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Particulate Inorganic Carbon Flux and Sediment Transport Dynamics in Karst: Significance to Landscape Evolution and the Carbon Cycle

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Particulate Inorganic Carbon Flux and Sediment Transport Dynamics in Karst: Significance to Landscape Evolution and the Carbon Cycle Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2016 Particulate inorganic carbon flux and sediment transport dynamics in karst: Significance to landscape evolution and the carbon cycle. Randall Lee Paylor Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Paylor, Randall Lee, "Particulate inorganic carbon flux and sediment transport dynamics in karst: Significance to landscape evolution and the carbon cycle." (2016). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 4411. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/4411 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. PARTICULATE INORGANIC CARBON FLUX AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT DYNAMICS IN KARST: SIGNIFICANCE TO LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION AND THE CARBON CYCLE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geology and Geophysics by Randall Lee Paylor B.S., Tennessee Technological University, 1990 M.S., Eastern Kentucky University, 2007 December 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research would not have been possible without the generous support of many people and organizations. I would like to thank the National Science Foundation for the primary project funding covering equipment and research, as well as the Geological Society of America for equipment funds. I want to thank my advisor, Dr. Carol Wicks for endless patience and support for these projects, Dr. Sam Bentley for the instruction and use of gamma analysis equipment, and Dr. Bentley and Dr. Clinton Willson for their excellent advice along the way. I could not have completed this project without the generous extended access to the cave and accommodations at Sunnybrook Blowing Cave, KY granted by Charles and Lavonne Gibbs. And many thanks to the Ozark Underground Lab at Tumbling Creek Cave, MO run by Tom and Cathy Aley for their support and lodging during field work, as well as the open access to Hidden River Cave, KY and assistance from David Foster. The initial work at Mammoth Cave would not have been completed without the help I received from the National Park Service and the Cave Research Foundation. Assistance with the extensive field work was vital for these studies, and could not have been completed without help from numerous people including fellow researchers Ben Maas and Caroline Broderick, cavers Bill Walden, Mike Beavin and Jim Malone, and my unceasingly supportive family Valerie Donegan, John Gilliat and Barbara Stagg. ii PREFACE The dissertation chapters presented here are written for publishing in academic journals. Each chapter represents a different paper to be published. The chapters address particular aspects of the overall research into karst processes: hydrogeology and hydrochemistry, sediment transport and the carbon cycle, and related geomorphologic processes and effects. Each chapter has its own abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, and reference sections. Some materials are partially duplicated between chapters in order for them to stand alone as separate journal submissions, but the purposes and conclusions of each chapter are unique. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... ii PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ x DISSERTATION ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: DISSERTATION INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 1 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER 2: EVALUATION OF PARTICULATE INORGANIC CARBON FLUX IN KARST SEDIMENT TRANSPORT .......................................................................................................................... 4 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. 4 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 5 Purpose and significance ....................................................................................................................... 5 PIC Conceptual Model .......................................................................................................................... 6 Carbon dynamics in karst ...................................................................................................................... 7 Sediment transport in karst ................................................................................................................... 9 METHODS AND MATERIALS ............................................................................................................ 10 Site locations ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Measurement of suspended and dissolved material ............................................................................ 12 Determining bed load movement ........................................................................................................ 14 Tracing bed sediment .......................................................................................................................... 14 Calculation of virtual bed load velocity, and measurement of bed rock type and grain size .............. 16 Calculating bed transport dynamics .................................................................................................... 16 Determining total inorganic carbon flux ............................................................................................. 18 Evaluating significance of measured PIC flux .................................................................................... 19 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................... 20 Evaluation of sites and activities at each ............................................................................................ 20 Collected logger data .......................................................................................................................... 21 Results of bed load data collection ..................................................................................................... 22 Calculating bed flux ............................................................................................................................ 32 Results of suspended and dissolved load data collection .................................................................... 36 Calculating suspended flux ................................................................................................................. 40 Calculating dissolved flux ................................................................................................................... 41 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................... 42 Comparison of inorganic carbon fluxes .............................................................................................. 42 Significance of measured fluxes to the carbon budget ........................................................................ 45 Limitations and further work .............................................................................................................. 46 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 3: ESTIMATING SURFACE/SUBSURFACE SEDIMENT MIXING IN KARST SETTINGS USING 7Be AND 137Cs ISOTOPES ........................................................................................................... 52 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 52 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 53 Purpose and significance ..................................................................................................................... 53 iv Sediment dynamics in karst basins ....................................................................................................
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