite although such materials as polished fossilized limestone or steatite are sometimes seen. The type is rare and spans the period between the late prehistoric and historic eras. The bowl in this example is a small rimmed projec­ tion but may originally have been as wide as a half- pint can. Engraving is usually found on these pipes along the prow-like stem or the underside of the bowl and may consist of no more than a zigzag line. The heavy engraving on this pipe may be part of the salvage process since broken or salvaged objects are often engraved or tallymarked.

Fig 1 (Converse) Three views of an engraved catlinite disc pipe from near Raymond in Union County, Ohio

17 A PUTNAM COUNTY BIRDSTONE by Lloyd Harnishfeger 203 Steiner St. Pandora, Ohio 45877

The birdstone shown in Figure 1 was while hunting he often pauses to look Reference: found in a fall-plowed field in Putnam back across the area just hunted. It was 1972 Converse, Robert N. County in May of 1995 by Tom Gillette. on just such pause that he found the bird- Ohio Slate Types, The Archaeological He attributes the find to the fact that stone, lying fully exposed on the surface. Society of Ohio

TTocW? 3 4 ™jJx ,i I, i.

Figure 1 (Harnishfeger) Birdstone of dark, unbanded slate. It is five and five sixteenths inches long and one half inch wide.

18 BANNERSTONES FROM SAVANNAH by Randy L. Hancock 1201 St. Rt. 302, RD5 Ashland, Ohio 44805

While I was surface hunting with fellow ASO member Bob Bright on April 2, 1995, Bob found the ball bannerstone shown in Fig. 1. It was located on a sandy ridge north and west of the north end of Mud Lake near Savannah in Ashland County, Ohio. It is VA& inches by 1% inches and the center hole is % inch in diameter. The con­ tours of the banner follow the banding in the slate. The miniature winged bannerstone (Fig. 2-3) found on May 26, 1995, while culti­ vating corn on a six acre site on my farm. This site is within sight of and one quarter of a mile from the ridge where the ball banner was found. The banding in the slate in this banner also follows the con­ tours of the piece. When it was made in prehistoric times, a quartz or other inclu­ sion - now weathered out - was the center of the small bannerstone. Vee Figure 2 (Hancock) Miniature winged bannerstone. It is 2%e inches long. shaped notches extend through the % inch center hole.

Figure 1 (Hancock) Ball bannerstone found by Bob Bright. Figure 3 (Hancock) Reverse side of winged bannerstone.

19 A RESPONSE TO TOPPING'S REVISIONIST VIEW OF SHOOP by Gary L. Fogelman RD#1 Turbotville, PA 17772-9599

I read with great interest Bill Topping's and projectiles are found up and down Shoop assemblage. assessment of his delving into the the main Susquehanna and along both Another important point not mentioned problem of the origin of the chert used at the West and North Branches of the by Topping is the question of how many the Shoop Paleo site in Pennsylvania. His Susquehanna. This could fit in with a times Shoop was occupied. There are attitude seems to be one of still trying to south-to-north movement, but the anywhere from 12-16 loci at the site. It's convince himself with his statements like amount of flint at the source would have possible there are more in the wooded "The key to the problem of the source of to increase substantially. Now we're area. If occupied all at one time, that's a the chert for the Shoop Paleo-lndian faced with a considerable quarry where large group, and they exhausted the assemblage may rest with the waste much reduction must have occurred, yet source on this one visit. If occupied more flakes", and "It seems possible the Shoop it has remained undiscovered or has than once, the group always came there Paleo-lndian assemblage might reflect the been destroyed. Both are possibilities, as counting on this 'happenstance dis­ happenstance discovery of limited is the possibility that the above could covery' year after year until it was amounts of high-quality chert which a apply to a cobble source. depleted, while at the same time they group worked to full advantage at an ad I was invited down to Shoop when should be becoming more familiar with hoc site on an experimental basis." Topping convened quite an array of their surroundings and additional flint supplies. Yet this isn't the scenario that His statement concerning the Meekly people to explore the Meekly quarry. I comes from examination of the other quarry that. . ."that quarry contained mas­ wasn't able to make it, but have spoken flints. This has always been the biggest sive amounts of chert, come of which visu­ with others who were there, and they puzzle at Shoop, and the strongest argu­ ally matched the chert used by the were far from convinced that the Meekly ment for a local source. If the site was Paleo-lndians at Shoop", is misleading. quarry chert is the same as that used by occupied on several occasions, one Only in a rudimentary way could Meekly the Shoop group. Topping feels that heat would suspect a greater amount of other quarry chert be confused with the high treating made the Meekly quarry chert flints as the people become more familiar quality glossy 'Onondaga' found at Shoop. turn out like high-grade Onondaga. Surely other groups would have come with their territory. Perhaps flints were If there were these massive amounts of across the massive amounts at Meekly somehow identity markers for a group. this high quality chert, why didn't later quarry and experimented too? Further, We don't know. There may have been Indians utilize it extensively? We should be he says, he had an experienced flintk- flint merchants peddling certain flints, we finding "Onondaga-looking" flint artifacts napper heat and work the material, but don't know. We assume that flints were all over Dauphin County and the sur­ fails to mention whether it came out traded around as groups convened at rounding area, but it isn't so. Toppings looking like Onondaga or not. certain times but we don't really know. argument that later Indians didn't possess the technology to work this stone is a The strongest solid evidence to date, I don't think Topping has found the weak argument. and it isn't all that strong, remains that the answer and certainly hasn't demon­ Topping surmises a south-to-north chert is Onondaga from western New York strated beyond doubt that he has. The movement for this Paleo group. One near Buffalo. I've been to the Diver's Lake possibilities and hypotheses remain as would expect to find some tools or flakes quarry there and witnessed Onondaga they always have, and have been men­ of materials that originated to the south, with the same patination and color charac­ tioned above. but this isn't the case at Shoop. The teristics as on Shoop artifacts. I feel the I'm just as eager as anyone to solve other lithics (jasper, black/gray flints, Shoop artifacts appear as they do (glossy, the mystery of the source of the flint at chalcedony, Coshocton, Flintridge, Cox- light gray to blue with white, cream and Shoop, but there are too many mights sackie, etc.,) can all be found in the sur­ brown mottling, to various degrees) due to and maybes in Topping's work. He made rounding area or to areas north and west soil conditions and exposure. it sound as though he finally solved the and even northeast. Further, the Arc Site, in the same riddle, but to us Shoop buffs and those in the professional world that know of his The argument that there was a thin, region of New York, very much resem­ article here in Pennsylvania, he has to put high-grade layer that was depleted would bles the Shoop assemblage, including forth more evidence to back up his tie in with the existing hypothesis that the presence of jasper and Belleville-like hypothesis before the book is closed on there was a local, totally depleted or yet- Chalcedony. The Arc Site assemblage this issue. undiscovered source. Shoop-like tools does not exhibit the patination of the

20 SCENES FROM THE HENDERSON SITE (33BL212) by Brian DaRe 58561 Sharon Blvd. Rayland, Ohio 43943

From October 1993 to April 1994, the A total of 19 squares was excavated The fact that features were not found Dividing Ridges Archaeological Club, (Figure 3) by chapter members before the limits the conclusions being drawn. The chapter #40 of the Archaeological Society project was terminated by the construc­ surface collection which contained a of Ohio, conducted an excavation on land tion of home sites. The flint debitage variety of Late Archaic point types, cut­ that was earmarked for a housing devel­ sample (n=144) contained fifty-eight lithic ters and stone tools, along with flint deb­ opment by the landowner. The Hen­ shatter and eighty-six reduction flakes. itage, sandstone, FCR, and artifacts derson Site (33BL212), situated on a ridge Cobble cortex was present on nine recovered in the excavation, suggest that (Figure 1) about three miles south of St. flakes. Twenty-two of the debitage count the Henderson Site (33BL212) was uti­ Clairsville along State Route 9 in Belmont showed signs of heat treatment on either lized by the Late Archaic as a periodic County, produced a surface collection lithic shatter or reduction flakes. The hunting camp with tool and biface pro­ (1980-1993) of Late Archaic bifaces and breakdown of the sample (n=144) was (A) duction being significant activities. tools (Figure 2). local river cobble (45%), (B) Coshocton The chapter members that participated The chapter project was used as a Black (15%), (C) Flint Ridge (10%), (D) in the project were Brian DaRe (Site training session for members in archaeo­ Coshocton Gray (6%), (E) local chert Director), Bryan Eureka (Ass't Site logical procedures. The training consisted (5%), (F) Delaware chert (2%), (G) W.Va. Director and Site Surveyor), Jerry of (1) developing a worksheet for each one Ten Mile (2%), (H) unidentified (15%). Laposki, Mike Withers, Tex Falcone, Ted meter square excavated, (2) pre-excava- Forty-one units by volume (liters) of Schroeder, Glenn Balk, George Balk, tion instruction, (3) mapping the grid sandstone were collected from the exca­ Harry E. Heckman, John Mocic, David system on the site, (4) excavation by trowel vation squares with being FCR. Pieces Shane, and Larry Nelson. and processing through V" screen, (5) larger than 15cm were not recovered with Special thanks to Jim Morton of Colum­ recording FCR, flint debitage and artifacts, the majority falling between 5cm and 8cm bus for developing the worksheet and Philip (6) backfilling, (7) analysis at the conclusion in length. One piece of worked hematite Fitzgibbons of the Franciscan University of of the excavation. The artifacts recovered was recovered in the excavation. Steubenville for reviewing the findings. are shown in figures 11 and 12.

Figure 1 (DaRe) The Henderson site.

21 Figure 2 (DaRe) Artifacts from the Henderson site.

22 Figure 3 (DaRe) Excavation of the Henderson site.

23 A LARGE ARCHAIC SPEAR by Joel Embrey 7503 Columbus Lancaster Rd. NW. Carroll, Ohio

This large Archaic diagonal notch spear was found in Pickaway County, Ohio, many years ago when its finder was climbing up the side of an eroded stream bank. It is made of Upper Mercer Coshocton flint and is 7% inches long.

24 A TURTLE EFFIGY PIPE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

This unusual pipe made of Ohio pipe- stone was originally collected in New York state. It is 4 inches long and 1 inch thick. It portrays a soft shelled turtle and is engraved on its upper surface. The stem hole was made through the tail. Such pipes probably are late prehistoric and date to the sixteenth century.

25 LATE PREHISTORIC MONONGAHELA CEREMONIAL ORNAMENTS AS SYMBOLS OF RANK AND LEADERSHIP by Thomas E. Pickenpaugh Curator Branch, Naval Historical Center Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C. 20374-5060

Introduction The tooth ornaments recovered from or more ornaments comprise the neck­ Brokaw Village and other Monongahela vil­ lace (Figure 2). The tooth pendant orna­ The analysis of the pendants and 1 beads from the archaeological Late Pre­ lage sites leave little doubt that it was pri­ ments include a large black bear canine historic Monongahela Brokaw Village site marily the larger, more powerful animals in (Ursus americanus), a modified elk pre­ and other excavated Monongahela vil­ their environment that the Native Ameri­ molar {Cervus elaphus canadensis), two lages in the Upper Ohio Valley of eastern cans selectively utilized in the manufacture modified gray wolf molars {Canis lupus), North America indicates they were cere­ of their necklace pendants. Moreover, the a bobcat canine (Lynx rufus), two rac­ monial ornaments and not utilitarian majority of the animals represented are by coon canines (Procyon lotor), two imita­ objects or mere trinkets. This interpreta­ nature predatory carnivores, and are there­ tion cannel coal "canines", an imitation tion of course is predicated on the fore prone to fiercely attacking and killing freshwater mollusk shell "canine", and a premise that the ornaments served a their prey prior to devouring it. Conse­ modified molar and premolar of a white- symbolic function, and not a utilitarian or quently, it is worthy of notation that the tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The trivial purpose. Indeed, examination of dominate tooth form present among the bead ornaments are composed of bird ethnographic, ethnologic, prehistoric, pendants is the canine. Also, it is this tooth bones, representing, presumably, several historic, and other accounts in which type that is the model employed in the bird types, two Marginella apicina marine similar bodily adornments appear indi­ manufacture of the imitation black cannel shells, and two shell disks. The animal cates the above interpretation is fitting. coal and carbonaceous sandstone tooth types represented by the teeth of the ani­ Thus, the proffered function of the orna­ forms and, secondarily, the nacreous mals are of course the largest to be ments is that they were symbols of Unionidae shell "teeth". The reason the found in the environment inhabited by power used to identify the people of rank canine was repeatedly selected more than the Monongahela. and leadership as they led in the ritual any other tooth type is because it is the A lesser number of ornaments com­ and secular ceremonies in the Mononga­ tooth most used to symbolize the serious pose the second necklace, although, hela communities. Historic and prehis­ injury and death that an attacking animal originally, it was composed of twenty- toric examples which may be cited as can inflict upon a prey. In brief, the model seven or more specimens. In contrast to supporting evidence are found in various the Native American Monongahela people the first example, however, both tooth parts of the world, for example, in used in the manufacture of their pendants and non-tooth pendants compose the Samoa, the Philippine Islands, Fiji, Africa, was one of natural selection as observed in necklace (Figure 3). The tooth pendants and England. The examples cited in the nature. Accordingly, just as the largest, are comprised of a modified gray wolf conclusions will serve to illustrate. most powerful animals ranked the highest canine, an imitation black carbonaceous in nature's system, that is, the black bear, sandstone "canine", two deer molars, followed by the elk, gray wolf, bobcat, etc., and two dog premolars (Canis familiaris). LATE PREHISTORIC MONONGAHELA so the leadership and rank of Monongahela The non-tooth pendants are composed ORNAMENTS society was mirrored by the tooth pendants of two turkey digits (Meleagris gallopavo), The archaeological excavations con­ and other ornaments they wore. Two and two modified ilium bone pendants; ducted by the author at the Late Prehis­ examples from Brokaw Village will illustrate. one is rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus), and toric Monongahela Brokaw Village site Two nearly complete necklaces have the other squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). (33BL-6) in east-central Ohio have recov­ The bead ornaments appear to be manu­ ered in excess of 400 ornaments. Their been recovered from the Brokaw Village site. In both instances the ornaments factured from much the same materials analysis and identification (Table 1), in as reported in the previous example: conjunction with library research on other were recovered primarily from plow zone soils which immediately overlay subsoil hollow bird bones, Marginella apicina Monongahela village sites in Ohio, Penn­ marine shells, and shell disks. sylvania, West Virginia, and Maryland indications and remains of essentially cir­ (Figure 1), indicate similar ornaments cular houses. In both instances, too, the have been recovered from these sites as ornaments were largely confined to rela­ CEREMONIAL ORNAMENTS AS well (see Pickenpaugh, 1993:36-51). The tively small areas near the center of the SYMBOLS OF RANK AND LEADERSHIP ornament types recovered from the houses, with the remainder scattered The bead and tooth pendant necklaces numerous sites are both real and imita­ over a roughly 10-foot radius. It may be worn by the leaders of peoples in various tion tooth pendants, several less fre­ added that this interpretation appears to places around the world are an essential quently found pendant types, and beads be entirely justified based on the obser­ and integral part of their ceremonial dress. manufactured from bird bones, marine vation that both necklaces are comprised This is true for village-level headmen and shells, and clay. The animal tooth types of paired ornaments. That is, the orna­ chiefs as well as kings and emperors of recovered represent black bear, elk, gray ment types that appear on the right side kingdoms and empires. In this regard the wolf, bobcat, raccoon, fox, deer, and of the necklace are nearly identical to necklaces, in conjunction with the dog. The imitation teeth however are those on the left side. This, however, leaders' clothing and other bodily adorn­ made from nacreous freshwater bivalve does not apply to the central or middle ments and regalia, need to be under­ mollusks and black bedrock minerals. In ornament which represents the bottom or stood as visible material prestige contrast, the beads are manufactured base of the "V" of the necklace, or to the symbols which have high recognition from the hollow long bones of the turkey pendant ornament that is immediately value among their people. To this it may and other birds, Marginella apicina uni­ adjacent to it, as they are both unique in be added, they also provide a particularly valve marine shells and other unidentifiable type to the necklace. The two examples effective and mobile means of publicly marine shell types, and pottery disks which follow will illustrate. demonstrating status and the nature of reworked from vessel sherds. In the first example, a total of thirty-one an occasion (see Sieber and Walker,

26 1987:100-101; Keesing and Keesing, is believed that the teeth of the larger car­ 20; George, 1983:56; Mayer-Oakes, 1956:75; Hiroa, 1930:629-630). Clearly, nivores and herbivores and the imitation 1954:6, 8-9). In addition, the delicate, the function of the teeth in such a con­ tooth ornaments, worn as component fragile nature of the imitation cannel coal text is to symbolize power in the more lit­ parts of necklaces, served as visual sym­ and shell tooth pendants make it very eral sense. This is achieved by wearing bols of rank and leadership in the impor­ clear they were not everyday ornaments, the teeth of large, powerful aggressive tant secular and ritual ceremonies of the but were limited to ceremonial and spe­ animals, as they naturally give the wearer Monongahela. This conclusion is predi­ cial occasion uses only. Indeed, in the the physical strength of the animals they cated on the premise that cultural man uni­ examples which follow, it will become represent (see Karsten, 1923:26). Ani­ versally seeks to express his ideas through apparent that the historic record is the mals such as the crocodile, jaguar, boar, symbols, and by utilizing the model of nat­ hand-maiden to prehistory in demon­ whale, leopard, peccary, and dog are ural selection as they observed it in nature, strating that the function of the large accordingly found comprising the neck­ the Monongahela were able to express in a canine necklace teeth has in fact been as laces. Canines of course are almost very logical manner their ideas of power, ceremonial symbols of rank, power, and exclusively selected over all other types leadership, and rank. Thus, in this leadership in human societies. of teeth in the manufacture of the neck­ instance, the tooth symbolized the animal, The first example cited is from Samoa, laces. This is because this tooth type is and the animal symbolized power and an island complex in the southwest cen­ perceived as the most injurious to a prey. aggression. And by a man's wearing the tral Pacific where whale ivory necklaces Hence, they give the wearer a more fierce tooth of the animal, the aggressive ('ula lei) were worn solely by "high chiefs countenance and a greater sense of behavior and power of the animal were and the village maid when in full dress power and, as a result, have a greater transferred to the individual. regalia," and where the whale tooth visual and psychological effect on the Tooth ornaments and necklaces similar necklace was "really essential to com­ viewer. With very few exceptions, these 2 to those worn by the Monongahela have plete the costume on dress occasions" ornaments are worn only by males. also been found at Fort Ancient archaeo­ (Hiroa, 1930:629-630, Plates Llll & LIV). The ceremonies and activities at which logical sites, a contemporaneous prehis­ Indeed, the whale tooth necklace was tooth necklaces were worn as part of the toric culture living southwest of the worn with "garments such as the fine required formal ceremonial dress were Monongahela in the present-day states of mat, various forms of kilt, and bark cloth both secular and religious in nature. This Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, and Ken­ material worn as a skirt and a belt, etc. is to be attributed to the fact that a tucky. Two examples from the Hardin Vil­ But it must be "stressed that these arti­ duality of roles are typically encom­ lage site in northeastern Kentucky feature cles were not used as ordinary clothing, passed in positions of leadership. One is tooth pendants alternated with beads. In of which there was little need, but chiefly in the sphere of government and law and one example, the tooth pendants are wolf as personal adornment to distinguish the other in rituals. In both instances, canines, although the bone beads are not rank during festive and ceremonial occa­ however, the leaders are required to play identified (Figure 4). The second necklace sions" (Ibid., p. 630; see also Keesing a primary role. In the arena of politics, the is comprised of imitation cannel coal and Keesing, 1956:75). leader is required not only to speak well "canines" alternated with sets of Mar­ The Bontok and Northern Kankanay before assemblages, but to demonstrate ginella apicina marine shell beads (Figure cultures of the interior Cordillera Central that he is capable of making good deci­ 5). Both necklaces were removed from of northern Luzon, Philippines of the sions and judgements which are of a burials (Converse, 1973:7-8). Tooth and western Pacific comprise the second direct concern of the people. To lead in bead ornaments recovered from other Fort example. Ceremonial dress worn by the rituals of course implies a thorough Ancient village sites suggest they also male leaders at the various annual rituals knowledge of the prescribed order and were component parts of necklaces (see of these two peoples consisted of loin­ words of a religious ceremony. Examples Hanson, 1975:78, 82; McMichael, 1963:18, cloths, boar-tusk armlets - with tassels of of rituals which may be carried out by 20; Pruferand Shane, 1970:137). human hair attached in some instances - leaders are community welfare rituals, ini­ Archaeological excavations at the third and necklaces composed of boar, croco­ tiation rituals, purification rituals, etc. (see and second millennia B.C. settlement site dile, and dog teeth canines (Figure 6). At de Villa, Farr, and Jones, 1988:93, 111, of Skara Brae on the Orkney Islands, headtaking ceremonies, this basic attire 122; Sieber and Walker, 1987:86). A Scotland have also unearthed large tooth was supplemented by a battle-axe and leader may also be required to lead his pendants and beads which presumably strings of red agate beads. At the time of people against an enemy in time of war. formed a necklace (Clarke, Cowle, and early American contact, prestige, And tooth necklaces have been worn by Foxon, 1985:60-61). This find, and those respect, high social status, and political many leaders into battle as a sign of their including boar tusks from burial sites also power and the decision-making process ferocity, rank, and bravery, for example, dating to the same time period in the were in the hands of highly respected the chiefs of Fiji (Routledge, 1985:64, British Isles and Continental Europe, male elders. These attributes were of 118; Roth, 1953:94) and the war leaders have also been interpreted as symbols of course achieved by those male warriors of the Shuar Indians of eastern Ecuador power, prestige, and status for the indi­ who were successful head-hunters in (Native Cultures of the Americas, Middle viduals who wore them (Ibid., pp. 58-59, warfare (see de Villa, Farr, and Jones, and South America exhibit, National 239, 245, 248, 307). 1988:82-83, 92-93; Prill-Brett, 1987:22- Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Again, it bears repeating that on the 23; Jenks, 1905:168, 180, 185). Institution). basis of sheer logic, it can be demon­ The kingdom of Kuba, located in the strated that the Monongahela tooth and central African country of Zaire, represents CONCLUSIONS bead necklace ornaments functioned as the third example. "This modern Kuba The analysis and identification of the ceremonial symbols of rank and leader­ king's regalia includes the royal shody, a ornaments from the Late Prehistoric ship. Thus, the statistics indicate that visorlike headpiece, and a belt of embroi­ Monongahela Brokaw Village site and bear canine teeth pendants, which could dered cowrie shells" (Sieber and Walker, numerous other Late Prehistoric Mononga­ presumably be worn only by high status 1987:86. The king's ceremonial costume hela villages in the Upper Ohio Valley of individuals due to the large size and also includes a full necklace of large eastern North America has led the author power of this animal, are commonly canine teeth, that exceeds over 48 in to conclude that the ornament complex found at Monongahela village sites, but number (Figure 7). These teeth are prob­ served an extremely important symbolic only in very limited numbers (Herbstrltt, ably of leopard origin - like the animal skin function in this culture. More specifically, it 1981:33-34; Grubb and Allen, 1980:15, suspended from the front of his belt. This

27 individual, King Kot a-Mweeky III, appears National Museum of Natural History, thereby contolling man's behavior. again in a more elaborate ceremonial Smithsonian Institution). 'Charles Handley, Department of Vertebrate dress nearly twenty years later, wearing Of course, it has been the contention Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, the same tooth necklace, in Laine's Hois of the author that the function of the large Smithsonian Institution, indicates this spec­ D'Afrique (1991:138-139). canine tooth necklaces in the above imen is the largest black bear canine he has ever seen (width 12.5 mm). A metric compar­ "In African societies with centralized examples was to serve as ceremonial symbols of leadership and rank for the ison of this right mandibular canine (cl) with leadership, the ruler is often considered a similar large male black bear canines and individuals who wore them, irregardless deity, a divine king" (Sieber and Walker, small female grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) 1987:86), as is King Kot a-Mweeky III. of the level of the social and political canines strongly suggests the Brokaw Village African "kings and chiefs are [also] looked organization of the cultures concerned. specimen is from a black bear. upon as political heads and religious per­ The appearance of the tooth necklaces in 2 cultures around the world suggests they ln Samoa, the village ceremonial maiden sonages who symbolize the prosperity (taupou), the daughter or a close relative of a have been universally employed by man and welfare of their nations" (Ibid.). High Chief (ali'i sili), wears a whale tooth neck­ The fourth example also comes from through the ages for this purpose. Teeth lace ('ula lei) when in full dress regalia and the central African country of Zaire, from are however only one of several ways acting in a ceremonial capacity (Holmes, the empire of the Luba. The ceremonial man has chosen to symbolize the polit­ 1974:27, 81; Hiroa, 1930:630). dress of the emperor consists of an ical power and high social status of the ornate cap, a waist-flared plaid shirt atop elite of his society; for example, among References the Plains Indians of the Upper Missouri a second garment, and a coarse-textured Catlin, George River of the United States, the feathers of but elegant skirt or mantle covering his 1973 Letters and Notes on the Manners, lower torso. Around his neck the emperor the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) or Customs, and Conditions of the North wears a full necklace of large canine raven (Corvus corax) served the same American Indians. Volume 1. teeth. Each tooth pendant is alternated purpose (see Catlin, 1973:68, 101, 119). Dover Publications. New York. with two beads. The skin of a leopard, an Be that as it may, examination of the var­ animal known particularly for its aggres­ ious necklaces indicates they are all of a Clarke, D.V., T. Cowie, and Andrew Foxon sive behavior, overlies much of the symmetrical design, and were not 1985 Symbols of Power at the Time of Stone- mantle, while his shoed feet rest upon assembled in a haphazard fashion. This henge. National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland. Edinburgh. the skin of a much larger leopard, A small point is important because it suggests that the tooth necklaces also function as wooden mace and an ornately carved Converse, Robert N. symbolic control mechanisms for the walking stick are his two badges of 1973 Fort Ancient Artifacts from the Hardin Vil­ office. The power of the emperor is such maintenance of the orderly, productive lage Site, Greenup County, Kentucky. that it is forbidden to speak to him life of society - for which the leadership is Ohio Archaeologist, 23 (1). without his express consent, and then responsible for maintaining. This would only when seated and also wearing the explain the presence and function of the de Villa, Jill G., Maria Farr, and Gladys Jones skin of a leopard or a similarly aggressive black and white imitation necklace teeth 1988 E. Masferre, People of the Philippine animal suspended from the front of the recovered from Brokaw Village and other Cordillera: Photographs, 1934-1956. waist (Laine, 1991:134-135). Monongahela village excavations. That Devcon, I. P. Manila. is, as universal colors, their function was The kingdom of Oguta, a democratic to reinforce the psychological power of George, Richard L. monarchy located in the south of the 1983 The Gnagey Site and the Monongahela the real teeth. This interpretation is sug­ West African country of Nigeria, repre­ Occupation of the Somerset Plateau. gested and supported by the spirit mask sents the fifth example. The ceremonial Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 53 (4). of the Wee people of Liberia and the attire of the king in this instance is com­ Ivory Coast of West Africa. posed of a long, bright red tunic, red Grubb, Thomas E. and Arthur Allen Thus composed of "the teeth and horns 1980 The Hunt Site (33BL16) Part IV - Bone and pants, and a red hat. A necklace of large Shell Artifacts. Ohio Archaeologist, 30 (1). canines, with each separated by a of powerful wild animals," plus hair, fiber cylinder-shaped bead, is suspended cord, cowrie shells, red and white paint, Hanson, Lee H. from his neck, while across his knees he and other things, the function of this fear­ 1975 The Buffalo Site - A Late 17th Century holds a large animal tusk. Following colo­ some mask was "to frighten away nega­ Indian Village Site (46PU31) in Putnam nization by the Europeans, the king no tive forces that cause social tensions and County, West Virginia. Report of Archae­ longer has life and death powers over his epidemics" (Sieber and Walker, 1987:67). ological Investigations Number 5, West subjects as he once did. But he does The strong negative effect evoked by this Virginia Geological and Economic retain the traditional powers of adminis­ mask is created by violating the normal Survey. Morgantown. tering justice and arbitrating property sense of order and symmetry. Hence, the Herbstritt, James, T. conflicts (Laine, 1991:36-37). incisor and canine teeth are crooked and 1981 Bonnie Brook: A Multicomponent Abo­ point to the left and right, rather than up The sixth example is represented by riginal Locus in West Central Pennsyl­ Fiji, an island group located in the south­ and down; the numerous dark-colored- vania. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 51 west Pacific. The symbols of rank of the to-black horns, although paired on the left native Fiji chiefs included turbans made and right sides of the mask, are not Hiroa, Te R. of fine white tapa, long tapa dresses, located at the same locations, and point 1930 Samoan Material Culture. Bernice P. fans, neckrests, tambua, and necklaces in different directions and at different Bishop Museum. Bulletin 75. Honolulu. of whale teeth that are identical to those angles; the red and white paint, the focal worn by the high chiefs of Samoa. point of the face mask, is indistinct in out­ Holmes, Lowell D. line, and where the nose would be a 1974 Samoan Village. Holt, Rinehart, and Win­ "Although Fiji is part of Melanesia, the ston, Inc. New York. chiefs who held office by right of birth number of short, small spiky horn tips appear, pointing in many directions. In had power and prestige comparable to Jenks, Albert E. Polynesian chiefs, who were believed to short, by combining power symbols such 1905 The Bontoc Igorot. Ethnological Survey be of divine descent. There were [how­ as teeth and horns with the three uni­ Publications. Volume 1. Bureau of Public ever] various distinctions of royalty in dif­ versal colors - red, white, and black - etc., Printing. Manila. ferent parts of Fiji" (information from the mask is capable of producing a pow­ Cultures of the Pacific and Asia exhibit, erful, lasting effect on the human psyche,

28 Karsten, Rafael Prill-Bret, June ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1923 Blood Revenge, War, and Victory Feasts 1987 Pechen: The Bontok Peace Pact Institu­ The author would like to thank the Among the Jibaro Indians of Eastern tion. Cordillera Monograph 1. Baguio. National Geographic Society for gener­ Ecuador. Bureau of American Ethnology. ously funding the 1992-1993 Brokaw Vil­ Bulletin 79. Washington, D.C. Prufer, Olaf H. and Orrln C. Shane lage excavations (Grant No. 4859-92) in 1970 Blain Village and the Fort Ancient Tradi­ Keesing, Felix, M. and Marie M. Keesing tion in Ohio. The Kent State University which many of the ornaments comprising 1956 Elite Communication in Samoa, A Study Press. Kent. the second necklace were recovered in Leadership. Stanford Anthropological (Figure 3). This work is U.S. Copyright Series Number Three. Stanford University Roth, George K. Office No. TXu 679-697. Press. Stanford. 1953 Fijian Way of Life. Oxford University Press. London. Laine, Daniel 1991 Rois D'Afrique. Arthaud. Paris. Routledge, David J. 1985 Matanitu: The Struggle for Power in Early McMichael, Edward V. Fiji. University of the South Pacific. Suva. 1963 Excavations at the Buffalo Site, 46-PU- 31. The West Virginia Archeologist, (16). Sieber, Roy and Roslyn A. Walker Pickenpaugh, Thomas E. 1987 African Art in the Cycle of Life. Smith­ 1993 Man and His Symbols: Ornaments from sonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C. the Late Prehistoric Monongahela Brokaw Village Site and Beyond. Ohio Archaeologist, 43 (2).

TABLE 1 ORNAMENT TYPES FROM BROKAW VILLAGE

PENDANTS: No. 1. Bear canine pendants 2 2. Gray Wolf molar, premolar, and canine pendants 6 3. Bobcat canine pendants 2 4. Raccoon canine pendants 7 5. Gray Fox molar pendants 1 6. Elk premolar and incisor pendants 3 7. Deer molar and premolar pendants 5 8. Dog premolar, canine, incisor, and molar pendants 6 9. Shale pendants 1 10. Cannel Coal canine pendants (including fragments) 9 11. Sandstone canine pendants 1 12. Freshwater Shell canine pendants (including fragments) 5 Fragment: carnivore tooth pendants 6 13. Snowshoe Hare innominate pendants 1 14. Rabbit ilium pendants 2 15. Squirrel ilium pendants 1 16. Turtle Shell pendants 1 17. Turkey Digit pendants 5

BEADS: 18. Marginella apicina Shell beads 37 19. Shell Disk beads 13 20. Bird Bone beads 308 21. Pottery Disk beads 2 22. Shell Disk Ornaments 1

Total 425

29 •4 Figure 1. Map depicting Monongahela and Fort Ancient territo­ ries in the Middle and Upper Ohio Valley of eastern North America.

Figure 2. Necklace from Brokaw Village. A projected recon­ struction, with pendants alternated with bird bone beads. A, black bear canine: B, gray wolf molar: C, raccoon canine: D, Figure 3. Necklace from Brokaw Village. A projected recon­ cannel coal canine: E, freshwater mollusk canine; F, deer struction, with pendants alternated with bird bone beads. A, molar; G, Marginella apicina shell; H, shell disk; I, elk pre­ gray wolf canine; B, turkey digit; C, deer molar; D, dog pre­ molar; J, gray wolf molar; K, bobcat canine; L, raccoon molar; E, squirrel ilium; F, Marginella apicina shell; G, shell canine; M, cannel coal canine; N, deer premolar; O, disk; H, sandstone canine; I, turkey digit; J, deer molar; K, Marginella apicina shell; P, shell disk. dog premolar; L, rabbit ilium; M, Marginella apicina shell; N, shell disk. Figure 4. Necklace of wolf canine teeth alternated with bone Figure 5. Necklace of imitation cannel coal canines alter­ beads, from a Fort Ancient (Kentucky), Hardin Village burial. nated with sets of Marginella aspicina beads, from a Fort Photo Credit: Robert N. Converse Ancient (Kentucky), Hardin Village burial. Photo Credit: Robert N. Converse

Figure 6. Lakay Kabayo, a respected elder of the Northern Kankanay, Figure7. Nyim (king) Kot a Moweeky III, on state visit to subject vil­ wearing the ceremonial dress of the Dangtey community welfare cer­ lage, Zaire. emony: boar-tusk armlets, a necklace of boar, crocodile, and dog Photograph by Eliot Elisofon, 1970. Slide No. C KB A 12.23 (2213). canine teeth, and a rooster-feathered hat (Sagada, Mountain Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives National Museum of African Art. Province - Luzon Philippines). Photo Credit: Eduardo Masferre

31 TWO SLATE BANNERS FROM THE MEL WILKINS COLLECTION by Mel Wilkins Lima, Ohio

P*T'-i Tpj&isj ^H

Ir i

Top: A banded slate notched ovate originally collected by Arthur George Smith. Found near River styx, Medina Co., Ohio. Bottom: Banded faulted slate double crescent bannerstone found in Knox County, Ohio. It was originally collected by Dr. Rollin Bunche, Peoria, Illinois.

32 ANNOUNCEMENT: MAJOR DONATION by Eugene and Priscilla Ochsner Gaylord, Michigan

The enclosed news clipping gives some fit our desires. Lake Superior State Univer­ completion at the University. For the past details regarding our decision concerning sity located in Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan year Staff members of Lake Superior State our recent donation of a major portion of met all requirements. The collection and University had been periodically trans­ our collection of Indian and prehistoric accompanying approximately 350 personal porting portions of the Ochsner Collection, materials accumulated over a sixty year reference book library will be housed as a destined to become a permanent adjunct period. Certain criteria was established to unit in the new library, currently nearing to the University.

33 THE 1973 EXCAVATIONS AT THE STOCKDALE ROCKSHELTER, MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO by Richard Gartley St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Introduction shelter is only about 40 feet long, how­ were found in layers A and B, whereas In the early 1970s, when I lived and ever. The shelter floor abruptly drops off layer C produced only Early Woodland arti­ worked in Zanesville, Ohio, I participated to the creek bed about ten feet below, and facts, layer D was mostly sterile, layer E in the excavations of a number of prehis­ the drip line extends well beyond this drop produced a late Archaic point, and layer F toric sites in and around Muskingum off. The minimum height of the ceiling was mostly sterile. County. The results of several of these above the modern floor in the deepest A number of artifacts were also found excavations were reported in the Ohio recesses of the shelter is eight feet. while sifting some of the backfill from the Archaeologist. Among the sites I exca­ When I first visited the site in the spring earlier excavations. In fact, two compo­ vated were several rockshelters, including of 1973 it was apparent that the central nents at the shelter, Intrusive Mound and the Eddie Paul shelter near Frazeysburg in area of the shelter had been previously Philo Phase Fort Ancient, are represented the northwestern corner of the county disturbed by relic hunters. The property for the most part only in this disturbed (Gartley et al. 1974), and the Stockdale owners, however, had no knowledge of material. It appears that the relic collec­ shelter near the town of Philo in southern when this disturbance had taken place or tors did some sifting, but this activity Muskingum County. Until now the excava­ who was involved. Testing indicated, appears to have been haphazard. tions of the Stockdale shelter have however, that intact deposits occurred to The following is a discussion of the var­ remained unpublished; the artifacts and the north and south of the disturbed area. ious occupations represented at the Stock- field notes have been in storage for the My excavations, which took place that dale shelter, beginning with the most recent. past 22 years. A report on the excavations spring, consisted of two 5 by 5 foot (more at this interesting site is long overdue. or less) squares, one in each of these Historic Occupation undisturbed areas. The northernmost Brush Creek Township was first settled square revealed 25 inches of undisturbed The Shelter in 1810 (Everhart 1882), and the earliest prehistoric deposits below a one to three The Stockdale rockshelter is a hinter­ farms and mills were located in the bot­ inch thick layer of recent roof fall and slope land shelter located in rugged Brush toms of Brush Creek proper in the central wash. The prehistoric occupation consisted Creek Township, southern Muskingum part of the township. It was probably a few of five natural layers (A through E) identified County, Ohio, about two and a half miles more years before the more remote areas on the basis of distinct color changes (see southwest of the town of Philo (see Figure of the township, such as Irish Ridge, were Figure 5 and Table 1). Although artifacts 1). The shelter is situated in the valley of settled. According to legend, a late 18th- were found in all five layers, the bulk of the an intermittent unnamed tributary of Little century Virginian named David Duncan material was recovered in the top two (A Duncan Run. The waters of this latter lived in a "cave" somewhere along Duncan and B). The layers reached their maximum stream flow in an easterly and northeast­ Run or one of its tributaries. Duncan sup­ thickness towards the shelter opening, and erly direction, eventually entering the posedly trapped and hunted in the Duncan became thinner and lensed upward over a Muskingum River at the south edge of Falls/Philo area between 1790 and 1794, buried rock ledge towards the back of the Philo. The shelter is also only about two and was finally killed by Indians from "Old shelter. Below layer E was a deposit of dis­ and a half to three miles "as the crow Town" at Duncan Falls after he was integrating sandstone fragments which was flies" northwest of the well-known Fort caught robbing their traps. (The present- designated layer F. This layer contained Ancient Philo II and Richards sites, which day town of Duncan Falls is situated just a single flint chip, and probably repre­ are situated along the Muskingum River directly across the Muskingum River from sents the original shelter floor. No attempt south of Philo. In fact, Hopewell, early Philo.) The earliest version of this story was made to reach the bottom of this layer. Late Woodland and Fort Ancient peoples, was written in the Tuscarawas Chronicle probably from these sites, stayed briefly The 5 by 5 foot square at the south end by George E. Blalelee and reprinted at the Stockdale shelter, as will be of the shelter revealed a prehistoric shortly thereafter in an 1873 edition of the demonstrated. deposit measuring only eight inches thick Zanesville Courier (Carskadden and Morton 1980). No two versions of this The shelter was brought to my atten­ and consisting of three layers (see Figure legend are exactly the same, and ac­ tion in the fall of 1972 by a friend who 5 and Table 2). These appear to corre­ cording to one, Duncan was shot while came across the site while hunting on the spond with layers B, C, and D at the crossing the rapids between Duncan Falls Stockdale farm. This 300 acre farm was northern end of the shelter. Above layer B and Philo. When he fell mortally wounded located on Irish Ridge Road, which runs was a six inch thick deposit of backfill into the river, the Indians reportedly yelled between Philo and Stovertown along the thrown out from the earlier excavation in "Duncan falls! Duncan falls!"; thus the crest of the Little Duncan Run/Duncan the center of the shelter. Layer A may origin of the town's name. Run drainage divide. There are a number have been removed by the relic hunters, of rockshelters on or near the farm, and layer E appeared to have lensed out Although there was a historic Delaware formed by massive overhangs of Lower somewhere north of this second square. Indian village known as Wills Town at Freeport sandstone which outcrops in Although the natural stratigraphy seemed Duncan Falls in the 1760s, this village was ravines at about the 800 foot contour. The fairly intact in the areas I excavated, there abandoned by 1773 (Carskadden and shelter discussed here is the largest in the does appear to have been mixing of earlier Morton 1980). Carskadden and Morton area and appears to be the only one and later artifacts in the uppermost layers have convincingly demonstrated that there showing signs of repeated prehistoric (especially layer A). This was probably due never was an "Old Town" at Duncan Falls occupation. The 30 foot high cliff over­ to rodent disturbances and prehistoric pit in the 1790s, and there probably never hangs a dry floor area that measures digging activity in the central portion of the was a trapper named Duncan, although about 100 feet long and reaches a max­ shelter which brought up artifacts from the this does not preclude the possibility that imum depth of 19 feet (see Figures 2, 3, lower layers. For example, both Early other 18th-century Euroamericans may and 4). The level inhabitable portion of the Woodland and Late Woodland artifacts have camped in one of the shelters in the

34 Duncan Run watershed. Other than some Morton 1995). Thus an early fifth century thick grit-tempered pottery appears to beer cans and evidence of a recent fire, date for the Lowe point from the Stockdale have been churned up from layer C where however, the only indication of historic shelter is probably a good guess. the remaining sherd was found. This activity at the shelter were eight sherds Also found in layer A was a complete vessel would have had a mean wall thick­ from a lead-glazed redware crock, found in "Middle Woodland" point (Converse ness of 12.1 mm (range 10-14 mm). The the backfill from the earlier excavations. 1973:61) fashioned from Flint Ridge flint temper consisted of crushed quartz with This crock probably dates prior to 1820, and a Hopewell-looking bladelet fragment particle size of up to 3 mm in diameter. since after that date stoneware crocks of the same material (see Figure 6). Rem­ These thick sherds are typical of the pot­ became readily available in the Muskingum nants of a possible Hopewell pottery tery found on both early Adena and pre- County area and the more porous redware vessel, represented by six body sherds Adena Early Woodland sites throughout the lost much of its popularity (Carskadden et and a rim sherd, were found in layer B. Muskingum County area. This thick pottery al. 1990). Redware was still manufactured The vessel tempering was crushed lime­ has been associated with corrected radio­ in Zanesville, however, as late as 1836 stone and the surface was cordmarked, carbon dates as early as 1261 B.C. at an (Springer 1848). Unlike many rockshelters except for a area of smoothing just below early pit feature under one of the mounds and cliff faces in the county, there were no the lip. Two additional body sherds found at the Philo Mound Group (Carskadden names or dates carved on the wall of the in the earlier backfill are probably from 1989), and with dates of 1211-1165 B.C. Stockdale shelter, probably due to the this same vessel. and 921 B.C. at the Linn 2 habitation site shelter's remote location. The Hopewell or early Late Woodland just upstream from the Philo Mound Group components are also represented by two (Pacheco 1994). Late Prehistoric (Philo Phase) fingernail-size pieces of mica found in the Similar thick pottery was also found in Occupation shelter, one from layer A and the other Merry's Cave, a stratified rockshelter along Five smooth surface shell-tempered pot­ from layer B. Sheets of mica, while gener­ Salt Creek six miles north of Duncan Falls tery sherds, representing at least two ves­ ally considered a Hopewell trait, have (see Figure 1). This pottery occurred below sels, were recovered in the backfill of the been found in three of the five early Late a layer that produced a corrected radio­ earlier excavation. One of these sherds was Woodland mounds at the nearby Philo carbon date of 391 B.C. The latest cor­ decorated with punctates and appears to Mound Group, as well as in the nearby rected radiocarbon date from a site in the be from a typical Philo Punctate vessel. early Late Woodland Henderson Mound 2 central Muskingum Valley that produced Philo Punctate is the diagnostic pottery and Black Dog Mound (Carskadden and pottery over 11 mm in thickness (11.4 mm) type found at the nearby Fort Ancient Philo Morton 1995). was the 379 B.C. date from the early Adena II and Richards sites (Gartley et al. 1976; Gay Mound along the Muskingum River Gartley 1977). These sequentially occupied Early Woodland (pre-Adena) Occupation near Philo. Pottery from early Adena sites in Philo Phase villages have been radiocarbon The most intensive occupation of the the county is generally thinner than the Gay dated to ca. A.D. 1275 (Philo II) and ca. Stockdale shelter appears to have been Mound examples, ranging from 10.3 to 9.8 A.D. 1285 (Richards). The base of a trian­ early in the Early Woodland period (i.e. mm in thickness. Late Adena pottery is gular projectile point from layer A at the pre-Adena Early Woodland), if the number even thinner than this, and can go down as shelter, with its slightly excurvate base and of projectile points dating from this period low as 6.3 mm in thickness. basal projections, is typical of the projectile is any indication. A total of two complete Thus, while thick (over 11 mm) grit-tem­ points found on these nearby Philo Phase and seven fragmentary Kramer-like pered pottery has a date range of over sites. A nearly complete triangle with similar stemmed points were found, including 800 years in the central Muskingum Valley characteristics was recovered from the five from layer A, two from layer B, one (roughly 1250 B.C. to 400 B.C.), the lack backfill of the earlier excavations. Both of from layer C, and one from the backfill of of early Adena ovate base and Cresap these triangles were fashioned from Upper the earlier excavation (see Figure 7). Four points at the shelter, coupled with the Mercer flint. of these points are made of black Upper presence of so many Kramer points, sug­ Mercer flint, one is made of gray Upper gests that this particular thick-walled pot­ Middle Late Woodland (Intrusive Mercer flint, and the remaining four are tery vessel probably dates to the time the Mound) Occupation fashioned of unknown light colored flints. Kramer points were dropped in the An Intrusive Mound component is repre­ Although Kramer points have not been shelter (ca. 750 B.C. to 400 B.C.). sented at the shelter by a single Raccoon radiocarbon dated from any local sites, Notched point from the backfill of the ear­ they have been dated from ca. 750 B.C. to Late Archaic Occupation lier excavation (see Figure 6). This point is 450 B.C. elsewhere in the Ohio Valley (see Two matching fragments of a late manufactured from black Upper Mercer for example Wall et al. 1995). Kramer points Archaic Bottleneck-like point were found in flint. The nearest known Intrusive Mound are the antecedents of the early Adena layer E, and a late Archaic Pentagonal habitation site can be found at the Philo II Cresap point, and some researchers con­ point was found in the backfill of the earlier site, three miles to the southeast (Morton sider the types one and the same. One of excavation (see Figure 6). The occurrence 1989). The Intrusive Mound Phase in the the so-called Kramer points from the of the Bottleneck point stratigraphically central Muskingum Valley is believed to shelter resembles somewhat a slightly ear­ below the Kramer "phase" occupation date from ca. A.D. 650 to A.D. 850. lier type - the Cogswell Contracting Stem (layer C) is not unexpected. point, which has been dated in Kentucky Early Late Woodland and from ca. 1250 B.C. to 750 B.C. (Ledbetter Miscellaneous Flint Artifacts Hopewell Occupations and O'Steen 1992). These various types In addition to the diagnostic projectile A fragmentary early Late Woodland (Cogswell, Kramer, Cresap) grade morpho­ points noted above, six projectile point tips Lowe Flaired Base point, fashioned of logically into one another and are some­ and two midsections were found. These black Upper Mercer flint, was found in layer times difficult to differentiate. include a midsection from the earlier back­ A (see Figure 6). Lowe Flaired Base points Also representing this Early Woodland fill, three tips and a midsection from layer have been associated with corrected radio­ pre-Adena occupation were 13 thick B, two tips from layer C, and one tip from carbon dates of A.D. 405 at the early Late smooth surface grit-tempered ceramic layer D. The midsection from the backfill Woodland Philo Mound Group, and A.D. body sherds and two rim sherds, all prob­ and a tip from layer B were refitted. 429 at the nearby early Late Woodland ably from a single vessel. Although 12 of Two matching fragments from an ovate Henderson Mound 2 (Carskadden and these sherds were found in layer A, this bifacial knife were also found in the

35 shelter. The tip was found in the earlier gallons of soil from each layer in the more can be said. I would suspect, how­ backfill and the basal portion was found shelter. These samples have never been ever, that the earlier excavators found more in level A. This artifact was fashioned of submitted to anyone for flotation analysis, early Late Woodland Lowe points than they black Upper Mercer flint and exhibited however. Therefore, there is no informa­ did Hopewell points. We can only specu­ lateral grinding or wear on both sides. The tion on botanical remains from the Stock- late as to why the Hopewell or early Late only other flint tool from the shelter was a dale shelter at this time. However, bone Woodland peoples would have carried teardrop-shaped unifacial end scraper. preservation in the shelter was excellent, mica to the shelter. and considering the small size of the area Conspicuous by their absence at the Lithic Debris excavated, a fairly large amount of animal Stockdale shelter are early and late Although all excavated soil was sifted bone was recovered during my excava­ Adena projectile points and pottery. At through a quarter inch screen, flint chip- tions, particularly from layers A and B. An Merry's Cave along Salt Creek, six miles page was not found in abundance. Only equally large sample was collected from north of Philo, nine occupation layers 78 chips were found, mostly from layers A the backfill of the earlier excavation. The were present, of which two were early and B, and the raw material is summa­ bone material has not as yet been ana­ Adena and three were late Adena. A late rized in Table 3. A number of chips were lyzed either, so at this time observations Adena component was also present at also found in the earlier backfill; these are as to the subsistence practices or sea­ the Knight Hollow shelter. The proximity not included in the analysis. The vast sonality of the various occupations of a number of late Adena habitation sites majority of the flint chippage appears to cannot be made. The mixing of stone and and mounds in the immediate Duncan be from bifacial retouch or resharpening. ceramic artifacts in the upper layers, how­ Falls-Philo area (see for example There was little in the way of core chunks, ever, probably means that there was a Carskadden and Gregg 1974; Carskadden block shatter or primary flakes to suggest mixing of the floral and faunal material as and Morton 1989), as well as along Brush the actual manufacture of flint tools from well, which may preclude an accurate Creek west of the Stockdale shelter, scratch in the shelter, except for several interpretation. would indicate a relatively substantial late chunks of black Upper Mercer flint in Whole and fragmentary freshwater clam Adena population in the area. Therefore layer C. The paucity of debitage may be shells were also present in all layers of the the lack of Adena material in the Stock- due to the fact that my excavations were shelter, except layer E, and a number of dale shelter, especially late Adena, is located in the margins of the inhabitable clam shells were found in the backfill. The rather curious. It may simply be due, floor area. Perhaps flint-working activities nearest water source that could support a however, to the vagaries of the small arti­ took place mostly in the disturbed central clam population would have been the fact sample available from my limited portion of the shelter. Muskingum River. Collecting clams in the excavations. The nearest readily available flint river was probably a warm weather task, Not much can be said about the pre- source to the shelter were the gravel beds although their presence in the shelter Adena Kramer "phase" occupation of the along the Muskingum River two and a half deposits does not necessarily indicate a shelter, since this is the first component miles to the east. Although none of the warm weather occupation. Some of the dating to this period that has been debitage exhibited pebble cortex, some shells could have served as spoons or reported on thus far in the central Musk­ of the unidentifiable varieties as well as scrapers and could have been carried ingum Valley. some of the black Upper Mercer flint may around long after they were collected in have been collected along the river. The the river. This is especially true for the shell Acknowledgements closest actual outcrop of flint is the Brush fragment with the ground edge. Although I excavated this shelter by Creek flint deposits along the west side of myself, I would like to thank several the Muskingum River about nine miles Summary Observations people for their assistance in compiling south of Philo. This material is repre­ Because of the proximity of the large this report, particularly James Morton and sented by only seven chips, however. year-round Philo Phase Fort Ancient vil­ Jeff Carskadden for their comments on lages along the Muskingum River, just two my manuscript and for making available Bone and Shell Artifacts and a half to three miles from the shelter, to me unpublished field notes and radio­ Bone artifacts found in the shelter the Philo Phase occupation at the Stock- carbon dates from a number of other include a bird bone bead and a beaver dale shelter probably represents day-trips, sites in the Philo-Duncan Falls area. They tooth chisel from layer B, a splinter bone or at the very most a single night's stay, have also tried to kept me up-to-date on awl from layer C, and a notched antler possibly by hunting parties. The presence the archaeological literature pertaining to hoe from the backfill of the earlier excava­ of two Fort Ancient pottery vessels, how­ Ohio while I have been living in St. Croix. tion (see Figure 8). Worked shell includes ever, suggests that women or an entire Special thanks go to the Stockdales for a fragmentary clam shell from layer B with family may have been present during one allowing me to excavate. a ground edge. Because of the mixing of of these brief stays. Philo Phase compo­ artifacts in the upper two layers, it is diffi­ nents have been reported from other rock­ References cult to attribute the bone and shell arti­ shelters in the county, including the Knight facts to any particular occupation. Hollow shelter along Kent Run south of Carskadden, Jeff However, similar notched antler hoes Flint Ridge, ten miles west of the Stock- 1977 Philo II and Richards Site Bone and have been recovered at the Fort Ancient dale shelter (Foraker 1974; Felumlee 1983). Antler Industries. Occasional Papers in Muskingum Valley Archaeology 1 -9(4):39- Philo II and Richards sites (Carskadden The Philo Phase component at Knight Hollow is represented by a single pottery 71. The Muskingum Valley Archaeological 1977), and the example from the Stock- Survey, Zanesville. vessel and a few triangles. dale shelter is probably associated with 1989 Excavation of Mound D at the Philo the Philo Phase component at the shelter. Evidence for classic Hopewell occupa­ Mound Group. Muskingum County, Ohio. tion in eastern Ohio rockshelters is rela­ Ohio Archaeologist 39(1):4-8. Floral and Faunal Remains tively scanty compared to abundant I did not notice any nut shells or other evidence for early Late Woodland utilization Carskadden, Jeff and Tim Gregg 1974 Excavation of an Adena Open Site, Duncan obvious floral remains while sifting of these shelters (Seeman 1992,1995). The Falls, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 24(2):4-7. through the shelter deposits. In the early Stockdale shelter probably fits into this 1970s flotation was just beginning to be same general pattern, but because of the limited number of artifacts from these two Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton used in Ohio as a recovery technique for 1980 The Historic Indian in Muskingum County periods found in the shelter, not much plant remains, so I collected about two and the Central Muskingum Valley. Occa-

36 sional Papers in Muskingum Valley Foraker, Linda Pacheco, Paul Joe Archaeology 11, The Muskingum Valley 1974 A Fort Ancient Rockshelter Occupation. 1994 Recent Excavations at the Linn 2 Site Archaeological Survey, Zanesville. Ohio Archaeologist 24(3):22. (33Mu611) in the Philo Archaeological 1989 Excavations of Mound E at the Philo District. Paper presented at the spring Mound Group, Muskingum County, Ohio. Gartley, Richard meeting of the Ohio Archaeological West Virginia Archeologist 41 (1):42-53. 1977 Ceramics from the Richards Site and the Council, Columbus, Ohio, May 20. 1995 Middle Woodland - Late Woodland Tran­ Philo Phase of the Fort Ancient Tradition. sition in the Central Muskingum Valley of Occasional Papers in Muskingum Valley Seeman, Mark F. Eastern Ohio: A View from the Philo Archaeology 1-9(3):17-38. The Musk­ 1992 Woodland Traditions in the Midcontinent: a Archaeological District. In A View from ingum Valley Archaeological Survey, Comparison of Three Regional Sequences. the Core - A Conference Synthesizing Zanesville. Research in Economic Anthropology, Sup­ Ohio Hopewell Archaeology, edited by plement 6:3-46. JAI press. Paul J. Pacheco. Ohio Archaeological Gartley, Richard, Jeff Carskadden 1995 The Hopewell Core and Its Many Margins: Council, Columbus. and John Morton Deconstructing Upland and Hinterland 1974 The Eddie Paul Rockshelter, Frazeysburg, Relations. In A View from the Core - A Carskadden, Jeff, James Morton Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 24(3):9-11 . Conference Synthesizing Ohio Hopewell and Richard Gartley Archaeology, edited by Paul J. Pacheco. 1990 Ceramics from an Iron Makers' Cabin Gartley, Richard, Jeff Carskadden Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus. (1816-1820), Muskingum County, Ohio. and James Morton Pennsylvania Archaeologist 60(2) :1 -31. 1976 Ceramics from the Philo II Site. Pennsyl­ Springer, C. vania Archaeologist 46(12):55-75. 1848 Third Annual Report of the Ohio State Converse, Robert N. Board of Agriculture (Muskingum County). 1973 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological Ledbetter, R. Jerald and Lisa D. O'Stenn Columbus. Society of Ohio, Columbus. 1992 The Grayson Site: Late Archaic and Late Woodland Occupations in the Little Sandy Wall, Scott et al. Everhart, J.F. Drainage. In Current Archaeological 1995 Kramer Projectile Points and Early Wood­ 1882 History of Muskingum County, Ohio. Research in Kentucky 2:13-42, edited by land Activity at the West Runway Site (1 A.A. Graham,. Columbus. David Pollack and Gwynn Henderson. The 5BE391), Boone County, Kentucky. In Kentucky Heritage Council, Lexington. Current Archaeological Research in Ken­ Felumlee, Gary tucky 3:89-112, edited by John F. Doer- 1983 Report on the Knight Hollow Rockshelter. Morton, James shuk, Christopher A. Bergman and David Ohio Archaeologist 33(4):22-28. 1989 Middle and Late Woodland Components Pollack. Kentucky Heritage Council. at the Philo II Site, Muskingum County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 39(2):61 -69.

Table 1 Strata observed in the north profile of the northern square, Stockdale Rockshelter

Stratum Max. Thickness Color Cultural AITtllatlon/Dia?nosnes

Recent 3 inches brown

Layer A 9 Inches light gray Fort Ancient triangular point Early Late Woodland Lowe point Hopewell point, Hopewell bladelet Early Woodland Kramer points

LayerB 5 Inches mottled dark gray Hopewell pottery Early Woodland Kramer points Layer C 4 Inches light gray Early Woodland Kramer point LayerD 3 inches red Mostly sterile Layer E 4 inches light gray Late Archaic Bottleneck point Layer F varies brown /weathered

Table 2 Strata observed in the north profile of the southern square, Stockdale Rockshelter

Stratum Max. Thickness Color Cultural Affiliation /Diagnostics

Recent 6 inches dark brown Backfill

Layer B 4 inches dark gray/brown No diagnostics

Layer C 2 inches tight gray No diagnostics

Layer D 2 inches red Mostly sterile

Layer F varies brown/weathered sandstone MosUy sterile Table 3 Flint Chlppage from the Stockdale Rockshelter

UP >ER SAMPLE FLINT MEFiCE R BRUSH SIZE RIDGE UNK. •LACK GRAY CREEK

Figure 1 (Gartley) Map of Muskingum County, Ohio, showing the loca­ Layer A 44 16 14 1 5 8 tion of the Stockdale rockshelter (1), the Philo Mound Group and Philo II LayerB 25 6 10 2 7 site (2), Merry's Cave (3), and the Knight Hollow rockshelter (4) LayerC 7 1 6

LayerD 1 1 LayerE

LayerF 1 1

TOTAL 78 24 30 1 7 16

37 i__- SHELTER FLOOR

NORTH SQUARE

DISTURBED AREA

SOUTH SQUARE

STOCKDALE ROCKSHELTER FLOOR PLAN

r- 20 FEET H

Figure 3 (Gartley) Floor plan of the Stockdale Rockshelter, Muskingum County, Ohio.

STOCKDALE ROCKSHELTER Figure 2 (Gartley) Photo taken in 1973 of the Stockdale rockshelter, Brush NORTH PROFILE OF NORTHERN SQUARE Creek Township, Muskingum County, Ohio. The property owner can be see standing in front of the entrance. iililiiiliPl

ROCK LEDGE

ONEFOOT STOCKDALE ROCKSHELTER GENERALIZED CROSS-SECTION (looking north and downstream) STOCKDALE ROCKSHELTER NORTH PROFILE OF SOUTHERN SQUARE

HABITATION LAYERS

CREEKBED

TEN FEET

Figure 4 (Gartley) Cross-section view of the Stockdale Rockshelter, Figure 5 (Gartley) Profiles recorded during the 1973 excava­ Muskingum County, Ohio. tions at the Stockdale Rockshelter, Muskingum County, Ohio.

38 M Figure 6 (Gartley) Miscellaneous projectile points from the Stockdale • CM rockshelter, including (from left to right) a Raccoon Notched point, a IN Lowe Flaired Base point, a Middle • -r Woodland point, a Late Archaic 0 l 2 Pentagonal point, and a refitted Late Archaic Bottleneck point.

I 0 1 2 3 _4 | CM IN 0 1 2 •^ Figure 7 (Gartley) Early Woodland ••... ••,::: Kramer and related points from the Stockdale rockshelter.

M Figure 8 (Gartley) Notched antler hoe and splinter bone awl from the Stockdale rockshelter.

39 WAR CLUBS AND WAR CLUB HEADS FROM OHIO by Elaine Holzapfel Robert N. Converse 415 Memorial and 199 Converse Drive Greenville, OH 45331 Plain City, Ohio 43064

Among western Plains Indian collec­ head. For its entire length it is no larger in Shives, and it is the only artifact in her tions 'war clubs' are sometimes seen. diameter than a thick pencil and would possession. It is an engraved specimen of They are usually uncomplicated artifacts have easily broken if subjected to even polished limestone. Another club head of and consist of a large stone head and a minimal use or impact. To add to the polished limestone with an inclusion of small thin handle. The stone head is foot­ apparent nonfunctional role of the handle, quartz crystals was said to have been ball-shaped and about six inches long. It western examples are beaded from one found with burials near Bucyrus in Craw­ can be rounded in cross-section or flat end to the other - a treatment which ford County and published in the Ohio sided and looks like nothing more than a negates its use for any utilitarian purpose. Archaeologist Vol 19 No. 3. It was long, fat pick bannerstone. The handle is fastened to the head by thought at that time to have been an Most club heads are made from pol­ inserting it into the shallow hole and unfinished pick bannerstone. In the Dr. ished limestone, but they can be made of tieing it with a narrow strap which encir­ Meuser collection was a club head made any exotic stone including quartzite, col­ cles the head. This strap is often beaded of hematite from Hamilton County. Finally, orful granite, hematite or even catlinite. and decorated with tiny conical tin tin­ a classic club head of quartzite is listed as This head can be plain or it may be deco­ klers. Neither does this seemingly flimsy having been found in Fulton County. rated with deep encircling grooves. It can hafting arrangement suggest heavy use. These Ohio found club heads are an even be faceted or have other decorative The impression one gets when exam­ enigma. Western war clubs probably treatment. Most, however, are simple ining a number of hafted western war date from the middle to latter part of the polished, unadorned, double-conical clubs is that they were used only as status nineteenth century. Ohio club heads stone heads. symbols or were carried for display only. would have to date much earlier than this On all of them a small % inch hole is Despite the name 'war club' it is doubtful and of necessity would predate 1830 or drilled in the middle at right angles to its that they were ever used for such a pur­ even earlier since all Indians were gone length. This hole may be only an inch or pose and were items made for show only. from Ohio before then. less deep and some examples have only Occasionally unhafted stone club Ohio club heads may be symbolic a shallow depression in place of the hole heads are found in Ohio collections. items which were never hafted. In view of but are otherwise completely finished. These are naturally thought of - and prob­ the fact that two of the purported Ohio Some have a slight hafting groove around ably are, western imports collected a cen­ examples are not drilled but are other­ their middle but it is not pronounced and tury ago. However, it is puzzling to, now wise completely finished, it may be that some have no grooves whatever. and then, find a stone club head pur­ they were never fastened to a handle and The handle is the strangest part of the porting to be of Ohio origin. A stone club used as tokens of respect and as barter artifact for it appears to be much too small head was found near Greenville, Ohio, by items. If they indeed have an Ohio origin and totally inadequate for such a large Lowell Shives, grandfather of Joanie they certainly predate western examples.

•4 Figure 1 (Converse and Holzapfel) Western plains war clubs. The fully beaded thin handles are typical.

40 Figure 2 (Converse and Holzapfel) Pick-like club head made of limestone. It was found near Greenville, Ohio, by the grandfather of Joanie Shives in the early 1940s.

Figure 3 (Converse and Holzapfel) Made of quartzite, this grooved club-head was found in Fulton County, Ohio. Neither this club-head nor the hematite example are drilled deeply and have only a slight indentation where the handle would have attached.

41 Figure 4 (Converse and Holzapfel) Two views of a war club head made of limestone with a crystal inclusion. Found with disturbed burials near Bucyrus, Ohio, and probably predates 1800.

•4 Figure 5 (Converse and Holzapfel) Club-head made of hematite, originally collected by Dr. Gordon Meuser in Hamilton, County, Ohio.

42 EDITORIAL THE ARPA AND NAGPRA LAWS by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio

For the past twenty-five years or more The Park Service interpretations of the logical sites from looters' shovels." In the archaeological public has been bar- ARPA, and especially the NAGPRA, laws part it reads as follows: raged by the Society for American are classic examples of government At a staged 'crime scene' a man Archaeology and the National Park Ser­ agencies taking such mandates and emerged from the brush dressed in vice with the notion that professional twisting them to their own purposes. camouflage fatigues. He probed archaeologists should be viewed as Recent instances of bureaucratic excess, the ground with a steel rod, fre­ "stewards of the past." To bolster this and how actions of the federal govern­ quently looking over his shoulder. role of "stewardship" they created a myth ment can not only devastate an innocent He began to dig and came up with that the looting of archaeological sites citizen's life but actually end it, are the an object which he washed and and the trading of illegal artifacts was a Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents and, bagged. "They are commonly rampant nationwide problem. The Park closer to home, the shoddy and patently armed" said McAllister, "the cam­ Service even went so far as to install a illegal Greg Shipley affair. Nearly all these ouflage clothing is the first tip-off, looting "hotline" (less than ten calls per acts of overzealousness contravene the the probe and the other tools are year) and created a sting team. They law as well as the Constitution and result the second clue." funded this sting team with several million in a myriad of court cases, Constitutional McAllister, who co-authored with Sherry dollars and set up an office in Santa Fe. tests and Congressional hearings. These Hutt and Elwood Jones one of the above- They were supposed to seek out and are only the tip of the iceberg since in mentioned books, which among other arrest people involved in illicit artifact few instances does the average citizen things defines collectors, is obviously an traffic but they found that such traffic was have the money or time to defend himself expert on the collecting community. as ethereal as the mythical looting. The against the full weight of the federal gov­ Does this description sound familiar to Federal Archeology Report issued by the ernment with its lawyers and biased you? It would have been interesting to National Park Service regularly warned bureaucrats who have tax money in limit­ have seen the late Dr. Gordon Meuser the public of threats to archaeological less amounts and the ear of federally tricked out in such a costume and carrying resources by looters and collectors (the appointed and sympathetic judges. One a gun. And can you imagine the late Arthur Park Service draws little distinction of the prosecutors in the Gerber case, for George Smith, who made more contribu­ between looters and collectors). example, bragged about having used the tions to archaeology than Sherry Hutt, In order to thwart this perceived danger, courts for "social change." Elwood Jones and Martin McAllister com­ regulations were formulated by both the bined, dressed in camouflage fatigues and SAA and the Park Service - both head­ The Park Service View of Collectors looking furtively over his shoulder while quartered in Washington - and Congress In order to sustain this mostly mythical collecting on the Sawmill site? was lobbied and pressured to pass laws threat to our nation's prehistoric trea­ I'm sure many of you collectors know controlling many aspects of archaeology. sures, archaeologists were hired, sting about probes - every collector carries one Thus we have the ARPA and the NAGPRA teams with guns were formed, meetings except me -1 have never seen one. But I'm laws - laws which deal specifically with and seminars were convened, confer­ going to get one and if you travel through public and federal land and federally ences were held, law enforcement central Ohio you might see me in the funded museums. people were briefed, news items were plowed fields. I will be wearing camouflage Like many laws passed by Congress, released, books were written, (all at tax­ fatigues, carrying a probe and shovel, well these on their face, seemed innocuous payer expense) and the wheels of the armed and dangerous, craftily peeking and even desirable and few people in the federal bureaucracy were put in motion over my shoulder and hoping that no one archaeological community found fault to halt this supposedly ominous and per­ will see the Hopewell effigy pipe I just with them even though some of the pro­ vasive threat to archaeological resources. probed for and dug up, or the foot-long visions were somewhat hazy and others They portrayed themselves as saviours of obsidian spear detected by my omniscient having to do with religion were probably our national heritage - they, and only probe along Sweeney's Run. I now have unconstitutional. they, were the fit and proper people to them for sale - I can always take my protect priceless sites and artifacts for faithful probe and get more. Implementation of the ARPA and future generations. Federal bureaucrats are notable for self- NAGPRA Laws And all the while, everyone in the col­ interest in promoting their jobs and cre­ However, as with all federal laws, there lecting community was wondering who ating crises where there are none. Perhaps needs to be an agency to enforce them was doing all this illicit digging and who they should be excused for stretching the and the National Park Service was desig­ was selling these illegal artifacts since truth now and then to enhance the impor­ nated to fulfill this role. As many Amer­ few collectors had ever dug anything and tance of their work. But anyone who por­ ican citizens have learned to their regret, still fewer had ever seen an illegal arti­ trays to the public this idiotic image of a what the law explicitly says, and what the fact. We didn't need to wonder long, for relic hunter is either overwhelmed by his bureaucrats say it says, are usually poles in a news release published in the imagination or should get out from behind apart. As we have seen recently, bureau­ Athens, Ohio, MESSENGER (May 9, his desk and visit a few collectors. I extend crats are ever ready to apply their own 1993), a looter was described by Martin an open invitation. unique interpretations to the intent of McAllister, archaeologist of Duluth, Min­ This book I mentioned is called "Arche- Congress - interpretations biased by their nesota, who led a national meeting of ological Resource Protection" and if you personal perceptions and political archaeologists and law enforcement would like to know how federal archaeol­ agendas which may go far beyond the people at Wayne State Forest. The article ogists feel about you, you should get it original scope and purpose of the law. is entitled "Fight is on to save archaeo­ and read it - you helped pay for it. Martin

43 McAllister (of the aforementioned news how these agencies who criticize him Thus if a researcher from one region release) along with Sherry Hutt and take care of their collections? wants to know about archaeological Elwood Jones, who must be pillars of investigations in another, there is no way archaeological knowledge and acquain­ How Government Agencies he can find out whether anything perti­ tance with collectors, define us and our Treat Their Collections nent to his work exists. In fact, access to activities. In it you will learn that you may In a December 1993 issue of the Gov­ CRM information is confined to profes­ by a "pure collector", a "commercial ernment Executive, an article by Lynn sionals only, no avocationalists are looter", an "investment collector" or a Schnaiberg relates how these government allowed to see it - it is made available on "noncommercial looter". They define a bureaus take care of their own collections: the "need to know" basis - sort of like CIA collector as "anyone who unscientifically The Bureau of Land Management, files. Is this work, which may cost as removes archaeological materials for any the Park Service and the Forest much as a million dollars a project, good reason". This presumably means the Service did little to insure that the archaeology or poor archaeology? Is it farmer of a century ago who gathered artifacts removed from their lands significant or unimportant and not worth relics from his plowed fields to keep and sent to curational facilities were the money expended? No one knows. It them from being broken to pieces, or the accounted for and being properly is one of the best kept secrets of archae­ curious individual who bought them at a preserved. Another report found ology. farm auction and saved them from the that some 360 art objects having trash heap. It would appear that this poor significant historical and monetary The Result of the NAGPRA and old farmer who found a lone axe on his value were missing - and another ARPA Laws farm in 1870 and picked it up could be said that many of their collections And where has this federal intrusion spared the "unscientific" description. couldn't be accounted for - another into archaeology brought us - this stew­ To return to a serious note, are there said that agencies didn't know what ardship, this hiring of hundreds of unprincipled and avaricious collectors? Of they had or where it is. Interior's IG people, this expenditure of billions of dol­ course there are. It should be up to the reported that an Apache basket lars, these poorly implemented laws? professional as well as the avocational valued at $5,000 was being used as Has it given us an explosion of archaeo­ communities to educate them - an effort a trash can in the Department's logical knowledge, a flood of site reports, rarely seen from the professional side. headquarters. A Navajo rug worth or publications and photographs of these Seldom mentioned are the collectors who as much as $20,000 was nailed to priceless and irreplaceable objects, as have made major contributions to the sci­ the wall of the BIA's Phoenix office. well as a better understanding of the ence of archaeology - contributions which A $5,000 painting .. . was lost, and past? Far from it - it has done just the in many instances were not, nor could on and on. opposite. It has stifled research, which they have been, made by professionals. In the Federal Archaeology Report it should be the backbone of any science, was reported that a CRM archaeologist since it diverts money away from research and into archaeology for money. Professional View of Collectors had abandoned several collections of It has made those who contemplated Collectors are told that they are in it only archaeological material in an Indiana donating collections to museums stop "for the money to be made". We are told warehouse. No mention was made of and take a second look. In fact, these this from members of a profession whose censuring the individual who had been laws and their application by the Park colleagues collected $1,800,000 tax dollars paid thousands of dollars for excavating Service archaeologists threaten to end for excavating - but not publishing a report it. Another Federal Archaeology Report the discipline of archaeology itself. on - the West Virginia Cotiga mound, an showed pictures of archaeological mate­ obscure site which any research archaeolo­ rial in rotted cardboard boxes stored in a Archaeology has been so politicized by gist would have dug for 10% of that leaking building. Millions upon millions of Park Service apologists, revisionists and amount and had money left over. artifacts and collections are lost, uncata- Indian sycophants that it has become But there are professional archaeolo­ logued, uncurated and unreported. This almost trivial. Political correctness, gists who also don't live up to the stan­ apparently is what these bureaucrats are visions, legends and concocted "oral tra­ dard of ethics of their own profession. speaking of when they say that they dition" take precedence over science and Most of them get the fantods when col­ should be considered "stewards of the hard fact. It is now considered good lectors talk about buying, selling or past". There is not a collector in North archaeology by the Park Service to con­ trading artifacts, and yet professionals America who treats his collection in such sult with a handful of extremists, activists seldom condemn their colleagues for dig­ a way. and those with a political agenda rather ging sites and not reporting them, a wide­ In what surely must be a tongue-in-cheek than archaeologists and the archaeolog­ spread problem for years or for other statement, the Park Service response was ical public. The public can pay for these ethics violations. No one, professional or that they were preparing a property man­ shenanigans but the public is ignored amateur, should ever dig anything without agement program which will serve as a when comments are asked for or policy writing a clear, concise and timely report "model for other Interior agencies". It is made - and yet the archaeological of what was discovered. It they don't appears that these lecturers in "steward­ public is expected to visit and support intend to report it promptly, then they ship" have problems of their own. their sites and museums. shouldn't dig it. Many of these reports if These are all examples of what hap­ they are written at all are read at poorly Cultural Resource Management pens when the government and their attended conferences or published in Archaeology done under the rubric of misguided archaeologists make and con­ obscure journals with circulations of less "cultural resource management" has cost trol archaeological policy. But as silly, than 300. If the word "unscientific" billions of dollars. Numerous projects costly, non-productive and egregious as included the non-reporting of archaeolog­ have cost more than a million dollars each these examples are, both the non-federal ical work, then there would be many - making CRM the most expensive sci­ professionals and tfie archaeological "unscientific" practitioners in the profes­ ence imaginable for the results obtained. public are in for a cataclysm of mind- sional ranks. There are no published reports - the numbing proportions when the NAGPRA law gets put into effect. While the collector, who cares for his reports are secret from the taxpayers who artifacts and site collections like pieces of paid for them. They are not subject to the true cross, is criticized for "unscien­ peer review nor is there a published sum­ The Future of Archaeological Collections tific" collecting, would you like to know mary or list of abstracts of work done. The NAGPRA law was meant to return

44 to their rightful owners remains or items imagine taking your collection through the past." with which claimants could prove kinship the front door of a local museum to be We here in Ohio are fortunate that this or which were stolen or misappropriated. preserved for future generations, while state was the center of the resplendent It sounds rational. Since it is patently federal archaeologists are hauling it out Hopewell culture. The famous Adena impossible to prove anything in prehis­ the back door and giving it away to people originated in our state. We have a tory it is reasonable to conclude that the people who don't even know what it is preponderance of the Glacial Kame culture limit for claims would be drawn at the and have no more claim to it than some in Ohio and as much Paleo evidence as historic-prehistoric line. It would require a vague invented "oral tradition?" any state. We have far and away the most leap of the imagination to extend proof Tragically, these artifacts and collec­ highly developed artifacts from the Archaic into the murky reaches of prehistory tions which the Park Service wants to period - we have a unique Intrusive Mound where archaeologists have spent life­ give away were donated, bequeathed, or presence and we are at the center of the times trying to prove things. The Park excavated decades before there was a Fort Ancient culture. No flint deposit in the Service, in an effort to pander to a small federal archaeological bureaucracy or entire world can compare with Flint Ridge. segment of Indian activists, has deter­ federal subsidies. They were given, or This is a heritage that belongs to everyone. mined that all prehistoric remains and allowed to be excavated, with the under­ But if the Park Service is not brought under artifacts - as far removed as Paleo Indian standing that they were to be preserved control neither you nor your children will - are subject to repatriation claims - in trust, in perpetuity, for the benefit of ever again be able to see the artifacts of claims not only from federally recognized everyone. These priceless artifacts will be these cultures or be allowed to appreciate tribes but from "unrecognized" Indians, given away with no idea what will happen the magnificence of our prehistory. thus opening their giveaway program to to them - the Park Service says that it is If the National Park Service wants to anyone claiming to be an Indian. This none of our business. If you doubt this intrude politics into archaeology, then we interpretation applies to any museum, statement, I invite you to remember what should exercise our own political influ­ large or small, city or county, which in happened to the Mt. Vernon mound ence by writing our Representatives and any way receives federal money directly Hopewell artifacts. They were thrown into Senators and protest this massive give­ or indirectly. a hole in the ground after millions of dol­ away. If we don't, we may in a short Such a policy will do little to stimulate lars were spent to recover them. This timed have empty museums. public donations of archaeological col­ was allowed to happen in the name of Robert N. Converse lections, to say the least. Can you political correctness by our "stewards of

UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVES Ohio Congressional Districts 13 Republicans - 6 Democrats

Dist. Name Party Address Telephone 8 Boehner, John A. (R) 5617 Liberty Fairfield Rd.. Hamilton 45011 (513)894-6003 1009 Longworth House Office Bldg . Wash D.C 20515 (202) 225-6205 13 Brown. Sherrod (D) 5201 Abbe Rd . Elyna 44035 (216) 934-5100 1019 Longworth House Office Bldg , Wash D C. 20515 (202) 225-3401 1 Chabol. Steven J. (R) 105 W 4th St Ste 1115. Cincinnati 45202 (513)684-2723 1641 Longworth House Office Bldg , Wash DC. 20515 (202) 225-2216 6 Cremeans, Frank A. (R| 300 Bank One Plaza, Portsmouth 45662 (614)353-4006 1107 Longworth House Office Bldg.. Wash DC 20515 (202) 225-5705 5 Gillmor, Paul E. (R) 120 Jefferson. Port Clinton 43452 (419)734-1999 1203 Longworth House Office Bldg, Wash DC 20515 . (202) 225-6405 3 Hall, Tony P. (D) 200 W 2nd St . Rm 501. Dayton 45402 (513)225-2843 1432 Longworth House Office Bldg. Wash DC 20515 (202)225-6465 7 Hobson. David L. {R| 150N. Limestone St, Rm 220. Springfield 45501 (513)325-0474 1514 Longworth House Office Bldg, Wash DC 20515 (202)225-4324 10 Hoke, Martin R, (R| 21270 Lorain Rd Fairview Park 44126 (216)356-2010 212 Cannon House Office Bldg. Wash D.C. 20515 (202) 225-5871 9 Kaptur, Marcy (0) 234 Summit St. Rm 719. Toledo 43604 (419)259-7500 2104 Rayburn House Office Bldg, Wash DC 20515 ... (202)225-4146 12 Kasich, John R. ill) 200 N High St. Rm 500. Columbus 43215 (614)469-7318 1131 Longworth House Office Bldg. Wash DC 20515 .... (202)225-5355 19 LaTourette, Steven C.(R) One Victoria PI, Rm 320. Painesville 44077 (216) 352-3939 1508 Longworth House Office Bldg. Wash DC 20515 (202) 225-5355 UNITED STATES SENATORS 18 Ney. Robert W. (R) 3201 Belmont St. Rm 604, Bellaire 43906 (614) 676-1960 1605 Longworth House Office Bldg. Wash DC. 20515 .... (202) 225-6265 4 Oxley, Michael G. (R) 100 E Mam St. Fmdlay 45840 (419)423-3210 SENATOR R MICHAEL DeWINE (R) 2233 Rayburn House Office Bldg, Wash D.C 20515 (202)225-2676 200 N. High Street, Rm. 405 2 Portman, Rob (R) 8044 Montgomery Rd Rm 540. Cincinnati 45236 (513)791-0381 Columbus, Ohio 43215 (614) 469-6774 238 Cannon House Office Bldg. Wash DC 20515 (202) 225-3164 15 Pryce, Deborah D. (R) 200 N High St. Sle 400. Columbus 43215 (614) 469-5614 140 Russell Senate Bldg. 221 Cannon House Office Bldg, Wash DC 20515 ... (202) 225-2015 Wash. D.C. 20510 (202) 224-2315 16 Regula. Ralphs. (R) 4150 Belden Village St, H W, Canton 44718 (216)489-4414 2309 Rayburn House Office Bldg. Wash D C 20515 (202) 225-3876 SENATOR JOHN H. GLENN (D) 14 Sawyer, Thomas C. (D) 411 Wolf Ledges Pkwy, Sle 105. Akron 44311 (216)375-5710 200 N. High Street, Rm. 600 1414 Longworth House Office Bldg, Wash D C 20515 (202) 225-5231 11 Slokes. Louis (D) 3645 Warrensville Center Rd Shaker Heights 44122 (216)522-4900 Columbus, Ohio 43215 (614) 469-6697 2365 Rayburn House Office Bldg, Wash DC 20515 (202) 225-7032 503 Hart Senate Bldg. 17 Trafieant, James A. Jr.(D) 125 Market St. Ste 311. Youngstown 44503 (216) 743-1914 Wash. D.C. 20510 (202)224-3353 2446 Rayburn House Office Bldg, Wash D.C 20515 (202) 225-5261

45 CRABTREE AWARD TO JEFF CARSKADDEN MINNEAPOLIS, MN - MAY, 1995

For his ground-breaking work in pre­ that have appeared in journals such as the serving and understanding the archae­ Ohio Archaeologist, the West Virginia ology of the Central Muskingum River Archaeologist, and Historical Archaeology. Valley of Southeastern Ohio. His excavations have produced some of For nearly 30 years, Jeff Carskadden has the best data on late prehistoric village plan devoted his considerable energies toward and organization anywhere in the Central preserving and understanding the history Ohio Valley, and he has consistently shared and prehistory of the Muskingum Valley in his research. Recognizing the need to pre­ southeastern Ohio. Along with his co-inves­ serve the important records and collections tigator, James Morton, he founded the amassed by nearly three decades of work, Muskingum Valley Archaeological Survey in Carskadden has made arrangements to 1977 in order to conduct archaeological donate these to the Ohio Historical Society. surveys and excavations in the Muskingum His dedication to thorough and careful County area. He regularly publishes and is archaeological research is exemplary. the sole or principal author of 83 articles

OBITUARY Art Allen

On February 20, 1995, Arward "Art" Allen unexpectedly passed away of an apparent heart attack. Art was a long time member of the Sugarcreek Valley Chapter and of The Archaeological Society of Ohio. Art served the Sugarcreek Valley Chapter as Trustee, two terms as Vice-President and two terms as Chapter President. Art had worked on the Riker Site, the Honey Run Site, the Hunt Site and the Yant Mound Site. He had researched the old records and in 1982 reconstructed for publi­ cation as much of the Riker grid map as pos­ sible. Art had also co-authored with the late Dr. Thomas Grubb a series of four articles for the Ohio Archaeologist on the excavations of the Hunt Site in Belmont County. In 1989 for the chapter, he authored the Sugarcreek Valley Chapter 25 Year History - 1961 - 1986. In addition to his archaeological activities, Art was a member of the Stark County Gem and Mineral Society and the International Brick Collectors Association. Art is sorely missed by his family and friends at the Sug­ arcreek Valley Chapter.

46 NEW BOOK THE SANDUSKY BAY CHAPTER OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO AND THE FIRELANDS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER AND THE WESTERN LAKE ERIE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO PRESENT THE PETERSEN SITE AND NEW PERSPECTIVES ON THE LATE PREHISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN OHIO WRITTEN BY TIMOTHY J. ABEL This volume constitutes a major contri­ in our knowledge about the enigmatic 'Fire books will be hard-bound after the pre­ bution to understanding the cultural Nation' is firmly established. Resurrected sale ends so you need not fear that we dynamics of Late Woodland prehistory and from the dust of time, this long awaited will flood the market later with more hard­ protohistory in the western Lower Great information will be a welcome and needed bound books. Lakes region. Based upon five years of addition to the library of both the profes­ The soft-bound books will be bound in continued large scale excavation, Timothy sional and avocational archaeologist alike. the new "otabind" (lay flat) cover. This will J. Abel's new monograph The Petersen allow the book to lay flat on your desk Site and New Perspectives on the Late David M. Stothers without stressing the cover. The cover will Prehistory of Northwestern Ohio, docu­ Director, Firelands Archaeological also be laminated to aid it in "holding up" ments the Paleo Indian, Early and Late Research Center, Milan, Ohio and The to usage of the book. This combinatiopn Archaic, and Early Historic occupations at Archaeological Research Program, The will give you what we feel will be a the Petersen site located near Port Clinton, University of Toledo product which will last through many Ohio. The monograph also documents two years of usage. superimposed Late Woodland villages per­ Price for the soft-bound edition will taining to the Wolf and Indian Hills phases We are presenting a special presale be $20.95. of the Sandusky Tradition, recently identi­ offer on the purchase of this book. The Price for the hard-bound edition will fied as the Totontaratohnronon or 'Fire presale offer will end on December 24, be $27.50. Nation' of early history. This definitive 1995. Delivery is to be made on January Shipping and handling to a United study establishes a temporal chronology 15, 1996. States address will be $5.00. Shipping for the evolution of the Parker Festooned This book will consist of 709 pages of and handling to a Canadian address will ceramic type through time, while docu­ which 21 pages are plates showing mate­ be $11.00. Please convert Canadian menting the cultural transformations in set­ rials found at the Petersen Site. The book funds to United States funds. tlement, subsistance and mortuary will also contain a large fold-out map Quantity discounts will be available. systems which accompanied stylistic which illustrates in detail the findings and Call Les at 419-588-2479, George at 216- transformations in Sandusky tradition exact locations of findings on the site. 839-2125, or Gene at 419-625-4774 for ceramic assemblages. New perspectives We will offer a limited number of hard­ quotes on discounts. on Sandusky tradition cultural interaction bound copies of this book by presale Mail orders to: with neighboring societies in the western only. This hard-bound copy will truly be a Lester F. Gerken Lower Great Lakes are explored, while a collector's item as it will be bound in a 9319 Thorpe Road strong data base for future advancement rich leather hot-stamped cover. No more Berlin Heights, Ohio 44814

ORDER FORM: BOOKS ORDERD: NUMBER/PRICE: NAME HARD-BOUND @

ADDRESS SOFT-BOUND @

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ZIP CODE TOTAL ENCLOSED BOOK REVIEW Exploring Ancient Native America, museums in North America and gives though in vogue today, have little to do An Archaeological Guide addresses, locations, hours, do's and with archaeology. Some of these sections Hardbound $25.00 dont's, and contains information about are essays by modern Indians which take by David Hurst Thomas whether sites are open to the public etc. the reader to task for events of the past American Museum of Natural History There are sixteen color pages and many and lecture us on 'respect'. Central Park West at 79th St., photographs and illustrations of artifacts, Ohio readers will be surprised to learn sites, mounds and points of interest. that Hopewell is not a particular culture New York, NY 10024-5192 There are parts of the book which are, to and that participants in the Hopewell inter­ me, disconcerting and interrupt the flow of action sphere shared neither culture or lan­ This book is a very readable summary of the narration. The continual use of the term guage (page 134). the prehistory of North America and details 'native American' to describe prehistoric All in all the book has many assets - it is the results of much recent archaeological cultures seems contrived as does the word readable, it is up to date and provides work in the United States and Canada. The Native in the book's title. The boxed in good reading for the armchair as well as book will also prove to be an invaluable sections throughout the book give Indian the traveling prehistorian. guide for anyone wishing to visit sites and interpretation of myths and legends which, Robert N. Converse

Back Cover: A fine three-quarter groove axe from Putnam Co., Ohio. Mel Wilkins collection.

47 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.