Framing a Debate on the Origins and Nature of Nations in Interwar

CEU eTD Collection

Defining the Nation: Framing a Framing Nation: the Defining In fulfillmentsofthe requirements partial for thedegree of of of Nations Nationalism Studies ProgramNationalism Studies Central European University

in Interwar Czechoslovakia in Interwar Advisor Budapest, Hungary Master of Arts Submitted to Submitted Ian Graham : Anton Pelinka 2014 Debate on the Origins and Nature and Origins the on Debate by

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CEU eTD Collection iv Bibliography 5. Conclusion 4. A Objective Debate: Subjective and vs. Western vs.EasternPolitical Organic Nations Id3. National 2. LateTheHabsburg Context: 1. InterwarWhere istheCzechoslovak DebateHistories of Nationalism in Studies? Introduction Acknowledgements Abstract Table ofContents

Chapter Conclusion Western Nations Political vs.Eastern Organic Nations? Subjective Will LembergEugen Interwar and Crisis EmanuelInterwar Crisis Rádland BackgroundInterwar Debate tothe Chapter Conclusion Masaryk, theMeaning and ofCzech theNation, History NationalDivision: The inAcceleration of Concept Politics National Society in

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for 1930 upcoming the designof ideal the over discussions an minorities national tolerant nation the of origins for futures com manifested nationhood administration. state daily of course the in Czechoslo laws. census or constitution the either in not by controversy and conflict avoid to vain notion fluid possessed and individuals thestate.the relationship between and majorities, national of engineering the results, census provisions, rights minority for consequences serious with corresponded way particular a in nation the category,defining formerly of national territory the from formed Europe Central multi East in states new the in as apparent as quite nowhere was this Perhaps exercise. intellectual an or task perfunctory Sudeten German historian German Sudeten

more than a decade a than more Given such high stakes in societies where diverse cultures lived side by side and often and side by side lived cultures diverse where societies in stakes high such Given Introduction peting , ainl mie atr h Frt ol Wr Wti sae cetd n lis to claims on created states Within War. World First the after empires national Czechs, Germans, Jews? Germans, Czechs, , and cosmopolitan Czech cosmopolitan and , self vak state could not escape affirming or denying some conception of nationality of conception some denying or affirming escape not could state vak

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Pohl, “Die Soziologe Pohl, Lawrence,

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n Eugen Lemberg Und Emerich K. Francis: Wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Überlegungen Überlegungen Wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Francis: K. Emerich Und Lemberg nEugen content and praccontent and Far from being an obscure episode of academic sparring, this debate filled debate this sparring, academic of episode obscure an being from Far ; Smith, ; Smith, es

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The Late The Late - ness. Masaryk contested existing configurations of the “nation” and “Czech and “nation” the of configurations existing contested Masaryk ness. e a debate over the concept of the nation. Also, within a context of accelerated change change accelerated of context a within nation. Also, the of concept the over debate a e The four decades leading to the First World War proved to be an important era in in era important an be to proved War World First the to leading decades four The ain ad ainls.Atog Ceh n Gra ntoa mvmns had movements national German and Czech Although nationalism. and nations Habsburg Context: Habsburg oe pr ntoa mvmns vr otsig ocpulztos of conceptualizations contesting over movements national apart tore

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ie te nascent the Given . 25

24 Liberal

Many date own own - - . CEU eTD Collection 12 34 33 32 31 newly 256. 1914,” the of 30 animosity the 29 invoked merely 28 order political Habsburg conservative nationalists, Slavic Catholics. included and which alliance federalists, Ring Iron his of position the strengthen to 1890’s. and 1880s the expanding throughout occurred likewise electorate the of ansions ex class middle enfranchising by electorate the enlarging greatly tax the Eduard lowered Interior Taaffe the of Minister Austrian 1882, In result. a as nationalized quickly whole a as Politics electorate. enfranchised newly the amongst best the fared parties national reform, further national politics. popularized politics mass which from bases important as served influence political national of diets. spheres regional and councils municipal in strongholds pu establishing new and of control services seizing of capable most the be to themselves proved associations important. more and more became level municipal the at administered 80 urbanization. and industrialization from stemming changes demographic to due partly decade a of period the in in associations national manifested also governance penetrate to associations national new for opportunities life, associational national urban of growth a with intellectuals. by propagated movements

King, King, Kann, Judson, 257. Ibid., Monarchy,1867 Habsburg in the Civil Society and ofState the Dynamics and Politics “Nationalist Cohen, King, 245. Ibid., services ublic and government, Habsburg the of onsibilities res the increased ’s Budweisers into Czechs and Germans and Czechs into Budweisers Germans and Czechs into Budweisers A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526 Empire, Habsburg the of History A hn h Hbbr Epr ushered Empire Habsburg the When Exclusive Revolutionaries Exclusive

the electorate, electorate, Taaffethe andHabsburg liberalspowerof political the weaken to hoped 29

New industrial markets and swelling urban centers created in the 70’sandthe in created centers urban swelling and markets industrial New

urban areas like Budějovice/Budweis, for exam le, had grown tenfold tenfold grown had le,exam for Budějovice/Budweis, like areas urban

hehl fr oig n h cnrl eiltr t fv fois thus florins, five to legislature central the in voting for threshold 34

, 198. , hs liaey i ocr s e lbrl tak o th on attacks liberal new as occur did ultimately This

, 55; Judson, 55; Judson, , 51. , - 28 1918

themselves

s nutilzto ad raiain correlated urbanization and industrialization As ,425. n n r o ms pltc truh electoral through politics mass of era an in ExclusiveRevolutionaries

B te 80s h nme o Czech of number the 1870’s the By . voters 30 . , 198. , 32

Increasingly,national

iia incremental Similar

31 These 33 blic blic -

In e CEU eTD Collection 13 40 39 38 37 36 35 liberal to congenial be to way a in defined be could which divisions social above group necessity.political of rhetoricout progress national less on appeal political their of brunt the base to used who liberals, German 90’s. 1880’sand the in voters class middle with by used rhetoric national explicit more the 1890’s. the in success olitical to led movement YoungCzech na Czech Czech the to appeals populist more to rhetoric their adapted cause federal the todevotion their emphasized previouslyhad which Czechs Old the like parties national Czech was it of behalf on speak to right the and nation the where quo status a to themselves reconciled or embraced parties. politic mass in nation the to appealing camps. national German and Czech separate into split ideals or issues by do. not could parties based issue or interest enfranc newly of variety a with constituencies existing together sew to parties political national allowed politics in principle guiding a as nation the Using parties. national were electorate the of expansion the from most the profited which parties capitalism. exploitative to links perceived of because liberalism for distaste a possessed already who classes enfranchised

Judson, Judson, 82 Ibid., 76. Ibid., 75. Ibid., King, Schorske,

- Budweisers into Czechs and Germans and Czechs into Budweisers ness. olwn te xaso o eetrl oiis od n nw ate aie quickly alike parties new and old politics, electoral of expansion the Following

Exclusive Revolutionaries Exclusive –

38 -

Soon, however, the more explicit language of national reform inherent in the in inherent reform national of language explicit more the however, Soon,

- the central focus and legitimizing force in politics. More traditional elite traditional More politics. in force legitimizing and focus central the

, 117 ,

, 200. , – 35 8. 40

eetees tee ee noeen consequences. unforeseen were there Nevertheless, For Germ For , 74. , s dawned on political arrivistes as well as established as well as arrivistes political on dawned s

36 völkisch völkisch As a result, parties which had once been unified been once had which parties result, a As an liberals, the nation became a unifying interestunifying a became nation the liberals, an - ae ise, ucl aotd national adopted quickly issues, based and Pan and - Germa hised social elements in a way way a in elements social hised 39 Like Czech political parties, political Czech Like ainlss resonated nationalists n 37

The necessity of necessity The in and tion

- The led led CEU eTD Collection 14 45 44 43 42 41 larg a to meaning ascribed nation of the of rinci le centrality The key legitimization. political the as nation the established olitics mass 1870’s, the to rior numbers the in politics municipal a in in but nationalized was way.multinational governance tried as society and were politics Moravian and Bohemian state the Budějovice/Budweis. by recognized category agriculture. and national German and poss which cadastres Czech Moravian separate 1905 but equal the Moravia movements, in voters German divided Compromise and Czech between tensions ameliorate to the 20 firmly had and people of of years early the society.In number Moravian and Bohemian in concept a as unprecedented nationhood established an of lives the to the meaning Through national existence. Emire’s the of mass decades of mobilization two closing the in state Habsburg recognizedbythe politicalactorincreasingly a into morphed it politics, mass eraof beforethe and societytheFirstand inthe lastdecade a half to leading World War. law in nation the of institutionalization the by mirrored was nation the of role central the of popul more draw to politics values.

Ibid. “Reclaiming Zahra, King, 223. Ibid., 200 Ibid.,

last four decades leading to the First World War. While limited in significance and and significance in limited While War. World First the to leading decades four last

th 41 Budweisers into Czechs and Germans and Czechs into Budweisers bee had nation the While As a whole, the concept of the nation rapidly proliferated in politics and governancein and politics rapidlyin proliferatednation the of conceptthe whole, a As century vrl, h ntoa cmuiy elcd h reoi o te iea cmuiy in community liberal the of rhetoric the replaced community national the Overall, –

1, 1, 217. , nations became of constituent members nations , inlaw.Austrian Cisleithania 44

legal a as belonging national institutionalized which schemes Similar Children for the Nation,” 510. the for Nation,” Children

essed collective rights and autonomy in regards to commerce, education, education, commerce, to regards in autonomy and rights collective essed 45

politics, national movements in Bohemia and Moravia had ascribed ascribed had Moravia and Bohemia in movements national politics, Such law Such

ist elements. ist

s attested to the pervasiveness of concepts of nationhood in nationhood of concepts of pervasiveness the to attested s o lmtd motne n at pltc ad governance and politics party in importance limited of n , 115. , 42 In many ways, the acceptance among most parties most among acceptance the ways, many In

er and larger and er 43 Hoping CEU eTD Collection 15 46 mixed in schools, Jewish including schools, German closing to energy considerable exerted n disproportionate nation. Czech the to belonged who children Czech Germanize to capability its in dangerous and state the by privilegedas schooling language German viewed nationalists nati their schoolingin promote strengthto associational and influence political their use to struggled groups national German and Czech Both education. language over battle the in as clear as nowhere was this and life, social of permeat movements national Czech and German between competition fluidity national identities. of nationhood of notions com eting splint “Germans”, and “Czechs” between division mere a to beinglimited from FarMoravia. and Bohemia in life societydaily andof nearlyevery level 1890’s,nati the of end the By exclusive. mutually from far were belongings national between bounds the where competition a in individuals same the of loyalties the for battled often movements society and politics Disagreement and Intranational Competition National Division: fund and tendencies divisive engendered disagreementsmeaning the the conceptions over nation and of ofnationhood. camps national into inhabitants Czech and German Moravia’s and Bohemia recognizing of division the ect,ex might one even As categories. legal as nationhood state Habsburg the in culminated and populace

Ibid., 507. Ibid.,

ered the ranks of German and Czech national movements in a region typified by the the by typified region a in movements national Czech and German of ranks the ered n oei ad oai i te 0s n te is dcd o te 0h century, 20th the of decade first the and 90’s the in Moravia and Bohemia In The swift societal and political shift towards concepts of the nation and nationhood in nationhood and nation the of concepts towards shift political and societal swift The

onal competition between Czech and German national movements had permeated permeated had movements national German and Czech between competition onal umbers of “Czech” children attending German schools, Czech nationalists Czech schools, German attending children “Czech” of umbers n oei ad oai ws a fo a moh oeet National movement. smooth a from far was Moravia and Bohemia in

onal language, usually at the other’slanguage,the onal Czechusually at ense. ex ed practically all facets all practically ed

46 Frustrated by the by Frustrated

amental amental CEU eTD Collection 16 52 51 50 49 48 47 Initially,the alike. Czechs and Germans from violence sparked German, and Czech in fluent be to Bohemia in officials government requiring Ordinances Language Badeni the as known closing the In perspective. imperial an and governance municipal a from destabilizing were which violence of episodes entailed quarrels consumption an over national a be could education like just money endings that evident became quickly it and stores, “foreign” su orting Czechs urged and stores. Czech from products businesses,buy only to Czechs local of nationality the declared which aign cam Own” His Each existed. sin a only previously where breweries competing up setting nationalists German and Czech entailed activities such Budějovice/Budweis, like city a In industry. local in influence res ective nation’s their increase to attem ts in another one nationhood. of filter the through events local trivial most the even about news filtered newspapers as choice economic more ever an represented instance, for media, print of consumption The activities. consumer and economic schools German of number disproportionate maintaining also while cost any at minorities Schulverei areas. language

Glassheim, Glassheim, Kelly, 106 Ibid., King, Judson, Kieval,

Budweisers into Czechs and Germans and Czechs into Budweisers ainl o tto i te ae 80s n frt eae f h 20 the of decade first and 1890’s late the in com etition National impacted heavily also concerns national schools, for battle the of midst the In . Without Remorse 50 48 The Making of Czech Jewry Czech of Making The Exclusive Revolutionaries Exclusive

– zc ntoait i sm lclte i Bhma n Mrva ntgtd h “To the instigated Moravia and Bohemia in localities some in nationalists Czech n 9. Noble Nationalists Noble

aoe t ke Gra shos pn n ra wt sal German small with areas in open schools German keep to labored

47 n h ohr ad Gra euainl raiain lk te German the like organizations educational German hand, other the On , 17. ,

, 8 . d education, sometimes meaningd education,sometimes real violence.

, 208. , , 43. , action

years of the 19 the of years , 124. , 49 . 52

Czech and German nationalists w nationalists German and Czech

National competition, however,beyondfarcompetition, Nationalpushed 51 Czechs were encouraged to report on fellow on report to encouraged were Czechs th

century, a piece of proposed legislation proposed of piece century,a l non gle - ainl salsmn had establishment national

aged war against war aged th

century often often century - - speaking speaking speaking speaking CEU eTD Collection 17 58 57 270 1914,” 56 55 54 53 blood was nation German the populis of nature the of civilization. merit exclusive to belonged polit in rhetoric national used increasingly who and was nation German the what about agreement no was there autonomy, and federalization ethnic of form a by solved be should German among n the consensus that century the of turn considerable the at nationalists existed there Although movements. national apart tore then which nationalists, German among especially nationhood, over disagreement thedivision nationalists, of be theera innature. even showed pervasive itselfto more German and Czech between cleft pronounced more ever an of nature explosive remarkably measures emergency through and Moravia in occurred as compromises attempted through could it best as matters with dealt which state, Habsburg the of functions administrative and governing the to obstacle an represent to came conflicts Firs the until 1890’s late the from had com etition national influence destructive the typified ways many in competition national by triggered destabilization and t smashed and rage Prague. like cities in public shops Jewish even and German of windows of torrent a released nationalists Czech revoked, was law Prague. lawproposed

Judson, Judson, King, Monarchy,1867 Habsburg in the Civil Society and ofState the Dynamics and Politics “Nationalist Cohen, Kieval, Kann, Ibid.; Kelly,

Budweisers into Czechs and Germans and Czechs into Budweisers motnl, h sit set f h natio the of ascent swift the Importantly, Without Remorse 53 The Making of Czech Jewry Czech of Making The Exclusive Revolutionaries Exclusive

– It also led to violent interruptions at a parliamentary meeting in Vienna.in meeting parliamentary a at interruptions violent to led also It 1. 58 A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526 Empire, Habsburg the of History A Völkisch incited rioting among various groups of German nationalists in Plzen, Brno, and Brno,and Plzen, in German nationalists of groups various amongrioting incited - based way that emphasized German cultural and economic contributions to contributions economic and cultural German emphasized that way based , 46. , nationalists who had gained a great amount of ground largely because largely ground of amount great a gained had who nationalists t politics and an expanded electorate on the other hand asserted that asserted hand other the on electorate expanded an and politics t

, 223. , - based, organic, and ruled by primeval forces which naturally which forces primeval by ruled and organic, based, ,

73.

, 82. ,

ics, they attempted to define German define to attempted they ics, - 1918 ationality problems of Bohemia and Moravia Moravia and Bohemia of problems ationality ,446. i pltc ad oit generated society and politics in n

declared in parliamen in declared it 55 . These instances of violenceof instances These 57

hl Gra liberals German While t World War.WorldNational t t. - 56 ness in a less less a in ness

Despite the Despite 54 When the When

- he CEU eTD Collection 18 64 63 62 61 60 59 sufficient gaining not for party Czech Old the criticizing by dominance electoral to swept Czech of notions divide did politics Germandoms. multiple were there Instead Moravia. and Bohemia in community national German singular and based blood standing. their damage forms equally could nationalism pushing by participation and votes Jewish losing that acknowledged lang national nation. anti where populism numbe large life, associational and liberal between separation of point a became based. cu and language German to devotion a and merit on based was nation German the whether discussing for issue proxy a represented Semitism Anti nationhood. of conce tions different on based 1890’s the in rofoundly more another of Germanand associationallive. political Democrats. Social and different outlook. spiritual certain a with members its endowed

Cohen, 245. Ibid., 254. Ibid., Judson, King, Cohen,

vö 61 lkisch 63 Budweisers into Czechs and Germans and Czechs into Budweisers lhuh es eee hn h stain mn Gra ntoait, mas nationalists, German among situation the than severe less Although and liberal Politically,

The Politics of Ethnic Survival Ethnic of Politics The Survival Ethnic of Politics The

Exclusive Revolutionaries Exclusive In German associational life, Excluding Jews from organizations like the the organizationslike from Jews Excluding life, associational GermanIn For their part, German liberals in places like Prague recognized that they had to use to had they that recognized Prague like places in liberals German part, their For

forms of German nationalism suggested that it would be absurd to talk about a a about talk to absurd be would it that suggested nationalism German of forms uage if they had any hope of surviving in mass politics, but they likewise likewise they but politics, mass in surviving of hope any had they if uage nqe ocpin o German of conceptions unique

- Fundamental disagreement over nationhood wreaked havoc on the unity the on havoc wreaked nationhood over disagreement Fundamental Semitism was a symbolic practice of affirming an organic blood based based blood organic an affirming of practice symbolic a was Semitism

, 253. , Völkisch s f ainlss oe fo lbrl ate t a om of form a to parties liberal from moved nationalists of rs , 159,182. , 153. ,

- ness as well. In the early 90’s, the Young Czechs were were YoungCzechs the 90’s, early the In well. as ness

, 95. , emn nationalis German

- es ee ice b Crsin oil and Socials Christian by pitched were ness 64 lture or whether it was organic and blood and organic was it whether or lture The growing estrangement between liberal between estrangement growing The völkisch 59

t forces drifted apart from one one from apart drifted forces t s ie rgesd somewhat progressed, time As factions. 62 o bt pltc and politics both For Schulverein national s - - CEU eTD Collection 19 67 66 65 o goal even and principle central the of status the to importance limited of concept a from risen had nation the lifetime, his During lived. Czech of qualities the distill History ofCzech Meaning and the theNation, Masaryk, conceptualizations nation and ofthe Czech oppo ample provided content its over disagreement violent the and society and politics in nation of concept the of rise rapid The makeup. its and nation the of shape the over debates divisive cases many in destabilizing and violent be to tended even and life, social of levels all permeated competition National twenty the in division considerable created Moravia remainednational more nationalist politics unifiedthanparties. German politics. populist, same employed anti parties and nationalist negativist, hyper new governments, local of control anti Semitic, Czech defined more and more 90’s late the in arties nationalist radical new and Reformists formed. arty the within groups reformist power, in once reform national similar achieve to failed YoungCzechs the Bohem advancing significantly not for and concessions national

Frankl, 39 Ibid., Kelly,

rtunities for contestation. In this context, context, this In contestation. for rtunities In the twilight of the19 In of thetwilight in nation the of ascendency the all, in All Without Remorse 67 Prag ist nunmehr antisemitisch ist nunmehr Prag –

43. ept te rsne f xrm ngtvs Ceh ainls fcin, Czech factions, nationalist Czech negativist extreme of presence the Despite

- nentoait ad anti and internationalist, - eii rhetori Semitic , 38 ,

– - 39. es n n integral an in ness . The primacy of the nation in politics corresponded with highly with corresponded politics in nation the of primacy The .

- ness as a response to the violent change of the era in which he which in era the of change violent the to response a as ness

century , 180. , c used by by used c

- oen sentiment. modern Tom š - ness.

eaie es fcsn o anti on focusing sense negative Masaryk attempted todefi Masaryk

pltc i a ee mr dvdd society. divided more ever an in politics f Tom š völkisch

- oiia ad oil ie n oei and Bohemia in life social and political five years leading to the First Worldthe to yearsleading War. five aay wud otiue i own his contribute would Masaryk emn ainlss n Viennese in nationalists German 66 seily n teps o take to attempts in Especially

ian state rights. state ian

ne the nation and to and to nation ne the - emn anti German, 65 As soon as soon As - CEU eTD Collection 20 72 71 70 69 68 he that Masaryk convince to leadershipYoungamong sympathyCzech enough with met was demanded and movement, right new factionsreformist member of the Young Czech Party.During inthe histime Habsburg multinational the in served Masaryk olitics. national Czech mainstream with disillusionment Masaryk’s to led arties olitical questions as differingconstructi national German larger much culture? a with merge to program national Czech the for practical signi anything contribute to hope ever could nation Czech small a whether readers asked Questions” Two “Our called article 1886 for questions leaders. posed Czech existential national actually were leaders national Czech of generation earlier an by considered manuscripts medieval that revealed historians 1886, In address. to sought Masaryk which movement national Czech when state ofagroundwork in1918. used as nation the Czech and nation the of conceptualizations novel s to response a As program. national Czech some of negativity the Czech and of conceptions movements national Czech and German between Tension

Agnew, Kelly, 27. Ibid., 26. Ibid., 27. versusPekar,” Masaryk History: ofCzech Meaning “The Hauner,Milan,

Among the contestation, the noisy patriotism and chauvinism and patriotism noisy the contestation, the Among que existential osed 90’s the and 80’s late the of olitics Czech The Without Remorse 70 forgeries The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Cr the Bohemian of Lands the Czechsand The

hogot h dcd wih olwd mn vie suh t ase these answer to sought voices many followed, which decade the Throughout increasingly . 68 gained ground in an ideologically diverseideologically an groundgainedin Young Party.Czech

The forgeries undermined traditional narr traditional undermined forgeries The , 48. , - reformists ness impelled Masaryk to work for the philosophical exaltation of the of exaltation philosophical the for work to Masaryk impelled ness

radical na radical

ons ofCzech nationhood proliferated.

held increasingly negative and radical notions of Czech of notions radical and negative increasingly held ficant to humanity, and if not whether it would be more more be would it whether not humanity,if to and ficant tionalist rhetoric from party leadership. party from rhetoric tionalist uch tensions, Masaryk contributed somewhat somewhat contributed Masaryk tensions, uch own Reichsrat , 2004, 147. 2004, , - es hc wud rvk controversy provoke would which ness 69

In forgeries, the thewakefamous of a Reic

in Vienna from 1891 to 1893 as a as 1893 to 1891 from Vienna in

hsrat atives of a national rebirth and rebirth national a of atives

, more radically nat, more

inside

numerous Czech numerous 72

71 tos o the for stions Such rhetoric Such

Typicalaof ionalist - ness ness CEU eTD Collection 21 Crisis European the in Nations 79 78 58. ofthe Century,” Turn 77 76 75 74 73 humanity. all benefited which function a serve can each as long as size their of organs natural as viewed be society. could nations Herder, with line In humanity. of value higher the favorof in egoism eschewedand reasonable andscientific essence its in waswhich and nationalism primitive andneeded overcome. tobe anti definitions, ignorance of forces the from nation Czech the of defense the be to mission his regarded Masaryk 90’s, Czech and nation the as such concepts such, in of lack a in conflict political bellicose and politics in found negative be not could it documents, forged the of revelation the after found be to needed medieval than more on based be to needed program national Czech the of content the since manuscripts medieval forged the of passing the mourn not did Masaryk discord. and egoism petty above general nation Czech the elevate to concepts these of ability the upon chauvinistic ofCzech notions Czech a from retreat party. the with future his see longer no could

Masaryk, University of London, and School of Slavonic and East European Studies, European East and Slavonic of School and London, of Masaryk,University 101. the and Germans,” “Masaryk Hahn, Anti Affair: Nationalism, Hilsner“The Beller, 30. Ibid., Orzoff, Ibid. Kechriotis, and Ersoy,Górny,

Partially as a result of these c these of result a as Partially Czech and nation the defining in interests Masaryk’s context, this Within 78 Battle for the Castle the for Battle aay consis Masaryk

and su erstition, most evident radical nationalists’ use of negative national national negative of use nationalists’ radical evident most suerstition, and - Germanism, and anti and Germanism,

myth political scene he viewed as being tarnished by noisy patriotism and and patriotism noisy by tarnished being as viewed he scene political

etyepaie htalntos ee rae qa rgrls of regardless equal created were nations all that emphasized tently ,

, 21 , 28. . 75 Modernism

– - diinly fa reas a if Additionally,

3. ness. formation and in a lack of processes of scientific inquiry. scientific of processes of lack a in and formation

patriotism 74

, 201. ,

- oncerns, Masaryk conceptualized the nation as a force a as nation the conceptualized Masaryk oncerns, Semitism. - Semitism and the Individual in the Habsburg Monar Habsburg the in the Individual and Semitism

. As a positivist, Masaryk located the source of of source the located Masaryk positivist, a As . - 73 ness needed a scientific base. Throughout the the Throughout base. scientific a needed ness

77 He resigned his resigned He These forces were markers of chauvinistic of markers were forces These on for the existence of the Czech nation Czech the of existence the for on

l oeet n pltc in politics and movement al Reichsrat Reichsrat The Problem of Small Small of Problem The seat in 1893 in a in 1893 in seat 79 ih hs in this With - ness rested rested ness chy at the the at chy 76

As CEU eTD Collection 22 87 86 85 84 83 139. irations,” As 82 81 80 anti and education, democracy, reason, of principles society. Christian Medieval of stagnation challen fundamentally had Hus and Reformation Reformation. Czech Second or movement national Czech for Westernimportance civilization. the that claimed Masaryk Brethr Czech the program, and Hus by embodied national Reformation a for material for history Czech scouring After Reformation”. “Czech the and Hussites the of ideals the in sought he values publication 1895 his in program go deepeningawould render process ofspiritual through whichcontent. full in itmore while discussion, philosophical and enlightened more a into transform would politics national that hoped Masaryk program, national Czech the of content be movement. Czech the of aims future desirable the determining could program national the of future the oriented. which towards past Czech the in found be to had themes positive that claimed he knowledge, human of summation the as history or Czech humanity the for base national serving spiritual a for providing of capable quality a not was Germans to opposition that suggested sense. universal a in useful were which aims political future state clearly could they when nations of status the to rose groups ethnic mind,

Masaryk and Wellek, Wellek, Masarykand Ibid. 27. versusPekar,” Masaryk History: ofCzech Meaning “The Hauner,Milan, 135 Ibid., 137. Ibid., Schmidt Hauner, 320. Radl,” Emanuel and Masaryk ofT.G. the Work in of Nation Theories “The Zdenek, Suda,

ie tee ol, aay pt ot hs om f da Czech ideal of form his forth put Masaryk goals, these Given - 82 Milan, “The Meaning of Czech History: Masaryk versus Pekar,” 28. versusPekar,” Masaryk History: ofCzech Meaning “The Milan, Hartmann, Eva, “The Fallacy of Realism: Some Problems of Masaryk’s A roach to Czech National CzechAroach National to ofMasaryk’s Problems Some Realism: Fallacy“Theof Eva, Hartmann, –

itr wud ev te ed o te rsn b poiig ore m source providing by present the of needs the serve would History 7.

The Meaning History. Czech of Meaning The

k Otzk Č sk 85

These ideals had been resurrected by the modern Czech modern the by resurrected been had ideals These 87 u ad h Behe roe ter oeet in movement their rooted Brethren the and Hus , 8. , 80 .

ged the theocracy, temporality, and spiritual spiritual and temporality,theocracy, the ged n h cs o te zc nto, Masaryk nation, Czech the of case the In Masar nation en presented humanistic ideals of great of ideals humanistic presented en - aristocracy in seeking a higher moral moral higher a seeking in aristocracy 86 k icvrd h hmnsi Czech humanistic the discovered yk codn t Msrk te Czech the Masaryk, to According .

81 the national program itself would itself program national the

83 Since Masaryk as a r a as Masaryk Since By essentially politicizing the politicizing essentiallyBy

- es n a national a and ness

tra for aterial ealist saw ealist 84

CEU eTD Collection 23 92 91 90 89 88 Chapter interwar period. the in debate profile high of topic a become later would state nation a to ideology national Masaryk’s of a lication the uncontested, remaining from Far egoism. and myth, ignorance, Czech of and nation the society divided 19 a in concerns from of radical nationalists. Czech defea could nation Czech the for function humane and to desire the and reform moral ourselves”. inner within Rome the “overcome on emphasis Hussite the promoting by day the al could program national Czech The framework. universal a within will free and individuality for respect fused nation Czech the so, doing In mankind. all of benefit the for individual the for respect democracy,and reason, promoting meant this the push to was destiny its and nation and faith of fusion a and authoritarianism, to resistance democracy, espousing by reformation this of rebirth a in ushered awakeners at defeat the by silenced was Reformation Czech reason. enlightenment of elements even and Luther inspired ideals order above the unthinking and

Masaryk and Wellek, Wellek, Masarykand 28. versusPekar,” Masaryk History: ofCzech Meaning “The Hauner,Milan, 130. Ibid., Ibi 11 Ibid.,

d., d., 10. The four decades leading up to the First World War introduced unprecedented and and unprecedented introduced War World First the to up leading decades four The Masaryk’s conce tualization of the nation and his meaning of Czech history stemmed stemmed history Czech of meaning his and nation the of Masaryk’s conce tualization forged Czech Reformation whose the had Masaryk nationalclaimed a that spirit Czech –

14. Conclusion

of models his designed Masaryk nationhood. of constructions competing over The Meaning History. Czech of Meaning The

th -

ness to evoke humanity and democracy in a way that would displace would that way a in democracy and humanity evoke to ness

century context where nationhood had developed quickly and had had and quickly developed had nationhood where context century

morally deplete authoritarianism. morally deplete

ideals of the Czech Reformation Reformation Czech the of ideals 92 Taken as a whole, Masaryk believed this universal this believed Masaryk whole, a as Taken reason , 143. , . 90

In Masaryk’s mind, the duty of the Czech the of duty Masaryk’sIn the mind,

White Mountain, Palacky and other other and Palacky Mountain, White t the negativity, egoism, and pettiness and egoism, negativity, the t so solve the “social question” of of question” “social the solve so 88

89 hl te prt f the of spirit the While further . 91

Primarily, CEU eTD Collection 24 which latera becamefor fundamental reference interwar debates onnationalism. point movement, of conceptions over disagreements nationhood. to due fractured society. Moravian themselves and movements Bohemian of National fabric social the in fissures created about brought legitimizi 19 late the in reform electoral Following nationhood. of and notions nation ofthe concepts useof generate the over debate considerable conc political of meaning the over disagreement fundamental manufacture change political and social rapid of periods that assumed is it If nations. of origins and nature the on debate interwar the to important be to the and Moravia and Bohemia to changes violent

ng concept in politics. The national competition which mass national politics politics national mass which competition national The politics. in concept ng Tom š

Following a period of change and existential crisis for the Czech national national Czech the for crisis existential and change of period a Following Masaryk proposed new conceptualizations of the nation and of Czech of and nation the of conceptualizations new proposed Masaryk ps i i nt ad o mgn ta ti tm pro would period time this that imagine to hard not is it epts, th

century, the nation quickly became the central central the became quickly nation the century,

Habsburg Empire in general which proved proved which general in Empire Habsburg

- ness CEU eTD Collection 25 produced a begging situation debate tobeaddressed ina nationalism. over i of presence the and democracy European a between clash the together, Takenover an to linked paradigm national humanitarian and democratic discard. to wished he nationness of conceptions acc Additionally, model acknowledged. national been Czechoslovak sometimes Masaryk’s has than more nationalization of forces used which democracyCzechoslovak a in position equal less somewhat occupieda Minorities con profound a produced and mark their of short Euro ean fell ideals “Western” humanistic and of democratic Czechoslovakia’s state, values a of and basis the As democracy. culture the to linked was which narrative national hi Czech of meaning Masaryk’s innovation. and change 19 by articulated ideology national The overnight. n becoming people of millions with nation Czechoslovak a of property into space multinational previously converted state nation Czechoslovak new A however. post a be to persisted Germans, mar most national nationness, of within conceptualizations competing divisions by wrought The movements War. the after society in category recognized legally a as E Habsburg the of years twilight the during developments with line In movements. national German and Czech for fortunes different very by accompanied discontinuity and continuity Debate 3. mpire, the nation continued to be the key guiding principle in politics, and nationality grew grew nationality and politics, in principle guiding key the be to continued nation the mpire, th National Ideology and Interwar Paradoxes: andInterwar of Paradoxes: Ideology The Beginning National A

century formed the ideological base of the new state, but even this ideology experienced ideology this even but state, new the of base ideological the formed century h trol n tam o te is Wrd a gnrtd srne itr of mixture strange a generated War World First the of trauma and turmoil The

ol Wr raiy Mc o te otniy ne here, ended continuity the of Much reality. I WarWorld eult i te zcolvk tt structure state Czechoslovak the in nequality Tom š moae rmat o od chauvinistic old of remnants ommodated tradiction between ideology and practice. practice. and ideology between tradiction Masaryk at the end of the end of the the of end the of end the at Masaryk story morphed into a Czechoslovak Czechoslovak a into morphed story -

idealized vision of Western vision idealized

toa minorities ational kedly among among kedly CEU eTD Collection oeig h Frt zcolvk eulc n h isiuin ad das f Western of ideals and 26 institutions the on Republic Czechoslovak First the modeling supposed the to narrative national Czechoslovak his tie to effort concerted a made Masaryk war, the after support this retain to and war the during state Czechoslovak a for support Entente procure for transformations Backgroundthe InterwarDebate to Czechoslovak state and nationalideology ofa its type new ofCentralEuropean infavor state. free on based nationalism Czechoslovak make to calls solutions: different very two to led Lemberg and Rádl by held events interwar of perceptions of and writings R dl’s with familiar be but hel not could hand, other the on Lemberg, art. a was Lemberg which of movements building identity German Sudeten of knowledge extensive an exhibited in domination” “national of ractices Czechoslovakia. itWhile rem for values and models state Euro ean Western orted im blamed and built be should societies which around structures as nations “organic” Su the like of source Others, the inequality. as nations of notion “organic” lingering the blamed but values democratic European Western on modeled state a of realization the and program national Czechoslovak Emanuel intellectual public and philosopher Czech the like Some, frames. the ideological different and through Republic First model the of inequality national Czechoslovak Masaryk’s of values egalitarian and democratic, viewed figures intellectual of number a Specifically,

h Frt ol Wr n is meit atrah ruh aot important about brought aftermath immediate its and War World First The clash. this in roots their had nationalism on debates interwar the of roots The

aus n clua hrtg o Wsen uoen oit. hs eutd in resulted This society. European Western of heritage cultural and values e wn t get egh t rsod o ls iwons Te divergent The view oints. R dl’s to res ond to lengths great to went ten Tom š Masaryk and his national ideology. As part of an attempt to to attempt an of part As ideology. national his and Masaryk ains unclear whether R R ainsdl knewLemberg’s whether unclear anything of he work, ee Gra hsoin ue Lmeg nta regarded instead Lemberg Eugen historian German deten

Rádl recognized the merits of a more humanistic humanistic more a of merits the recognized Rádl - will and calls for the destruction of destruction the for calls and will

h dsaiy ewe te Western, the between disparity the

the

CEU eTD Collection 27 95 a for 94 Entente of suort the win 93 to attem t wartime a both of art As “West”. the with Masarykian the of linking the with correlated 1918 after the rovince of Těšin. and Ruthenia, Subcarpathian Slovakia, Moravia, Bohemia, of lands the of consisting Emp Habsburg the of state successor a be to Czechoslovakia confirmed Germain St. of ofbe part avail. no claims, butto national determination self similar using Austria 1918. awarding in in culminated war the state nation Czechoslovak of a with claims determination self end and rights national Czechoslovak the at Prague in based movement resistance Entente of combination A 1918. after geopoliticalinterests nation Czechoslovak a of property the became Moravia and Bohemia in society and politics in concept guiding the as arose nation the which multinational the relegated War to contribute to. nationalism wishedof debate anon whichtheinterwar ideologycreated participants situations o deficiencies the and state was the of inequality The displace. it to meant conceptions based blood integral the to similarities certain bore ideology national minoriti national of inequality. basic symbolizing form a of position Additionally, Masaryk’s enlightened and cosmo olitan the with democracy of version limited rather a practiced state new the ideals, democratic minded high Despite contradictions. underlying serious with as results mixed yielded emulation This Czechoslovakia Britain. Great and France like democracies

Agnew, 104. the and Germans,” “Masaryk Hahn, Orzoff,

Importantly, the wartime struggle for a Czechoslovak state and its ultimate realization ultimate its and state Czechoslovak a for struggle wartime Importantly,the The rise of a nation state in the First Czechoslovak Republic following the First Worldthe following Republic Czechoslovak First the in state nation a of rise The 93 Battle for the Castle the for Battle The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown the Bohemian of Lands the Czechsand The

S ome German dominated regions of Bohemia had Moravia declared themselves to themselves declared Moravia had Bohemia of regions dominated German ome

showed itself to be a more tolerant and open society than its neighbors but neighbors its than society open and tolerant more a be to itself showed 95

, the wartime di lomacy of Masaryk and Beneš, and a successfulnationala andBeneš, Masarykand di lomacywartimeof the ,

, 40 , – 4.

Habsburg Empire to the past. The multinational spaces in spaces multinational The past. the to Empire Habsburg

, 2004, 176 2004, ,

Czech and Czechoslovak narratives Czechoslovak and Czech – 7.

f Masaryk’s new Western Masaryk’snew f 94

The treaty ire ire es CEU eTD Collection 28 101 100 99 98 97 96 by minorities national by over required treaties minority the which rights of minimum bare win the than more them affording to ed ho Beneš and Masaryk system, democratic this a and citizens for rights civil and political of range wide suffrage. universal and proportionate, equal, by elected were legislature bicameral a and president a which in republic democratic a be to state the deemed Czechoslovak 1920 the this, with line In minorities. integrating of capable policy minority humane a and structure state democratic Westerna fashion to efforts in themselves Czech democracy, and history later Czechoslovak thensymbolized humanity, and the West citizenship. Czechoslovak of and nation Czechoslovak the of nature integra of part civilization. WesternEuropean intricate an was Czechoslovakia that citizens Czechoslovak and powers Western libert to devotion of figure the around to “East”. o osition clearlyin the andtyranny Austrian Brit defined vaguely to related as nation Czechoslovak cosmo olitan and tolerant, educated, hical, hiloso their de icted Beneš to Western belonging as narrative national Czechoslovak civilization. European democratic the view period, to interwar came the Beneš of and turbulence Masaryk the in support this retain to and state Czechoslovak

Ibid., 131. Ibid., 119. Ibid., 52. Ibid., Orzoff,

Ibid. 1918 “CzechDemocracy Bugge,Peter,

e ainl ioiis y mhszn te eortc tlrn, n cosmopolitan and tolerant, democratic, the emphasizing by minorities national te Considerations for this new Western Czechoslovak nation and state manifested manifested state and nation Czechoslovak Western new this for Considerations Battle for the C the for Battle

, rt, utc ad isna dmcay n wy nedd o remind to intended way a in democracy Wilsonian and justice truth, y, astle Tom š

, 51. ,

aay a te esnfcto o te zcolvk nation’s Czechoslovak the of ersonification the as Masaryk 98

Internally, Czechoslovak state leaders hoped this cult could cult this hoped leaders state Internally,Czechoslovak ish and French “Western” values which su osedly stood su osedly which values “Western” French and ish - 1938 -

Paragon or or 4. Parody,” Paragon and reformist liberal values of their their of values liberal reformist and 97

legal separation of powers. of separation legal

The Czechoslovak state built a culta built state Czechoslovak The

100 h cnttto otie a outlined constitution The 99

Masaryk’s meaning of meaning Masaryk’s 96 Masaryk andMasaryk constitution 101

Inside .

CEU eTD Collection 29 107 106 105 104 1918 GermanMinority, 103 102 and by made been have to state Czechoslovak the proclaimed Constitution 1920 The observers. contemporary some to democracy WesternEuropean of characteristic less seemed T state. the in minorities national of status equal than less democracy possessed markeddemocratic deficits. the of sectors service civil in power and influence of spheres respective their over themselves haggled and doors closed behind amongst affairs arliamentary determined Pětka, the as known leaders, arty candidates. over precedence took Zamini. as known machine propaganda foreign and domestic funded well aministry, chancellery, and extraordinar held which branch executive powerful down. torn were ruled bounds the the and which rulers in between system a of instead scientifically them solved and philosophically of system a as more democracy understood Masaryk turn towards a tolerant,direction.cosmopolitan democratic, and constitution. the pro rights in minority and institutions enshrined were requirements certain given officials Czechoslovak with languages minority use to rights and languages minority in education to Germain. St.

Ibid., 13 Ibid., 1918 “CzechDemocracy Bugge,Peter, Orzoff, 1918 “CzechDemocracy Bugge,Peter, 45 ublic,” Re Czechoslovak the of Constitution “The Minority,1918 German Czechoslovakia’s and Benes “DrEdvard Cornwall, The shortcomings present in Czechoslovak democratic practices also appeared in the the in appeared also practices democratic Czechoslovak in present shortcomings The ideals. lofty its of short fell often democracy Czechoslovak however, practice, In 105 Battle for the Castle the for Battle – In comparison, the Czechoslovak parliament was a quite weak body where parties where body weak quite a was parliament Czechoslovak the comparison, In 15. 102

While Germans and other minor other and Germans While - 1943,” 176. 1943,” government.

, 69. ,

106 - - visions were intended to mirror the Czechoslovak nation’sCzechoslovak the mirror to intended were visions 107 1938 1938 Th hl mr dmcai ta nihos Czechoslovak neighbors, than democratic more While rsl ws ht gop f h fv ms powerful most five the of group a that was result e - -

Paragon or or 11. Parody,” Paragon or 21. Parody,” Paragon – 6; Cornwall, “DrEdva Cornwall, 6; 104

ities were denied rights to autonomy,rights to rights denied were ities y powers such as the control of the foreign the of control the as such ypowers aay’ “ate hae a extremely an headed “castle” Masaryk’s

oenne hc asse problems assessed which governance

his, as will be later evidenced, evidenced, later be will as his,

- 1943,” 176. 1943,” rd Benes and Czechoslovakia’s Czechoslovakia’s and Benes rd

103

Democratic

CEU eTD Collection 30 114 138. Czechoslovakia,” Interwar in Views 113 112 111 110 109 108 on based nation Czechoslovak the of members be to them declaring by citizens thousand 1921 the of Cz this into era. interwar the throughout state nation separate a to rights assert to continued parties and politicians Slovak many and uncontested, from far ma nationala strengthen opportunityto an offered it World First because War partiallythe of course the during ground gained nation single a constituting Slovaks and Czechs of idea The displace. to sought Masaryk models blood same the of many accommodate to often seemed it as nationalism Czechoslovak “Western” and olitan, cosmo enlightened, new the the new repu state a of members by created already system a within participate to free merely were minorities drafti the in present been had representatives or parties minority state, no ofthe members equal Czechoslovak were republic state in the of living Jews and Poles, Hungarians, they citizens, Czechoslovak equal be to Czechoslovakia Germans, of millions the considered treaties state. the of language official the be to language” “Czechoslovak nation. Czechoslovak a for primarily

Ibid., 145 Ibid., Communist and Socialist, Agrarian, Ludak, The Question: Slovak ofthe Considerations “Slovak Felak, 107. the and Germans,” “Masaryk Hahn, 1918 “CzechDemocracy Bugge,Peter, Min German Czechoslovakia’s and Benes “DrEdvard Cornwall, Ibid. Agnew, - bearing nation. bearing

Alongside the humane treatment of national minorities, questions remained regarding remained questions minorities, national of treatment humane the Alongside The Czechs and the Lands of the the of Lands the Czechsand The – - 6. echoslovak nation as an observable fact and rooted in descent. During the course the During descent. in rooted and fact observable an as nation echoslovak bearing Czechoslovak nation. Czechoslovak bearing blic and “Western” its blic values.

Census 112 , government officials reversed the declared nationality of at least a a least at of nationality declared the reversed officials government ,

All of these details combined to question the democratic credentials ofcredentialsdemocratic the question to combined details these of All

g f h Cehsoa constitution. Czechoslovak the of ng

- 1938

Bohemian Crown Bohemian jority in a postwar state.postwar a in jority 108 -

Paragon or or 8 Parody,” Paragon

110

diinly t Additionally,

Further, despite the fact that all citizens of the of citizens all that fact the despite Further, 114 , 2004, 180. 2004, ,

- Despite this, the state often treated entry treated often state the this, Despite ae q based ority, 1918 ority, were also national minorities outside minorities national also were e ae osiuin emd the deemed constitution same he – 9.

aiis f h itga national integral the of ualities

113 -

1943,” 194 1943,” Awasnation Czechoslovak 109 111

hs ugse that suggested This lhuh minority Although – 5.

CEU eTD Collection 31 119 118 117 116 161. 115 procure better to government entered and institutions democratic Czechoslovak of boycott status. minority their fi a Czechoslovakia formed in German minorities nationness. over disagreements standing long from stemming division same the by marked be to continued Germans Czechoslovakia’s West, the to narrative national Czechoslovak state’s often aidofcam heavy nationalization handed their aigns. Czechoslovak Western a accom anied irony certain a nationalism, enlightened Masaryk’s amo counted organizations propaganda the in communities. presence German of Czech expense the at increase borderlands to attempts handed heavy their in aims nationalization regions. “Germanized” over authority Czech reassert to aigns cam launching by and governments local of ownership asserting by authoritarianism German of years of hundreds of reversal th like organizations propaganda counter. Nationalist to wished integral humanity very and olitan cosmo Masaryk’s ulses im the and grou s nationalist by backed often efforts nationalization for grounds hospitable offered Czechoslovak the to nation. belonging objective their to due schools Czech to reassigned were characteristics”. national “objective

Brubaker, Brubaker, Ibi Czech the Struggleon “The Cornwall, 517 the for Nation,” Children “Reclaiming Zahra, “TZahra,

d., d., 949. 116 Faced with the inequality of national minority stat minority national of inequality the with Faced understanding its and state Czechoslovak a of creation the fact, In 117

he ‘Minority Problem’ and National Classification in the French and Czechoslovak Borderlands,” Borderlands,” Czechoslovak and in the French Classification National and he‘MinorityProblem’

Organizations like the like Organizations Nationalism Reframed Nationalism 119

y 96 sm German some 1926, By

, 60 , – Národni Jednoty Národni 1. - German Language Border, 1880 Border, Language German

115

Similar practices occurred in Moravia where children where Moravia in occurred practices Similar g h rdcl ainls eeet opsd by opposed elements nationalist radical the ng – 8.

eld of competing claims and stances towards towards stancesandcompeting claims of eld ate kon s h activists the as known parties

could often rely on state support and state and support state on rely often could 118 Due to the fact that these nationalist these that fact the to Due us and the problematic shift of the of shift problematic the and us - 1940,” 929. 1940,” e NárodniJednoty

- centric nation model nation centric

f nationness of edd their ended ,

called for a for called CEU eTD Collection 32 125 tionofCzech 124 123 122 121 120 seekingor thedestructionCzechoslovak reformstate. of national the those for target a became re ublic and ideology national Masaryk’s arent. a more fact a nat Czechoslovak a of engineering the and minorities, of the status efforts, nationalization Czechoslovak nation. singular a of property the declared state a of eq existence the with and well square humanity,not did democracy, will free and democracy, of equality, Nevertheless, paragon a state Czechoslovak new the make to romised ideologyMasaryk’s national remained. society the and olitics in nation the of rimacy while space multinational Habsburg away swept state Czechoslovak The to. wish respond would later many which contradictions created society and politics in minorities prevailed. Partei politics. minority German radicalized Germany in Nazis the of rise the and Germans Sudeten impoverishing act for cast were a to legitimacy lend would equals. not and masters as Czechs so held which government doing since democracy Czechoslovak in participate to govern Czechslovak Agrarians. the and Socials popular most the were gre and rights national collective

Ibid. Czech in Activist Parties German “O of inions Broklova, Wingfield, Ibid. Agnew, Wingfield,

became the mo the became vrl, h etbihet f Cehsoa rpbi ad h psto o national of position the and republic Czechoslovak a of establishment the Overall, The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown the Bohemian of Lands the Czechsand The 125 - German Coexistence in Inter Coexistence German Mino Politi Minority

rity Politics in a Multinational State Multinational a in rityPolitics 124

ment. vs pris n 99 a eooi dpeso disproportionately depression economic an 1929, in parties ivist y 95 ord eli’ rdcl n Nazi and radical Henlein’s Konrad 1935 By st popular political party in Czechoslovakia, and anti and Czechoslovakia, in party political popular st f h Gra parties German the of cs in a Multinational State Multinational a cs in

122 121

Other German parties, known as the the as known parties, German Other

All three of these parties eventually agreed to work inside the inside work to agreed eventually parties these of three All ater equality ater - War Czechoslovakia,” 188. Czechoslovakia,” War . 120 , , 61. , 60.

n Czechoslovakia in After the war, the After

oslovakia 1918 oslovakia , 2004, 181. 2004, , 123

While 70% of all German votes German all of 70% While

- ional majority only made such such made only majority ional 1938. A Contribution to theA Que to Contribution 1938. t he German Social Democrats Social German he kampfgemeinschaft

olwd by followed -

backed - activist sentiment activist Sudetendeutsche the Christian Christian the , refused , uality. s- to CEU eTD Collection 33 128 127 126 justice social of issues and mentality, democratic a institutions, democratic of fostering which the stressed hy hiloso Masaryk’s of tenets the with agreeing nevertheless while meta hysics history of hy hiloso Masaryk’s of sketical remained dl R Peroutka, Ferdinand student. of crisis mo the and religion of discussion his hy, hiloso moralist Masaryk’s articular, In student his during religion and hy hiloso on lectures Masaryk’sby influenced was impacted heavily amend to was critique this of Masaryk’s national be modelonfree to Czechoslovak based aim ultimate The Re ublic. First Masar Masaryk’s a of rovided R dl critique eriod, interwar the Throughout work. Masaryk’s in state the and “organic”nations ofconce the tualizations in danger great saw R dl democraticstate, on thoughts Masaryk’s by influenced Highly democr R dl. Emanuel was individual an such of example best the Perhaps values.democratic of implementation genuine more a and reform c ideology,some national Masaryk’s of intentions and values the rejecting than Rather action. to intellectuals Czech some droveRepublic Czechoslovak First the of inequalities and deficits democratic the E manuel Rádl and Interwar Crisis Interwar manuelRádl and

Ersoy, Górny, and Kechriotis, Kechriotis, and Ersoy,Górny, Krise: Der Denker “Ein Tscechischer Loewenstein, Kechriotis, and Ersoy,Górny, dernity, and his fusion of Christian Platonism and scientific criticism impressed Rádl as a a as Rádl impressed criticism scientific and Platonism Christian of fusion his dernity,and . 128 The dissonance between a Czech a between dissonance The acy and humanity as well as accepting the desirability of a Western European style style European Western a of desirability the accepting as well as humanity and acy

127 Twenty years Masaryk’s junior, R dl came from a generation of Czech intellectuals Czech of generation a from came R dl junior, Masaryk’s years Twenty

ál lo ed etr Erpa, atclry rts ad rnh sye of styles French, and British particularly European, Western held also Rádl iia t ohr zc itletas ie ae k Faie Lne, and Langer, Fratišek ek, a Karel like intellectuals Czech other to Similar riticized the First Republic in hopes that criticism would eventually yield to yield eventually would criticism that hopes in Republic First the riticized by Masaryk’s hiloso hy. R dl studied biology at Charles University and and University Charles at biology studied R dl hy. hiloso Masaryk’s by

Modernism Modernism

, 149 , 137 ,

nationalism linked to Westernto and linked values nationalism democratic – – 50. 8.

Emanuel Radl (1873 Radl Emanuel - will. will. - 1942),” 137 1942),”

– 8.

years. and his his and ykian 126

CEU eTD Collection 34 132 131 130 democracy. “rights” French democracyand contract English of hisindiscussion well as as nations olitical 129 o organs constitutive than rather parties national political Germanas treated the were minority like groups national argued, of form Rádl weak Czechoslovakia, highly In a democracy. revealed state the and status minority of citizens Czechoslovak formedminorities central of issues criticism. of treatment its and democracy of style state’s Czechoslovak the of ractice the activism, the like newspapers popular and journals various in writing by debate to issues such bring to attempts made and castle, the and Masaryk of domain exclusive the as rights minority as such governance intelli of matters Czech the of tendency the as saw he what by frustrated the state. the of of unity worth the impact democratic would and the Republic Czechoslovak of measure a as served issues such as minorities, re national were rights national collective sufficient of safeguarding the and Czechoslovakia in minorities of status The concern. for cause considerable Rádl gave state the and minorities national between relationship the and rights, national collective regarding Anti against League the and Rights, Human Leaguefor Czechoslovak the academic the YMCA, of chapter of direction the in move to Rádl impelled society democratic a of foundation the and equality, justice, hi and activism R dl’s olitical of content the guide to continued democracy WesternEuro ean regard. high in structure state and democracy s critique of Masaryk’sFirst the interwareriod. Reublic throughout

R dl R dl Loewenstein, R dl , “Schriftsteller Als Diener Der Polit Der AlsDiener “Schriftsteller , , , codn t Rd, h sau o ntoa mnrte ad h relationshi the and minorities national of status the Rádl, to According fe te salsmn o te is Cehsoa Rpbi, ocrs o social for concerns Republic, Czechoslovak First the of establishment the After Der Kampf zwischen Tschechen und Deutschen und Tschechen zwischen Der Kampf Deut und Tschechen zwischen Der Kampf - oiia atvs. n h ery er o te eulc Rd fudd h Prague the founded Rádl republic, the of years early the In activism. political Semitism.

“Ein Tscechischer Denker Der Krise: Emanuel Radl (1873 Radl Emanuel Krise: Der Denker “EinTscechischer 130

bv al le te oiin f ainl ioiis te situation the minorities, national of position the else, all Above Narodni ListyNarodni

ik,”1.

schen

and th and

, 115 , 125. , 129 e

– Prager TagblattPrager

aayin rnils n vlain of valuations and principles Masarykian 6. of hisindiscussion clear fairly makes this Rádl

- 1942),” 135. 1942),” 131 . eti t tet important treat to gentsia 132

ál rw increasingly grew Rádl

In the course of R R dl’sof course the In

levant to more than than more to levant

te tt, and state, the f between p

CEU eTD Collection 35 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 support to government the pressured which organizations propaganda and defense national force. in belief a by replaced belief a since society of functioning lawful the and equality to dangerous applicants. Czech to industry to importance of property and lands awarded disproportionately and areas m language in colonists Czech settled purposely officials as ends national to driven being was reform land that claimed Essentially,Rádl tandem. in rhetoric social and national employing presentedan i reform land 1920’s, the of course the In nationalization. of acts in other the over citizenry its of group one privileged state the where actions unequal and unjust out carrying to itself elements offree equality, will, hadand drawn humanitywhich RdltoMasaryk’s hy. hiloso Empire. Habsburg the in fighting been e the from little of differed which form government a embodied mind, R dl’s in sueriority, moral or beneficence his through rights or American English than differentpractice the require body. ruling not of a did from concessions itself, citizens state the equal of components not as citizens, were free since Germans state Czechoslovak that meant necessarily Rádl, to according t by formed already state a in participate to Germans allowed merely which way a in Germans like groups national to rights conceding state Czechoslovak autonomy. to rights and rights national collective lacked

Ibid., 155. Ibid., 151 Ibid., 200. Ibid., 195. Ibid., 196. Ibid., 197. Ibid., R dl , hs ek eortc practice democratic weak This Der Kampf zwischen Tschechen und Deutschen und Tschechen zwischen Der Kampf –

ssue where Rádl saw Czech political partiesgovernmentRádl and saw Czech political bureausseamlessly ssue where 138

liaey Rd blee ta nationally that believed Rádl Ultimately,

139 135

hs rgoi apid qal fr h atos f Czech of actions the for equally applied prognosis This

ál ugse that suggested Rádl 137 and its differentiation between citizens quickly lent lent quickly citizens between differentiation its and

As such, Czechoslovak democracy lacked the very the lacked democracy Czechoslovak such, As - style democracies. style nlightened absolutism Masaryk claimed to have have to claimed Masaryk absolutism nlightened , 199. ,

rnig h Gras ihs a a was rights Germans the granting 133 he Czechoslovak nation. Czechoslovak he ute, aay soe f the of spoke Masaryk Further, 136

Rather, Masaryk meting out meting Rather,Masaryk - ae ln rfr was reform land based

n a became law in 134

This, ixed

CEU eTD Collection 36 145 144 143 142 141 140 became and will free undermining way a in Republic Czechoslovak First the in nationality of German philosophy. democra of understanding western a not especially was Masaryk’sin resent equalityideology.and individual, national the for ectres It will, free the undermined democracy and nations, states, of understanding organic this Rádl, to According of sovereignty and rule the meant democracy“organic” result away, as this and in state the understood Republic First the of founders The grounded. was state a which upon blood, as such elements organic traditions, of products the were society of blocks building basic the that held which thought of strain a nourished instead Fichte to Herder from philosophy rights French or democracy theory contract English with common in little had which democracy “organic” an as democracy Czechoslovak classified R dl structures. organic as democracy Republic First his and Masaryk not. did supposedly democracy Westerna way a in other the over population its of segment one aims. nationalization state’s the on capitalize to able xenophobia and nationalism ethnic in dealers idealess as organizations such Germans. weaken to generally and areas, speaking German predominantly in numb census Czech increase governments, local capture to efforts

Ibid., 132. Ibid., 87,89. Ibid., 87. Ibid., 195. Ibid., 144. Ibid., 144 Ibid.,

- ae o ma or based This organic understanding of the state and democracy applied equally to conceptions to equally applied democracy and state the of understanding organic This of efforts nationalization and shortcomings democratic the viewed Rádl large, and By

– and subconscious spiritual forces. spiritual subconscious and

oiain democracy. joritarian 145

as the natural result of understanding nations, states and even and states nations, understanding of result natural the as 141

Overall, nati Overall, 142

143 raig rm etr idvdaim German individualism, Western from Breaking

These elements in turn created a national a created turn in elements These onalization efforts saw the state privilege state the saw efforts onalization y n te tt bt pout of product a but state the and cy ers, support Czech schools Czech support ers, 140 the nation. the

ál saw Rádl geist 144

CEU eTD Collection 37 152 151 150 149 148 160. 147 146 blood integral, increasingly to responded not. or program political a such of part a be to choose not could individual an that troubling it found he idea, this of merit the future. ideal an for aims articulating program political a was the Masaryk, to According control. their outside and forces by nationality, ruled still were in individuals will free no was there suggested, census 1921 the As integrity. moral from borrowed philo German notions organic on based incomplete, was Masaryk of ideology national byshape, governedwill. orform free chosen. than rather detected objectively be to was which something as nationality understood state Czechoslovak the that implied occurrences courts. Czechoslovak in contested identity national of reversals these l at and “Czechoslovak”, to “German” from changed forcibly nationality characteristics”. national “objective of use the by untruthful be to believed they lo declarations overturn to right the gave takers census and officials Law exclusive. mutually not and fluid were identities national where country declare. “truthfully” might citizen nationali census. Czechoslovak 1921 the in nationality their list to citizens asked census state official an Moravia, and Bohemia i Rádl to apparent most

Ibid., 323. Ibid., 320. Radl,” Emanuel and Masaryk ofT.G. the Work in ofNation Theories “The Zdenek, Suda, R dl 161. Ibid., Ibid. Zahra, kov a

, The controversy surrounding the census crucially led crucially census the surrounding controversy The st k k k st “The ‘Minority Problem’ and National Classification in the French and Czechoslovak Borderlands,” Borderlands,” Czechoslovak and in the French Classification National and ‘MinorityProblem’ “The y ihu poiig n fiil eiiin f ainlt o gieie fr o a how for guidelines or nationality of definition official an providing without ty , Czechs, Germans, Jews? Germans, Czechs,

sophy, and presented a danger for the unity of the Czechoslovak state and its its and state Czechoslovak the of unity the for danger a presented and sophy, te otoes floig h 12 cnu. o te is tm in time first the For census. 1921 the following controversy the n

146

, 48. , 152 h cnu rqie ctzn t “rtfly dcae their declare “truthfully” to citizens required census The , 63. ,

While Masaryk’s conce tion Masaryk’s While 147

hs dfcece yedd rbeai rsls n a in results problematic yielded deficiencies These - ae, n ngtv ntoa mdl, t also it models, national negative and based, 148 150

As a As huad o idvdas a their had individuals of Thousands result, nationality was in no way, no in was nationality result, 151

Rádl to the conclusion that the that conclusion the to Rádl

Although Rádl acknowledged Rádl Although

of the nation and Czechness and nation the of east one thousand of thousand one east 149

o Rd, these Rádl, For

nation cal CEU eTD Collection 38 Lemberg Republic. First interwar inconsistencies and contradictions the of critiques harsher provided Czechoslovakia in movement national German disjointed the to unity national of form some provide to hoped Crisis and Interwar Eugen Lemberg to free will. subject and democratized be Masaryk’sto realized, had beideology nationalto were state and Czecho democratic and humane a Westernof of Masaryk’sdemocracy. Ifvision characteristic not and Eastern, and German were R dl’s mind, in ractices,nationality. These one privileged whichsegme actions state promoted state Organic the reality. and democracy becoming of from understandings goals such prevented nation the and democracy, state, of national inequality the saw Rádl Nevertheless, program. political a as nation the of conception and individualism, and will free to devotion his state, democratic style Western a forming t of understanding based state democratic Masaryk’s that national had model itself t held R dl salvaged, be to individual the for ect res and democracy, will, free of values western to devotion its and unity state’s the of sake the For results. likely the state, democratic a for Westernmodels to applied was nation the of conceptualization a such If understandings. these accommodated strangely

nt of the state’s citizenry over the other and also undermined free will in regards to to regards in will free undermined also and other the over citizenry state’s the of nt Overall, R dl’s erce tion of interwar Czechoslovakia was of a clash between worthy between clash a of was Czechoslovakia interwar of R dl’s tion erce Overall, oe aia ta reform than radical More

ioiis n zcolvka s vdne ht non that evidence as Czechoslovakia in minorities and the members of the of members the and

- based aspirations of a western hue and the real practice of a German organic German a of practice real the and hue western a of aspirations based he state, democracy, and the nation. the and democracy, state, he ay f hs figures these of Many o be madeamenable tothetenets more offree will. Staffelstein - minded intellectuals like Rádl, German intellectuals who who intellectuals German Rádl, like intellectuals minded

movement ,

ie h Sdtn emn itra Eugen historian German Sudeten the like contradiction and national despotism were despotism national and contradiction , saw a Westernsaw , state democratic style

- R dl shared Masaryk’s goal of of goal Masaryk’s shared R dl Western organic views of the the of views organic Western

slovak nation slovak

f the of CEU eTD Collection 39 156 33. f’ImUnd Nachkriegsdeutschland,” ‘Volkstumskam Im Zweier‘Staffelsteiner’ hien ZuDenBiogra 155 154 f’ ‘Volkstumskam Im Zweier‘Staffelsteiner’ hien ZuDenBiogra 153 the was Winter.Eduard named historian church a by led movement youth and Catholic, elitist, an in involved heavily became Czechoslovak of practitioners for hotbed a was geistesgeschichte time the at university the of Slavic and Germanic pursue to Republic First the of years early state. Czechoslovak a of rise the and Empire Habsburg the of Worldfall First the the affectedby Warin heavily fought but have to enough ol not generation a to belonged and Pilsen/Plzeň of city Bohemian Westernthe in 1903 in born was He Slovakia. and Moravia, Bohemia, in movement national German the for disunity Habsbur the of order inCentral Europe. state of kind new resa of favor in ideology national its and state Czechoslovak the of destruction a As inequality. interwar of source the were narrative national Masaryk’s in ideology national erverted values or anachronistic an cultural with cou led and structures state European Western import to attempt the that insisted thoughtnational“organic” of hold forms Lembergnot ers ective, did same the of different a from many but Rádl as Viewingaction state and rhetoric Czechoslovak Czechoslovakia. between inconsistencies in unity national German domin to national of dangerous forms veiled as narrative national Czechoslovak and

Ibid., 31. Ibid., “Die So Pohl, 182. Lemberg,” “Eugen Burian, Überlegungen Wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Francis: K. Emerich Und Lemberg “DieEugen Soziologen Pohl, Lemberg came from a generation of German intellectuals highly impacted by the fall fall the by impacted highly intellectuals German of generation a from came Lemberg Staffelstein, Staffelstein,

ziologen Eugen Lemberg Und Emerich K. Francis: Wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Überlegungen Überlegungen Wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Francis: K. Emerich Und Lemberg Eugen ziologen g Empire and the designation of minority status for Germans at a time of great great of time a at Germans for status minority of designation the and Empire g state who sought to provide a regional historical identity for Germans in the new new the in Germans for identity historical regional a provide to sought who . 155 and its stated aims to unify Germans unify to aims stated its and

ebr ws ihy nlecd y hs b this by influenced highly was Lemberg

153

ebr etrdCals nvriyi the in University Charles entered Lemberg ult, Lemberg advocated the complete complete the advocated Lemberg ult,

Und Im Nachkriegsdeutschland,” 30. ImUnd Nachkriegsdeutschland,” völkisch

in Czechoslovakia while resisting while Czechoslovakia in - studies retd emn nationalist German oriented 156 ad f itr ad soon and history of rand

The movement’s name movement’s The responsible. Instead he responsible. . 154 volksgeschichte

The German wing German The ne ultimately ance

and and d CEU eTD Collection 40 Bewegung Nationale Moderne 162 34. f’ImUnd Nachkriegsdeutschland,” ‘Volkstumskam Im Zweier‘Staffelsteiner’ hien ZuDenBiogra 161 160 Bewegung Nationale 159 158 style Western 157 centralized a implement to trying of complications the in lay Lemberg, of theSudeten German unity the thus and state the and betweennations relationships traditional for provide not could völksgruppe Czec nor Czech neither was which society a produce and nation German the weaken only could cultures natural of in groups national between barriers Czechoslovaki of building the necessitated also building identity German Sudeten a for function histo a of formation nationalization and integration Czechoslovak of midst the in differences social and party above Czechoslovakia in Germans for unity provide Ins Czechoslovakia. of creation the before well nationness of differingconceptions over splintered had Slovakia and Moravia, u Bohemia, in movement national a German the shown, been has Czechoslovakia’s Germans. As promote and create to movement and academic Lemberg’s political in themselves rinted im society Czechoslovak in integration

Ibid., 33; Lemberg, 33; Ibid., L “DieEugen Soziologen Pohl, Lemberg, Lemberg, 32. Ibid., 33 Ibid., olvk eorc a a iiie itato t te nt o te uee German Sudeten the of unity the to distraction divisive a as democracy hoslovak n o te raet agr o te is Czechos First the of dangers greatest the of One the inside tirelessly worked Lemberg period interwar the Throughout activity –

4. Das Gesicht des tschechischen Volkes tschechischen des Gesicht Das Für Moderne Die Bedeutung Ihre MasarykUnd Und Palacky von Ideologie Historische Die

. 161 a and a struggle to fight integration into Czechoslovak society since the mixing mixing the sincesociety Czechoslovak into integration fight to struggle a and a

. t lo rtczd h i sto o a Wsen fr o gvrmn which government of form “Western” a of osition im the criticized also It 157 ,53:454. Die Historische I Historische Die

rically German völksgruppe

, 53:456. , - based Sudeten German national identity which provided a unique a provided which identity national German Sudeten based emberg Und Emerich K. Francis: Wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Überlegungen Überlegungen Wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Francis: K. Emerich Und emberg

. 160

ide a Czechoslovak nation state, the the state, nation Czechoslovak a ide

völksgruppe deologie von Palacky Und Masaryk Und Ihre Bedeutung Für Die Für Bedeutung Ihre Und Masaryk Palacky von Und deologie s rsl, the result, a As . 162

, 33. , niform regional identity capable of unifying unifying of capable identity regional niform . 159

codn t Lmeg n ohr members, other and Lemberg to According efforts. staffelstein 158 oa Rpbi, codn to according Republic, lovak

hs rga etie the entailed program This

eetd atcpto in participation rejected staffelstein staffelstein Staffelstein Staffelstein toe to strove

CEU eTD Collection 41 168 167 166 165 164 Die Für Bedeutung Ihre Und Masaryk 163 in majorities national strengthen to state, nation a as credentials Czechoslovakia’ssolidify to pow its on rely could ower.Additionally,state the state of use the by “Czechified” be could which “Germanized” as seen became populations German by settled predominantly Regions groups. national separate naturally compromis integration and nationalization of types push would dominance This force. state on relying dominance national of form a for recipe a was particul were and Lemberg. Czechoslovakia in Germans of unity the on impact state. the into them integrate to least very the at or borders state within eo le and territory the “Czechify” to most at ted attem efforts nationalization nations. organic separate for autonomy to rights or group rights recognize not did state the and citizens, its of all to equally apply not did ideology nationality a of be to happened they if even citizens its of each with relationship one to one same the have to claimed and supreme reigned state Czechoslovak I War World post the model, national of shape the on impact an had the Western of values this the and to narrative powers, Entente national Czechoslovak the link not. could uniformity and assimilation na centralized way a in nations organic of diversity and individuality the value to professed Lemberg Europe. Central East in state democratic

Lemberg, “DER STAAT IM DENKEN DES TSCHECHISCHEN VOLKES,” 386. VOLKES,” TSCHECHISCHEN DES DENKEN IM STAAT “DER Lemberg, Lemberg, Ibid. Lemberg, IM STAAT “DER Lemberg, Lemberg,

rbeaial, oeig zcolvka n h srcue f etr nto states nation Western of structure the on Czechoslovakia modeling Problematically,

Das Gesicht des tschechischen Volkes tschechischen des Gesicht Das Volkes tschechischen des Gesicht Das st

other than “Czechoslovak”. than other , , 219. ,

DENKEN DES TSCHECHISCHEN VOLKES,” 475 VOLKES,” TSCHECHISCHEN DES DENKEN

postwar state design. state postwar Moderne Nationale Bewegung Nationale Moderne 163 - 165 ssts s

, 32. , 28 ,

Masaryk went to great lengths during the war to war the during lengths great to went Masaryk er to manipulate objective national characteristics national objective manipulate to er Problematically, however, the Czechoslovak state Czechoslovak Problematically, the however, –

9; Lemberg,9; 164

tion states with their propensity towards towards propensity their with states tion st z s t k t s z st

Based on a western European state and state European western a on Based ing the individuality and integrity of of integrity and individuality the ing Die Historische Ideologie von Palacky Und Und Palacky von Ideologie Historische Die , 53:456. , 167 166

These actions had a negative a had actions These s rsl, nerto a integration result, a As

–

ry eetd by resented arly 168 nd

CEU eTD Collection 42 175 174 173 172 171 170 mattersofnationalization. in ower handed heavy the state’s of moreevidence than nothing 159. 169 organic the than rather Ages Middle the to belonged and nationalism of forms earlier much of typical were state the of power the on based movements national that claimed Lemberg state of forms ado ted oortunistically ideology national Masaryk’s Herderian as the soon as typified Nevertheless, Empire Habsburg the in equality national given their notions the not and philosophy German in unity national expressed nations that later,Lembergshown believed be themselves. will As from drawn nation the of notions organic of st Czechoslovak the in contradiction Czech strengthen to aims and nationalism through reform. internal equality national for calls rior Masaryk’s contradicted re these Lemberg, to According means. state artificial by Germans the as such nations domination “s iritual national of allow rights. group to national or refusal administration, state’s self autonomy, central the by accom anied were actions these All G force to attempted state’s the nationalize generally to and areas, German mixed

Lemberg, Lemberg, 371. VOLKES,” TSCHECHISCHEN DES DENKEN IM STAAT “DER Lemberg, Lemberg, Lemberg, 219. Ibid., Lemberg, Borderlands,” Czechoslovak and in the French Classification National and ‘MinorityProblem’ “The Zahra,

As will be shown later, Lemberg s Lemberg later, Aswill shown be - based natio based Contrary to Contrary cnet s t eid n ehd o state of methods on relied it as content ” st Volkes tschechischen des Gesicht Das Wege und wandlungen d wandlungen Wegeund Wege und wandlungen des nation des wandlungen Wegeund . 172 zeitgeist.

ainlzto ad nerto as sild h cetv pwr o organic of powers creative the stifled also integration and Nationalization nalism during the First World War, it ceased to be Herderian or spiritual. or Herderian be to ceased War,World it First the during nalism

Rádl, Lemberg asserted that the real cause of inequality and the source of of source the and inequality of cause real the that asserted Lemberg Rádl,

erman citizens to serve in the Czechoslovak the in serve to citizens erman Largely, Masaryk’s meaning of Czech history and efforts to romote to efforts and history Czech of meaning Masaryk’s Largely, , , , , 214 , 219. , 220. , –

5. s t t s

aw regarded the 1921 census and manipulation of objective criteria as criteria manipulationofobjective census and the 1921 regarded aw 173 ate’sMasaryk’sactuallyideologywas national erversion

- - - ssts s ssts s ssts s , 32. ,

st z s t k t s z st - st z s t k t s z st k t s z st ae voec i a us fr national for quest a in violence based 171

zc ntoaim eknd its weakened nationalism Czech populace army

with mixed results. mixed with geist . 169

h sae even state The f i era. his of sults sults 175 174 170

CEU eTD Collection 43 180 179 178 Bewegung Nationale 177 176 western in value perceived sa Lemberg Rádl structures, state and democracy while Instead, philosophy. national democratic and humanistic Masaryk’s of tenets the to hold not did He Czechoslovakia. in identity German was period interwar the during concern primary Lemberg’s oint. vantage different entirely an from but R dl as Re ublic First Masaryk’s other cultures and state powers. from separation in flourish to it allow and fact organic an as Slovakia and other numerous and customs, characteristics. compositions, biological languages, cultures, uniform themselve denying strictly while inhabitants their of life economic and political the build nation. foreign a by owned their borders. within contained nations organic numerous the of primacy and rights the would which recognize states new of construction the for fight to and Europe Central East in order Ger Sudeten of task The form. state European Central organic more a of favor in ideology national its and state Czechoslovak the of destruction the advocated Lemberg nature, inorganic and anachronistic produced dominance insteadand ofequality humanity. state na

tional philosophy of German romanticism. German ofphilosophy tional

Ibid., 70. Ibid., 69. Ibid., 70. Problem,” Das Nationalitaten AussUber rache Tschechischen “Zur Lemberg, Lemberg, 214. Ibid., - based nationalism and a Herderian national model proved to be anachronistic and and anachronistic be to proved model national Herderian a and nationalism based As a whole, Lemberg addressed many of the same contradictions contained within within contained contradictions same the of many addressed Lemberg whole, a As natur oppressive the Given 177

ebr camd ht h Sdtn emn sol n lne lv i te state the in live longer no should Germans Sudeten the that claimed Lemberg Die Historische Ideologie von Palacky Und Masaryk Und Ihre Bedeutung Für Die Moderne Für Moderne Die Bedeutung Ihre MasarykUnd Und Palacky von Ideologie Historische Die 179 ,

The state would have to acknowledge German unity in Bohemia, Moravia, Bohemia, in unity German acknowledge to have would state The 53:457. mans was to destroy the inorganic Western inorganic the destroy to was mans

180 178

Instead, Central European states should be established which established be should states European Central Instead, e of Masaryk’s national ideology and its fundamentally fundamentally its and ideology national Masaryk’s of e w Western state and national models as imported as models national and Westernstate w 176

As such, Masaryk’s fusion of an older style ofstyle older Masaryk’san such, of As fusion providing a historical base for a unified unified a for base historical a providing

- uoen tl nto state nation style European

national s of of s CEU eTD Collection 44 interwar a Western never style state afford. would of inequality the to leading Czechoslovakia. Aunifi ultimately for accountable both held Lemberg since question the of out was ideology national its and state Czechoslovak the Reforming these of perversion the but problems, interwar of cause the not were nations organic of conceptualizations German identity.regional German unified a attaining to hindrance a and domination national of tools

ed German identity needed borders and separation from other nations nations other from separation and borders needed identity German ed oc in i te om f aay’ ntoa ielg was. ideology national Masaryk’s of form the in conce tions

CEU eTD Collection 45 figures. 181 Lembergforme Eugen allowing the of a formation for unifiedregional German identity. Czechosl the reform to attempts from stemming implications political held nations ethnic Eastern and nations political Western over debate ensuing the and nations of nature organic objective or Cz Interwar In light. political less and academic more a in viewed been nevertheless have but studies nationalism of field the in literature meaningful yielded have nationalism Western Civic vs. Ethnic Eastern an and articles, books, publishing byarticles. newspaper discussions both into entered and intellectuals Czech German prominent of number A followed. then nations organic Eastern and political will and subjective were nations whether over debate a to led questions these Interestingly, European. Western of reallyengenderedwere Western typical be reallyto it whatmeant Europeandemocraciesor nation. blood objective an retain and inequality could national of forms support negativity and egoism over will free and humanity of primacy the assert to aiming period, interwar the During nations. on debate interwar an of direction the guide would which questions “West”the osed to shift Nations Organic Eastern 4.

Antonin Boh č, Cyril Hor ček, Zdeněk Smet ček, Gustav Peters, and Heinrich Rauchberg all re resent such re all Rauchberg Heinrich and Peters, Gustav ček, Smet Zdeněk ček, Hor Cyril č, AntoninBoh A and Objective vs. Subjective Debate:

In this debate, the political motives and nationalism theory of Emanuel Rádl and and Rádl Emanuel of theory nationalism and motives political the debate, this In The ractical inconsistencies of Masaryk’s Czechoslovak national aradigm and its its and aradigm national Czechoslovak Masaryk’s of inconsistencies ractical The ovak national narrative or to destroy it and the First Republic in favor of a new setup new a favorof in Republic First the and it destroy to narrativeor national ovak Others

usind hte te rcie wih aay’ nat Masaryk’s which ractices the whether questioned 181 - based or objective and products of n of products and objective or based Debates about the subjective the about Debates d the two the d

echoslovakia, however, disputes over the subjective will based will subjective the over disputes however, echoslovakia, poles

between which most of the debate was conducted. was debate the of most which between some

bevr wnee hw ntoa narr national a how wondered observers nature of nations and about the validity of validity the about and nations of nature ature. Another debate over Western over debate Another ature. Western vs. Political

- based understanding of the of understanding based oa ideology ional

ative Rádl CEU eTD Collection 46 modern, subjective, were nations that argued ideology,Rádl national Masarykian of paradox “organic” of rights the ignored state which the of nationalism assimilatory violent the was culprit real the that argued Lemberg models, national objective and organic blamed Rádl Where nationalism. Czech chauvinistic vie “objective” or organic old the retained ideology national Masaryk’s that evidence with dl R resented nationality their re orting truthfully not of suspected individuals to plaguing identities national assign to inequalities takers census allowing Practices and paradoxes larger of characteristic appeared Lemberg and Rádl both for census The subjective. or objective were nations whether about debate larger a sparked census 1921 the surrounding controversy the Partially, processes. his organic by determined or will free by governed were themselves nations whether over debate a into nationality determine to used be should criteria subjective or objective Subjective Will narrative theinterwar in and contradictions its era. national Czechoslovak the of shift Western a from derived naturally debate a in concerns positio the from paradigm national organic Eastern vs. political Western a Lembergand nations and objective Rádland subjective Overall,addressed identity building. In values. ean” Euro “Western p cherished with them reconcile to and state the in issues unity and equality solve to waya provided nation political Czechoslovak a for proposal for ground solid iden Masaryk’sGerman Sudeten saw Lemberg make while to will, attem ts free to to open key ideology national be Czechoslovak to nations of nature subjective the erceived olitical nations, Lemberg saw nothing but an increased threat to Sudeten German unity and and unity German Sudeten to threat increased an but nothing saw Lemberg nations, olitical

n newr zcolvka pltcl vns rnfre dsusos vr whether over discussions transformed events political Czechoslovakia, interwar In - Based vs. Objective Organic Nations Organic vs.Objective Based tity building in objective and organic national models. Similarly, R dl’smodels. national organic and objective in building tity r ojcie ntos I a atmt o ov the solve to attem t an In nations. “objective” or

w of nations which had long nourished nourished long had which nations of w

n of their respective their of n

Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia. - torical torical based based CEU eTD Collection 47 185 184 183 160 182 govern will free that and fact given a as nationality a with born not were people that asserted Rádl complexity, demographic capturing of capable criteria create to inability people such of nationality the detect scientifically could office government a believed anybody that Rádl to unsettling seemed it and families, language mixed of products were they as categories criteria. objective any to reference without between nationality “Jewish” declare choose could and categories national could different Czechoslovakia in Jews criteria, objective through nationality of of understanding false a on resting and simplistic be to nationality determining of purpose the for individual an of past cultural and biological belon self Czechoslovak nation at birth. unwittingly individuals of these thousands that turned claimed and who Czechoslovaks takers census of actions the justified criteria” “objective of use The view. organicist or objective an for o ted ultimately national in will free of possibility the at hinted it that in ideology national Czechoslovak of paradox larger the of microcosm a was census the ways many In belonging. n throughout the ages. way same the in themselves manifest always not did which history complex a of products ide German Sudeten to dangerous as view this unity.Regarding constructed of form higher a and will, free on based ations could not be objective and that objective criteria could not determine national national determine not could criteria objective that and objective be not could ations

Ibid., 54. Ibid., 71. Ibid., R dl Borderlands,” Czechoslovak and in the French Classification National and ‘MinorityProblem’ “The Zahra, – 1.

, . 185 Rádl read the controversy surrounding the 1921 census as the ultimate sign that that sign ultimate the as census 1921 the surrounding controversy the read Rádl st k k k st

n ih o a ueul plcto o fe wl ad ainl srpin n an and ascription national and will free of application unequal an of light In 184

Many ind Many tt bidn efrs Lmeg eotd ht ain wr organic were nations that retorted Lemberg efforts, building ntity

182

ividuals in Czechoslovakia defied mutually exclusive national exclusive mutually defied Czechoslovakia in ividuals

Rádl held these procedures which attempted to investigate theattemptedwhich to procedures Rádl heldthese , 62. ,

nationality. 183

In contrast to the ascription the to contrast In - declared Germans into into Germans declared e t a organic an to ged eogn but belonging ed entry into into entry ed CEU eTD Collection 48 193 192 191 190 189 188 187 186 mank symbolized and seeking future was nation the of conce tualization Radl’sunity, realization. its for work then and existence nation agree. could members its which upon future its to for goals political clear articulate had group a unity primitive or chauvinistic a overcome to that asserted Rádl Masaryk, represe and elements organic or characteristic or a of“tribe” ex nationhood. and romantic as “s iritual” se to little will. free of lack this to prey fell characteristics certain and outlook spiritual specific a with members their endowed which natio the regarding philosophy German tongue. mother blood, and background, like cultural perceived characteristics descent, unalterable by governed was belonging national since nature mode national organic In control. not could they qualities on based individuals grouped it since unity of form primitive a represented census the nation.

isted only to exist. to only isted

R 323. Radl,” Emanuel and Masaryk ofT.G. the Work in ofNation Theories “The Zdenek, Suda, R dl Ibid., 13. Ibid., R dl R dl 64. Ibid., dl, dl,

, , , Nations differed from tribes in that they were formed by free will instead of objective of instead will free by formed were they that in tribes from differed Nations the in inherent nationality of conception objective or organic the Rádl, to According 15. Zur politischen Ideologie der Sudetendeutschen der Ideologie politischen Zur Deutschen und Tschechen zwischen Der Kampf Sudetendeutschen der Ideologie politischen Zur Deutschen und Tschechen zwischen Der Kampf must necessarily decide what is moral, useful, and practical, but not already in in already not but practical, and useful, moral, is what decide necessarily must

parate the nation from base animal instincts, and this certainly could not be labeled be not could certainly this and instincts, animal base from nation the parate 186 189

nta, h idvda mtee ltl i a ognc ain ad h nation the and nation, organic an in little mattered individual the Instead, 190

Rádl considered this to be a more primitive type of unity and as such as and unity of type primitive more a be to this considered Rádl

Volksstamm. 188

nted a desire to achieve future unity and political ideals. Like ideals. political and unity future achieve to desire a nted In these national understandings, Rádl argued that there was there that argued Rádl understandings, national these In völkisch n to be a result of primeval forces of the subconscious subconscious the of forces primeval of result a be to n 191

193 ainlss fe lbld hi bad of brand their labeled often nationalists , 122. , 122. , , , 15. , 12. ahr hn xrsig itrcl r organic or historical expressing than Rather ls, humans became slaves to the past and to and past the to slaves became humans ls,

187 ainl oes nprd by inspired models National 192

As such, asuch, As ind’s CEU eTD Collection 49 199 198 197 196 195 194 with them endowed and ages the throughout nation the of members all united which history in spirit national organic singular a find to hopes any that warned German na and Czech separate of rootedness historical the for evidence not was and xenophobia tribal instinctive embodied centuries the over Germans and Czechs between erupted sometimes history Moravian and Bohemian in achievements historical great the of many and peace, of times in together or tribes German and Czech two of story war a as framed discer nations organic had between historians other what Instead, roots. ancient with nations German and Czech unbridgeable two between war old centuries a as framed be not could Moravia mona absolute for necessity the or transubstantiation of idea the as contingent time as be could concept the that fathom to contemporaries most for difficult be would it that status axiomatic an such attained had Deutschen und Tschechen zwischen Kampf book history.his in In organicnations of rootedness the of rejection a prompted naturally future. language. even or blood, descent, not and will free from stemmed nation the in membership that stressed again time existence. of state “organic” or “natural” a over victory

Ibid., 56,127. Ibid., 122. Ibid., R dl R dl R dl 14. Ibid., , , , 196 In conjunction with this rejection of histological and organically rooted nations, Rádl nations, rooted organically and histological of rejection this with conjunction In will free of act an through constructed and subjective were nations that Claiming Der Kampf zwischen Tschechen und Deutschen und Tschechen zwischen Der Kampf k k st Deutschen und Tschechen zwischen Der Kampf

tions. tions.

199 resulted from cooperation between these two tribes. The violence which which violence The tribes. two these between cooperation from resulted

195 rchy.

Individuals chose their nationality as a poli a as nationality their chose Individuals nible by reference to objective characteristics was in reality a a reality in was characteristics objective to reference by nible 197 , 63. , ned Rd afre ta te itr o Bhma and Bohemia of history the that affirmed Rádl Indeed,

, Rádl , Volksstämme , 121. , 186. ,

suggested that the conce t of the “nation” the of conce t the that suggested

. 194 198

nie aay, ál ie and time Rádl Masaryk, Unlike zc ad emn rbs lived tribes German and Czech similar traits would be would traits similar tical program for the for program tical Der CEU eTD Collection 50 Alsaof the loss over concern France’s 206 205 204 203 202 201 200 forces. nationalization to resistance their mi national aid could Silesia, Upper Polish in occurred as nationality, own their Europe. Central East use the belonging. national of characteristics subjective or objective over debate a instigated had events political interwar of circumstances the that acknowledged indee nations that asserted and census the by posed problems the misunderstood fundamentally had Rádl that implied Germandom for thatm andCzechdom time. over way same the in never and constructed was Germandom that fact the to attested Socialists, National the and Kant, liberals, German era, Napoleonic “Germandom could le multi of one seak and reasonably traits different numerous by ified ty was “Germandom” history, modern in Even history. throughout way consistent a in itself manifested which nation ancient an recent relatively in even detection evaded outlook world. the of view spiritual and temperament German characteristically a with members its endowed which spirit German organicprimeval Germ romantic Rádl, to According many nationalists. with romantic Czech chord a struck have must also but nationalists German radical of particularly disappointment with met

Ibid., 4. Ibid., Ibid. Lemberg, Ibid. 16. Ibid., 12. Ibid., R dl

, In response to the subjective free will free subjective the to response In Zur politischen Ideologie der Sudetendeutschen der Ideologie politischen Zur of “objective criteria” had a somewhat negative im act on the national minorities of minorities national the on act im negative somewhat a had criteria” “objective of

Lemberg discusses this instance of the employment of subjective criteria alongside Ernst Renan and Ernstand Renan alongside criteria of subjective the employment of instance this Lembergdiscusses

Wege und wandlungen des national des wandlungen Wegeund 205

, With this in mind, sometimes policies asking individuals to declare to individuals asking policies sometimes mind, in this With , 3. , 200

sil osiue ognc n ojcie niis Lemberg entities. objective and organic constituted still d Sc a ttmn priual ofne te sensibilities the offended particularly statement a Such .

ce. ce.

atter organic were not constructed. or natural,but - 206 bewusstseins; studien zur geschichte der volkwerdung in in volkwerdung der geschichte zur studien bewusstseins; Nevertheless, the use of subjective over objective over subjective of use the Nevertheless, s”. - based conceptualizations of the nation, Lemberg nation, the of conceptualizations based 201 , , 16. 202

notntl, uiom emn spiritual German uniform a Unfortunately,

history. Nobody could reasonably speak of of speak reasonably could history.Nobody h dfeecs ewe te ot o the of poets the between differences The 204 Additionally, he admitted that admitted he Additionally, n ainlss pk o an of spoke nationalists an 203

n ls oinion, R dl’s In oiis in norities

CEU eTD Collection 51 Ages. earlyMiddle in the nation Czech thefor important wereparticularly psychology and 210 209 208 207 and loyalty, national of feelings determined ultimately forces Historical forces. building schol criteria, objective or will free subjective of function a as operated belonging national whether to answers for history.human of years of hundreds of products as viewed be to were which settl culture, religion, language, as such forces historical different of number a to pointed Lemberg theories, will free to opposition nation. the to bond psychological deep a such felt individuals the why explain to failed conc modern R dl’sand shortcomings, constructed many its among unity. national foror nation the of sufficient creation was the for will free believethat cl Lemberg belonging. national of component psychological the explaining of incapable entirely and reductive be to will free on based nations subjective of R dl’sLembergconce found tion conceptualization severelylimi free R dl’s that and history organic nations. potential the held nationalization occasionally criteria subjective and integration pursued that way aims. a in criteria objective manipulate nation European Central of control in those that implied it Rather subjective. were themselves nations that mean not did situations these in criteria aimed that even the most sociologically inclined historians of his time could never be led to led be never could time his of historians inclined sociologically most the even that aimed

Lemberg, Lemberg, 66. Problem,” Das Nationalitaten AussUber rache Tschechischen “Zur Lemberg, 4. Ibid., 3. Ibid., 207 Building upon this, Lemberg contended that nations were actually organic products of products organic actually were nations that contendedLemberg this, upon Building ain rmie ognc niis osrce oe cnuis f ua hsoy but history, human of centuries over constructed entities organic remained Nations

ars would uncover more answers in exploring these historical nation nation historical these exploring in answers more uncover would ars , , 127 , –

8. ted by a less than scientific interpretation of history. interpretation of scientific a lessthan ted by general,In

Lemberg claims that geography, settlement, proximity proximity settlement, geography, Lemberg that claims - il ae nto bogt ot a ihy incomplete highly a forth brought nation based will - ssts s mn pten a ky o h frain f nations of formation the to key as patterns ement o ekn h saes te t overrun to t attem state’s the weaken to

st z s t k t s z st

tts osse te oe to power the possessed states eptualization of the nation the of eptualization

to other nations, nations, other to 210

In searching In 208

Chief 209

In CEU eTD Collection 52 216 215 manner. changeable 214 213 Le workof the on based Moravia and Bohemia ofthe history views ushedositivist Pekař, most notablyJosef students, his and Goll inPrague. Goll Jaroslav historian ofthe the disciples to refer to meant Nat Moderne Die Für IhreUnd Bedeutung Masaryk Und Palacky 212 211 function. or task national Herderian of articulation the and nobility,patriotic a a of ideals the humanism, kingdoms, religion, in accordinga time’s to Geiste factors. other of geography,patterns, settlement ofpsychology, combination surrounding volksgeschicht Lemberg’s to According consciousness. national and nation the of nature historical organic manifest history. local and demography, anthropology, sociology, combining by formation nation of study years of hundreds history. völksgeschichte hical hiloso dl’s R of nature s own his contrasted both meta a construct to began national belongingcould therefore not merely as seen subjective. be

Ibid., 234 Ibid., 5 Ibid., Lemberg, Conrad, Hroch, and Gabriel 5. Ibid., Völksgeschichte sgeschichte 213 hi of study the pursuing In oh f hs hsoia dsilns otiue t Lmegs meta Lemberg’s to contributed discilines historical these of Both –

itself differently indifferent according tothe periods 6. The Quest for the Lost Nation the for Quest The

– Geistesgeschichte

Wege und wandlunge Wegeund 6.

e , the the , and and 214

to explain that the unity of the the of unity the that explain to

Czech Philosophy in the XXth Century the XXth in Philosophy Czech

f history. of Proceeding from organic nature of the the of nature organic from Proceeding inii mtos n toe f h Glit itras o h dilettantish the to historians Gollist the of those and methods cientific geistesgeschichte geist. volk and and , , 127. ,

Geistesgeschichte 215 r ain a ognc n aue n fre truh complex a through formed and nature in organic was nation or - hoy f ainl osiuns dan rm i bcgon in background his from drawn consciousness national of theory s t st

rvdd ueu to t so hw ainl eogn could belonging national how show to tool useful a provided

De era’s ending onan Throughout his work, Lemberg uses “ uses Lemberg work,his Throughout Völksgeschichte , 19. , storically

o rc te rai dvlpet f h nto over nation the of development organic the track to - ssts s . In his more academically geared texts, Lemberg texts, geared academically more his In . - 212 otdad rai ain or nations organic and rooted

fee a utdsilnr apoc t the to approach multidisciplinary a offered ebr epoe a obnto of combination a employed Lemberg volk , , 31

Geist, st z s t k t s z st – ionale Bewegung ionale is always expressed in different modes different in expressed always is 3; Lemberg,3; national unity could manifestnationalcould itself unity 216 k” Zeitgeist

volk

Organic nations showed their showed nations Organic Die Historische Ideologie von von Ideologie Historische Die Lmeg orwd from borrowed Lemberg , and “nation” in an almost inte almost in an “nation” and 211 language of high culture, culture, high of language , 53:450. ,

völker

“Gollist” is a term a “Gollist” is Völker opold von Ranke. opold , and a number a and , - hoy f the of theory Lemberg , r-

CEU eTD Collection 53 218 LowCountries. the of hisdiscussion mostin clearly force building 217 products and organic were twists Lemberg, for complex Nations, unity. national the multilayered of trace transformations to easy not often was it where day present the to led unity a and literature of ne a added culture and art to resultingdevotion language high a where era an to way the gave of eventually patriotism period aristocratic baroque The unity. this of nature the altered and developed history state and political particularly a took unity Middle engendered.Inthe this impactpsychological the nearbyand to nationalpeoples, Ages, proximity their geography, settlement, surrounding circumstances the from Ages Middle the f had nations German and Czech among unity of consciousness The individuals. of will the governedby merely not yearsand of hundreds over them shaped had which processes manife was unity then and factors of variety a to due formed unity national of kernel a that apparent will. free of functions solely be to believed were nations spe to possible was it Lemberg that organic believed an process. still was this differentdifferentlyeras, expressed in been had unity national if Even progression. or organicevolution an of part as time over unity th seeing of possibility the provided understanding added consciousnessparticularcontent a newin tonational manner. and histories local wrote antiquaries and genealogies. history its of bearer the as itself recognized nation the as humanism through expressed later was language and geography, settlement, national the example, For them. by transformed historical various these in unity

Ibid., 4 Ibid., 235 Ibid., sted in the mode of its time, nations appeared deeply rooted in the unique historical historical unique the in rooted deeply appeared nations time, its of mode the in sted In light of R dl’s remarks that notions of the nation had varied over time, Lemberg’s time, over varied had nation the of notions that remarks R dl’s of light In – 5. –

6, 6, 115 217

The original unity formed unity original The – 6. Lemberg discusses humanism an humanism Lemberg discusses ko h oigadgigo ueosntosoe h gs when ages the over nations numerous of going and coming the of ak

Geister in the Middle Ages was expressed while humanism while expressed was Middle Ages the in - eedn o te era the on depending based form. Later form. based d its propensity towards local history as a modern nation as a history local towards its propensity d w layer to national unity. national layerto w of forms these of All nt fre i te ideAe through Ages Middle the in formed unity e dissimilar manifestations of national national of manifestations dissimilar e

218

, humanism and the writing of of writing the and humanism , eetees oc i became it once Nevertheless,

and were simultaneously simultaneously were and

ormed in ormed CEU eTD Collection 54 virtues the extolling while all models, national WesternEuropean of knowledge simplistic and false a them deeming by claims R dl’s counter to attem ted Lemberg potentially dan more even as idea this Seeing citizens. state’s Western the of “ olitical” all unifying of a ca able model ado ting national Euro ean by nationalism Eastern of chauvinism the esca e could differed nation in the of understandings exercises inabsurdity. the of members and Lemberg like orga the in believing those For minorities. national nationsof inequality the by political models, national European Westerncould citizenry state’s entire the encom assing mirror to further even pushed will were nations If Czechoslovakia. in implemented be could model this whether wondered Rádl like Euro ean. “Western” state a Further, or nation a made that qualities articular the distill to tried over Czechoslovakia interwar in discussion Intellectuals debates. organic objective a vs. will free that subjective ensured state Czechoslovak the beco to Czechoslovakia’sability in minorities national of Western vs. Nations Political of historyand objective.

The westward drift of the Czechoslovak national narrative and the problematic status problematic the and narrative national Czechoslovak the of drift westward The In his book his In of a notchauvinistic, siritual, “Eastern” nationalism. n hs icsin vr h psiiiy f oiia ntos Rd age that argued Rádl nations, political of possibility the over discussion this In

if a standard model for Western European states and nations existed, some thinkers some existed, nations and states European Westernfor model standard a if - ae ad h eitn atmt t ln Cehsoai wt te et coul West the with Czechoslovakia link to attempts existing the and based Der Kampf zwischen Tschechen zwischen Kampf Der Deutschen und

gerous to the Sudeten German unity than the Masarykian statusquo, thanthe gerous German unity totheSudeten me a Western “ olitical” nation surfaced as a corollary of the the of corollary a as surfaced Westerna nation me “ olitical”

Eastern Eastern Staffelstein

Eastern and Westernand Eastern Czechoslovakia that and Europe, Organic tee rpsl mrl sre a dangerous as served merely proposals these , hold

a possible solution to the disunity caused disunity the to solution possible a Nations?

- , Rádl built upon his claims his upon built Rádl , historical and resting on a on resting and historical nic nature of nations, of nature nic be d CEU eTD Collection 55 224 223 222 221 220 219 poli just build to struggled had citizens as later and kings of regulations the under first formed had state the that fact the state. the towards felt nations political these of citizens loyalty did unity of forms these but on, lived pride and unity tribal of Britain. Great in conglomeration factions Germanic and the Celtic different or France in Gauls and Franks between those as such differences con states European Western older that argued He nations. political Western tribe or Central European future withi unified together them new a forge to and law same the under live to will collective eo le’s a of roducts These unity.familial of nature animal the above citizens its all state’s the andof needs the for care right codified law, of state. rule the elevated nations a political western of boundaries the within possible form organizational complete community. fo national community state a form to will the but dissipate, simply not did co of languages and religions, tribes, races, origins, different the of recognition The t people a of will the by formed been having as nation the viewed West, people the In Europe. Eastern and Central of those from radically differed nation the of understandings American uni political towards will a as nation the of conceptualization the that asserting by subjective were nations that o organize themselves under the recognition of a government and a particular rule of law.of rule particular a and government a of recognition the under themselves organize o

Ibid., 125 Ibid., R dl R dl 129. Ibid., 126. Ibid., R d l, , , Rádl cited France, Great Britain, the United States, and Canada as the exemplars of exemplars the as Canada and States, United the Britain, Great France, cited Rádl Der Kampf zwischen Tschechen und Deutschen und Tschechen zwischen Der Kampf Sudetendeutschen der Ideologie politischen Zur Deutschen und Tschechen zwischen Der Kampf –

ty reigned supreme in the West.in way, supreme Intyreigned this Western North and European 220

h Wsen ain to a a ok f a srvn fr h most the for striving man of work a as stood nation Western The

Völk. tical communities which united them under a common idea in the the in idea common a under them united which communities tical

n a political nature more civilized thanthen acivilized organic politicalmore nature a of unity , 122. , 125. , , , 38.

223

In both states, feelings of local or local of feelings states, both In

not erase the intense feelings of of feelings intense the erase not 224 s, administration of the state, the of administration s,

This loyalty derived from derived loyalty This md h bs o the of base the rmed 221

ebr of Members tained tribal tribal tained - nationals 222 219

CEU eTD Collection 56 231 230 229 228 227 Sudetendeutschen particular a 226 held and states 225 within contained peoples the divided views Eastern organic unity as as tribal and nation the of conce tion organic Herder’s of ado tion the in resulted given unit olitical a of entirety the unify to ruled the or rulers the either of power insufficient the and Rhine. the of East model standard the became it Switzerland, and Belgium, France, England, in understanding no practically with Fichte by developed communities language or fate of community a of notion the instinct, role. no practically played future the independence. auto political for strove and unity tribal its of aware became that tribe a was nation the concludedthat Herder,Gottfried Joann had who of teachings the from worked movements stri which hy, hiloso German by influenced conce tualization “Eastern” ically ty a of terms political communityfuture. articulateda which desirable i components organic all integrated nation the but unity,of forms natural future. desired a to giv unity the of primacy the rejected however, citizens, These Canada. and States United the of process.

Ibid., 126. Ibid., 127. Ibid., R dl R dl R dl R dl R dl en to them by nature in favor of forming a political community whose laws gave direction direction gave laws whose community political a forming of favor in nature by them to en ctly regarded the nation as a product of nature. Both Czech and German national national German and Czech Both nature. of product a as nation the regarded ctly , , , , , In opposition to the progress and inclusion of the Western political view of the nation, the of Western view the political of inclusion and progress the to opposition In in of conceived been had nation Czechoslovak the oinion, Radl’s in Unfortunately Der Kampf zwischen Tschechen und Deutschen und Tschechen zwischen Der Kampf Sudet der Ideologie politischen Zur Deutschen und Tschechen zwischen Der Kampf Deutschen und Tschechen zwischen Der Kampf Sudetendeutschen der Ideologie politischen Zur 225

urrogate. Additionally,citizensthe marked racialdissimilarity and tribal, linguistic, extreme 227 , , 13.

Accordingly, the nation reflected a past god given unity in which choice or choice which in unity given god past a reflected nation Accordingly,the

226 231

As a whole, the Western nation and state did not deny the existence of existence the deny not did state and Western nation the whole, a As

endeutschen 228 230

h nto i ti sne ul fo booy racial biology, from built sense this in nation The In Central Europe, the historical weakness of states of weakness historical the Europe, Central In . 229 , , 129. , 124. , , , 34. , 38.

125 While this notion of the nation had been met been had nation the of notion this While Schicksalgemeinsch

;

R dl ,

Zur politischen Ideologie der der Ideologie politischen Zur aft ad ii ntos of notions rigid and , n the will to build a build to will the n nomy or or nomy CEU eTD Collection 57 237 236 235 234 233 232 Slovak. and Czech between difference some acknowledging in languages” “Czechoslovak of reality the to themselves resign to had oftenofficials state “Czechoslovak”, was state the of language f provide to concessions for called and history of organic product an as nation Czechoslovak the recognize to refused nationalists ways. different in groups both shaped had Czechs over dominance German yea thousand a for another one from apart lived had Slovaks and Czechs 1918, Before indictment. an from far was this but R dl’seyes, in unity national of notions eastern in important so unity organic the of marks the bear not organicismof delusions eastern of disabused was one if formed be could nation olitical a that evidence as “Czechoslovaks” of nature constructed visibly prove capabl produced nation the of conception Eastern The results. problematic with division this adopted clearly had state Westernin n place no had which state the of interests the and nation the of interests the between division mental a produced differences. of exaltation m observers western many what glorified nationalists tribes. foreign for hatred and xenophobia of forms instinctive energized nation the of views eastern within naturally contained tribe for concern and patriotism tribal The violence. petty to proclivity

Ibid., 136. Ibid., 128. Ibid., 133. Ibid., 129. Ibid., Ibid. 127. Ibid.,

Rádl pointed to the shift of the Czechoslovak national model towards the Westthe towards model the and national Czechoslovak the of shift the to pointed Rádl 237

Therefo e ofnegating. chauvinism, division, and violence which a Western political model might model political Western a which violence and division, chauvinism, e lcig rai uiy t h fudn o te is Rpbi, the Republic, First the of founding the at unity organic lacking re,

233

lo te rsie tahd o hs rbl aroim naturally patriotism tribal this to attached prestige the Also,

ational models. ational rSoa utrl uniqueness. cultural Slovak or 232 s ad ayr oiac oe Soas and Slovaks over dominance Magyar and rs,

n h nm o ptits ad h nation, the and patriotism of name the In 234

The national policies of the Czechoslovak the of policies national The ight consider chauvinism and the petty the and chauvinism consider ight . The Czechoslovak nation didnation Czechoslovak . The 236

the natural purity of the the of purity natural the

Also, while the official the while Also, 235

Many Slovak Many CEU eTD Collection 58 244 243 242 241 240 239 238 Lemberglike scholar who a could point no at Simplyput, this. of because dangerous more the violated basic principles. democratic nation the from Jews or Magyar, German, out shutting future, the for program a was nation Czechoslovak the that recognized was it and Republic Czechoslovak the about brought had cont was state the of citizenry the where nation political a form to sense made it democracy, so of notions western with linked been already had state Slovaks. the like just individuality their the cultivate to room provided be of part as together future new a nation. Czechoslovak form to choose to citizens Jewish and Magyar, Czech, enabling and languages Czechoslovak as Magyar and German adding in contradiction individuality. Slovak for allowed also state. the greatlyaccommodating wouldattempts ofthe advance tounify citizens Czechoslovak state all of capable nation political a Constructing sense. western a in nation political fully abecoming towards progress its continue should nation Czechoslovak the that conclusion the to Rádl led national understanding. unity inan eastern organic an as of Western instead a sense in unity towards will political a on based nation a as entity.political a as laws same th under live to and future the in program political a of aims the achieve to will the from but rootedness organic or instinct natural from not sprang nation Czechoslovak a of declaration

Ibid. Ibid. 137. Ibid., Ibid. Ibi 136. Ibid., 134. Ibid., d.

For Lemberg,For absurdity,R dl’sre resentednation an olitical aall wasof it notion but observation These 239

Multiple languages and histories already existed in a Czechoslovak nation which nation Czechoslovak a in existed already histories and languages Multiple 241

Further, Jewish, Magyar, and German members of the of members German and Magyar, Jewish, Further, aot h cntutd oiia fr o te zcolvk nation Czechoslovak the of form political constructed the about s

238

As a result of this, the Czechoslovak nation already existed already nation Czechoslovak the this, of result a As 244

240

hrfr, ál rud ht he that argued Rádl Therefore, iguous. 243

In fact, if political forces political if fact, In 242

The Czechoslovak The ol se no see could

nation would nation e CEU eTD Collection 59 248 247 246 245 be equation the preconditioned culture uniform a organize nation. French the of creation the to factorscontributing sole the as count not did example, for idea, an under Fren the of populace the of organization the or Revolution French The Western. be to deemed had Rádl models national whose states of nationalism the shaped Middle had Ages posses and void a from spawn not did state the on based nationalism of forms western that warned a threat Germans couldafford whichSudeten not underestimate. to made intellectuals Czechoslovak of generation younger a over influence and community international the in rofile high R dl’s nation, olitical a creating of success of ossibilityim entwin own of source a be Republic. First to the in itself integration forced showed and assimilation it as community German the of demise the to worked stat between conflict Palacky the of form recalibrated a as it regard must who Germans Sudeten by rejected be to had nation olitical a form to quest R dl’s such, As likely would nation political a create to years.ofhundreds attemptover evolved the hadforcesTherefore, which historical complex in nature distinct and origins their had all, after Nations, nation. political Czechoslovak a create Cz the that believe nations of nature objective and organic affirmedthe

Lemberg, Lemberg, Lemberg, 219. Ibid., Lemberg, sed preconditions rooted in specific historical processes. History going back to the the to back going History processes. historical specific in rooted preconditions sed In considering R dl’s ro osal for the creation of a western olitical nation, Lemberg nation, olitical western a of creation the for osal ro R dl’sconsidering In st Der Staat im Denken des tschechischen Volkes tschechischen des Denken im Der Staat Wege und wandlungen des national des wandlungen Wegeund mn o te tt ad ain ol hv mc bte rsls Dsie the Despite results. better much have would nation and state the of ement 248

Instead, a history of an extraordinarily strong monarchy and its ability to ability its and monarchy strong extraordinarily an of history a Instead, e’s rights and national rights contained in this Masarykian ideology had had ideology Masarykian this in contained rights national and rights e’s , , , 125. , 220. ,

- - function as a quest to exalt the state over the over state the exalt to quest a as function ssts s bewusstseins; studien zur geschichte der volkwerdu der geschichte zur studien bewusstseins; , 384 ,

st z s t k t s z st – 5. -

aay ntoa narrative. national Masaryk 246 tween the state and the nation in nation the and state the tween

Lemberg did not ex ect R R dl’s ect ex not did Lemberg 247

echoslovak state could state echoslovak

245 ch state ch nation

him The . CEU eTD Collection 60 255 254 253 252 251 250 249 nation wou organic the that acknowledge to and paradigm national organic Eastern vs. Westernpolitical his of lines clear the alter to Rádl for reason ample afforded examples these of All Empire. qu faced itself Britain Great nationalism. western of quality political supposedly the from deviated also rule awry.woefully gone unity national one forth Belgium’sbrought of citizenry division national western many of history recent problematic The themselves. manifest did languages and origins for concerns that movements the from evidence sufficient was there this, qua organic origins, with obsession eastern an of divisiveness the lacking while seeking future and political primarily be to nation the of conceptualizations p purely ideologically as not was nations western of nature the that Rádl warned Lemberg beneficial qualities. ove implemented that a state follow. to hoped Rádl states Western other based blood or linguistic, cultural, separate a as unity their express could state the within group any before well and centuries France.

Ibid. Ibid. 68. Ibid., 63. Ibid., Ibid. 67. Problem,” Das Nationalitaten AussUber rache Tschechischen “Zur Lemberg, Ibid.

lnsd a oe opiae ve o Wsen uoen ainls, Lemberg nationalism, European Western of view complicated more a Alongside “West”, the of mentdevelo historical the to aid attention of lack the to addition In 249

- Crucially, the French state imposed cultural and linguistic unity over a period of period a over unity linguistic and cultural imposed state French the Crucially, ld continuetohave a inthe future West. based national model was itself a product of history and could not be imported and and not beimported could and a ofhistory product itself model was national based - ae a te apae a frt lne Rd prryd etr nations western portrayed Rádl glance. first at appeared they as based ngt n zcolvka ipy eas i ws huh t hv certain have to thought was it because simply Czechoslovakia in rnight

sin o uiy otd n h dvre aep f h British the of makeup diverse the in rooted unity of estions community. 253

The movement to separate Ireland entirely from British from entirely Ireland separate to movement The 251 250

ebr sgetd ht t hrfr followed therefore it that suggested Lemberg

Similar developments had taken place in thein place taken had developmentsSimilar such example of a western politically western a of example such 255

lities, and language. and lities,

ltcl and olitical 254 252

Despite n fact, In - based CEU eTD Collection 61 261 260 259 spiritual of 258 growth the 257 for allowing nations between 256 separation thought, this with Sendungsidee a of creation the to linked inherently was it that mention to failed often philosophy German asserted. had Rádl as xenophobia or petty incentivize hatred not did spirit national unique a of cultivation the in nations otherfrom devel eastern The nationalism. eastern spiritual of form positive a stimulated actually had power state weak of history the that argued Lemberg historical Europe. trends Central in larger a state. of fabric political or cultural homogeneous a into dissolve to itself allow simply unit national perceived organically an to led had centuries the over forces years. of hundreds of period t of aware become alreadyhad peoples numerous Czechoslovakia,for suggested had Rádl what to similar way a in nation political unified a into populace its transform to attempted Empire a languageor unified the by marked been had centuries Europe Eastern and Central states, European west of strength dissimilar the integrate to expect not could state a where situation a produced had east the in developments historical that asserted heir organic national unity which had developed through numerous historical forces over a over forces historical numerous through developed had which unity national organic heir

Lemberg, “Zur Tschechischen Auss rache Uber Das Nationalitaten Problem,” 68 Problem,” Das Nationalitaten AussUber rache Tschechischen “Zur Lemberg, Lemberg, Lemberg, Lemberg Ibid. Lemberg, 258 pet nonce t te tt ad oeie ee i opsto t it. to opposition in even sometimes and state the to unconnected opment

hl Rd’ evalua R dl’s While

The multinational nature of the Habsburg Empire was determined by long standing long by determined was Empire Habsburg the of nature multinational The - long existence of weak states which never possessed sufficient power to impose a a impose to power sufficient possessed never which states weak of existence long , “Zur Tschechischen Auss rache Uber Das Nationalitaten Problem,” 67. Problem,” Das Nationalitaten AussUber rache Tschechischen “Zur , st Das Gesicht des tschechischen Volkes tschechischen des Gesicht Das st hc etne byn ntoa eos i bnftn al mankind. all benefiting in egoism national beyond extended which

unified culture.unified , , , 127. , 126. , in f ainl nesadns at f h Rie a negative, was Rhine the of east understandings national of tion 257

The Czech national movement itself evidenced that historical that evidenced itself movement national Czech The

260 256 nations living in its territory. Contrary to the historical the to Contrary territory. its in living nations

In fact, those who derided the romant the derided who those fact, In

By the time an enlightened monarchy in theHabsburgin enlightenedBy antime monarchy the - - ssts s ssts s , 33. ,

Völk Völk r ain eoe isl t inr spiritual inner to itself devoted nation or

st z s t k t s z st k t s z st –

y which would not would which y ic nationalism 259 Separation 261

n line In

of CEU eTD Collection 62 boundaries. state transcended which German nationalism larger ofa elements spiritual the reinvigorate to Germandom, Empire the and German Bismarck of unfavorably somewhat spoke Lemberg general, In weakness. spiritual produced also had unification ofGerman the time to goingback in Germany state ofthe terms in think to tendency The state. Czechoslovak 262 u and romanticism German of product a was nation organic together. future a build to and laws same the under live to will the on based state a of citizens all together bound Rádl, for nation, political Awestern attached. ha it which to values western the with ideology national Czechoslovak Masarykian the reconcile to desire a of out grew dichotomy national R dl’s of dynamics The ensued. deb accordinggiven toa i themselves expressed had which history of products complex were nations and modernist this voluntary rejected Lemberg Eugen unity. of form higher a be to seen therefore will Rádls rootedness. historical its and nature organic its in rooted will radical and a forth put Rádlhistory. Emanuel objective or will free on based and subjective were nations whether about discussion a produced ideology national Masarykian democratize to attempt an and citizens Chapter as leadingspiritual nature. toaparticular form. a of spiritual could unity its of expressions for state a on much too relies that nation a Problematically, symbiosis. to akin more something but hatred mean not did individuality

Lemberg, Lemberg, t oe te aiiy f ls etr ltcl s esen rai ntoa ty ology national organic eastern vs. olitical western R dl’s of validity the over ate The methods used by the Czechoslovak state to determine the nationality of of nationality the determine to state Czechoslovak the by used methods The Accompanying the debate the Accompanying

Conclusion conceptualization Das Gesicht des tschechischen Volkes tschechischen des Gesicht Das 262 . According to Lemberg it was the task of Sudeten Germans, as a distinct branch of of branch distinct as a Germans, Sudeten ofthe was task it Lemberg to According .

era’s

As such state weakness in Central and Eastern Europe might be lauded be might Europe Eastern and Central in weakness state such As

Zeitgeist. Zeitgeist.

of the nation. According t According nation. the of

the subjective or objective nature of nations, a parallel a nations, of nature objective or subjective the

, 28 , - – based construction of the n the of construction based 29, 32. 29,

For Lemberg, this was notwas Lemberg, this For o his o - based nation was constructed and and constructed was nation based Geistesgeschichte iid gop n mr base more a on group a nified

Alternatively, the eastern the Alternatively,

not hope to achieve as as achieve to hope not ation which rejected which ation

just true ofthe true just n different ways different n periodization, periodization, d been been d its its CEU eTD Collection 63 nationalism wasrather spiritual and base. thanviolent even that asserted Lemberg to ossible wasn’t it and West, the in and East the in circumstances historical different under developed had Nations and dichotomy R dl’s rejected firmly a of construction the in state R dl’s biologicallevel.

national typology national disreagard the past and and past the disreagard western nations contained organic components, and that eastern that and components, organic contained nations western

olitical nation encom assing all the state’s citizens. Lemberg citizens. state’s the all assingencom nation olitical

i pooa fr Cehsoa pltcl nation. political Czechoslovak a for proposal his allowed him to see the surv the see to him allowed simply choose a new national model. model. national new a choose simply

ival of the Czechoslovak the of ival CEU eTD Collection 64 meant blood and chauvinistic older the of elements commodate a to ideology Masarykian of tendencies the for philosophy German from drawn state and or blamed Rádl Emanuel ideology. national Masarykian with in clashed minorities Czechoslovakia national of status unequal the surrounding issues and practices democratic th of heritage cultural and values perceived the with nation Czechoslovak cosmopolitan and tolerant, democratic, a of vision his align to endeavored ryk Mas War, World Firstaradox. Duringthrust Masaryk’s the ideology state national of a into changeasand thenational contestation models much as triggered ideology Masaryk’s division, and chauvinism combat to calculated hough for respect and democracy, will, free humanity, of primacy the serting negative combat to attempted conflict, heightened of environment an In themselves. mo national of ranks the splintered nationhood of notions competing while ments, mov national German and Czech between competition expansive increasingly an about brought rule Habsburg of decades closing the in society and politics in nationhood of ancy conflictideological the in and Empire Habsburg late the in events political in roots had nations political of sibility East over and nation the of 5.

Conclusion

o eoe Egn ebr, n h other the on Lemberg, Eugen depose. to The course of the First World War and the formation of a Czechoslovak n Czechoslovak a of formation the and War World First the of course The free and organic over Czechoslovakia interwar in debates The

of the of

First Czechoslovak Republic Czechoslovak First

vs. West national typologies centering on the possibility or impo or possibility the on typologiescentering national West vs.

and the

chauvinistic cosmopolitan, democratic, and western ambitions of of ambitions western and democratic, cosmopolitan, it national models national

was designed ad ed aay’ atmt o mot a im ort to attem t Masaryk’s held hand ’s national ideology national ’s Tom š ganic understandings of the nation nation the of understandings ganic - based forms of nationalism it it nationalism of forms based e “West”. Nevertheless, limited limited Nevertheless, “West”. e

to overthrow.

aay’ ntoa ideology national Masaryk’s with a national ideology a ideology national a with - will based conceptions based will h idvda. Al individual. the . The swift asc swift The .

ation state ation vements en was d- c- a- e- s- s- t- CEU eTD Collection 65 sense political a in perceived was nation the While Rhine. the of east viewed was it how and Rhine the of west understood was nation the how between difference a was there that claimed of employment simultaneous digm era interwar the particular a of articulations to pointed sometimes has studies validity. its and paradigm national Easternorganic vs. political Western a over discussions instigated forms national and states Western with era. centuries the over nation such rejected Lemberg constructed. and modern primarily was which unity future of form higher a towards will a as nation the of understanding subjective and the unity toprotecta Czechoslovak state of the will free and democracy to open be to narrative national Masarykian the modify to Seeking will and subjective or organic were nations whether about debate a forced state nation and census the surrounding cumstances studies proto the in abundant were bates hig and values Western dangerous Germans of totheunity Czechoslovakia. in state Western

ly diverse populace diverse ly

debated in Czechoslovakia seem Czechoslovakia in debated as vrl, h polm psd y the by posed problems the Overall, diinly atmt to attempts Additionally, believe to be the important contributions of interwar nationalism theory nationalism interwar of contributions important the be to believe being - based national model responsible for ushering in a form of national domination domination national of form a in ushering for responsible model national based

entirely as

which could not simply be untangled and overcome by will in the modern the in will by overcome and untangled be simply not could which preludes to preludes the

red practical triggered uctive

expansive ideological, spatial, and historical components. historical and spatial, ideological, expansive

Kohn’s

align - . application modernist motifs and typologies historians of nationalism of historians typologies and motifs modernist debates Nations, in his eyes, had undergone a a undergone had eyes, his in Nations,

aay’ Czechoslovak Masaryk’s future civic vs. ethnic paradigms. ethnic vs. civic future at the very least equally worthy of mention given mention of worthy equally least very the at

h tts of status the over

hf o te zcolvk national Czechoslovak the of shift

f uh model a such of

the nature and origins of nations of origins and nature the

t the same time The

ainl minoritie national literature on the history of nationalism of history the on literature ethn will nie nto state nation a inside , Rádl argued for a radically argueda for radically , Rádl tt ad ainl ideology national and state ic - based definitions based German nationalism German s in a Czechoslovak a in s The national par national The tortuous . Political ci Political . narrative to to narrative . These d These .

evolution

ih a with based. based. of the of

Rádl

the

a- in e- r-

CEU eTD Collection 66 blood typical a of nature distinctive C for grounds the created and typologies national meaningful created it that was nationalism of study the of scheme grand the in era interwar the of legacy nations Lembergand conclusions andfor certain directions to future leads study. contexts. and theorists er to context Czechoslovak interwar an from transmission of instances investigated directly provide to order debates comprehensive be to claim not does thesis This studies. nationalism of history the in narratives new and research new wards point turn in limitations these limitations, certain has Czechoslovakia interwar in nations ger toSudeten Germans. nationa West vs. East his of simplicity the for Rádl criticized Lemberg so, Even them. created which processes historical different the of because different immutably were forms national Eastern and Western Lemberg, For impossible desirable Czechoslovakia. for xenophobia. instinctive harbored East the w progressofconceptionsin rootedfutures built the Westof nation the Rádl, philosophy romantic German by influenced biologicalmanner replet zechoslovak context must not be elided. As has been evidenced, more than describing the the describing than more evidenced, been has As elided. be not must context zechoslovak

e with voluntary and inclusive tendencies in the West, it was viewed in an organic and and organic an in viewed was it West, the in tendencies inclusive and voluntary with e

While the research above presenting an interwar dialogue on the nature and origins of origins and nature the on dialogue interwar an presenting above research the While This thesis suggests that an interwar Czechoslovak debate on the nature and origins and nature the on debate Czechoslovak interwar an that suggests thesis This should be consider be should on

nations and nationalism. and nations in Czechoslovakia in a point of entry of point a

Despite these limitations, a contextualization of the works of Rádl of works the of contextualization a limitations, these Despite ed within the literature on the history of nationalism theory. If the If theory. nationalism of history the on literature the within ed

In response to these views, Lemberg views,In response held that tothese and dangerous to the or the to dangerous and or to encompass to or

into a into

Rádl and Lemberg and Rádl - ae o ehi Gra ntoaim debate nationalism, German ethnic or based l model and viewed his political nationalism as a da a as nationalism political his viewed and model l much larger debate. larger much

hrfr, progress a Therefore,

all views expressed in interwar Czechoslovak Czechoslovak interwar in expressed views all ganic unity of the German community. German the of unity ganic

formed the core of this text’s focus in focus text’s this of core the formed

future forms of forms future Additionally, this thesis has not has thesis this Additionally, east -

based political nation was was nation political based of the Rhine. Accordingto Rhine. the of

such a nation hile the nation of nation the hile

modernism, the modernism,

ae in raged

ot was was t

n- o- of h- CEU eTD Collection 67 East Central European states during thei other in emerged nationalism and nations on debates theoretical of sorts what see to teresting i be would it studies, nationalism of history the on literature larger a from missing are ism Czecho interwar while Further, here. presented research the than theories and topics debate more numerous yield might period Czechoslovakia interwar from authors of list larger a of research enlarged An a eared. inevitably Peters Gustav and Bohač, Smet ček, Zdeněk like authors other by nationalism and nations to related works states. European Central i the in scene studies nationalism Czechoslovak expansive more a of study enlarged an pursuing of nationalism. Germ and American, French, English, alongside viewed be to ought context Czechoslovak interwar the modernism, of elements and typologies national interwar of creation the in seen have scholars value the on based whole, fosteringe ofinterwar eriod’s ty ifyto the natureseem voluntary and constructed their or nations of nature organic and historical the over cussions di Additionally, nationalism. “Western” erceived olitically a and nationalism ern”organic a over Czechoslovakia

nterwar period nterwar Finally, the debates and issues uncovered as part of this thesis leave the possibility of of possibility the leave thesis this of part as uncovered issues and debates the Finally,

ehp even perhaps typology which imputed ideologically imputed which typology

n h cus o rsacig mne Rd ad ue Lemberg, Eugen and Rádl Emanuel researching of course the In

a search for theoretical debates in other other in debates theoretical for search a an works already seen to have contributed to the study study the to contributed have to seen already works an nterwar period. arly forms of modernist thought. As aAs thought. modernist of formsarly

- based values to a l a to values based slovak debates on nationa on debates slovak

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