Neuromuscular, Perceptual, and Temporal Determinants of Movement Patterns in Wheelchair Fencing: Preliminary Study
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Hindawi BioMed Research International Volume 2020, Article ID 6584832, 8 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6584832 Research Article Neuromuscular, Perceptual, and Temporal Determinants of Movement Patterns in Wheelchair Fencing: Preliminary Study Zbigniew Borysiuk,1 Tadeusz Nowicki,2 Katarzyna Piechota ,1 and Monika Błaszczyszyn 1 1Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Prószkowska 76, Poland 2Sport Club for Integration at the Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland Correspondence should be addressed to Katarzyna Piechota; [email protected] Received 6 November 2019; Accepted 9 April 2020; Published 5 May 2020 Academic Editor: Kok Tat Tan Copyright © 2020 Zbigniew Borysiuk et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The objective of the present study was to determine the structure of the movement pattern performed during a wheelchair fencing lunge that is executed in response to visual and sensory stimuli. In addition, a comparison was made between fencers in the categories A and B of disability. In addition, the analysis involved the correlation between the duration of the sensorimotor response and the value of the bioelectric signal recorded in selected muscles. Seven Paralympic team athletes specializing in wheelchair fencing (3 in category A and 4 in category B) participated in the research. The fencers perform at international level competitions and are multiple medalists of the Paralympic Games. In the study, a wireless system for sEMG and accelerometer signal measurement was employed to test the intervals between the initiation of the lunge attack and its termination defined by the touch of the weapon on the coach’s torso. The electrodes were placed on 9 key muscles responsible for the effectiveness of the executed attack: DEL, TRI, BC, ECR FCR, LD, and EAO. The significant intergroup difference in the muscle activation was found to be 0.333 s for category A fencers and 0.522 s for category A fencers at p =0:039 applies to the latissimus dorsi (LD LT) muscle, which demonstrates its significance as a postural muscle in the structure of the examined movement pattern. In terms of the values of EMG, a tendency for higher MVC (%) values in most muscles for category A competitors was recorded. The latissimus dorsi (DL RT) muscle with an intergroup difference of MVC-114.63 for cat. A and 67.50 for cat. B at p =0:039 turned out to play a significant role. The results prove the role of postural muscles: external abdominal oblique and latissimus dorsi on the effectiveness of the attacks executed in wheelchair fencing. 1. Introduction ple on wheelchairs. Nowadays, however, after it has been practiced for over half a century at Paralympics and interna- Wheelchair fencing dates back to 1948, when Dr. Ludwik tional tournaments, this discipline has assumed the status Gutman included it in the rehabilitation programs of vet- of competitive sport, and in this context, it is considered in erans who recovered after World War II. It took place at scientific research. the Rehabilitation Center for disabled soldiers at Stoke Man- The research concerned with wheelchair fencing con- deville Hospital in Buckinghamshire, UK. Since 1960, wheel- ducted to this date has focused on the issues relating to inju- chair fencing has been present in the Paralympic Games in ries that wheelchair fencers are subjected to [2–5]. A Rome [1]. In 2006, integrated tournaments were conducted significant proportion of the research involves physiological at the Turin World Cup and for both able-bodied fencers and conditioning determinants of achievement potential in and ones with disabilities. Practicing fencing in wheelchairs this sport [6] and various aspects of kinematics of movement offers a considerable recreational and health-related value patterns performed by disabled fencers [7]. Many works and provides an excellent rehabilitation procedure for peo- deal with biomechanical analysis that applies motion cap- 2 BioMed Research International Table 1: Basic data regarding fencers in categories A and B. holding the weapon, which determines the fencers’ range of attack. Training experience Fencer Age Height (m) Mass (kg) Numerous studies of fencers without disabilities have (years) proved the role of the legs in the structure of movement Category A patterns that also perform important postural functions. DP 44 1.82 74 23 With regard to wheelchair fencing, an important role is NC 32 1.82 70 18 taken on by selected muscles in the region of the abdomen RT 32 1.81 82 7 and torso [7]. The research applied surface electromyography (sEMG) Mean 36 1.82 75.33 16 and accelerometer techniques as the main research tool, SD 6.93 0.01 6.11 8.19 and the study was based on the following assumptions: Category B JG 52 1.8 69 6 (1) the structure of the movement pattern (the order of AG 17 1.69 60 3 bioelectric muscle activation) during the lunge attack on the coach’s torso in both category A and B com- AC 29 1.67 67 11 petitors is marked by the regularity involving the ini- KR 34 2.00 73 7 tiation of the pattern by the extensor muscle of the Mean 33 1.79 67.25 6.75 arm (TRI RT) followed by the activation of the SD 14.54 0.15 5.44 3.30 abdominal and back muscles as the muscles responsi- ble for postural functions [14, 15] ture and EMG systems [8] as well as comparisons between (2) in terms of the complex response times (CRT), move- competitors who have trained wheelchair fencing and the ment time from the execution of the thrust by the ones that practice other sport disciplines [9]. Due to the trainer until the touch of the blade on the trainer’s important role taken on by the introduction of sport spe- torso by the player, and category A fencers demon- cific classification systems and the identification of specific strate the best results categories, researchers refer to these issues as the objectivity of the adopted criteria [10, 11]. (3) a similar tendency in terms of CRT values in response There are three divisions or categories of competition, to the kinesthetic stimulus is assumed both in the cat- with divisions based upon the categories of disability. egory A and B fencers The fencers are classified into one of three categories: A, B, or C. Athletes classified as an “A” have more ability, (4) higher EMG values (MVC (%)) should be recorded in e.g., such athletes are amputees or were diagnosed with fencers representing category A in the key muscles to mild paralysis within the lower limbs, but they are free represent increased movement dynamics associated to perform movements in the regions of their torso and with the activation of additional motor units arms. Category B athletes have spinal cord injuries and (5) a significant relation is forecasted to be established paresis of legs and partial arms (paraplegic), while category between MVC (%) parameters of selected muscles C includes the athletes with most serious forms of disability and the value of CRT with four-limb paralysis (tetraplegic). However, only athletes classify as category A and B took part in this study. Due to 2. Methodology the fact that the study applied athletes who use thrusting weapons who are trained épée and foil, during the tests, 2.1. Subjects. 7 competitors of the Paralympic team of wheel- the players used an épée with a weight of 750 g. The surface chair fencing (3 from category A and 4 from category B) took hit by the weapon includes the torso and arms and a head part in the present study. Selected fencers represent a high mask. Wheelchair fencing forms a direct derivative of fenc- international level. The subjects include multiple medal win- ing practiced by nondisabled athletes. The regulations, sys- ners of the Paralympic Games. Table 1 presents the basic date tem of point award, as well as competition rules are of the regarding fencers in categories A and B. identical. In training, the basis is individual lessons, and The scope of the study was accepted by the decision of the so-called duels form the basis of the preparation of the com- Bioethics Committee of the Medical Chamber (Resolution petitors [12, 13]. The fencers with disabilities are charac- No. 237 of 13 December 2016) regarding the guidelines terized by special dynamic characteristics, which involve a described in the Helsinki Declaration regarding the conduct lot of muscles, primarily ones in the region of the arms and of clinical trials in humans. forearms, as well as the trunk on the back and stomach. Wheelchair fencing is defined as a psychomotor sport in 2.2. Procedures. The tests were performed using a 16-channel which coordination-related abilities (reaction times, move- EMG system (Noraxon, DTS, Desktop Direct Transmission ments times, kinesthetic sensation, concentration, and focus System, Scottsdale, ZA, USA) with a sampling frequency of of attention) need to be harmonized with strength and explo- 16 bits for a resolution of 1500 Hz. Dedicated software was siveness as exercise capacity. applied for the analysis of the system data (MyoResearch The design of the wheelchairs provides extraordinary XP Master Edition for DTS Noraxon). A wireless dynamics of movement of the torso together with an arm transmitter-recorder was used to synchronize the EMG BioMed Research International 3 system and transfer the EMG signal directly to the computer system (3-axis wireless DTS 3D accelerometer sensor with Before the initiation of the trial tests, the fencing strip following specifications: nominal output range: +/- 6 g, sensi- with the fencers’ wheelchairs was set up so that the end of tivity +/- 0.67 V/g, and bandwidth 5 Hz–1.8 kHz).