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KJ MASTER THESIS FINAL Corrections Ordered Spaces, Separate Spheres: Women and the Building of British Convents, 1829-1939 Kate Jordan University College London Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy I, Kate Jordan confirm that the work present- ed in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. _______________________________ Kate Jordan !2 Abstract Over the last forty years, feminist discourses have made considerable impact on the way that we understand women’s historical agency. Linda Nochlin’s question, ‘why have there been no great women artists’ challenged assumptions about the way we consider women in art history and Amanda Vickery brought to the fore questions of women’s authority within ‘separate spheres’ ideology. The paucity of research on women’s historical contributions to architecture, however, is a gap that misrepresents their significant roles. This thesis explores a hitherto overlooked group of buildings designed by and for women; nineteenth and twentieth century English convents. Many of these sites were built according to the rules of communities whose ministries extended beyond contemplative prayer and into the wider community, requiring spaces that allowed lay-women to live and work within the convent walls but without disrupting the real and imagined fabric of monastic traditions - spaces that were able to synthesise contemporary domestic, industrial and institutional architecture with the medieval cloister. The demanding specifications for these highly innovative and complex spaces were drawn up, overwhelmingly, by nuns. While convents might be read as spaces which operated at the interstices between different architectures, I will argue they were instead conceived as sites that per- formed varying and contradictory functions simultaneously. To understand this paradox my reading draws on feminist theology, exploring in particular the question of women’s role in mysticism. I suggest that the decline of mysticism as a formal theology and its retreat into the private sphere allowed it to be marshalled by women as an organising principal for constructing real and imaginary spaces - those which not only accommodated but actively embraced discordant ideologies. The thesis makes a close reading of seven Roman Catholic religious communities, each representing different vocations and devotional cultures. In so doing the study explores not only women’s localised roles in architecture but also in the emergence of an ‘international’ Catholic aesthetic. !3 Table of Contents Acknowledgments.................................................................... 8 List of Abbreviations.............................................................. 10 List of Figures......................................................................... 10 Prologue.................................................................................. 15 Chapter 1 17 Introduction............................................................................ 17 Use of archives and primary sources............................................ 24 Literature review............................................................................ 28 Religious sisterhoods in the nineteenth century............................ 32 Theology........................................................................................ 36 Feminist theologies........................................................................ 37 Ecclesiastical and institutional architecture ..................................40 Convent design.............................................................................. 40 Roman Catholic architecture .........................................................43 Institutional and residential architecture ........................................46 Women and architecture............................................................... 47 A short history of convents and monasteries in Britain, " 1829 - present day......................................................................... 51 A.W.N. Pugin and the Gothic Revival ...........................................52 Gothic versus Roman: The influence of the Counter-Reformation .... 53 Anglican Communities ................................................................54 New Directions............................................................................... 54 The Liturgical Movement and the Second Vatican Council............ 55 Contemporary architecture and building use................................. 57 An architecture of service.............................................................. 58 Inherent Paradox .........................................................................62 Modernity and tradition.................................................................. 66 Chastity and Sexuality................................................................... 68 !4 Separateness and communality..................................................... 69 Forgiveness and Punishment........................................................ 71 Male and female............................................................................ 72 Humility and Authority.................................................................... 74 Chapter 2 76 Paganism and Popery: the impact of nineteenth-century dialogues on convent architecture.............................................................. 76 Restoring Faith: the (re)building of Mayfield Convent................... 87 Conclusion................................................................................... 108 Chapter 3 109 ‘A diabolic invention of an infernal mind’: women’s authority in convent design................................ 109 Structure and economics............................................................. 112 Dowries and gifts 112 Laundry work 113 Education 113 Nursing 114 Convent inspection and legislation.............................................. 115 Training to be an amateur............................................................ 119 Personalities and Power Struggles.............................................. 122 Catherine McAuley and A.W.N. Pugin......................................... 122 Cornelia Connelly, Goldie, Wardell and E.W.N. Pugin................. 143 Conclusion................................................................................... 155 Chapter 4 163 ‘Spotless lilies and foul-smelling weeds’: convent architecture as an apparatus of sanitation and transformation .......................................163 Magdalen institutions in the UK ..................................................167 The laundry 171 Sites and primary sources 173 The Poor Servants of the Mother of God:St Marye’s Convent,Port- slade............................................................................................ 175 The Sisters of Our Lady of Charity,St Michael’s" Convent and Church of the Sacred Heart................................... 177 Inhabiting the magdalen institution.............................................. 183 Bentham’s Panopticon and the Magdalen Institution.................. 191 Staging the spectacle 194 !5 Ideology and theology: the fan shaped chapel............................ 199 Building the refuge....................................................................... 207 Spatial planning 207 Architectural style 214 Chapter 5 220 ‘Artists hidden from human gaze’: Visual culture and religious identity in the convent....................................................................... 220 Spirituality in the Victorian convent.............................................. 221 Approaches to Mysticism 225 Mystic texts 227 Ignatian Spirituality 228 Mystic Iconography in Nineteenth Century Roman Catholicism. 231 The Virgin and Magdalene 233 The Sacred Heart 234 Mysticism and Art........................................................................ 235 The Nazarene School 236 Fine art and corporate identity in female communities................ 242 The Society of the Sacred Heart and Mater Admirabilis.............. 242 The Poor Servants of the Mother of God and The Annunciation. 254 Textiles, contemplation and atonement ......................................262 The Good Shepherd Sisters and Sisters of Our Lady of Charity. 266 Laundries and penance 268 Contemplation 270 Conclusion ..................................................................................275 Chapter 6 279 ‘An unaccustomed spade’: building, adapting and maintaining convents ..................................279 Hiring, managing and supervising; " The Poor Servants of the Mother of God ...................................282 The ‘Building Sisters’ 287 Innovation and tradition 293 Conclusion ..................................................................................301 Chapter 7 307 God’s Other architects: convents as new spaces of discourse ....................................................307 Ordered spaces, separate spheres............................................. 311 Masculine and Feminine .............................................................315 !6 Theology .....................................................................................321 Modernity and beyond ................................................................325 Postscript..................................................................................... 331 Epilogue................................................................................ 332 Appendices..........................................................................
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