School of Kinesiology

School of Kinesiology

Michigan Publishing Copyright © 2015 by the Regents of the University of

The : An Encyclopedic Survey was first published beginning in 1942. For its 2017 Bicentennial, the University undertook the most significant updating of the Encyclopedia since the original, focusing on academic units. Entries from all versions are compiled in the Bicentennial digital and print-on-demand edition.

This book was produced using Pressbooks.com, and PDF rendering was done by PrinceXML. Contents

1. School of Kinesiology (2015) 1

[1]

School of Kinesiology (2015)

The discipline known as Kinesiology traces its roots at the University of Michigan to the late 19th century. It began as a Program, grew into a Department, became a stand-alone Division, and in 2008, earned designation as a School. Changing locations three times as it grew in scope and enrollment, Kinesiology has evolved from activity classes in a gymnasium, to required classes in sport skills and fitness, to a teaching degree in physical education, to the multifaceted scientific study of human movement, health and wellness, and sport management.

1870-1920

“There is no other spectacle of a want of symmetry in the development of a human being so glaring and so painful as that of a cultivated mind inhabiting a neglected, feeble and incompetent body…” noted the U-M Regents proceedings in 1870. The Regents recommended the establishment of a Department of Hygiene and Physical Culture and the appointment of a professor to run it, citing “the equal rights and equal needs of the body and mind, with reference to systematic training.” In 1891, Joshua Waterman offered $20,000 toward the construction of a gymnasium if an equal amount could be raised from other sources. Students met the challenge, and in 1894, was completed at a cost of $61,876.49. 2 School of Kinesiology

At that time, the University enrolled about 2,000 men and 500 women. President James B. Angell, a strong advocate for co- education, extended Waterman privileges to women on certain mornings. But, the women campaigned vigorously for their own wing, and in 1895, Regents Levi Barbour and Charles Hebard donated $40,000. The women raised the rest through personal canvassing as well as a Leap Year Hop in 1896 that brought in $582, at one dollar per ticket. Barbour Gymnasium opened in 1900. Both an facility and social gathering space, Barbour opened the full spectrum of university life to female students. George A. May joined the faculty in 1901, serving from 1910-42 as Director of Waterman Gym. “Doc” May emphasized calisthenics, marching , basketball, and track to “counteract the strain placed on students by extensive study.” May practiced what he preached, the Ann Arbor News reported: “Indian club , hours on the parallel bar and gymnasium horse, floor dips, topped off with a half-mile jog on the running track.” President Angell recruited U-M Medical School graduate Eliza M. Mosher to be Professor of Hygiene and the first Women’s Dean in the Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts, 1896-1902. Mosher detested corsets and invented a women’s gymnasium suit featuring black knee-length bloomers to allow for more freedom of movement. She prescribed an individualized exercise program for each female student and promoted a four-year course in physiology and hygiene, incorporating psychology and public health. Men’s and Women’s Physical Education began as electives, but in 1898, the Regents made PE compulsory for all freshmen. By 1911, it was a four-year requirement. Their reasoning would echo for decades to come: “It has been found that often those who are most in need of physical education do not take it.” Required classes meant higher enrollments and an expanded curriculum. Waterman Gym was equipped for sports ranging from boxing and fencing to handball and shotput. In Barbour, the women practiced drills and marches, basketball, and calisthenics. A Women’s Athletic Association formed in 1905 to promote comprehensive athletic and recreational activities. School of Kinesiology (2015) 3

Swimming classes in the waist-deep “Barbour Bathtub” Swimming Tank had a long waiting list. In 1917, America’s entry into World War I raised national concern about physical fitness, when thousands of draftees were turned down for military service. States started to pass laws requiring physical education classes in the public schools, and to meet the need for teachers, the Regents established a Department of Physical Education in the newly established School of Education.

1920-1976

The 1920s’ post-war prosperity also saw an unprecedented growth in facilities, including Yost Field House, an Intramural Sports Building, the Women’s Athletic Building, and the nation’s largest football stadium, then seating 85,000. John M. Sundwall headed the new Department of Physical Education in 1921. Among those who shaped early physical education, the three most influential were Margaret Bell, Chair of Women’s Physical Education, 1923-57; Elmer Mitchell, Director of Intramural Sports, 1919-58, and Chair of the Department of Physical Education for Men, 1942-58 and the legendary Fielding H. Yost, head football coach, 1901-1923 and 1925-1926 and Director of Athletics 1921-1941. Teaching “The Theory and Practice of Athletic Coaching,” Yost launched a tradition. U-M coaches continued to teach physical education courses and hold faculty appointments over the next 60 years. Bell broadened the women’s required program to include dance, skating, golf, horseback riding, and a wide variety of other individual and team sports. Mitchell oversaw a huge growth of informal recreational activities and in 1919, became the first Director of Intramural Sports at a U.S. university. He established The Research Quarterly in 1930 and edited The Journal of Health and Physical Education, reporting on studies that often focused on history or philosophical issues. Mitchell helped create the Master’s Degree in 1931 and coursework leading to an Ed.D or Ph.D. in 1938. Undergraduate options included the Required Program of elective non-credit classes, and the four- year Professional Program, leading to teacher certification. By 4 School of Kinesiology

1939, 220 men and 165 women were U-M Physical Education graduates. In 1941, World War II again focused the country’s attention on physical fitness. The Regents adopted an emergency physical conditioning program, consisting of calisthenics, games, relays, obstacle racing and other mass combative exercises, during three 90-minute sessions per week, to gird students for the Armed Forces. After the war, marching and calisthenics gave way to some 20 activity choices ranging from trampoline, figure skating, and fencing, to fly fishing and golf. Women’s electives included horseback riding, archery, and dance. The trend was toward activities that could be carried on throughout the lifetime. With Fielding Yost’s retirement in 1941, the Department was reorganized and named Physical Education and Athletics. Herbert O. Crisler was appointed Director, and the staff members’ academic titles were changed from Professor, Associate and Assistant Professor, and Instructor, to the less prestigious titles of Director, Supervisor, Associate and Assistant Supervisor. In 1967, this action was reversed, and academic titles were restored. Throughout her tenure, Margaret Bell campaigned tirelessly for a women’s swimming pool to accommodate the growing need for recreation, competition, and instruction. In 1954, after decades of fundraising, the six-lane Margaret Bell Pool opened at the corner of Washtenaw and Geddes. Bell also formed a partnership with Interlochen National Music Camp, whereby Physical Education students served as counselors, earning credits and practical experience. Marie Hartwig headed the camp program from 1949-82 and published a Camp Counselor Training Handbook in 1960 that was among the first manuals of its kind. Esther French followed Bell as Women’s Chair, 1957-67, succeeded by Marie Hartwig as Acting Women’s Chair, 1968-70. Paul Hunsicker’s arrival in 1949 marked a turning point, ushering in an emphasis on science-based research that defines Kinesiology today. Succeeding Mitchell in 1958 as Chair of the Men’s Department, Hunsicker tested his male students for strength, depth perception, and reaction time. He started a Summer Youth Fitness program in 1959, offering activities and School of Kinesiology (2015) 5 sports skills to boys aged seven to fourteen and collecting data on their improvements, over the six week program. Summer Youth Fitness continued for three decades, evolving in 1989 to become KidSport. As Director of the much larger National Youth Fitness Project, Hunsicker conducted pioneering studies of youth fitness throughout the United States, published extensively, and spoke before worldwide audiences. His studies spawned the President’s Council on Youth Fitness (now the Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition) that would continue for five decades. During the mid to late 60s, demonstrations against U.S. involvement in Vietnam expanded to other targets. Students challenged many U-M rules and traditions, including the Physical Education requirement. The Regents abolished it in 1970, maintaining a non-credit elective program for students who wanted to learn a new sport or improve their skills. These classes would grow in scope and popularity over the years as the Adult Lifestyle Program, now called U-Move Fitness. In 1968, faculty additions were Merle Foss and Joyce Lindeman, who in addition to her teaching role, oversaw all of the staffing and scheduling of the Bell Pool. Stephen J. Galetti, MA ’56, returned to the department as Undergraduate Coordinator in 1970. Victor Katch came as an assistant professor in 1971 and in 1973, earned distinction as the first official U-M Women’s Basketball coach. He would have continued in that dual role had Paul Hunsicker not given him an ultimatum. Forced to choose between coaching and teaching, Katch chose academics. In response to student demands, the University had integrated the residence halls and the notion of separate men’s and women’s PE classes and facilities seemed inefficient and outdated. A consultant to both the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations and numerous organizations, Hunsicker was the natural choice to head Physical Education when the women’s and men’s programs were combined in 1970. Hunsicker’s title was Associate Director, owing to the Department’s affiliation with the Office of Intercollegiate Athletics as well as the School of Education. Classes were taught 6 School of Kinesiology

by such icons as Athletic Director Don Canham and Gymnastics Coach Newt Loken, twice named National Coach of the Year. Other long-time faculty in the early 70s included Joan Farrell, Rodney Grambeau, Ruth Harris, Phyllis Ocker, Guy Reiff, and Joseph Vaughn. Marie Hartwig went on to play a defining role in women’s athletics. Promoted to full professor, she served on several university-wide task forces including a committee assigned to study the role of women role in intercollegiate athletics. In 1974, Hartwig became U-M’s first Associate Director of Women’s Intercollegiate Athletics. Hunsicker set out to build a strong unified major. He held that men and women should take the same curriculum, a departure from past practices. He encouraged adding laboratory experiences to courses like exercise physiology, motor control, and biomechanics. Known for his sardonic wit and forceful personality, Hunsicker insisted on a strong research emphasis, not just a focus on teacher education. Physical Education was defining itself as an academic discipline, not a subset of athletics. He continued his classic pioneering studies of youth fitness and motor skill development, setting up fitness tests in target schools across the country. He was 59 and at the height of his career in 1976, when he suffered a fatal heart attack. Guy Reiff served briefly as interim director and carried on Hunsicker’s youth fitness studies and related research, until he retired as Professor Emeritus in 1991.

1976-1990

University of Massachusetts Professor Dee W. Edington was hired in 1976 with a mandate to: “establish the concept of ‘centrality of research’ as a primary goal of the Department.” He was given a new laboratory equipped with a full biochemistry and electron microscopy capabilities to further his ongoing cell biology research. In 1977, the University loaned Physical Education $60,000 to equip a Center for Physical Fitness and Sports Research, which would conduct body composition analysis, treadmill performance, and other tests on individuals with the objective of encouraging regular exercise and healthy School of Kinesiology (2015) 7 lifestyle behaviors. Merle Foss, Thomas Gilliam, and Victor Katch were affiliated with the Centerhen w it opened in 1977. Edington’s arrival coincided with a big change on the face of central campus. For seven decades, Physical Education faculty had taught and kept offices in Barbour-Waterman gym. In 1977, over the vigorous protests of preservationists, the gyms were demolished to make way for an addition to the Chemistry building. The Women’s Athletic Building was also torn down and replaced by the sleek new Central Campus Recreation Building (CCRB), adjoining Margaret Bell Pool. The $5.5 million CCRB was designed for intramural, recreational, and club sports with large and small gyms, handball and racquetball courts, weight rooms, locker rooms, a running track, and of course, the six-lane lap pool, which was now open to men as well as women. The third () level housed offices for both Physical Education and Recreational Sports. Several PE faculty had the opportunity to design research space on the ground level, including a body composition and evaluation lab, a physiology lab, and Edington’s new Physical Fitness and Sports Research Center. The middle floors featured a martial arts room, weight room, large recreation room, and 11 handball courts and several squash courts plus two classrooms. Over time, several of the exercise rooms, courts, and even the smaller, second gymnasium would be converted to labs and teaching space for Kinesiology. As a facility dedicated to physical activity and fitness, the CCRB was a logical home for the PE faculty and the transition went smoothly. But the new space wasn’t perfect. One classroom was located directly below the weight room, where barbells crashed loudly, overhead. Offices and labs were scattered on multiple levels, and there was no sign on the outside of the CCRB to indicate that the Department of Physical Education was headquartered within the building. In 1977, Edington was less concerned about visibility; he needed to create a cohesive academic program. Department records show that he held some 55 meetings within the first year of his arrival. The faculty approved two new undergraduate programs – Leisure Studies, to prepare students for such careers as recreation, aquatic leadership, and adult fitness, and Exercise 8 School of Kinesiology

and Sport Science, which incorporated coaching, college teaching, and research. The Master’s Degree remained flexible, allowing students to develop individual programs around such interests as adult fitness and corporate wellness. The Ph.D. program focused on exercise science. Though he considered adding one full professor, Edington instead recruited three young assistant professors, Katarina Borer, Thomas Gilliam, and Timothy White, who strengthened the research on exercise endocrinology, biomechanics, and molecular biology. Grant support to Physical Education more than quadrupled during the last half of the 1970s. Equally significant, the Department severed ties with Athletics to become a unit solely within the School of Education. Stephen Galetti coordinated the undergraduate programs, Ruth Harris followed Guy Reiff as head of the graduate program, Phyllis Weikart succeeded Joan Farrell as coordinator of the elective Adult Activity Program, and Phyllis Ocker was named the new Associate Director of Athletics for Women. Marie Hartwig and Dennis Rigan entered retirement. Over the next several years, enrollment increased to about 400 undergraduates and 100 graduate students. Fundraising began in 1979, when student volunteers conducted a “phonothon,” reaching some 550 alumni and adding 80 donor names to its newly created Physical Education Departmental Enrichment Fund. The elective classes were renamed the Adult Lifestyle Program (ALP) and promoted to students, faculty, staff, and the general public. A hot new trend called “aerobic fitness” topped the list of 35 classes ranging from karate to scuba to yoga. ALP Director Phyllis Weikart created “Fitness Over 50,” a free program of chair aerobics set to lively music at Briarwood Shopping Mall during the hour before the stores opened. It attracted more than 100 regular participants, most in their 70s and 80s. Thomas Gilliam attracted national attention and a three-year NIH grant for his study of the effects of vigorous physical activity on reducing coronary heart disease risk factors in young children. As an outgrowth of the early Hunsicker research, Guy Reiff launched Fitness for Youth, providing fitness evaluations, activity curricula, and nutritional counseling to 28 Michigan school districts. And in 1983, Edington’s renamed School of Kinesiology (2015) 9

Fitness Research Center hosted the first Wellness in the Workplace Conference, an event which would continue into the next three decades. While looking forward, Physical Education also honored its founders. In 1981, Elmer Mitchell, 92, “the father of intramurals,” witnessed the dedication of the Elmer D. Mitchell Recreation Field on Fuller Road. In 1981, Edington approached the Vice President for Academic affairs with the proposal that Physical Education be made an independent academic unit with the name changed to Kinesiology. He was advised to wait until the end of the University-wide review process. With state funding eroding, the School of Education was one of several academic units vulnerable to downsizing. Its enrollments had declined sharply due to the tight job market for teachers. Aware of this, Physical Education was already building curricula in exercise and sports science and positioning its graduates for jobs in the growing sports, fitness, and health industries. One possible outcome of the review was dissolution: movement science faculty could be moved to the School of Public Health. Others could be absorbed into LS&A. Yet there was no denying the PE major was still in demand. Instead of elimination, Physical Education emerged from the 1984 hearings with the University’s endorsement. Though called a “division,” it now ranked as one of U-M’s 17 independent degree-granting schools and colleges. The short-lived Leisure Studies degree was phased out in favor of a new B.A. in Sports Management and Communication, one of the first of its kind in the country. Many faculty opposed the SMC major, arguing for a curriculum that focused exclusively on the science-based aspects of movement. However, Edington saw potential in an innovative curriculum that would prepare students for management jobs in recreation facilities, health clubs, media relations, sports marketing, and professional sports. Stephen Galetti was named chair of the new department, which incorporated the small but enduring teacher education program. It offered a B.S., M.S., or Ph.D. degree leading to careers such as injury prevention, corporate wellness, cardiac rehabilitation and sports medicine. 10 School of Kinesiology

With no role model, the Division invented SMC curriculum from scratch and recruited faculty to fit its vision. Attorney B. Patrick Maloy was hired in 1986 to teach legal aspects of sport and launch a student internship program. Bruce Watkins moved from the Department of Communications, followed by Jack Vivian, a consultant in sports facility management. During the same period, Joseph Vaughn, Rodney Grambeau, Joan Farrell, Ruth Harris, Newton Loken, and in 1988, Galetti himself, became emeritus. Patricia Van Volkinburg joined the teacher education faculty in 1984 and succeeded Weikart as director of the Adult Lifestyle Program. Enrollment grew steadily each year, topping 6,000 by the end of the decade. Although fees averaged just a dollar per class, the ALP supported a close-knit cadre of teaching assistants who earned partial tuition by leading the nearly 70 activity classes, over a third of which incorporated the word “aerobics.” Victor Katch established an Advanced Fitness Training Center in the CCRB, using a grant to test a new type of hydraulic strength/resistance equipment. The AFTC employed 20 to 25 undergraduates per semester and enrolled 725 participants, at the peak of its six-year run. Katch added the Weight Control Clinic in 1988, attracting another 700 clients, often through physician referrals. The enterprise generated up to $50,000 per semester which Katch reinvested in programs and students. Edington’s Fitness Research Center, entering its second decade, had worked with more than 400 corporate clients, including Steelcase, Ford Motor Co., General Motors, Progressive, M-Care and Domino’s Pizza. The FRC supported a dozen undergraduate and graduate students who conducted fitness screening, physiological testing, and health promotion programming for clients. Its data bank of 200,000 health behavior surveys would more than double by the end of the decade. In 1986, the Division hired its first Director of Development and Public Relations. This staff member also wrote and edited the alumni newsletter, converting it to Movement Magazine in 1988. Early fundraising was a challenge; the small donor pool consisted mostly of PE teachers, whom the School of Education also claimed as alumni. Still, Annual Giving raised $64,902 and School of Kinesiology (2015) 11 earned $35,000 in pledges, during its first year. The Division focused on building a sense of community among alumni, faculty, staff, and students. When Michigan Telefund began soliciting parents along with alumni, PE parents responded with a 37% pledge rate, the highest of any academic unit on campus. Joyce Lindeman followed Galetti as Chair of Sports Management and Communication. SMC now had 90 students, plus 40 more enrolled in teacher education, and offered a senior year internship linking to real world experience. Van Volkinburg inherited the Summer Youth Fitness Program in 1988 and renamed and launched KidSport in 1989. Enrolling some 125 boys and girls ages 6-12, it emphasized sports and games as well as safety and nutrition information and provided hands-on experience to teacher education students. Although KidSport no longer collected data on the children’s fitness progress, faculty in the Division and other academic units often obtained parental consent and studied the participants as a subject pool, for research. Movement Science faculty led the Division in research funding. Katch and White each held National Institutes of Health grants during 1986-90, Borer had continuing support from the National Science Foundation, and Reiff’s Fitness for Youth project was now sponsored by Michigan Blue Cross and Blue Shield. Edington’s Fitness Research Center, which marketed its Health Risk Appraisal and other wellness products nationally, approached $2 million in sales and contracts.

1990-2000

In 1990, the Division hired new assistant professors, Melissa Gross in Movement Science and David Moore in Sports Management and Communication. The faculty, now numbering about 20, included specialists in physiology, psychology, biomechanics, law, journalism, sport marketing, facility management, motor learning, teacher education, consumer behavior, youth fitness, worksite wellness, and other fields. All agreed that the label “physical education” was no longer comprehensive. The common thread that united sports management, movement science, and teacher education was 12 School of Kinesiology

“the study of human movement,” also known as kinesiology. In July, 1990, the Regents approved the name change to: Division of Kinesiology. For the first time, graduation ceremonies were decentralized to each of the schools and colleges. The Division held its first commencement ceremony with 600 attending. Undergraduates formed a student government and became active in the campus-wide Michigan Student Assembly. Phyllis Ocker ended 12 years as Associate Director of Athletics for Women and Phyllis Ocker Field Hockey Field was named in her honor. That same year, the U-M Regents named the Women’s Athletic Building for Marie Hartwig. Guy Reiff retired in 1991 and passed the leadership of the Fitness for Youth academic research program on to Charles Kuntzleman, an entrepreneur and creator of a nationally distributed school health curriculum. Like Reiff, Kuntzleman had been named one of the “10 Healthy American Fitness Leaders,” among his many honors. He joined the faculty as an adjunct associate professor. Timothy White also left in 1991, returning to University of California-Berkeley where he earned his doctorate. At that point, Edington restructured the administration by naming three assistant directors, for Curriculum and Instruction, Development and Communication, and Student Services. Van Volkinburg became Chair of Physical Education, which subsumed the ALP and KidSport programs she directed. Gail Tait was promoted to Instructor in the PE department. Kerry Buck Winkelseth succeeded Tait as Director of Training for the ALP. Two faculty members were recruited: motor control specialist Susan Brown in Movement Science, and sport psychologist Thomas George in Sports Management and Communication. Annual giving was growing robustly in numbers of donors, but the average gift remained small. Development, as it was then called, was static at about $90,000 each year. In 1991, a 1951 alum was hired to raise major gifts. He raised $110,000 to establish the Stan Kemp Scholarship, to honor the popular NFL referee, civic leader, and 1967 alumnus. In 1993, the parents of an incoming freshman pledged $50,000 to Kinesiology, specifically citing the attention their School of Kinesiology (2015) 13 daughter received from the Office of Student Services. They agreed to chair a new Kinesiology Parents Program and hosted a reception in their New York home, leading to a series of Kinesiology receptions in New York during the years that followed. As U-M entered its $1 billion Campaign for Michigan, Kinesiology boldly set its goal at $1 million. With the smallest alumni pool of any unit on campus, the Division looked to parents of its undergraduates as a major gift source. The 90s saw a surge of student interest in Kinesiology that never plateaued. Applications jumped 50 percent in 1993, making Kinesiology one of the most competitive programs on campus. New career paths were emerging for SMC graduates in the rapidly expanding sports, fitness, and recreation industry. Movement Science was seen as a viable preparatory track leading to graduate study in athletic training, physical therapy, or sports medicine. Undergraduate enrollment reached 760 at the end of the decade. Through a long-standing agreement with Intercollegiate Athletics, Kinesiology still reserved a number of freshmen slots for student athletes. Many athletes transferred to other majors, and an equal or larger number of sophomores and juniors transferred into the Division. “We care” emerged as a theme underscoring Kinesiology’s commitment to student success. The Office of Student Services hired a fourth advisor, who continued to build the Division’s career development center and internships program. The emphasis on community extended to students who had dropped out, particularly athletes who left to join professional sports teams. Many had stayed in touch with the Student Services staff, and some returned to finish degrees. It was a celebratory day when Cazzie Russell, 60s basketball icon, walked across the stage to receive the diploma he had begun 25 years earlier and gave the 1992 Commencement address. CCRB had never been designed for teaching and research. Classrooms repurposed from handball courts could not accommodate the growing number of students. The Division managed to reserve classrooms in other university buildings, but usually at the least desirable time slots. In the early 90s, Edington found a creative solution by converting the rarely- used bleachers in the Bell Pool area to three connected teaching 14 School of Kinesiology

auditoriums. They had incredibly steep seating but were equipped with state-of-the-art instructional technology. In 1997, the largest was named Bickner Auditorium for Parent Advisory Board member Joan Bickner, who donated $200,000, Kinesiology’s largest gift ever at that time. That same year, CCRB was expanded with a $2 million addition above the former Fitness Research Center, now called the Health Management Research Center (HMRC). At last, the academic unit had its own front door after being essentially hidden within the recreation complex. Significantly, the sign by the new entrance simply read: Kinesiology Building. The “Division” label never ceased to cause confusion, so it was simply omitted. In 1992, Melissa Gross received a three-year grant from the Veterans Administration to look at the effects of muscle strengthening on and movement for elderly persons. In 1995, faculty received funding from the National Cancer Institute to study whether exercise influences teenagers to take up smoking, followed by Brown’s grant from the National Institute of Aging, to study ways to improve upper limb movements in elderly and Parkinson’s disease patients. The HMRC was generating approximately $2 million annually from non-university sources. It gained national attention for its 10-year Steelcase Study, showing that companies can lower their health care costs by influencing workers to lead healthier lifestyles. Steelcase won the 1994 C. Everett Koop Award for worksite wellness programming. Fifty per cent of the faculty now had support from outside grants and contracts, with record high levels of indirect cost recovery. Because U-M had moved to a performance-based budget model, Kinesiology was financially healthy, producing high numbers of credit hours for its own students and other students across campus. Though it still needed to build an endowment, Kinesiology met its ambitious $1 million campaign goal. Advancement and outreach took many forms in the 90s, including a Kinesiology Golf Classic, a student-organized Run Around , an annual Honors Brunch for Dean’s List recipients, and the Alumni Reunion and Achievement Awards. Student recognition awards multiplied through gifts and School of Kinesiology (2015) 15 bequests honoring Laurie Campbell, Steve Galetti, Ruth Harris, Paul Hunsicker, Stan Kemp, Phyllis Ocker, Phebe Martha Scott, Lucile Swift, and Joe Vaughn. None of the gifts were large enough to endow full scholarships, but the named awards enhanced Kinesiology’s sense of history and identity. Van Volkinburg, Kuntzleman, and Winkelseth developed and launched a workshop for PE teachers called “Things You Can Use on Monday,” aimed at 50 participants and drew 170. The ever-growing Adult Lifestyle Program was renamed U-Move Fitness. “U-Meet the Athlete” gave school children a chance to learn sports skills and fitness tips from U-M athletes. All proceeds went to fund scholarships for KidSport, which filled to capacity each summer. In 1997, after years without faculty turnover, Charles Worringham was lured to Queensland University of Technology in Australia in 1997, and Gail Tait moved out of state. Jack Vivian resigned in 1998 to focus on his private ice arena consultancy. Rosa Angulo-Kinzler was hired as an Assistant Professor in Movement Science. In 1998, Edington stepped down to focus entirely on the Health Management Research Center. With $4 to $6 million in revenue, the HMRC now had more than 30 employees and occupied its own building on Huron St. In its largest undertaking to date, the Center was providing health risk assessments and health promotion program evaluation to 1.2 million employees, retirees, and dependents of General Motors. During the national search for Edington’s successor, Bruce Watkins served as the interim director. Beverly Ulrich became Professor and Director of Kinesiology on January 1, 1999, with a research appointment in U-M’s Center for Human Growth and Development. Eighteen months later, the Regents changed her title to Dean, another step forward on Kinesiology’s long path to School status. A scholar in motor development involving infants and children, the new dean previously held an endowed professorship at Indiana University. Dale Ulrich joined as Associate Professor of Movement Science and Physical Education and formed the Center on Motor Behavior and Down Syndrome within the Center for Human Motor Research (CHMR). Joyce Lindeman 16 School of Kinesiology

retired and Van Volkinburg assumed her administrative duties as academic curriculum coordinator.

2000-Present (2014)

Ulrich’s immediate goal was to grow the graduate program and the research income to support it. The undergraduate program was strong and stable, with far more applicants than slots available. By maintaining its quality but capping enrollment at 800, Kinesiology could expect to attract ever more qualified undergraduates. The graduate program, in contrast, shrank from 50 to 25 master’s degree students over the preceding decade, to only two fully-funded full-time Ph.D. candidates. The very few others were slowly pursuing their degrees on a part-time basis. The new dean committed $250,000 in seed money to fund graduate teaching assistantships, limiting the appointments to 30 percent with supplemental stipends to ensure the TAs would have maximal time for classes and research. She worked with faculty to include doctoral student subsidies in their grant proposals and provided new faculty with funds for their first doctoral student as part of the hiring package. Ulrich also lobbied successfully to convert CCRB’s small gymnasium and racquetball courts into more laboratory space with state-of-the- art equipment. By 2003-04, midway through Ulrich’s tenure, Kinesiology enrolled 41 graduate students, including 20 full- time doctoral students. Fueled by student interest, athletic training emerged in the mid-90s as a fourth major, earning national accreditation in 2003. Riann Palmieri-Smith has led the small selective program since 2004. Due to the limited number of training sites, only about 18 students are accepted in their sophomore year. One hundred percent of U-M’s AT students have passed the certification exam, often going on to graduate or medical school. Merle Foss retired, and Movement Science added Assistant Professors Daniel Ferris and Jeffrey Horowitz. Ferris headed the Human Neuromechanics lab in CHMR, and Horowitz joined Borer to form a new Center for Exercise Research (CXR), which School of Kinesiology (2015) 17 would continue as a forum for researchers in Kinesiology and across campus. Meanwhile, SMC faculty set their sights on the $200 billion sport industry, creating the Michigan Center for Sport Management. Richard Wolfe, MS ’83, who returned as associate professor in 2000, became director, with Maloy, Moore, and Watkins as core faculty. But while the Movement Science-oriented faculty could seek grants from agencies like NIH and NSF, there were no parallel federal funding sources for sport management. Tuition and grants alone could not finance Kinesiology’s agenda. Major gifts were an imperative. Ulrich created a new high-tier position, Director of Development and External Relations. Some of the relationships forged during the Edington era would yield significant support in the 21st century, beginning with a $1 million charitable remainder trust in 2001 from Peter Kinyon, ’52, ’56, the largest gift in Kinesiology history. At the end of 2001, the Division lost two beloved professors, with the of Marie “Pete” Hartwig and Patrick Maloy. Hartwig, 95, gained national repute as a leader in women’s intramural/recreational sports and U-M’s first Associate Director of Athletics for Women in 1974-76. Maloy, 54, had launched the internship program and mentored the first generation of SMC students. Kinesiology established its first endowed professorship, the Marie Hartwig Collegiate Professorship and the Bernard Patrick Maloy Award for Writing Excellence, in their honor. In other events, Susan Brown was named a 2001 Arthur F. Thurnau Professor, the first in Kinesiology to achieve that honor. She also served as Kinesiology’s first Associate Director for Research, 1999-2006, followed by Melissa Gross, 2007-2010. Gross was also named an Arthur F. Thurnau Professor, in 2014. Several faculty left during the early 2000s, and five faculty were added: Brian Czajka in Athletic Training, Rachael Seidler in Movement Science, Weiyun Chen in Physical Education and Katherine Babiak and Jason Winfree in Sport Management. In 2003, SMC dropped “and communication” from its title, reflecting curricular changes and a primary focus on sport business. 18 School of Kinesiology

U-Move Fitness was part of the campus landscape, offering innovative classes with catchy titles, expanded locations, online registration and free trial classes. In 2003, it presented 147 activity options and enrolled 3,553 participants, 79 per cent of whom were U-M students. Charles Kuntzleman left in 2004, after 10 years as Adjunct Associate Professor, to lead three statewide physical education and fitness initiatives. Gregory Cartee, Department Chair of Kinesiology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, joined Movement Science as full Professor. Ruth Harris and Joseph Vaughn died in 2005, two well-loved emeritus professors who retained ties to Kinesiology long past their retirements. Kinesiology Development, long in the shadow of the rest of the schools and colleges, was finally gaining momentum. Fundraising reached $315,000 in fiscal year 2001, a 39 per cent increase over the year before and nearly doubled to $624,000 in fiscal 2004. Buoyed by this trajectory, Kinesiology set a $10 million goal for the Michigan Difference Campaign. In 2005, a number of successes unfolded:

• Michael Leoni ’88 hosted nine annual Movement for Life Invitational Golf Outings, raising $429,938 and establishing the Nicholas Leoni Endowed Research Fund. The endowment yields $20,000 each year to support motor control research benefiting people with disabilities. • Support for undergraduates grew with the Roger and Elaine Zatkoff Endowed Scholarship for Undergraduates, the Charles Woodson Academic Scholarship, and Carl and Joan Kreager Endowed Fund for global opportunities. With the passing of Stephen Galetti in 2006, his wife, Jeannine, established the Jeannine and Stephen Galetti Endowed Scholarship for incoming Sport Management students. • The Merit Award Ruth Harris personally created and funded in 1987, while she was head of the graduate program, grew into the Ruth Harris Fellowship, funding a doctoral student through three years of research and a year of teaching. School of Kinesiology (2015) 19

• Noel Cimmino ‘94, led a group of alumni in mounting an online auction of donated sports items and memorabilia, to fund the Bernard “Pat” Maloy Scholarship. Hoping to raise $35,000, they exceeded $122,000 and launched an annual event, which continues to support various endowed scholarships. • Joan and Bruce Bickner, whose 1997 gift of $200,000 named the Bickner Auditorium, gave $1.5 million in 2007 to establish Kinesiology’s first endowed chair. It was one of 20 professorships created through President Mary Sue Coleman’s Donor Challenge, which funded the balance of the $2 million endowment.

Urban planning specialist, Mark Rosentraub, was named to the Bickner Chair in 2009. Others hired during Ulrich’s tenure included Peter Bodary, Movement Science and Health & Fitness; Scott McLean, Athletic Training and Movement Science; Rodney Fort and Bettina Cornwell, Sport Management, and Mark Palmer, Movement Science. Development set new records in fiscal 2008, topping 1,000 individual donors and contributions exceeding $2 million. The largest was the $5 million joint pledge to Kinesiology and the School of Medicine from the Judy and Fred Wilpon Family Foundation to establish the Bone & Joint Injury Prevention & Rehabilitation Center at U-M. As the Michigan Difference Campaign closed in December, Kinesiology came within three percent of its $10 million goal. With over 800 undergraduates, 50 graduate students, and a thriving well-funded research program, Kinesiology clearly needed more space. Ulrich rented and renovated the brick building adjacent to CCRB from 2003 to 2007, converting it to faculty offices and a research lab. In 2005, the Regents approved $11.5 million to renovate historic Observatory Lodge, a 1930s 18,000-square foot apartment building on Washington Heights, owned by University Housing. Kinesiology paid $7.5 million of the costs to modernize the interior while preserving the elegant Tudor revival façade and entryway. Yet, even with the net gain of 43 offices, five research labs, a career resource center, teaching and conference space, the five-story building could not 20 School of Kinesiology

accommodate everyone. As faculty and staff settled in over fall, 2007, Kinesiology retained a third space in the CCRB complex, and the HMRC still occupied its own facility on Huron Street. The separation wasn’t ideal, but Kinesiology had expanded its visibility and its footprint. With the move to Observatory Lodge completed, Ulrich announced that she would return to teaching and research at the close of 2008. She had spearheaded a decade of exceptional growth in external funding and endowment. Federal funding had increased seven-fold, with awards from NIH, NSF, CDC, NASA, and the U.S. Department of Education. Non-federal funds had doubled, with sources ranging from the American Diabetes Association to the National Football League, along with over 50 corporate contracts. Laboratories had increased from eight to 18, with 62 percent of the tenure-line faculty receiving external funds. Endowment was up from $270,000 in 1999 to $6.5 million. Grants, awards, and fellowships fueled a graduate program that supported 32 full-time Ph.D. students and 28 Master’s students in 2008-2009. Doctoral applications rose yearly, and the yield (the percentage of accepted students who enrolled) was 100 percent. To expand international experiences, especially for undergraduates, Ulrich established a new Center for Global Opportunities, with a full-time coordinator and funding assistance for any student who needed it. Go Global, as it became known, established four semester-long exchange programs with universities in Australia, England, Ireland, and Spain. In 2008, Kinesiology formalized a dual degree in Sports Management and Business Administration with the . Faculty engaged in interdisciplinary collaborations across campus in such diverse areas as orthopedic surgery, psychology, engineering, and gerontology. In consideration of all of these achievements and with the search for a new dean underway, one issue again rose to the fore. Why is Kinesiology a Division and not a School? “School” was the word that accurately captured the unit’s mission, structure, and performance, and could only benefit efforts in student and faculty recruitment and extramural development. Prompted by Provost Theresa Sullivan, Gregory Cartee, Chair School of Kinesiology (2015) 21 of the Dean Search Advisory Committee, prepared a comprehensive document detailing Kinesiology’s exceptional growth and achievements. Its enrollment, external funding, national leadership, and scholarship were in alignment with other campus units. Sullivan recommended the title change at the November 2008 Regents Meeting, and it passed without debate. After more than a century of evolution and growth, Kinesiology was now a School. Following brief interim deanships by School of Public Health Dean Noreen Clark and Kinesiology’s Gregory Cartee, Ronald Zernicke became Dean of the School of Kinesiology at the beginning of 2010, continuing to hold faculty appointments in Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering. Formerly Executive Director of the Alberta Bone and Joint Health Institute at the University of Calgary, he had come to U-M in 2007 to head up the new Bone & Joint Injury Prevention & Rehabilitation Center and was the author of more than 500 research publications and two books focused on biomechanics, exercise, and joint injury and osteoarthritis. Zernicke inherited a School that the U.S. National Research Council now ranked in the top eighth percentile in the country. In addition, the National Academy of Kinesiology (historically, the National Academy of Physical Education) raised U-M’s Kinesiology doctoral program national ranking from eighteenth in 2000-04, to fifth in 2005-09. In Zernicke’s first year, Kinesiology received 49 new grants and contracts, bringing to a total of 133 active awards supporting teaching and research. Freshman applications increased 19 percent, and cross-campus applications increased 66 percent. Doctoral applications nearly doubled, from 26 in 2009 to 46 in 2010; 19 students entered the Master’s program, the highest in Kinesiology history. A significant change occurred at this juncture. An agreement tracing back to the Hunsicker era stipulated that Kinesiology would reserve 60 freshman slots for athletes. Zernicke advocated that the practice be discontinued, and the provost concurred. Going forward, athletes, like all incoming freshman, would enroll in their “school of choice.” That said, a sizeable number of student athletes continued to choose Kinesiology. 22 School of Kinesiology

The School was simply a good fit for students who were passionate about sports, fitness, and health. Applications and enrollment grew steadily, reflecting a national trend. One of Zernicke’s immediate objectives was to reduce the student to teacher ratio by recruiting new faculty. Key appointments included: 2010: Dae Hee Kwak and Kathryn Heinze, Assistant Professors in Sport Management; Sean Meehan, Assistant Professor in Movement Science. 2011: Steven Broglio, Assistant Professor in Athletic Training; Ketra Armstrong, Professor in Sport Management; Stefan Syzmanski, Stephen J. Galetti Collegiate Professor of Sport Management. 2012: Michael O’Donnell, Clinical Professor of Movement Science; Deanna Gates and Rebecca Hasson, Assistant Professors of Movement Science. Four faculty who had played pivotal roles in shaping Kinesiology: Dee Edington, Victor Katch, Beverly Ulrich and Bruce Watkins, entered retirement. Faculty searches for four more positions continued in 2014. Zernicke reorganized the administrative structure with several appointments. Van Volkinburg became Associate Dean of Academic Programs. Ferris, followed by Cartee, served as Associate Dean of Research. Fort, followed by Armstrong, served as Associate Dean of Graduate Programs and Faculty Affairs. The functions of development, alumni relations, and communications were merged under a newly formed Office of Advancement. Gross was named to the newly-created position, Director of Innovative Teaching and Learning. In 2010, following a year-long search of 20 universities, the Women’s Sports Foundation chose U-M as its research partner and launched SHARP, the Sport, Health, and Activity Research and Policy Center for Women and Girls, with Katherine Babiak as co-director. Kinesiology also partnered with U-M Athletics and adidas™, targeting ways to reduce injuries and improve performance in basketball, football, and other sports. The 2010s also saw an increasing emphasis on cross-campus, interdisciplinary research such as rehabilitation robotics, joining Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, School of Kinesiology (2015) 23

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Kinesiology, in refining and testing prosthetic and exoskeletal devices for persons recovering from injury, disease or disability. A second example, linking sport management with urban planning and economics, explored the role of sports facilities in revitalizing cities. The diverse research initiatives engaged undergraduates as well as graduate students, while Go Global continued to facilitate study abroad opportunities across four continents. A highlight occurred in 2012, when 22 sport management students traveled to London as part of a course led by Tom George and Bruce Watkins, called “Behind the Scenes at the Olympics,” where they toured training facilities and met with executive planners and corporate sponsors. In 2012, Kinesiology’s Rehabilitation Robotics program received funding from University President Mary Sue Coleman’s Interdisciplinary Junior Faculty Initiative. The Rehabilitation Robotics program utilized interdisciplinary technologies to create robotic rehabilitation devices that vastly enhance the lives of individuals with mobility-impairments, due to spinal cord injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury or cerebral palsy. Kinesiology faculty members formed joint collaborations with the School of Public Health, College of Engineering, and Medical School to research genetics, physical activity, cultural, environmental, social, and other possible factors, to prevent obesity and increase positive health outcomes. U-Move Fitness continued to enroll hundreds of participants in an ever-evolving roster of classes. Meet the Athlete sports clinics raised scholarship money for KidSport, which marked its 25th anniversary in 2014. In 2014, the National Academy of Kinesiology ranked Michigan as one of the top five programs in the country. Six faculty members, Cartee, Edington, Katch, Beverly and Dale Ulrich, and Zernicke, were named to the National Academy of Kinesiology. Professor Ketra Armstrong received the Harold R. Johnson Diversity Service Award. Kinesiology doctoral students received a record number of awards and fellowships, including two National Defense and Science Engineering fellowships, a 24 School of Kinesiology

National Science Foundation fellowship and Graduate Student Instructor of the Year. During 2006 through 2013, three U- M Kinesiology Ph.D. students were selected for the American College of Sports Medicine National Student Research Award. During 2010-14, four U-M students were named by the national Adaptive Physical Activity Council as Outstanding Doctoral Student of the Year. Kinesiology set $27.5 million as its goal for for Michigan Campaign, citing among its priorities undergraduate scholarships, mentoring, and career services; graduate fellowships and endowed professorships; and exceptional learning environments. Progressing toward a goal of 1,000 undergraduates, 45 to 50 doctoral students, and 40 tenure-track faculty in 2017, the School continued to evaluate and enhance its curricula and programs. Sport Management formed an advisory board and launched a speaker series featuring executives of national professional sports teams, thus strengthening its network for potential internships and employment. In partnership with the U-M Health System, Movement Science developed a new program for IntraOperative Neurophysiological Monitoring. IONM specialists are trained to detect injuries that may occur during surgeries in the operating room, allowing for immediate corrective measures. Like Athletic Training, the IONM program immersed a small, selective group of undergraduates in hands-on clinical learning, preparing them for certification and a career that was in growing demand. In 2014, after an extensive review, Kinesiology made the difficult decision to discontinue the undergraduate major and minor in Physical Education. Enrollment had declined for more than a decade, falling even to the single digits, as the percentage of schools offering physical education at least three times a week continued its downward trend. The School approved a new and more comprehensive major, Health and Fitness, which would prepare students for the growing fields of recreation leadership, personal training, and corporate wellness. The new Health and Fitness major School of Kinesiology (2015) 25 underscored Kinesiology’s commitment to physical activity, health, and nutrition, for more than a century. The field has evolved from Physical Hygiene and Culture, to Physical Education, to Kinesiology, but its core values endure, as a part of the legacy and vision of the Leaders and Best.